IGCSE ICT (0417) P1 Notes

Effects of Using ICT 1. Discuss the use of blogs and social networking sites as means of communication. Six from: 1. Blog is public/anyone can see it 2. Blog is online diary/personal opinions 3. Viewers can only add comments on blogs/authors can reply to comments 4. Only author can edit blog 5. Social networking sites might only be available to friends of user 6. Social networking site enable users to send messages to small group of ‘friends’ to arrange meetings 7. Friends can respond more quickly to messages within the group to confirm availability 8. Easier to share photographs with others 9. Social networking sites can lead to seclusion from society 10. Social networking sites can lead to cyber bullying 2. Robots are now used on many car production lines. Tick four ways that their use has affected workers in the car industry.

3. A bank is looking into a variety of security measures to protect its customers’ data. It is worried that hackers may gain access and cause viruses to infect the system. (a) Explain what a virus means and what it does. (b) Describe three ways in which a bank customer could protect their computer from becoming infected. (a) Three from: 1. A piece of programming code/software/program/script 2. It replicates itself 3. Attaches itself to files 4. Corrupts/deletes files/data 5. Can corrupt or erase the contents of the hard disk 6. Can completely fill the hard disk/memory making it unusable/slows down operations 7. Makes software/operating system unusable 8. One mark is available for an accurate description of method of transmission (b) Three from: 1. Regularly update antivirus/use/install antivirus 2. Only use storage media from known sources 3. Only accept software/download software from known/trusted websites 4. Only visit trusted websites 5. Only open attachments from known sources/people you know

4. Describe what is meant by a (a) Blog and (b) A wiki. (a) Two from: 1. Web log 2. Personal journal/online diary 3. Owners’ observations/opinions on a topic 4. Can have links to other sites 5. Others can post comments 6. Frequently updated by owner (b) Two from: 1. Allows users to create/edit web pages using a web browser 2. Many people can contribute/edit/update entries 3. Anyone can contribute so not to be taken as totally accurate 4. Holds information on many topics which can be searched 5. (a) Explain what is meant by software copyright. (b) Explain how software manufacturers attempt to prevent copyright being broken. (a) Two from: 1. Lawful protection..........given to authors/software companies and publishers 2. Relates to the software the author/publisher/company created/published 3. Prohibits purchaser from making unlimited copies/lend it to others/change the software/sell it without the company’s permission (b) Two from: 1. Encryption of the execution code requires a key to run 2. Use of a dongle 3. Registration system requiring the typing in of a registration code 4. “Guards” are hardware or software modules that monitor the running program and ensure that it has not been tampered with in any way 5. Activation code which can be used only on a limited number of machines 6. Robots are now used on many car production lines. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks to the car company of using robots.

Seven from: 1. Car production is more consistent/robots produce the same standard every time 2. Cost – once bought they do not have to be paid/fewer employees so lower costs/don’t have to pay robots wages/lower running costs 3. No industrial disputes 4. Greater productivity 5. Greater accuracy/robots are more accurate 6. Can work in hazardous/extreme conditions/can lift heavier loads 7. Robots don’t take breaks/can work 24 hours a day 7 days a week/can work continuously 8. Robots have to be reprogrammed when there is a small change/can’t think for themselves 9. Robots need programming in order to be adaptable 10. Expensive start up costs – redundancy payments 11. Expensive start up costs – have to spend money on training workers to use robots 12. Expensive start up costs – buying of robots/programming of robots 13. Computer crash would halt production 14. Maintenance/repair costs can be expensive 7. Describe how the following health problems can arise due to the use of computers. Give a different cause for each. 1. RSI in the wrists 2. RSI in the fingers 3. Headaches 4. Back pain RSI in the wrists – caused by repetitive typing/prolonged gripping of mouse RSI in the fingers – caused by repetitive clicking of mouse Headaches – staring at the screen for too long Back pain – sitting in the same position for long periods 8. Tick whether the following statements apply to Blogs or apply to Wikis.

9. Describe three differences between a blog and a wiki. Three from: 1. Blog usually has a single author/ a Wiki usually has many authors 2. Blog is usually in reverse chronological structure/ a Wiki has a structure determined by content and users 3. Blog is usually personal/someone’s opinion/ a Wiki is usually objective 4. Can’t edit a blog/ a Wiki can be edited/ Can only add comments to a blog 10. There are many safety issues associated with the use of computers. Tick three methods which could be used to avoid these issues.

11. A company uses robots to manufacture cars. (a) Tick four advantages to the company of using robots rather than humans to manufacture cars.

(a)

(b) Describe three tasks that humans will have to do when robots are used to manufacture cars. (b) Three from: 1. Programming robots 2. Changing robot arm tools/end effectors 3. Maintaining robots 4. Supervising operations 5. Quality control/inspecting finished cars

12. Describe what is meant by pharming. Three from: 1. Installing malicious code on a PC or server 2. User is redirected to bogus website 3. User accesses websites which look authentic but belong to the fraudster/hacker 4. Are used to gain bank/personal details 13. A company owns several stores, which offer internet shopping to customers. (a) Give three advantages to the company of internet shopping. (b) Give three disadvantages to the company of internet shopping. (a) Three from: 1. Fewer staff needed – less spent on wages 2. Fewer shops needed – less spent on rates/rent/utilities 3. Less actual cash handled – fewer robberies 4. Less money spent on security staff 5. Potentially larger customer base (b) Three from: 1. Initial cost of hardware/software is expensive 2. Need to retrain staff 3. Less customer loyalty/loss of customers/more difficult to sell other services/product due to lack of personal touch 4. Costs of system maintenance 5. Greater costs due to more delivery staff 14. Describe what is meant by phishing. Three from: 1. Fraudster sends an e-mail which appear to be authentic 2. Is sent by a fraudster posing as a bank/organisation 3. In order to get the target's bank details/personal details

15. Students at a school use the internet to research their work. Discuss the reliability of information found on the internet. Six from: 1. Internet is not policed so information is not necessarily reliable 2. Anybody can have a website so information is not necessarily reliable 3. Anybody can publish their understanding of a topic so information is not necessarily reliable 4. If site has excessive advertising it could be unreliable 5. If the advertising is related only to its own products it could be unreliable 6. The final part of a URL can help to identify reliability… 7. … .ac, .gov, .org are usually fairly reliable 8. Can compare information from sites to see if it is reliable 9. If site is endorsed by reliable/reputable people/organisations it can be accepted as being reliable 10. If it has links to other reliable sites it is usually reliable 11. If it has testimonials it is likely to be reliable 12. If the author’s credentials are good it is likely to be reliable 13. If information is comparable to information from reliable/authenticated/text books it is likely to be reliable 14. If the date of the last update was a long time ago it is likely to be unreliable 16. Give four benefits of using social networking sites. Four from: 1. Easy to keep in immediate contact with friends/make new friends 2. Easy to communicate to more than one friend/to communicate with people overseas 3. Can search for people who you’ve fallen out of touch with 4. Easy to arrange meetings/visits to cinemas/theatre 5. Can share photographs/videos/images/opinions/views 17. The growth of the internet has led to many new developments. Explain what the following terms mean. - Spyware - Spam - Social networking site Spyware Two from: 1. Software that gathers data from computers without the user realising 2. It monitors and records all key presses 3. It sends this information back to the hacker who sent it out

Spam Two from: 1. Electronic junk mail/sending of unsolicited emails 2. Sent to everybody on a mailing list/many emails sent at once 3. Can slow down networks 4. Can fill up the receiver’s mail box and therefore hard disk Social networking site Two from: 1. Online communities of like minded users 2. Enables users to share photos 3. Enables users to communicate with each other 4. Enables users to organise meetings 5. Allows users to set up profiles 18. Sarjit has a desktop computer at home which he uses for internet banking. (a) Identify two other computer systems he could use to do internet banking when away from home. (b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to banks of using internet banking. (a) Two from: Smart phone Laptop with internet access Tablet computer (b) Six from: Advantages: 1. Fewer bank tellers so less paid out in wages 2. Less actual cash handled – fewer robberies 3. Have access to a wider customer base 4. Fewer branch offices needed – less spent on rates/rent/utilities 5. Less money spent on security staff Disadvantage: 1. Initial cost of hardware/software is expensive 2. Need to retrain staff 3. Loss of customers/more difficult to sell other services due to lack of personal touch 4. Costs of system maintenance 19. Computers can cause health problems. Identify two of these problems and for each problem write down a method which would help you avoid it. Do not use the same method for both answers. Two problems from: 1. Headaches (from staring at screen continuously)

2. 3. 4. 5.

Eyestrain (from staring at screen continuously) RSI in fingers (from continual typing/repetitive clicking of mouse) RSI in wrists (from continual typing/repetitive clicking of mouse) Backache from sitting in same position all day

Two matching methods from: 1. Use anti-glare screen (headaches/eyestrain) 2. Take regular breaks (all) 3. Use ergonomic keyboard (RSI) 4. Use wrist rests (RSI) 5. Use straight backed chair/maintain good posture (backache) 20. In online banking data can be misused by hackers. Name three types of security measure which can be used to help to prevent this. For each one give an advantage and a disadvantage. Three matched triples from: Authentication technique/User ID and Passwords/PIN/memorable data Advantage Only person who knows password can access data Disadvantage Key logging software can detect key presses/passwords can be intercepted by expert hackers/user can forget password Encryption Advantage Data is scrambled into unreadable form/only person/computer with key can understand data Disadvantage Data can still be deleted from system Firewall Advantage Only allowed users/computers can access data Disadvantage It is not necessarily the hacker that is excluded but the computer/hackers might use an acceptable computer Digital certificates Advantage Only computer with certificate can access data Disadvantage Can be expensive to purchase

Anti Spyware Advantage Prevents spyware from invading your computer and gaining personal information Disadvantage Doesn’t work for all invasions/needs to be continually updated TANs Advantage It is a double layer of security Disadvantage PIN can be forgotten/if misused can generate wrong TAN 21. A number of people use methods to defraud online bank customers. Name and describe two of these methods. Two matched pairs from: Phishing Hackers send an e-mail asking for a customer’s details/appear to be from the bank/says that the bank needs the information/asks the customer for password, card or account number Pharming Redirects a genuine website’s traffic to hacker’s website Spyware/key logging software Software which detects key presses on the keyboard when the user logs on to bank account 22. A schoolteacher is creating a slide show to describe a typical week in her life. She has been advised that it could be easier to use a Blog rather than create a slide show. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a Blog. One advantage from: 1. She can update it more regularly 2. More personal 3. Can be used as a diary 4. More interactive One disadvantage from: 1. Has to be continually updated 2. Animation/video/sound more difficult to incorporate 3. It’s possible for people she might not want (e.g. outside school) to see her blog

4. Not everyone she would want to see it might have the internet

23. Explain the difference between phishing and pharming. Three from: 1. Phishing is done by email 2. Can invite you to go to a website/respond to an email 3. Pharming is done by installing malicious code on a pc or server 4. Redirects a genuine website’s traffic to hacker’s websites 24. Explain what is meant by hacking. Two from: 1. Gaining unauthorised access to a computer system 2. (May lead to) illegally copying data from a system 3. (May lead to) illegally amending data in a system 4. (May lead to) illegally deleting data from a system 5. Gaining authorised access to a system but exceeding their authority’s 25. There are many microprocessor controlled devices in the modern home. Describe the effects of these on people’s lifestyles. Four from: Microprocessor controlled devices do much of houseworkDo not need to do many things manuallyDo not need to be in the house when food is cooking Do not need to be in the house when clothes are being washedCan leave their home to go shopping/work at any time of the dayGreater social interaction/more family timeMore time to go out/more leisure time/more time to do other things/work Are able to do other leisure activities when convenient to themCan lead to unhealthy eating due to dependency on ready mealsCan lead to laziness/lack of fitnessCan encourage a healthy lifestyle because of smart fridges analyzing food constituentsMicroprocessor controlled burglar alarm provides a sense of security Do not have to leave home to get fitManual household skills are lost 26. A school encourages its students to use the Internet for research purposes. Discuss the issues relating to such use with reference to the reliability and desirability of the information. Eight from: Drawbacks: Not all information is accurate

Some information is purely for advertising/selling purposes Might need proxy server to prevent access to certain types of site Some information is pornographic Anyone can put information on the Internet Much of the information on the Internet is not filtered Need to identify the validity of the author Need to be careful about whether information is fact or opinion Information can be biased Results from search engine could be skewed because of sponsorship/marketing Internet is not policed So much information available which might be unreliable Benefits: Wide range of information to select (desirable/reliable information) Able to search quickly (using search engines) to find (reliable/desirable) information Information can be downloaded and edited (to make it desirable/reliable) Can use the final part of a URL to identify reliability Information can be up to date/real time so reliable .ac, .gov, .org are usually fairly reliable Can compare information from sites to see if it is reliable 27. Many people are now using the Internet for banking, shopping, booking holidays and theatre tickets. Discuss this development and its effect on the general public. Eight from: Advantages 1. Less danger of mugging 2. Saves time rather than queuing 3. Don’t have to waste time travelling to shops / banks / theatres etc. 4. Disabled people don’t have to travel / leave home 5. Don’t have to spend money on travelling expenses (travelling long distances to shops / banks / theatres) 6. Greater choice of goods / seats 7. Can shop when shops / bank are closed / can book tickets when theatres are closed / can shop / bank / book 24/7 8. Less traffic pollution Disadvantages 1. Lack of socialising / social contacts 2. Customers must have a computer / (basic) computer skills 3. Hackers may intercept data / defraud customer 4. Deprived of personal touch

5. Phone bills can increase 6. Without broadband other family members cannot use the phone 7. Cannot see / feel goods in reality 8. More vulnerable to phishing 9. Lack of exercise 10. May not get the exact goods they ordered 28)People can access the Internet using mobile (cell) phones, laptops and their PCs. Compare and contrast the use of these different devices to access the Internet: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Mobile phones/laptops are portable, PCs are not Keyboard on mobile phone is smaller/difficult to type Mobile phone display is smaller than laptop or PC Mobile phone may not be able to access certain sites Signal is likely to be more reliable with PC/laptops as they can be cabled 6) Slower to access the internet with mobile phone 7) May not always be able to access the internet using a mobile phone or laptop 8) More likely to have a mobile phone with you 9) Can access the internet from greater number of places with a mobile phone 10) Easier to use a mobile phone while on the move 11) Some sites do not have full facilities for mobile phones 29) Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of using fingerprints: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Advantages–Unique so students can’t check each other in Students could forget cards Students could lose cards Sets of cards may be expensive to buy

Disadvantages – 1) Students will feel personal liberty infringed/parents might object to children’s fingerprints being taken 2) Method can be slower than cards 3) Equipment/set up is more expensive 4) Time taken to gather all the fingerprints would be very long

30)Discuss the advantages and disadvantages, in terms of cost, to customers of using the Internet for home shopping: Advantages: Don’t have to spend money on travelling to shops Goods may be cheaper as shops have less staff to pay/less premises to rent Don’t have to pay car parking charges Don’t have to pay for shopping bagsVouchers/special deals are often only available online Comparison websites will find you the cheapest option/can compare prices more easily Disadvantages: May have to pay delivery charges Postal costs of returning items Initial cost of equipment/phone line ISP costs/Possible high connection charges

Describe the role of the microprocessor in an automatic washing machine: Microprocessor is programmed with pre-set values Microprocessor starts cycle at specified time Microprocessor reads data from sensors Checks contact switch on door is closed If it isn’t microprocessor will not start the cycle/if it is microprocessor starts cycle Microprocessor compares sensor readings with pre-set valueIf temperature is above pre-set value, microprocessor switches off heater

If temperature is below pre-set value, microprocessor switches on heater If pressure is greater than preset value, microprocessor sounds alarm Microprocessor checks pressure reading and calculates the amount of water to use At start of cycle, microprocessor opens valve to let in waterIf water level reached, microprocessor switches off valve Microprocessor ends cycle at specified time MICR: MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Reader and it reads data off of bank cheques. Characters read by magnetic reader, characters compared with characters stored in computer, converted to text for entry into system. OMR: OMR stands for Optical Mark Reader and it is used in multiple-choice exams, registers. It requires a special layout and it can only read pencil marks. Read using scanner. Marks are identified. This special format is expensive. OCR: OCR stands for Optical Character Reader. It is used in checking passports and utility bills. It converts hard copy sheets into digital text using scanner. It can then be edited later using special software like Word. Cannot read handwriting very well. Image compared with characters stored in computer, converted to text for use by other software. Comparison between intranet and Internet: Internet is network of networks/intranet doesn’t have to be a network of networks Internet is global Intranet is within one organisation Intranet is private/Internet is public Intranets tend to be policed/managed Intranet has an extra layer of security Data found in an intranet is likely to be more reliable/relevant than that found on the Internet Internet has more information than an intranet Give 3 reasons why backing storage is needed: 1)To access data quickly 2) Original may get have viruses or loss of data 3)Portable Greenhouse: Temperature Moisture Humidity Light pHGas sensor (O2, CO2) Three output devices to control growing conditions:

water sprinkler/humidifier - humidity heater/cooler/air con. - temperature light bulb – light intensity/levelmotor for opening/closing windows temperature fan – temperature Describe the computer processing which would be required to maintain the necessary growing conditions: Temperature is compared with preset value If lower microprocessor switches on heater If lower microprocessor shuts windowsIf higher microprocessor switches heater off If higher microprocessor switches fan onIf higher microprocessor opens windows Humidity is compared with preset value Moisture level is compared with preset value If lower microprocessor switches on sprinkler If higher microprocessor switches off sprinkler Light is compared with preset valueIf lower microprocessor switches on light bulb If higher microprocessor switches off light bulb

Modelling: Some situations are/real thing might be dangerous/ model is less dangerous Cost of building real thing may be expensive Real thing may waste raw materials/natural resources Easier to change/modify Costs less to change data/variables The real thing may be impossible to access/create Real thing may be on too vast a scale It may take a long time to obtain results from the real thing Extremes which can’t be tested in real life can be tested using models ALL THE SAFETY PROBLEMS 10c) May June 2007 typing in the data twice and comparing them NOT PROOF-READING WHAT IS MEANT BY ENCRYPTION?

Causes data to be scrambled/encodedRequires an encryption key/software to encryptRequires a decryption key/encryption software to decrypt Results in data which is not understandable/readable protects sensitive datafrom being understood if falls in to the wrong hands. DISADVANTAGES TO BANK OF BEING ONLINE ONLY: Lose older customers who don’t like changeInitial set up costs of equipment/ Initial outlay on computers expensive Need to employ highly paid technical experts to maintain system Initial large redundancy paymentsUpset/Lose customers due to lack of personal touchGreater risk of fraud so lose money/description of effects of phishing Need to retrain staff DISADVANTAGES TO CUSTOMER FOR USING ONLINE BANKING; Lack of socialising/ social contactsIdentity theft/misuse of personal dataCustomers must have a computer/Internet access/(basic) computer skills Hackers may intercept data and defraud customer Deprived of personal touchEasier for customers to mismanage accounts Phone bills can increaseWithout broadband other family members cannot use the phone Cannot deposit/withdraw cash/moneyMore vulnerable to phishing WHAT IS BATCH PROCESSING? cheques are collected togetherduring the course of the daycheques are then processed all at once cheques are processed overnightbank accounts updated following morning CHECK ON BAR-CODES: Check digittwo from:A single digitis calculated using the other digitsand added on to the end of the numberrecalculated at a later stage to ensure validity of data entry HOW THE STOCK GETS UPDATED: The bar code field in the data file is read Record by recordUntil a match is found with the bar code entered The corresponding number in stock is read One is subtracted from this numberWritten back to file. CHECK ON CREDIT CARD AFTER IT IS FOUND TO BE VALID: PIN is enteredPIN is read from chipNumbers comparedIf identical, transaction is authorised If not identical transaction refused MONEY GETS REDUCED FROM BANK ACCOUNT:

Details from customer’s card readBank code allows shop computer to contact bank’s computerCard details checked for not stolenAccount checked for sufficient fundsIf card stolen or insufficient funds then transaction is rejectedIf card not stolen and sufficient funds then transaction is authorised Amount deducted from customer’s bank accountAmount credited to shop’s bank accountreceipt printed out HAVING A VIDEO CONFERENCE: webcams/small video ,cameras microphones, MODEM, COMPUTER ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTANGES OF VIDEO CONERENCES: Benefits: Can call meeting at short notice No need to pay travelling expenses Can work from home Employees will save time travelling Do not have to pay hotel expenses Do not have to pay for conference room facilities Safer as participants do not have to travel Don’t have to transport/carry equipment/lots of documents/documents don’t get lost in transit Four max. Drawbacks: Takes time/costs money to learn new technology/to be trained Difficult to have international meetings because of time differences Initial cost of hardware (and software) Equipment can break down/power cuts can stop conference Poor strength of signal/time lag/lip sync can be a problem/ connection can be lost Loss of personal/social contact Legal documents cannot be signed

TECHNICAL AND USER DOCUMENTATION; Technical- How to load software/ run software/install softwareHow to save a fileHow to  searchHow to sortHow to printHow to add recordsHow to delete/edit recordsPurpose of the  systemInput format or exampleOutput format or exampleHardware requirementsSoftware  requirementsSample runs/test runsLimitations of the systemTroubleshooting guide/contact  details/help line/faqsError messages/handlingTutorials [2]  User-Program coding/listingName of program languageSystem flowchartProgram  flowchart/algorithmList of variablesFile structurePurpose of the programPurpose of the system  (only if not mentioned in user documentation)Input format or example (only if not mentioned in  user documentation)Output format or example (only if not mentioned in user documentation) Hardware requirements (only if not mentioned in user documentation)Software requirements  (only if not mentioned in user documentation)Sample runs/test runs (only if not mentioned in  user documentation)Limitations of the system (only if not mentioned in user documentation) Known bugsValidation routines [2]  EVALUATION OF SYSTEM: comparing the solution with the original task requirements

identifying any limitations to the system identifying any necessary improvements evaluating the users' responses to using the system Comparing test results of new system with old system results Comparing the performance of the new system with performance of the old. EXPERT SYSTEM FOR OIL COMPANY: Interactive user screen appears Questions about geological profile are asked Answers to questions/geological profile are typed in Inference engine searches Searches the Knowledge Browsing the Rules (base) Suggested probabilities of finding oil are output using Probable depth of likely deposit Predictions of geological deposits above oil Detailed Output format Travel Agents: Departure airport typed inArrival airport/destination/country typed inDate of departure typed inDuration of holiday typed inComputer database searches for matching departure airport If match foundComputer database searches for matching arrival airportIf flight on correct date foundSearch if seats/tickets availableIf so marks seat as bookedReduces number of seats/tickets available by onePrints flight details N N

Saves traveling time Do not have to pay for conference room Don’t have to pay employee traveling expenses

N

Don’t have to pay for hotel rooms /overnight stays Conferences can be called at short notice

Do not have to carry bulky documents to conference Apart from the basic hardware items, to conduct a video conference one must require: N

- delegates speak into a central microphone

N

- webcam takes a video image

N

- delegates hear speech through loud speaker system at each venue

N

- the system uses internet/WAN/modem to transmit data

N

- requires use of compression software for video/audio signals

N

- systems may use CODEC (which converts and compresses analogue data into digital data for sending down digital lines)

N

- requirement for echo cancellation software (this allows talking in real time and keeps communications synchronised) - video images and audio are seen/heard in real time on large monitors/through loud speakers 39 - Employees are connected online / using the internet - Images of the employees appear on the screen - Software is needed in each computer to operate the conference - Employees who speak can be heard by all the other employees in the conference - Several people can take part in a conference regardless of where they are - work cards System analyst will need to design a patient record system. The data structure and user interface have already been designed. Describe three other items that will need to be part of the design of the new system: Data capture forms Validation routines Test Data

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER MODELS: Designing structures of buildings/architects designs Flight simulation/car driving simulation Population growthQueuing How does video conferencing work? Any aspect of connecting equipment together/what each component does employees are connected on-line/may need to access the Internet/WAN to workImages of the employees appear on the screen in real timeSoftware is needed in each computer to operate the conference Employees can be heard by all the other employees in the conference Intranet vs Internet: Internet - INTERnational NETworkIs a Wide Area Network (WAN)Can access it from anywhereGreater amount of information availableUnlimited access Intranet - INTernal Restricted Access NETworkUsually a Local Area Network (LAN)Password controlled pagesBehind a firewallCan set up specific information pages on Intranet systemsInformation within the school is easily accessible by all usersCan limit the places where users can go to studyNo wasted time looking through millions of resourcesIntranet is better protected for use of emails/from viruses/from hackers Examples of Microprocessors: Microwaves OvensWashing machinesDish washersOr any reasonable labour saving device Effect of microprocessors: Increased leisure time/free time/more time to do other things Increase in social interactionCan go out whenever they wantUnhealthy diet – TV dinners Better quality meals – easier to prepare exotic dishesPart time workers can now work full time BURGLAR SYSTEM: Inputs:Pressure pads Light sensorstemperature sensorsContact switches/push switch Input keypad Pass number input to keypad Zones selectedSound sensorInfra red sensor/proximity sensor Motion sensor/movement sensor Digital/video camera3 max Processing:Microprocessor continually monitors sensors.If light sensor

detects light beam interrupted:If movement sensor activated:If contact switch activated:If pressure sensed by processor is greater than preset value:It temperature sensed by processor is greater than preset value: If sound sensed by processor is greater than preset value: Microprocessor sends signal to output device.4 max Outputs:Alarm light flashes/lights come on Alarm soundsSignal automatically sent to police 3 max Describe how personal data can be misused: Looking at other people’s data Changing other people’s data Deleting other peoples data Spreading data around Create magazine: Open/use DTP/word processing packageCreate frames/boxesTake photo using cameraUpload from camera/load from CD ROM/download from Internet/scan photoSave the pictureLoad magazine documentImport/copy and paste/insert into documentPosition the picture/resize picture/editing pictureType text/import text files Website vs hard copy: Sound plus example Video/animationLinks to other websitesHot spotsButtons for navigation/moving around the site Hit counters Disadvantages of websites: Website can be hacked into and modified/viruses can be introduced Can be difficult to read/navigateHave to have a computer/electricityIs not portable Have to have a modem/Internet/routerCan accidentally go to undesirable sitesCost of maintaining websiteTechnical knowledge required to maintain website Advantages and disadvantages of using the internet for homework: AdvantagesInformation is up to dateEasier to produce neatly presented workInternet has vast amounts of informationSpeed of search only if referring to use of search engine Disadvantages-Danger of accessing doubtful websites.Can take long time to find required information Can access biased websitesCan access inaccurate websitesLack of expertise leads to inefficient searching Can get easily

distracted

Why batch processing would not be good for passengers(flights): Collection of data Over a period of timeData is processed all at onceUsually at quiet processor timesDouble booking could occurPeople would have to wait to see if their booking was made Cannot change options if no flights available Different authentication techniques: User ID and one of password/PIN/Memorable data Password has to be entered before access is gained/Password can be changed frequently to avoid hackers guessing them/Unsuccessful logins can throw you out of the system Magnetic stripe/smart card/electronic key/bar code system/ID card Prevents people without cards accessing system Biometric data Fingerprint/retina/iris/face/voice recognition used as input/Biometric data is difficult to replicate Mobiles vs PC’s: Two advantages from:Usually have mobile phone in your possession Easy to carry/are portableCan access internet almost anywhere Two disadvantages from:Easily lostMay have poorer signalDisplay is smaller/keyboard is smaller Content is more limited Can be slower to access internetBatteries might run outNo mouse so can be more difficult to navigate Reason why Boolean is used: The field only contains Y or N (two possibilities) It saves time entering dataIt reduces errors  when inputting dataIt’s easier to validateIt saves storage space for the file  Reason why Numeric data is used: Might need to calculate total of all cars sold Easier to validateMight need to produce a graph

Can easily find best selling make  Lan vs WLAN: LAN uses cables to transmit data WLAN uses wireless technology  Advantage  Cheaper as less cabling/new workstations can be sited anywhere/different devices can be  connected easily  Disadvantage  Slower transfer rates/limited transmission distance/physical obstacles can limit  transmission/less security  Data Verification: Data is entered twiceData versions are compared by computer If versions are different, typist is  alerted  Two from:Data on screen/in systemIs visually compared withthat on data capture form  Validation vs Verification: Three from:Validation is checking data enteredIs acceptable/reasonable/within a given range Verification is checking versions of data have been entered identically/is checking data has been copied correctlyFrom one medium to another (3)  Two from:Range checkCheck digitControl totalHash totalInvalid character check/type check  Picture/format check/input mask Presence check  Existency check Length check Expert system for Doctors: Doctors interviewed for requirements  Data is collected from experts Knowledge base is designed/created  Rule base is designed/created Inference engine is designed/created Input Screen is  designed/created Output format is designed/created (4)  Ailments with known diagnoses are used to test the system and results evaluated/does new  system match original system specification/interviewing doctors about effectiveness of system (1) From spreadsheet to Word:

Save spreadsheet in suitable formatCreate graphsLoad/open word processing softwareInsert  spreadsheet/import spreadsheet/copy and paste spreadsheet/embed spreadsheet into document Insert/copy and paste graphsType in/insert textInsert/import imagesFormat images/charts Format reports/text  Advantages and disadvantages of having computers networked: Share hardwareShare softwareShare data/information(Electronic) communicationUsers can be  more effectively controlled/monitored (2)  DisadvantagesTwo from:Work can be misused more easilyViruses more easily spreadPrinter  queuesSlower access to InternetIf server crashes all computers are affected Increased security  risk (2)  Customer Transaction: Card details checked for validityPIN is enteredPIN is read from chipNumbers comparedIf  identical transaction is authorisedIf not identical transaction refusedCustomer bank contacted  by computer/automaticallyCheck if enough funds in accountIf card invalid/insufficient funds  then transaction is rejectedIf card valid and sufficient funds then transaction is authorisedMoney deducted from customer accountMoney credited to supermarket account [5]  Shops and Customer online shopping: Customer­Less danger of muggingDon’t have to waste time travelling (long distances to shops) Elderly/Disabled people don’t have to travel to shop/leave homeDon’t have to spend money on  travelling expenses travelling (long distances to shops) Greater choice of goodsCan shop when  shops are closedEasier to search and find what you’re looking for  Customer –Lack of socialising/social contactsCustomers must have a computer/Internet access/ (basic) computer skills Hackers may intercept data and defraud customerDeprived of personal  touchPhone bills can increaseWithout broadband other family members cannot use the phone Cannot see/feel goods in realityMore vulnerable to phishingGoods sometimes don’t  arrive/substitute goods may be sent/take longer to arrive Must have a credit cardShipping  charges  Shop – Fewer staff needed/less spent on wages Fewer shops needed/less spent on rates/rent Less actual cash handled/fewer robberies Less money spent on security staff Potentially larger  customer base  Shop –Initial outlay on computers is expensiveNeed to retrain staffLess customer loyalty/loss of  customers due to lack of personal touchCosts of system maintenanceGreater costs due to more  delivery staff  Some mobile telephones (cell phones) can be used to make video calls. Describe four  advantages of making video calls rather than sending messages by email. :

You get immediate feedback .You know you have the right person/don’t have to worry that  you’ve got the wrong email address .You can ask questions immediately based on feedback/carry out an interactive conversation .Less impersonal/less risk of upsetting recipient .Can make  yourself understood more easily ,You can see the other person’s reaction ATMS Vs Going to Bank: No embarrassment of not having sufficient funds Less time spent queuing Can get money any  time of day or night Own bank may be further to travel to than nearest ATM Can use most  ATMs/does not have to be own bank Have choice of languages so is easier to understand/be  understood Anya wants to have a system, which will make it easy to enter data. Describe five features of a well-designed input screen: Appropriate spacing for each field Buttons to go forward/backwards Screen filled/not too much  white space Drop down lists to choose an option (such as race length) Button to save  data/submit/accept Clearly defined input area for each field Tick boxes/radio buttons to enter  choices An easy to read font/font size A sensible font colour/background colour Easy to follow  instructions for completing screen/help icon No overlapping of items Race_ID field Data Check: Format check­ make sure it begins with – letters and ends with – letters and is – letters Company using Internet: Advantages – two from: Can communicate with other companies by email Can use the internet  to place orders Can use the internet to buy materials Can hold video conferences Can create  own website to publicise company Disadvantages – two from: Workers may access undesirable  sites Workers may waste time playing games/going on social network sites/updating their blog/  online shopping/banking Viruses/malware could be downloaded Could make the company  susceptible to hackers Give two advantages of having computers networked: Only one printer is needed Only one scanner is needed Data can be shared between  computers/data can be accessed by one computer from another more easily Software can be  shared/updated more easily All computers can access the internet through one connection

OCR vs OMR vs Keyboard: OCR and OMR are quicker methods of entering data compared to a keyboard OMR has limited  uses such as exam answers OMR can be used in school registers Optical Character Recognition 

is more prone to errors OCR can be used by utility companies to read meters/to make entered  text editable Keyboard is used to input data manually/typing Keyboard can be more accurate  than OCR/less accurate than OMR Keyboard and OCR can input text more easily than OMR  Pre printed stationery is required for OMR Specialised equipment is required for OCR/OMR Pin, card number, and expiry data and type of issuer are found on a Chip Card is valid/card number exists Card is in date PIN entered matches that on card Checks if  card is stolen are all checks on a card before authorization process is continuous/ monitoring of sensors is continuous to get last mark in Microprocessor  questions Prevent Students from changing marks: Biometric methods – unique so only authorized users will have access Encryption makes it  difficult for unauthorised users to read data Firewall – makes it difficult for unauthorised  computers to access the system Disconnect records computer from network – limit access  physically Access levels – only users with appropriate permissions can access data Laser vs Deskjet vs Inkjet: Laser printer/Inkjet printer higher quality output than Dot matrix printer  Laser printer/Inkjet  printer faster output than Dot matrix printer  Laser printer/Inkjet printer are relatively quiet  compared to Dot matrix printer  Laser printer has limited sizes of paper available/Inkjet has  greater sizes of paper available/Dot matrix is unlimited in size in one direction only Laser  printer/Inkjet printer is susceptible to break down in oily/dirty conditions/Dot matrix printer less likely to break down in oily/dirty conditions  Laser printer/Inkjet printer more expensive running costs than dot matrix Laser printer/Inkjet printer cheaper to buy than dot matrix  Inkjet printer  cheaper to refill ink than laser/more expensive to refill than dot matrix printer  Laser  printer/Inkjet printer needs regularly refilling with paper/Dot matrix printer has continuous  paper feed available  Dot matrix printer/Laser printer – ink needs changing less often than  Inkjet printer  Dot matrix printer has fewer colour options than laser printer/Inkjet printer  Dot  matrix printer produces instantaneous copies  Noise is not a problem in this environment  Optical vs Magnetic (Optical reasons): Companies selling their software/games Cheap method of production/quick to access data  Making personal backups/transferring data (from one computer to another) Cheap to  buy/quicker to retrieve data/expensive to buy tape drives Downloading/Copying media such as  films/music Faster/Easier to access individual scenes/tracks/ better or higher quality

Drawbacks of CLI:

A CLI only allows you to type in commands With CLI syntax has to be precise Commands  difficult to edit once entered Have to learn a lot of commands exactly/have to be familiar with  the commands What is EFTPOS? Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale Enables payment for goods at a checkout using  credit/debit cards Goods are purchased and bill is calculated Customer inserts card into chip  reader Card is checked for validity/reported stolen PIN is entered PIN is compared with that  stored on the chip If PIN is OK/verified transaction is authorised If not, customer is asked to re­ enter PIN Supermarket computer contacts customer’s bank Checks if sufficient funds If sufficient funds, transaction is completed/if not, transaction is rejected Amount deducted from customer’s  bank account Amount credited to supermarket’s bank account The supermarket EFTPOS  terminal produces a receipt CLI VS GUI: Don’t have to type in commands/just use mouse to select options Easier to change/edit action  Don’t have to learn/be familiar with a lot of commands Easier to open/load programs Proxy: Can act as a web server Passes the requested web pages to individual computers Can  cache/store the webpages Can be used to monitor Internet usage Can block certain sites Function of Router: Connects a LAN to a WAN Connects a LAN to the Internet Forward data packets to the  individual computers on a network Hold the addresses of each computer on the network Online processing results in immediate updating of records book details inputted as soon as  book borrowed/returned records are searched until match is found recorded as being  borrowed/returned Phishing and EXPLAIN ITS PURPOSE: Four from: Phishers send an e­mail… … asking for a customer’s details appears to be from the  bank/says that the bank needs the information asks the customer for password, card or account  number Three max. So that they can use these details to log on to bank website Access account  and transfer funds Two max. Computers are used at checkouts. Three output device which could be used when an item is  purchased: Printer Monitor Speaker/buzzer LCD display

Card might be rejected if: PIN entered incorrectly Past its expiry date Registered as stolen  Physical damage to chip Unusual spending patterns Unable to use some cards abroad What is hacking and ways hackers can misuse data held on a computer: Four from: Illegal accessing of data Unauthorised access to data/computer systemUsually  remotely Two max. Deletion of data Amending/changing of data Copying and distributing data  Using data for fraudulent purposes Three max. Internet to do homework: Danger of accessing inappropriate websites Can take long time to find required information  Have to have internet connectivity/computer/phone line/modem Internet tends to be up date   Internet has vast amounts of information/wide range of information  Speed of search only if  referring to use of search engine  Can access biased/inaccurate websites  Lack of expertise leads to inefficient searching  Easy to plagiarise information Magnetic Disc vs Magnetic Tape for backups: Magnetic tape is less expensive per unit volume  of memory Tape is slower to access data than magnetic disc  Tape requires a special drive…  … but these often come as standard with file servers Tapes are easier to store  Tapes are easier to  remove from premises if needed The preset value is the (required) value input by the user/already stored in the computer  How video conferencing works: Video conferencing is a method of visual and audio  communication between people at separate locations Webcams/small video cameras are used to  input faces of participants  Large monitor/projector to output faces of participants  Microphones are used to input voices of participants  Speakers are used to output voices of participants   Router/broadband modem used to connect to internet  Video conferencing software needed to  link participants  Employees are connected on­line/may need to access the Internet/WAN to  work Images of the employees appear on the screen in real time  Software is needed in each  computer to operate the conference  Employees can be heard by all the other employees in the  conference  You can take part wherever you are Monitoring process in hospitals: Sensors are used to monitor patient’s vital signs  …such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse,  sugar levels (2 required for mark) Sensors send data/signals back to computer ADC converts  analogue signals from sensors…  …to digital so that computer can understand/read the data   Graphs are output  Inputs are compared to acceptable range of values  If higher/lower warning  signal is triggered Expert systems Drawbacks: Can't easily adapt- unable to process totally unexpected data

Can be difficult to use –if non expert types something incorrectly the resulting advice could be very wrong They have no 'common sense' –humans tend to notice obvious errors whilst Expert systems dont Data is read by sensors/downloaded from onboard computer/entered using keyboard/touch 

screen/answers to questions are typed in  Uses interactive interface/Asks questions...  ........based on previous responses  Expert system analyses data  Inference engine compares data  Compares data with that held in the knowledge base.......  ........ using rules base  Matches are found  System suggests possible faults/solutions

Give two advantages and two disadvantages to a company of using a website to advertise,  compared with using flyers and posters: Two advantages from: Can reach more people, Easier to update, Can have multimedia which  would attract more customers/eye­catching , Two disadvantages from: More expensive to start up/pay programmers/developers, More  expensive to maintain, Need specialist equipment to start with, May not reach target audience

When sending documents to each other, companies use email, fax and ordinary post. Discuss  the advantages and disadvantages of each method: Fax  Personal data more likely to be intercepted by another office worker  Quicker to receive message than using post

 Document with signature is legally acceptable via fax  Documents can be lower quality when received

 Email:  Personal data less likely to be intercepted by another office worker  No need to do printouts therefore more secure  Attached documents are better quality in attachment  Email is more environmentally friendly  Email attachments can be edited by recipient easier than fax/post  Multimedia attachments can be sent by email  Quicker to receive message than using post  You can send from anywhere there is an internet connection by email  Easier to send to several recipients at the same time using email  Has a lower running cost such as paper/ink than fax  More people have access to email than fax machines  You cannot send solid objects by email  Post:  Received more slowly by recipient  Attached documents are better quality in post  Multimedia documents can be sent by post  Solid objects can be sent by post  You can send from anywhere  Document with signature is legally acceptable  Don’t have to worry about equipment being faulty

 More people have access to post than fax machines