IGC-1 Related Important Notes

Element-1 Health & Safety Foundations Health:The Protection Of The Bodies And Minds Of People From Illness Resulting From The Materials,Processes Or Procedures Used In The Workplace. Safety:The Protection Of The People From Physical Injury. Difference B/W Health & Safety:Safety     

Slips,Trips,Falls Falls From Height Struck By Vehicle Contact With Electricity Contact With Moving Parts.

Health Exposure To Hazardous Chemicals. Exposure To Asbestos,Dusts Etc. Repetitive Strain Injuries.

Welfare:Looking After People’s Basic Needs. Environment:The Surroundings In Which An Organisation Operates Including Land,Air And Water,Natural Resources,Flora,Fauna,Humans And Their Inter-Relationships. An Accident:An Unwanted,Unforeseen And Unplanned Event Which Results In A Loss Of Some Kind. Near Miss(An Incident):An Unwanted,Unforeseen And Unplanned Event That Had The Potential To Result In A Loss Of Some Kind. Dangerous Occurance(High Potential Near Miss):A Near Miss With Serious Injury Potential.

Ill Health Definitions  

Acute:Short Term Exposure With Immediate Effect,Usually Reversible. Chronic:Repeated Or Long Term Exposure, Often Irreversible.

Hazard:Something With The Potential To Cause Harm.It May Be:    

Physical Chemical Biological Ergonomic Psychological

Risk:Risk Is The Likelihood That Harm Will Occur And The Severity Of The Harm. Environmental Protection:These Are The Arrangements To Cover Those Activities In The Workplace Which Affect The Environment (In The Form Of Flora,Fauna,Water,Air And Soil)And,Possibly,The Health And Safety Of Employees And Others. Reasons For Good Health And Safety Practice:

Humanitarian/Maral:Ethical And Responsible Behaviour.

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Legal:Criminal And Civil Liability.

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Cost:The Costs Of Accident And Ill Health.

Costs Of Accident:1. Direct Costs:These Are The Costs Which Are Directly Related To The Accident And May Be Insured Or Uninsured. Insured Direct Costs Normally Include:   

Claims On Employers And Public Liability Insurance; Damage To Buildings,Equipement Or Vehicle; The Absence Of Employees; Any Attributale Production And/Or General Business Loss.

Uninsured Direct Costs Include:    

Fines Resulting From Prosecution By The Enforcement Authority; Sick Pay; Some Damage To Product,Equipement,Vehivle, Or Process Not Directly Attributable To The Accident(E.G.Caused By Replacement Staff); Increases In Insurance Premiumsresulting From The Accident; Legel Representation Following Any Compensation Claim.

2. Indirect Costs:These Are Costs Which May Not Be Directly Attributable To The Accident But May Result From A Series Of Accidents. Insured Indirect Costs Include:  

A Cumulative Business Loss; Product Or Process Liability Claims; Recruitement Or Replacement Staff.

Uninsured Indirect Cost(Hidden Costs Of Accidents) Include:      

Accident Investigation; Payments To Injured Person; Payments Non Productive Time; Replacement Labour; Training For Replacement Labour; Business Interruption; Loss Of Reputation;

   

Repair Or Replacement Of Damaged Plant; Compensation; Legel Fees; Insurance.

Employers’ Liability Insurance:This Ensures That An Employee,Who Successsfully Sues His/Her Employer Following An Accident,Is Assured Of Receiving Compensation Irrespective Of The Financial Position Of The Employer. Five Principles Of Any National Compensation System:    

Community Responsibility; Comprehensive Entitlement Irrespective Of Income Or Job Status; Complete Rehabilitation For The Injiured Party; Real Compensation For The Injured Party;And Administrative Efficiency Of The Compensation Scheme.

Principles On Which The Ilo Is Based Are:1. 2. 3. 4.

Labour Is Not A Commodity Freedom Of Expression And Of Association Are Essential To Sustained Progress Poverty Anywhere Constitutes A Danger To Prosperity Everywhere The ‘War Against Want’ Is Required To Be Carried Out With Unrelating Vigour Within Each Nation,And By Continuous And Concerted International Effort In Which The Representatives Of Workers And Employers,Enjoying Equal Status With Those Of Governments,Join With Them In Free Discussion And Democraticdecision With A View To The Promotion Of The Common Welfare.

Benefits Of Good Health And Safety Practice:          

Improved Production Improved Staff Morale Improved Company Reputation Reduced Accidents Reduced Ill Health Reduced Damaged To Equipement Reduced Staff Complaints Reduced Staff Turnover Reduced Insurance Premiums Reduced Fines And Compensation Claims Increased Level Of Compliance.

Health And Safety Law:A Rule Of Human Conduct Imposed Upon And Enforced Among The Members Of A Given State. Purpose Of Law:   

Control Of Anti Social Behaviour Regulate Relationships Resolution Of Conflict Setting Standards Of Behavior.

Types Of Law:1. Civil Law:The Aim Of Civil Law Is To Compenste An Injured Party For Loss Suffered As A Result Of An Accident Or Ill-Health,Or Family For Death. 2. Criminal Law:The Aim Of Criminal Law Is To Punish And Deter Individuals/Organisations From Behaving In A Way That Society Has Decided Is Unacceptable. Enforcement Of Health And Safety (By Audit):1. Informal:Verbal And Written Advise. 2. Formal: Issuing Legal Mendates To Comply With The Law And Put Right The Breach.  Issuing Legal Mandates To Stop Dangerous Activities Immediately  Prosecution With The Intent Of Punishing The Company Or Individual Which Can Lead To Fines Or Imprisonment.  Issuing A Caution(Warning),That Can Be Used In Evidence At A Later Date,Often For Minor Repeat Offences. Barriers B/W Implementation Of Legislation:       

Differences In Legislative Systems Different Powers Granted To The Enforcing Authority The Abilty And Knowledge Of Enforcing Authority Different Penalities For Breaches Religious Beliefs And Cultural Issues Level Of Reporting To Enforcing Authorities Public Reaction And Interest Political Pressure

Sources Of Information:-

1.         2.      

Internal Sources:Risk Assessments Inspection Reports Accident/Incident Records Medical Reports Safety Representatives Safety Committee Reports Company Safety Policy Maintenance Reports External Sources:Govt. Organisations E.G. Enforcing Authorities National Safety Organisations/Professional Institutions Various Standards Organisation Such As Iso And British Standards Institute(Bsi) Suppliers And Manufacturers Consultants And Specialists Insurance Companies And Workers Unions.

Element-2

Health And Safety Management Systems-Policy

Principle Of Management Systems Plan Establish Standards For Health And Safety Management Based On Risk Assessment And Legal Requirements. Do Implement Plans To Achieve Objectives And Standards. Check Measure Progress With Plans And Compliance With Standards. Act Review Against Objectives And Standards And Take Appropriate Action. Safety Management Systems Hseg65,2003:Successful Healtth And Safety Management Systems. Ilo-Osh,2001:Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health Management Systems. Ohsas 18001,2007:Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems.

Hseg65 Safety Management Systems

Elements Of Hseg65:

Policy:Sets Out The Health And Safety Aims And Objectives Of The Organisation,And Management Commitment.Sets The Organisation And Arrangements For Identifying Hazards,Assessing Risks And Preventing Or Controlling Them.

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Organising:-Organisation Clear Roles And Lines Of Responsibility,Competence,Commitment And Control,Co-Operation And Communication.

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Planning And Implementation:Identifying Hazards,Assessing Risks And Decide How Risks Can Be Eliminated Or Controlled.Setstandards Against Which Performance Can Be Measured.

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Measuring Performance:A Means Of Determining Extent To Which Health And Safety Policy And Objectives Are Being Implemented And Should Be Both Reactive And Proactive.



Reviewing Performance And Auditing:Reviewing:-

Analysing Data Gathered Through Monitoring To See Whether Performance Is Adequate. Audit:Systematic Critical Examination Of Each Stage Of An Organisation Management Systems And Procedures.Improvement Will Be Obtained By Continuos Reviewing And Auditing Of Performance.

Ilo-Osh,2001(I

Ohsas 18001,2007(Bsi) The Elements Of The System Are:1.   2.

Oh & Policy Ambition Continuos Improvement Commitment Compliance Legel Requirements Planning  Inventarisation Of Health And Safety Issuess  Setting Priorities  Objectives And Targets  Programme 3. Implementation And Operation  Responsibilities  Training And Competence  Internal And External Communication

 Emergency Response 4. Checking And Corrective Actions  Monitoring And Mesurement  Corective Mechanisms  Registrations  Internal Audits 5. Management Review  Functioning System  Adjustment Objectives And Tergets

Purpose Of Safety Policy To Set Out:    

Management Commitment To Safety Organisation And Arrangements For Controlling Work Related Hazards Protect People From Injury And Ill Health Comply With Legel Requirements Manage Health And Safety On A Cost Effective Basis

Safety Policy Consists:1. General Statement Declaration Of Intent What 2. The Organisation Responsibilities Who 3. Arrangements Procedures How Statement Of Intent Demonstrates Management’s Commitment To Health And Safety And Sets Goal And Objectives.Signed By Most Senior Person In An Organisation Because:-

1. Shows Management Commitment 2. Gives Policy Authority 3. Person Who Signs It Has Ultimate Responsibility Organisation To Identify Health And Safety Responsibilities And Reporting Lines Within The Company 

Directors And Senior Managers:Setting Policy And Objectives

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Line Managers:Implementing Policy In Their Department

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Supervisors:Checking Compliance With The Company

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Safety Advisor:Advising Company On Accident And Safety Compliance

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Employees:Responsibility For Own And Other Safety

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Fire Marshalls:Ensure Evacuation Of Building And Roll Calls

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First Aiders:To Provide First Aid

Arrangements Set Out In Detail The Specific Systems And Procedures For Implementing The Safety Policy 

Risk Assements

          

Coshh Assesments Safe System Of Work Permits To Work Policies And Procedures Maintenance Of Plant Housekeeping Radiation;Dust;Noise And Fume Confined Spaces Manual Handling Ppe Training Programmes

Review/Revision Of Safety Policy Consists             

Accidents/Incidents Changes In Organisation Procedures Materials Premises Legislation Work Patterns Risk Assesments Prosecution Enforcement Action Compensation Claims Policy Review Professional Advise

Communicating The Policy Employers Must Bring The Policy To Employees Attention.This Can Be Done By: 

Displaying It On Notice Boards Introducing It On Induction And Training Session

     

Considering It At Team Briefings And Tool Box Talks Using Newsletters Insert It In Wage Slips Posters Build Into Safe Systems And Codes Of Practice Managers To Discuss With Workforce

Objectives And Targets  

Objectives Are-General Goals Targets Are-Specific Performance Requirements

Importance To An Organisation Of Setting Targets:Gives Evidence Of Management Commitment And Motivates Staff By Giving Them Something To Aim For. Targets In Health And Safety       

Reduce/Zero Accidents Zero Prosecutions Reduced Sickness Absence Reduction In Compensation Claims Improve Reporting Of Minor Accidents Increase Numbers Trained In Health And Safety Improve Audit Scores

Targets Should Follow Smart Goal Setting S-Specific M-Measurable A-Achievable R-Realstic T-Timescale

Benchmarking Advantages: 

Identifies Key Performance Indicators Insures Monitoring Procedures Are Effective

 

Feeds Back Into Continuos Improvement Helps By Learning Lessons From Others

Essential To:    

Choose A Suitable Organisation To Benchmark Ensure Accuracy Of Data Used Both Organisations Used Common Definitions Accessing Data Commitment To The Proces

Issues For Benchmark       

Existence And Quality Of Health And Safety Policy Acccident/Near Miss Records Staff Roles And Responsibilities Clearly Outlined Decomented Health And Safety Plans Measured The Quality Of Risk Assessments Type And Quality Of Training Provided Level Of Monitoring Ineffective Health And Safety Policies

        

No Commitment Or Leadership No Annual Objectives Health And Safety Not Given Enough Priority Insufficient Resources Provided Personal Don’t Understand Aims Too Much Emphasis On Employee Responsibilty No Measurement Of Performance Management Unaware Of Their Role No Training Of Management In Their Responsibilities

Element-3

Organising Roles And Responsibilities:-

   

Employer Employees Self-Employed Designers And Manufacturers

Employer’s Responsibilities To Employees:          

Safe Plant And Equipment Information,Instruction And Training Supervision Safe Place Of Work,Access And Egress Safe Environment And Welfare Facilities Safety Policy And Risk Assessments Consult And Inform Employees Effective Health & Safety Management Competent Health And Safety Assistance Health And Surveillence Inform On Serious And Imminent Danger Informing And Consulting

Informing:Informing Is A One Way Process And Means Of Providing Information To Employees. Consulting:Consulting Is A Two Way Process Which Means Listening To Employees’ Views. Non Employees 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Contractors Visitors General Public Other Employer’s Employees Trespassers

Precautions For Visitors Safety: 

Signing In Providing Identification Badges

     

Providing Ppe Site Induction E.G. Fire Precautions Escorting Visitor To Area Of Work Remain With Visitor And Regular Monitoring Escorting Visitor Bac K To Reception Area Signing Out Visitor And Removing Badge Duties Of Employees

    

Not To Endanger Themselves And Others Co-Operation With Their Employer Not To Interface With Anything Provided For Safety Follow Instructions And Training Given Inform Employer Of Danger And Problems With Health And Safety Arrangements Designers,Manufacturers,Suppliers And Importers

    

Articles Must Be Designed And Constructed To Be Safe When Being Set,Used,Cleaned,Maintained. Substances Must Be Safe When Being Used,Handeled,Processed,Stored Or Transported Carry Out And Arrange Tests Provide Revisions If Necessary Installers And Errectors Must Be Competent

Practitioners Safety Practioner Should Have:

Knowledge And Understanding Of The Work Involved

           

Understand Principles Of Risk Assesments Knowledge Of Current Health And Safety Applications Capacity To Apply To Tasks Required Ability To Identify Problems Ability To Assessing The Need For Action Ability To Design And Develop Strategies Promoting And Communication Health And Safety Understanding Of Current Best Practice Awareness Of Own Limitations Willingness To Learn Membership Of A Professional Body Competence Based Qualifications

Role Of Safety Practitioner   

Provide Information And Advice Support Line Management With Co-Ordination Of Health And Safety Effort Monitor Effectiveness Of Actions To Meet Responsibilities

Functions Of Safety Practioner        

Advise Management Carry Out Inspections Investigate Accidents Records/Analyse Accident Data Assist With Training Contact With External Bodies Liaison With Workforce Upto Date With New Safety Literature

Contacts Of Safety Practitioner          

The Enforcing Authority Fire Rescue Service Insurance Company Contractors Consultants/Engineers Manufacturers/Suppliers Clients/Customers Police Specialist Health Practitioners Public

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Media Contractor Terms

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Client:The Party For Whom The Work Or Project Is Being Carried Out.

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Contractor:The Person Engaged By The Client To Undertake The Work.

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Principal Contractor:A “Managing Contractor” Who Has Been Formly Appointed By A Client Under The Cdm Regulations 2007.

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Sub –Contractor:Usually Defined As A Contractor Who Has Been Engaged By Another Contractor Rather Than The Client.

Problems Associated With Contract Work Can Include:  

Contractors Often Involved In High Risk In Work Unsuitable Selection Methods,Poor Planning And Little Agreement Lack Of Communication,Monitoring And Suprvision

Management Strategy For Contractors:     

Identification Of Suitable Bidders Identificataion Of Hazards Of Job Checking(Health & Safety Aspects)Of Bids Contractors Agree To Clients Rules Managing Contractors On Site Checking Contractors Work

Identification Of Suitable Contractor: 

Experience With The Type Of Work Reputation

        

Suitable References Or Recommendation Previous Work Record Adequacy Of Safety Policy Enforcement History Accident And Ill Health Data Membership Of Trade Organisations Suitable Training For Employees Arrangements For Sub Contractors Suitable Risk Assessments Etc.

Managing Of Contractor On Site:          

Appointment Of Co-Ordinator Pre-Contract Meeting Progress Meetings Regular Inspections Safety Committee Accident/Incident Reporting Client Set Example Safety Propaganda Plant Documentation Training/Competency

Safety Representative Functions:      

Investigate Potential Hazards And Dangerous Occurances Investigate Complaints From Employees Make Representations On General Matters Of Health And Safety To Employer Carry Out Workplace Inspections Examine Causes Of Accidents Consult With Enforcement Authorities Attend Safety Committee

Matters On Which Employees To Be Consulted ,Introduction Of Measures That Affect Their Health And Safety: 

New Processes And Technology New Organisation Of Work Patterns

 

New Personal Protective Equipments The Planning And Organisation Of Any Training Required

Employer Not Expected To Disclose:     

Information Against National Security Contravene A Statutary Duty On Employer Information On An Individual Information Relating To Safety Damage Business Interests Information In Connection With Legel Proceedings

Ilo-Rights For Safety Representative’s Convention:      

Have Access To All Parts Of The Workplace Protection From Dismissal Contribute To Decision Making Be Free To Contact Inspectors Contribute To Negotiations Be Given Appropriate Training Reasonable Time Off With Pay To Exercise Functions

Safety Committee Agenda Consists Of:         

Study Of Accident/Incident/Near Miss Statics Examination Audit Reports Consideration Of Safety Representative’s Reports Development And Monitoring Of Work Safety Rules And Safe Systems Of Work Constant Appraisal Of Effectiveness Of Safety Training Monitor Adequacy Of Health And Safety Communications Establish A Link With The Appropriate Inspectors Any Workplace Complaints From Staff Or Workers Next Meeting Date And Time Corrective And Implementation Updates From Last Meeting

Safety Culture Definition:-Safety Culture Of An Organisation Is The Product Of Individual And Group Values,Attitudes,Competencies And Patterns Of Behaviour That Determine The Commitment To,And Proficiency Of An Organisation’s Health And Safety Performance.

Internal Influences(Safety Culture)     

Production Demands Management Commitment Communication Competence Employee Representation

External Influences(Safety Culture)      

Economic Social Expectations Legislation Enforcement Insurance Companies Trade Unions

Effectiveness Of Committee           

Clear Terms Of Reference Balanced Representations Influence In Decision Making Respect Of Management/Workforce Commitment From Members Good Leadership And Chairmanship Good Communication Channels Access To Information/Specialist Advice Formalised Procedures With Agenda Relevent(Non Trivial) Agenda Items Agenda Not Led By Industrial Functions

Elements Of A Safety Culture 1. Control:Policies,Organisational Development,Planning,Auditing,Monitoring,Reviewing.

2. Co-Operation:Health And Safety Metings,Team Briefings,Problem Solving Meetings. 3. Communication:Management Involvement,Information Systems,Documentation,Liaison,Team Briefings. 4. Competence:Staff Selection,Training,Supervision. Culture Indicators:      

Attitude Morale Accidents Absenteeism/Sickness Rates Staff Turnover Compliance With Rules Complaints About Working Conditions

Factors That Can Cause To Decline:         

Lack Of Effective Communication Perception Of Growing Blame Culture Lack Of Ledership And Commitment Lack Of Monitoring Failure To Implement Remedial Action Lack Of Consultation And Employee Involvement Poor Working Environment External Influences Health And Safety Seen As Low Priority Lack Of Supervision

Promoting A Positive Safety Culture Management Can Achieve This By:

Senior Management Commitment Ownership Of Health And Safety At Every Level

     

Effectiveness Communication And Consultation Training For All Level Of Employees Shared Perception Of Risks Standards Of Acceptable Behaviour Learning From Experience Through Monitoring And Review Balance B/W Health,Safety And Production

Benefits Of A Positive Safety Culture:          

Increased Level Of Compliance With Health And Safety Rules And Procedures Improved Production Improved Staff Morale Improved Company Reputation Reduced Ill Health Reduced Accidents Reduced Damage To Equipment Reduced Staff Complaints Reduced Absenteeism And Turnover Reduced Insurance Premiumms Reduced Fines And Compensation Claims

Influences On Behaviour At Work:  

Individual Organisation Job

The Organisation     

Planning(Health And Safety Equal Priority) Organising(Leadership,Competence,Conultation And Communication) Control(Good Working Environment) Monitoring(Targets,Proactive Monitoring) Review And Audit(Learning From Mistakes)

Practical Measures By Which Managers Can Do To Ensure Health And Saffety Include:    

Setting Good Example&Showing Commitment To Health And Safety Involving Employees In Risk Assessments,Drawing Up Safe Systems,Procedures Etc Encouraging Hazard Spotting And Suggestion Schemes Organising Training Courses Active Involvement In Safety Committee Meetings

 

Accompnied By Employees On Safety Tours And Inspections Giving Staff Responsibilities I.E. Monitoring Young Workers The Individual

Factors Affecting Individual Behaviour:        

Age,Health,Gender Training And Education Education,Experience Home Life Peer Group Pressure Job Satisfaction And Security Motivation Perception Attitude

Personal That Might Place An Individual At A Risk Of Harm In Work:1. Poor Attitude To Work 2. Low Motivation 3. Medical Conditions Affecting:a. Physical Capabilities b. Mental Capabilities 4. Poor Perception Or Risk(Alcohol,Drugs) 5. Age Related Behaviour E.G. Immaturity 6. Lack Of Training And Experience Areas Affecting The Individual:  

Motivation Attitude Perception

Motivation Motivation May Be Defined As The Drive A Person Has To Achieve A Particular Goal. Employers Can Motivate Their Workforce By: 

Recognition Of Good Health And Safety Performance (E.G.Praise Or Financial Incentives) Disciplining Employees Who Fail To Follow Rules

     

Involving Employees In Risk Assessments,Drawing Up Safe Systems Of Work,Procedures Etc. Improving The Company’s Health And Safety Culture Demonstratting High Level Of Managemet Commitment Ensuring Good Working Envronment Providing Good Training And Communication Setting A Good Example And Realstic Goals Attitude

Attitude May Be Defined As The Tendency To Behave In A Particular Way In A Certain Situation. What Affects Attitude?     

Culture Experience Peer Groups Management Commitment Home Influence Prception

The Way The People Interpret And Make Sense Of Presented Information E.G. In Relation To Their Ssurroundings.

Perception Can Be Affected By:

Sensory Input Ppe



The Nature Of The Hazard Previous Experience



Familarity With The Situation

Feeling Of Being In Control 

Level Of Training Peer Group Influences



Confidence In Others Personal Characteristics

Improving Employee’s Perception:    

Increasing Awareness Of Hazards Involving Employees In Risk Assessment Process Increasing Knowledge E.G. Training Identifying Reasons For Misperceptions Addressing Environmental Factors

Why Employees Fail To Comply With Safety Procedure Even When Competent:         

Lack Of Motivation Unrealstic Working Procedures Lack Of Management Commitment Over Familiarisation With The Task Repetitive Work Leading Boredom Peer Group Pressure Willful Disregard Of Laid Down Procedures Fatigue And Stress Lack Of Information,Consultation Job Insecurity

Human Failure Human Failure May Be Defined As Failure On The Part Of Human Operator To Performed An Assigned Task Within Specified Limits Of Tolerance,With Such Limits Generally Being Defined In Terms Of Accuracy,Sequence Or Time. Factors Contributing To Human Error:  

Slips Lapses Of Attention Mistaken Actions

    

Misperceptions Mistaken Priorities Wilfullness Inadequate Design Inadequate Information

Slips:    

Performing An Action Too Early/Late Ommiting Steps From A Procedure Turning Knob In Wrong Direction Doing Right Thing On Wrong Object Reading The Wrong Dial

Lapse Of Attention:  

Forget What We Set Out To Do Competing Demands For Attention Loss Of Concentration Due To Tiredness

Mistaken Actions:Doing The Wrong Thing Under The Impression It Is Right.(Digger) Misperceptions:Competing Information Procedures-Tunnel Vision. Mistaken Priorities:Organisations Objectives Not Clearly Conveyed Or Understood. Wilfullness:Wilfully Disregarding Safety Lines. Inadequate Design:Failure To Consider Human Activity. Inadequate Information:Ignorance Of Process,Poor Communication. Violations Simply Put:Breaking Rules

1) Routine 2) Situational 3) Exceptional Routine And Situational Violations 1. Routine:-Become Normal Way Of Working  Desire To Cut Corners/Save Time  Rules Perceived To Be Too Restrictive  Lack Of Supervision And Enforcement  New Workers Taught Bad Habits 2. Situational:-Braeking Rules Due To Pressure  Time Pressure  Insufficient Staff Or Workload  Correct Equipment Not Available  Extreme Weather Conditions 3. Exceptional:Rare Occurances Happen When Something Has Gone Wrong And Decision Is Made To Put Things Right Even If It Means Taking Risks That Are Known To Be Unsuitable Or Inappropriate.

Reducing Likelihood Of Human Work          

Skilled,Competent And Trained Employees Well Motivated Employees Avoiding Monotonous Work Breaks To Counter Fatigue Clear Roles And Lines Of Responsibility Good Lines Of Communication Clarity Of Instructions Good Supervision Good Environment Drugs And Alcohol Policy

Why Hazards May Be Underestimated?      

Over-Familarity/Complacency Lack Of Instruction,Information And Training Lack Of Experience Sensory Impairment Hazards Invisible/Intagible Routine,Repetitive Tasks



Inadequate Design The Job

          

Task Analysis Decision Making Ergonomics (Man-Machine Interface) Procedures,Instructions And Information The Working Environment Tools And Equipment Work Patterns Communication Maintenance Boredom And Monotonous Work Peer Pressure

Communication Communication Is The Passing On And Receiving Of Information,Ideas,Thoughts And Feelings So That Understanding Is Achieved.It Is A Two Way Process.

Principles Of Communication:-

Objectives Of Communication:   

To Understand Others Clear Understanding Of Message Acceptance Of Our Ideas Get Required Action

Purpose:    

Promote Understanding Transmission Of Policies Collecting Opinions Co-Operation Instructions

Methods Of Communication 1. Written 2. Verbal 3. Visual Written Communication:Advantages   

Permanent Record Reference Consistent Message

  

Accurate Detail Wide Audience Autoritative

Disadvantages      

May Be Unread One Way Often No Feedback Time Consuming Cost Misinterpretation

Barriers To Written Communication:      

Illiteracy Competency Level Of Written Material Presentation Quality Of Information Quantity Attitude

Verbal Communication:Advantages     

Direct-Two Way Quick Instant Feedback Easy To Do Flexible

Disadvantages      

No Record No References Unstructured Inconsistent Message Too Much For Memory Limited Audience

Barriers To Verbal Communication

      

Hearing/Speech Defects Noise Distance Language Lack Of Knowledge Attitude Duration/Speed

Visual Communication:Advantages  

Consistent Message Large Groups

Disadvantages  

Boring No Feedback,Too Much For Memory

Barriers To Visual Communication    

Relevance Volume Environment Knowledge Of Personal

Why Different Methods Of Communication Are Necessory?     

People Respond Differently To Different Situations Variety Prevents Over Familiarisation With One Method And Helps Reinforce Message The Need To Overcome Language Barriers And The Inability Of Some Employees To Read The Need To Motivate,Stimulate,Interest And Gain Involvement And Feedback The Acceptance That Different Types Of Information Require Different Methods Of Communicataion Health And Safety Notice Board

Information Should Include:    

Information For Employes Regulation Poster Health And Safety Policy Evacuation Procedures First-Aid Arrangements Contacts Detail For Safety Representatives



Targets For Accident Reduction

To Maximise Effectiveness Of Notice Baord:    

Locate Common/Prominent Area Dedicated To Health And Safety Only Information Displayed Relevent And Current Keep Information In Neat Orderly State Make Boards Eye Catching By Use Of Colour And Graphics

Posters Advantages      

Low Cost Flexibilty Brevity Reinforce Verbal Instructions Constant Message Involve Employees

Disadvantages      

Regularly Changed Sioled Defaced Out Of Date Over Reliance Easy Way

Safety Compaigns To Ensure Compaigns Are Effectively Communicated To Employees Organisations Should:    

Have Clear Aims,Objectives And Targets Allocate Sufficient,Funds,Time And Other Resources Show Total Management Commitment Workforce Made Fully Aware By Tool Box Talks Etc Clear Language

 

Key Responsibilitiies Allocated And Accepted Feed Back To Ensure Employee Understanding

Apart From Lack Of Or Poor Communication,Other Factors That Can Affect Compaigns Include:     

Lack Of Management Commitment Production Or Other Pressure Take Priority Insufficient Time And Funds Made Available Poor Working Conditions Creating Lack Of Interest Poor Industrial Relations Work Patterns Some Sections Not Involved Training

  

Induction (On Joining The Job) Job Specific (Before Starting Work) Refresher Training (Regular Intervals)

Induction Training Is Important For A Number Of Reasons:       

Establishes Safety Culture Shows Mangement Commitment Identified Responsibilities Identifies Hazards And Precautions Employee Is Aware Of Hazards Imparts Knowledge Employee Recognises/Report Hazards Sets Scene For Future Performance

Induction Training Programme       

Management Commitment To Safety Company Safety Policy Consultative Procedures Role Of Safety Representatives Emergency Procedures First-Aid Arrangements Welfare And Amenity Provisions

    

Specific Hazards Health Surveillance Procedures How To Report Accidents Ppe Company Drink And Drugs Policy

Additional Health And Safety Training            

Result Of Accident Investigation Dangerous Occurances New Technology/Process Job Change Changes In Working Procedures Changes In Work Patterns Promotion Or Re-Organisation New Legislation Enforcement Action Results Of Inspections/Audits Result Of Risk Assessments Insurance Company Requirements

Young Person’s Training Precautions For Young Workers Should Include:     

Provision Of Suitable Work Equipment Organisation Of Work Processes Health And Safety Training Monitoring Supervision Limiting Hours Of Work

Job Specific Training     

Safe System Of Work,Permit To Work Procedure Equipment Training Ppe Training Fire Training Safety Inspections

Levels Of Supervision

Depend On The Following Factors:      

The Age Of The Employee Their Experience In The Type Of Work Nature And Complexity Of The Task Person’s Skills And Qualifications For The Work Their Attitude And Aptitude Systems Of Work And Any Specific Requirements Employee’s Communication Skills And Any Special Needs Employee May Have

Benefits Of Training For Employee:      

Less Suffering Quality Of Life Job Satisfaction Reach Standards Flexibility Of Staff Improve Safety Attitude

For Employer:       

Less Accidents Less Absenteeism Less Claims And Premiums Less Legal Improve Morale Less Product Damage Greater Productivity Improved Eficiency

Consideration For Training Session:      

What Employee Need To Know And What They Do Know? Employee’s Responsibilities Activities Carried Out Risks Associated With Activities Actions Required By Employees Employee’s Existing Knowledge/Experience Types Of Training Already Received

    

Different Requirements For Various Staff Numbers Involved Resources Needed Competence Of Trainers Communicating To Employees And Getting Their Commotment

Assessing Training Effectiveness Post Evaluation By:        

The Trainers The Delegates Their Supervisors Accident Rates Sickness Absences Compliance And Procedures Concerns Raised By Employees Results Of Attitude Surveys Quality Of Suggestions Made

Employer Keeps Training Records Because:     

Proof Of Employee’s Competence Identify When Refresher Training Needed Review Effectiveness Of Training Assessing Progress Against Targets Provide Evidence In Investigations Provide Evidence In Legal Actions

Competent Persons Mhswr Competent Person Definition:A Person Shall Be Regarded As Competent When He Has Sufficient Training And Experiance Or Knowledge And Other Qualities To Enable Him To Carry Out The Measures Required Of Him And Knowledge Of His Own Limitations. Factors To Be Considered:-

    

Evidence Of Qualifications Level Of Training Membership Of Professional Arganisation Undertaking Written Or Practical Assessments References Or Recommendations

Element-4 Planning Risk Assessment:A Careful Examination Of What Could Harm To People,So That You Can Way Up Wheather You Have Taken Enough Precautions Or Should Do More. 

The Aim Is To Make Sure That No One Gets Hurt Or Becomes Ill



It Is A Legal Requirement

Risk=Severity*Probability Five Steps To Risk Assessment Step 1.)Identify Hazards Step 2.)Decide Who Might Be Harm And How Step 3.)Evalute The Risks And Decide On Precautions Step 4.)Record Your Findings And Implement Them Step 5.)Review Your Findings And Update If Necessary Step 1. Identify The Hazards       

Walk Around The Workplace And Look Afresh At What Could Cause Harm I.E. Workplace Inspection Ask Their Employee What They Think Use Manufactures Instructions For Data Refet To Accident/Incident Records Near Miss Reports Combined Techniques I.E. Hazop Non Inspection Techniques

Step 2. Decide Who Can Be Harmed And How 

Employees Are The Main Group But Don’t Forget:Young Workers,Trainees,New And Expectant Mothers,Cleaners,Visitors,Contractors,Maintenance Workers,Members Of The Public Etc. May Be At Particular Risk.

    

What Are The Hazards And How Likely To Occur? Consequences And Number Of People? Frequency/Duration Of Exposure? Effects Of Exposure,Response To Exposure And Competency Of Exposed? Existing Controls?

Step 3. Evalute The Risk Severity 5=Fatality

Likelihood 5=Certain,Imminent

4=Disabling Injury

4=Very Likely

3=Over Three Days

3=Likely

2=Under Three Days

2=Unlikely

1=Minor To Lost Time

1=Very Unlikely

Risk=S*L 1 To 7 Low Risk       

8 To 14 Medium Risk

15 To 25 High Risk

Consider How Likely It Is That Each Hazard Could Cause You Harm Even After All Precautions Have Been Taken,Some Risks Usually Remains Decide For Each Significant Hazard Whether This Remaining Risk Is High,Medium Or Low Have You Done All The Things The Law Requires You To Do? Are There Industry Standards? The Aim Is To Make All Risks Small When Controlling Risks,You Need To Follow The “Principles Of Prevention”

Step 4. Record The Findings The Significant Hazards To Be Recorded:    

People Affected A Proper Check Was Made Adequacy Of Controls Further Precautions Required If You Employ Five Or More People Then You Must Record The Significant Findings Of Your Assessment

Step 5. Review        

Sooner Or Later,New Machines,Substance Or Procedures Will Be Introduced Which Could Lead To New Hazards If There Is Any Significant Change To Workplace And Patterns,Add To The Assessment To Take Acount Of The New Hazard It Is The Good Practice To Review The Assessment From Time To Time Any Accidents/Incidents Happens Changes In Legislation Enforcement Action Compensation Claims Any Prosecution/Enforcement Notice Served

Reasons For Error In A Risk Assessment:-

      

Out Of Date Documents Poor Knowledge Of Changes In Equipment Limited Understanding Of The Effectiveness,Performance Or Even Identify Of Control Measures Differences Of Opinion Between Employees Regarding How A Specific Hazard Or Dangerous Condition Should Dealt With Disagreement In Prioritisation Of Risks Lack Of Information On The Underlying Reasons For Specific Procedures,Measures,Training Etc. Absence Of Process Or Safety Related Information

Hazard Control Strategy Hierachy Of Control Definition:A Preffered Series Of Measures To Control Risks In Order Of Priority Starting With Elimination And Ending With Discipline. E-Liminate:-Remove Trailing Role R-Eduction:-Use Lower Voltage Tools I-Solate:-Guard Dangerous Machinery C-Ontrol:-Reduce Time/Frequency Of Exposure P-Ersonal Protective Equipmant:-Issue Ppe’s D-Iscipline:-Enforce Rules And Procedures

Safe System Of Work An Analysis Of A Task Or Process Which Considers The Hazards Likely To Be Present And Details The Precautions Necessary To Avoid Or Minimise The Risks To The Health And Safety Of Individuals. When Is A Safe System Needed? A Safe System Of Work Is Needed When The Hazards Cannot Be Physically Eliminated.    

Cleaning And Maintenance Operations Changes To Work Layouts,Materials Etc. Employees Working Away From Base/Alone Breakdown/Emergencies

 

Contractors On Your Premises Loading,Unloading And Movement Of Vehicles

The Five Steps Of Safe System Of Work 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Assess The Task Identify The Hazards Define The Method Implement The Safe System Monitor The Safe System Assessing The Task

       

Purpose Of Task People Involved Equipments And Materials Work Methods The Environment Legel Requirements Standars Existing Controls Identify The Hazards

      

Working At Heights Electricity Machinery Working Below Ground Vehicles Chemicals Hazards Environment Designing A Safe System

   

People (Behaviour,Knowledge,Skills) Equipment And Machinery (Design,Specification,Ergonomics) Materials (Raw,Unfinished,Disposal) Environment (Heat,Light,Noise,Space Etc.) Implement The Safe System

Describe Or Briefing The Safe System You Have Designed To All The Workers And Implement Throughly. Monitor The Safe System

Monitor The Safe System Constantly For Continues Improvement. Permits To Work A Permit To Work Procedure Is A Formal Written System Used To Control Certain Types Of Work Which Are Potentially Hazardous. Work Requiring Permits:  

Confined Space Hot Work Electrical Confined Space

Any Enclosed Space,Where There Is A Reasonably Foreseeable Specified Risk Associated With That Enclosed Space.Includes Chambers,Pipes,Sewers,Flues,Wells Or Other Similar Spaces. Risks Of Confined Space     

Serious Injury From Fire Or Explosion Increased Body Temperature Resulting In Unconsciousness Unconsciousness Or Asphyxiation Resulting From Work Exposure To Gas,Fume,Vapour,Lack Of Oxygen Drowning From Using Liquid Level Asphyxiation From Free Flowing Solid

Undertaking Work In Confined Spaces   

The Hazards The Safe System Of Work The Emergency Arrangements

Confined Space Hazards         

Chemical/Biological Hazards Are There Any Residues What Cleaning Materials Are Being Used Reactions Between Residues And Cleaning Materials Could Be There An Oxygen Deficient/Enrichment Atmosphere What Are The Access And Egress Facilities What Tools And Equipment Need To Be Used What Are The Physical Dimensions Of Confined Space Structural Collapse

Safe System For Work In Confined Space            

Permit To Work Emptying Isolation Atmospheric Tests Suitable Access And Egress Suitable Tools/Equipments Lighting Ppe Communication Competent Staff Supervision Emergency Arrangements

Emergency Arrangements In Confined Space         

Rescue/Resuscitation Equipment Medical Arrangements Raising The Alarm And Rescue Safe Guarding The Rescuers Safe Guarding Third Parties Fire Fighting Control Of Plant First Aid Liaison With Emergency Services

Ppe:Anything Worn Or Held To Protect Against Hazards Best Ppe? That Which Is Worn Remember:Ppe Is A Last Resort Reasons Why Employees May Not Wear Ppe: 

Poor Selection/Fit Lack Of Comfort

       

Incompatibility With Other Ppe Fails To Danger Contamination Misuse Or Non-Use Relies On Action Being Taken By User May Create Additional Hazards Difficulty In Obtaining Equipment Relies On Management Commitment

Selection Of Ppe           

Identify Hazards Type Of Equipment Bs/En Standards Comfort Compatibility Costs Replacement Training Needs Hygiene Problems Supervision Storage

Respiratory Ppe’s

Respirator

Breathing Apparatus

Self Contained

Airline B.A. Set

Open Circuit

Close Circuit

Limitations On Use Of Respiratory Ppe:      

Cannot Be Used In Oxygen Deficient Limited Skin Causes Incorrect Selection Require Regular Cleaning And Maintenance Storage Problems Ergonomic Limitations Time Limit

Limitations On Open Circuit B.A. Airline:     

The Weight Of The Equipment Limited Time Skilled Maintenance Required Training Required Users Must Used Correctly Limitations In Mobility In Confined Space

Limitations On Airline B.A. Set:    

The Hose Can Cause Obstructions And Become Trapped Skilled Maintenance Required Limited Hose Length Compressor Breakdown Overconfidence

Training In Use Of Ppe’s       

Legel Requirement Limitations Of Ppe’s For Proper Protection Compatibility With Other Ppe’s How To Keep Clean Correct Storage Arrangements When And How Replace

Safety Signs And Signals 

Hand Signals

   

Verbal Signals Acoustic Signals Eliminated Signals Signs To Mark Abstacles

Hand Signals:   

Signalar Should Be A Competent And Trained Person. Use One Signal Time At One Time Signal Should Be Simple,Presible,Understandable Signalar Needs To Be To See All The Manoeuvers Activities

Acoustic Signals:   

Easily Recognisable From Other Noises It Should Remain Continue Untill Manually Switch Off Use One Signal At One Time Set A Level Which Is Higher Than The Other Noises Without Being Excessive Or Painfull Lone Workers

Control Measures For Lone Workers:        

Worker Should Be Properly Trained And Experienced Employer Set Limit On What Can/Can’t Be Done Regular Contact Between Worker And Base Automatic Warning Devices Devices To Raise The Alarm Periodically Visitn By The Supervisor Check The Workers Has Returned To Base And Home Training And First Aid Kit Emergency Actions To Be Taken If Worker Become Ill

Risk Assessment For Lone Workers:       

Where Is The Location Of The Work? What Are The Workplace Hazards? What Potential Injuries Canoccur And How They Can Controlled Or Treat By The Emergency Services Safe Access And Egress Can Equipment Needed For The Job,Be Handed By One Worker Are Young Workers Especially At Risk? Is Their Any Requirement To Lift Too Heavy Objects? Medical Condition Of The Worker



Is There Any Special Risk? First Aid

Aim:  

To Preserve Life Promote Recovery Provide Treatment Of Minor Injuries That Do Not Require Medical Attention

Assessment Of First Aid Need Checklist:       

Size Of The Organisation Nature Of The Work Types Of Hazards And Risk The Nature And Distribution Of The Workforce Past Accidents And Injuries Types Travelling,Remote And Lone Workers Need To Cover Absensce Of Firstaiders Need To Train Person In Special Procedures

Workplace Emergencies Types:   

Fire Hazardious Chemicals Spillage Blast Leakage Of Toxic Gases Etc.

Factors Of Erp (Emergency Response Plan):     

Emergency Services Contact And Response Time Appointed Persons To Deal With Emergency Communication System First Aid Or Medical Facilities Evacuation Procedures Effects On Surroundings Communities



Past Emergency Actions E.G. Media,Repair,Investigation

Element-5 Measuring,Audit And Review Reasons For Monitoring:        

Identify Sub-Standards Health And Safety Practices Identify Trends Compare Actual Performance Against Targets To Benchmark Identify Use And Effectiveness Of Control Measures Make Decisions On Suitable Remedial Measures Set Priorities And Establish Realistic Timescales Assess Compliance With Legel Requirements Provide Information To Board,Committee

Types Of Monitoring 1. Reactive Or Negative Monitoring 2. Proactive Or Positive Or Active Monitoring Ro-Active Mopnitoring:        

Safety Audit Safety Inspections Safety Surveys Safety Tour Safety Sampling Benchmarking Hazops Health Surveillance Performance Review

Re-Active Monitoring:a.) Examining Accident Figures b.) Claims Records c.) Other Reactive Monitoring Methods: Number Of Defects Reported Following Safety Inspection  Any Enforcement Action Against The Company  Prosecutions  Legel Mandates

Safety Audit A Safety Audit Is A Thorough,Critical Examination Of An Organisation’s Safety Management Systems And Procedures.It Is Normally A Lengthy Process Carried Out By A Trained Auditor,Often Someone Outside The Organisation,Looking At The Strengths And Weakness Of The Organisation. It Is A Structured Way Of Assessing The Health And Safety Performance Of An Organisation By Supplying Answers To A Series Of Questions And Often Involves A Scoring System So That Improvements Can Be Made. Pre-Audit Preparation And Procedure:   

Setting Audit Objectives Selecting The Audit Team Contact With Organisation Being Audited Undertaking The Audit

  

Draw Conclusions Report And Presentation Actions By The Organisation

Safety Audit Documents Documents Looked At During Audits Include:        

Safety Policy Risk Assessment Procedures Safety Monitoring Procedures Maintenance Records Accident And Incident Reports Health Surveillance Records Training Records Inspection Records Previous Audit Reports

Internal Audits Advantages:  

Easier To Arrange Lower Cost As The Organisation Employees They May Not Feel So Threatened

Disadvantages:  

Could Be Influenced By Internal Relationships Conclusions May Not Be Taken Seriously The Auditor May Make Assumptions

External Audits Advantages:   

Auditor Will Be Completely Independent Auditor Will Ask Questions And Not Make Assumptions Auditor In Indipendent And Unbaised More Weight May Be Given To Their Conclusions

Disadvantages:

Require More Time To Organise

 

Be More Expensive Employees May Feel More Threatened Safety Inspections

A Safety Inspection Involves:  

The Straightforward Observation Of A Workplace Or The Activities Or Equipment Within It A Safety Inspection Is Usually Carried Out By A Manager,Employee,Representative And Safety Advisor And Is Often Aided (Helped) By The Use Of A Checklist It May Be Carried Out Routinely And Has The Aim Of Identifying Hazards And Assessing The Use And Effectiveness Of Control Measures

Workplace Inspections Limitations:    

It Is Only A Snapshot In Time Some Hazards Not Visible Some Hazards Not Always Present During The Inspections And May Occur Later In The Process Unsafe Practices May Not Occur During The Inspection If The Employees Know The Inspection Is Taking Place

Types Of Inpections: 

General Workplace Inspection Statutory Inspection

Frequency Of Inspections:Depend Upon Purpose And Level Of Risk. Competence Of Inspectors:    

Knowledge Of Workplaceinspection And The Hazards Associated With The Procedures Etc. Knowledge Of Hazards And Controls In The Workplace Experience Of The Process Training In Inspection Techniques Good Communication And Writing Skills

Safety Inspection Checklist 

Housekeeping

          

Electrical Safety Provision And Use Of Ppe Use And Storage Of Hazardous Substances Manual Handling Traffic Routes Machinery Internal Transport Emergency Equipment Welfare Facilities Systems Of Work Working Environment

Strenghts Of Using Checklists To Complete A Health And Safety Inspection      

Enables Prior Preparation And Planning More Structured And Systematic Prevents Issues Being Overlooked Ensures Consistent Approach Immediate Record Easy Method For Comparison And Audit

Weakness Of Checklist      

Blinkered (Inflexible) Approach Not Reviewed Or Updated To Account For Changes Inspections Become Routine No Follow-Up Questions Asked No Scope For Secondary Issues To Be Considered Untrained Person Conducting Inspection Inspection Procedure Leading To Human Error Or Abuse

In Summary Inspection Reports Can:    

Identify Workplace Hazards Introduce Control Measures Involve Consultation With The Workforce Benchmarking Improvements Cover All Aspects Of The Workplace

Other Proactive Methods

    

Safety Surveys (Focusing On Particular Activities) May Be Carried Out By Specialists Safety Tours (Where Unscheduled,Less Formal Workplace Inspections Are Carried Out To Check On Issues Such As Housekeeping Or The Use Of Personal Protective Equipment) Safety Sampling Benchmarking Hazard And Operability Studies (Formal Critical Examination Of The Process At The Design State Performance Review

Does The Organisation?      

Achieve Its Health And Safety Objectives Implement Effective Risk Controls Ensure The Effectiveness Of Training,Communication And Consultation Programmes Learn From Management System Failures Meet Legal Standards Reduce The Risk Of Accidents And Ill Health

Incident Investigation,Recording And Reporting 

Direct Cause:Immediate:The Unsafe Act Or Condition That Results In An Accident Or Incident.



Root/Underlying Cause:The Failure Of Procedures,Management Systems That Have Resulted In The Unsafe Act Or Condition.

Ilo Definitions 

Occupational Accident:An Occurance Arrising Out Of Or In The Course Of Work That Results In A Fatal Or Non-Fatal Occupational Injury.



Occupational Injury:Death,Any Personal Injury Or Disease Resulting From An Occupational Accident.



Commuting (Travel) Accident:-

An Accident Resulting In Occupational Injury Involving Loss Of Working Time Occuring On The Direct Way Between The Place Of Work. 

Accidents:All Accidents Have Causes And Effects.Causes Can Generally Be Controlled But Effects Are As A Result Of Luck.

Types Fo Causes

Fork Lift Truck Scenario Immediate/Direct Causes:

Cornering Too Fast

        

Hitting Obstructions Driving On Uneven Gruond Turning On Slopes Moving With Load Elevated Driving With Unstable Load/Excessive Load Collision With Another Vehicle Faulty Truck Poor Road Surface/Lighting Driving Under The Influence Of Drink Or Drugs

Causes Of Accidents 1.     2.   3.  

Individual And Job Factors:Unclear Lines Of Responsibility Poor Supervision Lack Of Information,Instruction And Training Ineffective Communication Unsafe Acts:Misuse Of Equipment Not Following Safe Procedures Unsafe Conditions:Poor Housekeeping Poor Design And Construction

Categories Of Accidents:           

Slips,Trips,Falls On Same Level Falls Fromheight Struck By Moving /Falling Object Collision With Objects Trapping/Crushing Under Or Between Objects Manual Handling Electricity Using Hand Tools Struck By Vehicles Contact With Chemicals Amphyxiation/Drowning Violence Accident Prevention

Accident Prevention Is The Technique Of Anticipating And Controlling Events So That Accidents Are Eliminated And The Subsequent Costs In Time And Money Are Avoided.

Fank Birds Theory Out Of 641 Accidents 1=Major Injury 10=Minor Injury 30=Property Damage 600=Critical Incidents (Near Misses) Benefits Of Collecting Near Miss Data   

To Identify Underlying Causes Which May Allow Preventative Action To Be Taken Before Something More Serious Occurs Gives Message To Workforce That All Failures Are Taken Seriously Not Just Those Leading To Injury Generally Accepted Near Misses Greatly Out Number Accidents And Con Therfore Produce More Data From Which A Greater Understanding Of The Deficiencies In Manegement Systems Can Be Identified And Rectified.

Principles Of Prevention        

Avoid Risk Evaluate Risks Combat Risks At Source Adapt To Individual Avoid Piecework Adapt To Technical Progress Replacing The Dangerous Developing A Coherent Overall Prevention Policy

Preventive Strategy         

Safe Place Strategy:Equipment/Access/Egress Materials (Articles/Substances)/Environment Safe Person Strategy:Information,Instruction And Training Safe Behaviour Awareness,Knowledge,Competence Supervision Health Surveillance

Safe Systems Strategy        

Policies And Standards Rules Procedures Safe System Of Work Permits To Work Clear Lines Of Responsibility Accident Investigation And Analysis Emergency Preparedness

Aims Of Accident Investigation         

Determine Cause To Prevent Recurrence Identify Weakness In Management Systems Identify Weakness In Risk Assessment Demonstrate Manegement Commitment Comply With Country’s Legal Requirements Collect Data To Establish Trends Prevent Future Business Losses Provide Information For Civil/Criminal Actions Provide Information To Insurance Company

Immediate And Longer Term Actions After An Accident          

First Aid For Injured Party Calling Medical Assistance If Necessary Make Area Safe Isolation Of The Accident Scene Implement Emergency Plan Report To Enforcing Authority If Necessary Identification Of Witness Full Invetigation To Determine Root Cause Making Reccomendations Implementing Corrective Action

Preparation Before Investigation     

Who Should Be Involved And Depth Of Investigation Accident Scene Untouched Collect Relevant Existing Documents Identifying Who Are Witness Have Legal Requirements Been Met?

  

Any Equipment Needed? Method To Be Adopted Style Of Report And Who Should Receive It.

Investigation Team 

Line Managers:Knowledge Of The Process.



Supervisor:Also Has The Knowledge Of The Process.



Safety Representative:Has Legel Right.



Safety Practitioner:To Advise On Health And Safety.



Engineer:Advice On Technical Matters.



Senoir Managers From Different Departments

Invetigation Equipments       

Camera Writing Materials Investigation Forms Measuring Tape Area Plans Protective Equipment A Check List

Four Steps To Investigation 1. 2. 3. 4.

Gather The Information Analyse The Information Identify The Risk Control Measures The Action Plan And Its Implementation

Gather The Information        

What Activities Were Being Carried Out? Was There Anything Unusual? Were There Adequate Safe Working Procedures? Were They Being Followed? Was The Risk Known?If So Why No Controlled? Did The Organisation And Arrangement Of The Work Influence The Accident? Was Maintenance And Cleaning Sufficient? Was The Safety Equipment Sufficient?

Gather The Information    

Materials:- Materials Or Substances. Equipment:- Tools,Vehicles,Machinery Etc. Environment:- Lighting,Temperature Etc. People:- Human Error,Inexperience,Training.

Other Factors:    

Nature Of The Work E.G. Routine Specialist Examination Medical Reports Interviews/Witness Statement Don’t Dismiss Contradictory Evidence

Documents:        

Risk Assessments Safety Systems Of Work Incident/Accident History Training Records Maintenance Records Euipment Instructions Monitoring,E.G. Dust,Noise Supervision Inspection Reports

Analyse The Information

Analysis Should Determine:   

Cause Of Injury Immediate/Direct Causes Root/ Underlying Causes Root Cause Analysis:Entire Chain Of Events Is Evaluated To Find “Root Causes” As Well As The Immediate Cause

        

Root Causes Are Safety System Inadequacies Personal Factors Physical Or Mental Condition,Skills,Knowledge Etc. Job Factors Equipment,Workplace Conditions Recommendation May Include:Policies Equipment Training

Identify The Risk Control Mesures There May Be:  

Control Measures In Place That Were Not Used Control Measures Inplace That Failed Combinations Of The Above

Measures Shoul Be Evaluated For:   

Their Ability To Prevent Recurrences Whether They Are Practical Whether They Will Remain Effective Whether They Will Be Used

Take Action    

Involve Senior Management Highest Priority Risks Control Measures Implemented First Lower Risks Control Measure In Order Of Priority Specific Senior Manager In Charge Of Implementation

Report To Management

The Investigation Is Not Complete Until A Report Is Prepared And Submitted With Follwing Information:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Who-The Injured Person When-Date And Time Where-Location Details What-Type Of Accident And Nature Of Injury How-Details Of Events Why-Analysis Of Cause Recommendations Documentation Reference To Possible Breaches Of Law

Collecting And Recording Data    

Incidents/Accidents Incident/Accident Or Near Miss Reports Reports To Enforcing Authorities Riddor (Reporting Of Injuries,Diseases And Dangerous Occurances Regulations) Reports

   

Work Related Ill Health Sickness Absence Reports Health Surveillance Medical Diagnosis From Outside Organisation

Analysing Data        

Category Of Person Affected Injury Type Part Of Body Injured Severity Of Injury Age/Sex Of Person Work Activity Shift/Time Of Day Location Of Accident

Severity Rate:The Average Length Of Time Taken Off Work As The Result Of Accidents. Communicating Data      

Safety Committees Team Briefings Company Magazines Board Meetings Performance Reviews For Mangers Annual Reports

Benefits Of Using Accident Data a) Shows Patterns And Tends Pattern=Repeated Events Trend= A Line Of General Direction b) c) d) e)

Identify Weakness In Procedures Prioritise Safety Measures Identify Areas For Improvement Set Targets For Reduction Reporting Of Accidents

Ilo Require Each Govt. To Nominate:Competent Authority Who Should Implement A Polciy For:   

The Recording,Notification And Investigation Of Occupational Accidents And Diseases Thre Recording,Notification And Investigation Of Commuting Accidents,Dangerous Occurances And Incidents Compilation,Analyse And Publication Of Statistics Or Such Accidents,Diseases And Dangerous Occurances Establish Procedure For Employees To Ensure Information On Accidents Is Maintained

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Also Many Countries Require Reporting Of Certain Types Of Injury,Diseases, Dangerous Occurances And Commuting Accidents.

Example Of Reportable Events 

Injuries:Death,Fracture,Armputations Etc.

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Diseases:Dermatitis,Asthma,Lung Diseases

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Dangerous Occurances:Collapse Of Cranes,Contact With Overhead Power Lines Etc.

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Commuting Accidents

Reasons For Failure To Report Accidents       

Ignorance Of Procedures Peer Pressure Preserve Accident Record Over Complicated Procedures Lack Of Management Response Avoid Receiving First Aid/Medical Management Retribution