Ielts Texts

MAIL ORDER BROCHURE Want some great clothing ideas for your family? Our key for clothing specials in July: M for men

W for women

For under $10 Cotton socks C Woollen socks C Sports socks M Patterned belts W For under $25 Cotton shirts W

C for children

- made of pure cotton for long wearing - to keep young feet warm in winter - to go with jeans and other casual clothes - to go with jeans and other casual clothes

T shirts C Colour T-shirts M W

- for day and evening wear - five sizes, in designer colours, for that special social occasion - hard-wearing, white with a variety of animal motifs - cotton and polyester blend, plain colours, no ironing

For under $50 Blue jeans M W Silk shirts M W Hooded jacket C jacket W

- non-shrink, colourfast, small sizes only - plain and patterned, all sizes - protects from the wind, 4 sizes, large strong pockets - waterproof with zipper front, all sizes

Silk shirts M

• Or you can buy a gift voucher so that someone else can choose. These come in $10, $20 and $50 amounts. Additional monthly specials for July to September July August September

- $10 voucher with any purchase over $60 - Travel alarm clock worth $19.95 free with purchases of $80 or more! - Children's backpacks. Free with any credit card purchase over $75!

Note: Postage and packing charges

These are applied to each order as follows:

Within Australia: $7.95 per address, regular post $17.95 for Express Delivery Service (overnight)

Overseas: Surface Mail (allow a minimum of two months for delivery) Airmail (allow around two weeks delivery to most destinations) Questions 8-14 New Book Releases A

This book describes the creativity of Aboriginal people living in the driest parts of Australia. Stunning reproductions of paintings, beautiful photography and informative text.

B

Pocket-sized maps and illustrations with detailed information on the nesting sites and migration patterns of Australia. This is a classic booklet suitable for both beginner and expert.

C

Packed full of information for the avid hiker, this book is a must. Photographs, maps and practical advice will guide your journeys on foot through the forests of the southern continent.

D

More than-an atlas - this book contains maps, photographs and an abundance of information on the land and climate of countries from around the globe.

E

Australia's premier mountain biking guidebook - taking you through a host of national parks and state forests.

F

Here's the A-Z of Australian native animals - take an in-depth look at their lives and characteristics, through fantastic photographs and informative text.

G

Graphic artists have worked with researchers and scientists to illustrate how these prehistoric animals lived and died on the Australian continent.

H

A definitive handbook on outdoor safety - with a specific focus on equipment, nutrition, first aid, special clothing and bush skills.

I

Detailed guides to 15 scenic car tours that will take you onto fascinating wilderness tracks and along routes that you could otherwise have missed. Questions 15-20

WORK & TRAVEL USA Do you want to hove the best summer holiday ever? Have you just graduated and want to escape for a unique experience abroad? Only $1950 will make It all happen!

This unbeatable program fee includes: •

return flight from Sydney to Los Angeles (onward travel in USA not included)

•

3 months' insurance cover

•

2 nights' accommodation on arrival plus meet and greet and airport transfer

•

arrival orientation by experienced InterExchange staff

•

visa application fees

You also have: •

access to a J l visa enabling you to work in the USA

•

an extensive directory of employers

•

InterExchange support throughout the program

•

24-hour emergency support throughout the length of the program

Call toll-free 1800 678 738 InterExchange has 50 yeors' experience in international student exchange programs. 18,000 students from around the world travel yearly to the USA on this very program. InterExchange con also offer you work opportunities in other countries.

WHAT IS INTEREXCHANGE? InterExchange, one of the world's leading operators of international exchange programs and related services: •

is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation

•

has 700 professional staff in 30 countries worldwide

•

was founded in 1947

InterExchange operates these programs for students all around the world. It offers you trained and travelled staff, plus full support during the application process. You can choose any job that interests you anywhere in the USA, whether that is working in a law firm in Boston, a famous ski resort in Colorado or serving coffee and doughnuts in the bzzing streets of New York. You can select the period you work and the period you travel; you may want to work for 1 month and travel for 3, or work the entire duration of your stay. The

choice is yours.

YOU CAN TAKE UP THIS OPPORTUNITY IF YOU ARE: •

a full-time student at an Australian university or TAFE college

•

presently enrolled, or finishing this year, or you have deferred a year of study

• over 18 years old by November in the academic year in which you apply to InterExchange •

enthusiastic about the experience of a lifetime ... Sign up now!! Questions 21-27 NETSCAPE File edit View Go Communicator Help CONTENTS: ARTHUR PHILLIP COLLEGE A about Arthur Phillip College

G learning methods

B entry requirements

H course fees

C orientation for new students

I study commitment

D academic counselling service

J assessment and results

E credit courses to university

K social activities and clubs

F assistance for international students

L what's new

Questions 28-40 LACK OF SLEEP

Section A It is estimated that the average man or woman needs between seven-and-a-half and eight hours' sleep a night. Some can manage on a lot less. Baroness Thatcher, for example, was reported to be able to get by on four hours' sleep a night when she was Prime Minister of Britain. Dr Jill Wilkinson, senior lecturer in psychology at Surrey University and coauthor of 'Psychology in Counselling and Therapeutic Practice', states that healthy individuals sleeping less than five hours or even as little as two hours in every 24 hours are rare, but represent a sizeable minority. Section B The latest beliefs are that the main purposes of sleep are to enable the body to rest and replenish, allowing time for repairs to take place and for tissue to be regenerated. One supporting piece of evidence for this rest-and¬repair theory is that production of the growth hormone somatotropin, which helps tissue to regenerate, peaks while we are asleep. Lack of sleep, however, can compromise the immune system, muddle thinking, cause depression, promote anxiety and encourage irritability. Section C Researchers in San Diego deprived a group of men of sleep between Sam and lam on just one night, and found that levels of their bodies' natural defences against viral infections had fallen significantly when measured the following morning. 'Sleep is essential for our physical and emotional well-being and there are few aspects of daily living that are not disrupted by the lack of it', says Professor William Regelson of Virginia University, a specialist in

In the fifth stage, the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the heartbeat quickly gets back to normal levels, brain activity accelerates to daytime heights and above and the eyes move constantly beneath closed lids as if the sleeper is looking at something. During this stage, the body is almost paralysed. This REM phase is also the time when we dream. Section E Sleeping patterns change with age, which is why many people over 60 develop insomnia. In America, that age group consumes almost half the sleep medication on the market. One theory for the age-related change is that it is due to hormonal changes. The temperature General Training: Reading and Writing rise occurs at daybreak in the young, but at three or four in the morning in the elderly. Age aside, it is estimated that roughly one in three people suffer some kind of sleep disturbance. Causes can be anything from pregnancy and stress to alcohol and heart disease. Smoking is a known handicap to sleep, with one survey showing that ex-smokers got to sleep in 18 minutes rather than their earlier average of 52 minutes. Section F Apart from self-help therapy such as regular exercise, there are psychological treatments, including relaxation training and therapy aimed at getting rid of presleep worries and anxieties. There is also sleep reduction therapy, where the aim is to improve sleep quality by strictly regulating the time people go to bed and when they get up. Medication is regarded by many as a last resort and often takes the form of sleeping pills, normally benzodiazepines, which are minor tranquillisers.

insomnia. 'Because it can seriously undermine the functioning of the immune system, sufferers are vulnerable to infection.' Section D For many people, lack of sleep is rarely a matter of choice. Some have problems getting to sleep, others with staying asleep until the morning. Despite popular belief that sleep is one long event, research shows that, in an average night, there are five stages of sleep and four cycles, during which the sequence of stages is repeated. In the first light phase, the heart rate and blood pressure go down and the muscles relax. In the next two stages, sleep gets progressively deeper. In stage four, usually reached after an hour, the slumber is so deep that, if awoken, the sleeper would be confused and disorientated. It is in this phase that sleep-walking can occur, with an average episode lasting no more than 15 minutes.

Section G Professor Regelson advocates the use of melatonin for treating sleep disorders. Melatonin is a naturally secreted hormone, located in the pineal gland deep inside the brain. The main function of the hormone is to control the body's biological clock, so we know when to sleep and when to wake. The gland detects light reaching it through the eye; when there is no light, it secretes the melatonin into the bloodstream, lowering the body temperature and helping to induce sleep. Melatonin pills contain a synthetic version of the hormone and are commonly used for jet lag as well as for sleep disturbance. John Nicholls, sales manager of one of America's largest health food shops, claims that sales of the pill have increased dramatically. He explains that it is sold in capsules, tablets, lozenges and mixed with herbs. It is not. effective for all insomniacs, but many users have weaned themselves off sleeping tablets as a result of its application.

Questions 1-7 WALK FOR CHARITY Dear Friend,

Please join us for our annual Walk for Charity. Starting in Weldown, you and your friends can choose a delightfu

The money raised will provide support to help people all over the world. Start collecting your sponsors now and See you on Sunday 14 May, V Jessop

Walk Co-ordinator P S. Well done to last year's walkers for helping to raise a grand total of £21,000. The money has already been used to build a children's playground. START TIMES: 30 km: 8-10 am 20 km: 8 - 10.30 am 10 km: 8 - 11.30 am The organisers reserve the right to refuse late-comers.

CLOTHING should be suitable for the weather. If rain is forecast, bring some protection and be prepared for al

ROUTE MAPS will be available from the registration point. The route will be sign-posted and marshalled. Wh Free car parking available in car parks and on streets in Weldown.

BUSES For the 10 and 20 km routes, a bus will be waiting at Fenton to take walkers back to Weldown; The bus will leav

Questions 8-14 The Week's Best

A Wild Rose (Tuesday 19.00) This TV drama is about a young private detective employed by a team of New York businessmen who send he have no record of any robberies.

B Animal Planet (Wednesday 23.00) This is a classic black-and-white film from the forties in which astronaut Charlie Huston crash-lands on a plan

C Strange Encounter (Saturday 21.00) Suspense is skilfully built up in this clever, small-scale supernatural story. A young couple view a deserted old meet their. ancestors. D The Longest Walk (Tuesday 21.30) Ffyona Campbell is nearly there.

Copyright © 2007 IELTS-Exams Des Questions 15-20 BINGHAM REGIONAL COLLEGE International Students' Orientation Programme

What is it? It is a course which will introduce you to the College and to Bingham. It takes place in the week before term starts, from 24th - 28th September inclusive, but you should plan to arrive in Bingham on the 22nd or 23rd September. Why do we think it is important? We want you to have the best possible start to your studies and you need to find out about all the opportunities that college life offers. This programme aims to help you do just that. It will enable you to get to know the College, its facilities and services. You will also have the chance to meet staff and students. How much will it cost? International students (non-European Union students) For those students who do not come from European Union (EU) countries, and who are not used to European culture and customs, the programme is very important and you are strongly advised to attend. Because of this, the cost of the programme, exclusive of accommodation, is built into your tuition fees.

EU students EU students are welcome to take part in this programme for a fee of £ 195, exclusive of accommodation. Fees are not refundable. Accommodation costs (international and EU students) If you have booked accommodation for the year ahead (41 weeks) through the College in one of the College residences (Cambourne House, Hanley House, the Student Village or a College shared house), you do not have to pay extra for accommodation during the Orientation programme. If you have not booked accommodation in the College residences, you can ask us to pre-book accommodation for you for one week only (Orientation Programme week) in a hotel with other international students. The cost of accommodation for one week is approximately £ 165. Alternatively, you can arrange your own accommodation for that week in a flat, with friends or a local family. What is included during the programme? Meals: lunch and an evening meal are provided as part of the programme, beginning with supper on Sunday 23rd September and finishing with lunch at midday on Friday 28th September. Please note that breakfast is not available. Information sessions: including such topics as accommodation, health, religious matters, welfare, immigration, study skills, careers and other 'essential information'. Social activities: including a welcome buffet and a half-day excursion round Bingham. Transport: between your accommodation and the main College campus, where activities will take place.

Questions 21-27 Student Accommodation The College offers five basic accommodation options. Here is some information to help you make your choice A CAMBOURNE HOUSE - self-catering, student residence, located in the town centre about 2 miles from the main College campus. Up to 499 students live in 6, 7 and 8 bedroom flats, all with en-suite shower rooms. Rent is £64 per week, including bills (not telephone). Broadband Internet connections and telephones, with communal kitchen/dining and lounge areas. Parking space is available, with permits costing £60 per term. B STUDENT VILLAGE - features 3, 4, 5 and 7 bedroom, self-catering shared houses for 250 students close to the main College campus. Rent is £60 per week inclusive of bills (except telephone). Parking is available with permits costing £90 for the academic year.

C HANLEY HOUSE - a second, modern, self-catering residence in the town centre for 152 students. Eighteen rooms per floor with communal kitchens, lounges, bathrooms and toilets. Rent is £53 per week including bills (not telephone). There is no space for parking nearby. D GLENCARRICK HOUSE - a privately-owned and managed student residence in the town centre above a multi-storey car park, close to a major nightclub and housing 120 students. Rooms are allocated by the College Accommodation Service. Rents range from £58.50 to £68.50 for a single en-suite room or larger en-suite room respectively. A small extra charge is made for electricity. E HOUSE SHARES - this recent initiative is a range of shared houses for 140 students, conforming to standards set by us to meet all legal safety requirements. A room in a shared house costs between £45 and £55 per week, exclusive of bills, and will be within a 4-mile radius of both campuses. As with halls of residence, the rent is payable termly.

Questions 21-27 GLOW - WORMS A The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireFlies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own 'call-sign' to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, For example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. B The fireflies' almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese enryclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclist's batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before

then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they First evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. C As with many insects, the glow-worm's life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worm's light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larva's light is much fainter than the adult female's but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worm's life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult Ay emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. D In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glowworms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worm's gradual decline are clear. E Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world.

The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. Questions 1-14 CAUSTON HEALTH CENTRE PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLET A Appointments Please telephone 826969 (8.30am - 5.00pm: Mon - Fri). We suggest that you try to see the same doctor whenever possible because it is helpful for both you and your doctor to know each other well. We try hard to keep our appointments running to time, and ask you to be punctual to help us achieve this; if you cannot keep an appointment, please phone in and let us know as soon as possible so that it can be used for someone else. Please try to avoid evening appointments if possible. Each appointment is for one person only. Please ask for a longer appointment if you need more time. B Weekends and Nights Please telephone 823307 and a recorded message will give you the number of the doctor from the Centre on duty. Please remember this is in addition to our normal working day. Urgent calls only please. A Saturday morning emergency surgery is available between 9.30am and 10.00am. Please telephone for home visits before 10.00am at weekends. C Centre Nurses Liz Stuart, Martina Scott and Helen Stranger are available daily by appointment to help you with dressings, ear syringing, children's immunisations, removal of stitches and blood tests. They will also advise on foreign travel, and can administer various injections and blood pressure checks. For any over 75s unable to attend the clinic, Helen Stranger will make a home visit. AII three Centre Nurses are available during normal working hours to carry out health checks on patients who have been on doctors' lists for 3 years. D New Patients Within 3 months of registering with the Centre, new patients on regular medication are invited to attend a health check with their doctor. Other patients can arrange to be seen by one of the Centre Nurses. E Services Not Covered Some services are not covered by the Centre e.g. private certificates, insurance, driving and

sports medicals, passport signatures, school medicals and prescriptions for foreign travel. There are recommended fees for these set by the National Medical Association. Please ask at reception. F Receptionists Our receptionists provide your primary point of contact-they are all very experienced and have a lot of basic information at their fingertips. They will be able to answer many of your initial queries and also act as a link with the rest of the team. They may request brief details of your symptoms or illness - this enables the doctors to assess the degree of urgency. G Change of Address Please remember to let us know if you decide to relocate. It is also useful for us to have a record of your telephone number. Questions 10-14 BENTLEY HOSPITAL CATERING SERVICE TO ALL PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY MEMBERS OF STAFF IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Meal Breaks (minimum company guidelines) HOURS WORKED 0-4 hrs 4-6 hrs 6-8 hrs 8-12 hrs 12-24 hrs

BREAK TO BE TAKEN nil 15 mins 30 mins 60 mins (taken as 2 x 30 mins) 75 mins (taken as 2 x 30 mins + 1 x 15 mins)

Your section staffing board will show the times when these breaks are to be taken.

Please note It is your responsibility to check that the total break time shown on the staffing sheets accurately reflects the breaks that you take. Any discrepancies should be raised with your Staff Co-ordinator immediately. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - FOOD HANDLERS Food handlers are those concerned with preparing and serving unwrapped food.

Food handlers should report any instance of sickness, diarrhoea and/or stomach upset experienced either while at work or during a holiday to a member of the Personnel Management team. Any infections of ear, nose, throat, mouth, chest or skin should also be reported to a member of the Personnel Management team. Food handlers need to have an annual dental examination by the company dentist. Alternatively, a current certificate of dental fitness may be produced from their own dentist. This applies to all permanent staff who handle food. Questions 15-21

Bramley College International Scholarships There are seven types of scholarship offered by Bramley College to enrolled international students to assist with the costs of their courses. With the exception of applications for scholarship category E, all newly-enrolled international students are automatically considered for these scholarships. The scholarship is awarded in the student's first year as a credit to second semester course fees. In all subsequent years, the scholarship is awarded as a credit to first semester course fees. The scholarships are awarded once per year unless otherwise stated. The scholarship categories are: A One scholarship of A$2000 for the most outstanding students entering the Foundation Studies Program from each of the following countries: Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. An additional six scholarships are available for students from other countries. These scholarships are offered on two dates, to students in the March and June intakes of the program. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of first semester results. B Three scholarships providing 25% of course fees for the duration of the course to the three most outstanding State Certificate of Education (SCE) students entering a Diploma or Certificate program. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of the previous year's SCE results. C Seventeen scholarships providing 25% of course fees for the duration of the course to outstanding Diploma or Certificate students entering each Bramley College School: three each in the Schools of Business and Engineering; two in the School of Applied Science; two in the School of Environmental Design and Construction; two in the School of Art and Design; two in the School of Social Sciences and Communications; one in the School of Biomedical and Health Science; one in the School of Education and one in the School of Nursing. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of first semester results. D One scholarship of A$4000 per annum for the duration of the course to the most outstanding student entering the Diploma in Communication. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of first semester results. E Nine scholarships of A$3000 per annum for the duration of the course to the most outstanding students commencing any Advanced Certificate course. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of Basic Certificate results (not SCE results). Note that applicants

need to apply for this scholarship on the Bramley College International Scholarship Application Form. F One full-fee scholarship to the most outstanding student commencing a Diploma in Art and Design (Photography) course. This scholarship is offered every second year, and is awarded on the basis of results obtained in the Certificate in Design course. G Four half-fee scholarships to outstanding students of Bramley College's Singapore campus for the final year of the two-year Certificate in Business Studies to be completed in Melbourne, Australia. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of first year results. Questions 22-27 Using the Internet and CD-ROM databases in the Library Bramley College now has full electronic information resources in the College Library to help you in your studies. On CD-ROM in the library we have about fifty databases, including many statistical sources. Want to know the average rainfall in Tokyo or the biggest export earner of Vanuatu? It's easy to find out. Whether you are in the School of Business or the School of Art & Design, it's all here for you. You can conduct your own CD-ROM search for no charge, and you can print out your results on the library printers using your library photocopying card. Alternatively, you can download your results to disk, again for no charge, but bring your own formatted floppy disk or CD-ROM. If you are not sure how to conduct a search for yourself, library staff can do it for you, but we charge $20 for this service, no matter how long or how short a time it takes. All library workstations have broadband access to the Internet, so you can find the webbased information you need quickly and easily If you are unfamiliar with using the Internet, help is available in several ways. You can start with the online tutorial Netstart; just click on the Netstart Icon on the Main Menu. The tutorial will take you through the basic steps to using the Internet, at any time convenient to you. If you prefer, ask one of the librarians for internet advice (best at quiet times between 9.00am and 11.30am weekdays) or attend one of the introductory group sessions that are held in the first two weeks of each term. Sign your name on the list on the Library Bulletin Board to guarantee a place, as they are very popular. A word of warning: demand for access to library workstations is very high, so you are strongly advised to book a workstation, and we have to limit your use to a maximum of one hour at any one time. Make your booking (for which you will receive a receipt) at the information Desk or at the enquiry desks in the Media Services Area (Level 1). Also, use of the computers is limited to Bramley students only, so you may be asked to produce your Student Identification Card to make a booking, or while using the workstations. Questions 28-40

THE WATER CRISIS Greater efficiency in water use is needed to meet the growing demands of a changing world A Per capita water usage has been on an upward trend for many years. As countries industrialise and their citizens become more prosperous, their individual water usage increases rapidly. Annual per capita water withdrawals in the USA, for example, are about 1,700 cubic metres, four times the level in China and fifty times the level in Ethiopia. In the 21st century, the world's limited supply of renewable fresh water is having to meet demands of both larger total population and increased per capita consumption. The only practicable ways to resolve this problem in the longer term are economic pricing in conjunction with conservation measures. B Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world's fresh water, so improvements in irrigation can make the greatest impact. At present, average efficiency in the use of irrigated water in agriculture may be as low as 50%. Simple changes could improve the rate substantially, though it is unrealistic to expect very high levels of water-use efficiency in many developing countries, faced as they are with a chronic lack of capital and a largely untrained rural workforce. After agriculture, industry is the second biggest user of water and, in terms of value added per litre used, is sixty times more productive than agriculture. However, some industrial processes use vast amounts of water. For example, production of 1 kg of aluminium might require 1,500 litres of water. Paper production too is often very water-intensive. Though new processes have greatly reduced consumption, there is still plenty of room for big savings in industrial uses of water. C In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by price increases and the use of modern technology and recycling. In the USA, industrial production has risen fourfold since 1950, while water consumption has fallen by more than a third. Japan and Germany have similarly improved their use of water in manufacturing processes. Japanese industry, for example, now recycles more than 75% of process water. However, industrial water consumption is continuing to increase sharply in developing countries. With domestic and agricultural demands also increasing, the capacity of water supply systems is under growing strain. D Many experts believe that the best way to counter this trend is to impose water charges based on the real cost of supplies. This would provide a powerful incentive for consumers to introduce water-saving processes and recycling. Few governments charge realistic prices for water, especially to farmers. Even in rich California, farmers get water for less than a tenth of the cost of supply. In many developing countries there is virtually no charge for irrigation water, while energy prices are heavily subsidised too (which means that farmers can afford to run water pumps day and night). Water, which was once regarded as a free gift from heaven, is becoming a commodity which must be bought and sold on the open market just like oil. In the oil industry, the price increases which hit the market in the 1970s, coupled with concerns that supplies were running low, led to new energy conservation measures all over the world. It was realised that investing in new sources was a far more costly option than improving efficiency of use. A similar emphasis on conservation will be the best and cheapest option for bridging the gap between water supply and demand.

E One way to cut back on water consumption is simply to prevent leaks. It is estimated that in some of the biggest cities of the Third World, more than half of the water entering the system is lost through leaks in pipes, dripping taps and broken installations. Even in the UK, losses were estimated at 25% in the early 1990s because of the failure to maintain the antiquated water supply infrastructure. In addition, huge quantities of water are consumed because used water from sewage pipes, storm drains and factories is merely flushed away and discharged into rivers or the sea. The modern approach, however, is to see used water as a resource which can be put to good use - either in irrigation or, after careful treatment, as recycled domestic water. Israel, for instance, has spent heavily on used water treatment. Soon, treated, recycled water will account for most farm irrigation there. There are ether examples in cities such as St Petersburg, Florida, where all municipal water is recycled back into domestic systems. F Another way of conserving water resources involves better management of the environment generally. Interference with the ecosystem can have a severe effect on both local rainfall patterns and water run-off. Forest clearings associated with India's Kabini dam project reduced local rainfall by 25%, a phenomenon observed in various ether parts of the world where large-scale deforestation has taken place. Grass and other vegetation acts as a sponge which absorbs rainfall both in the plants and in the ;round. Removal of the vegetation means that rainfall runs off the top of the land, accelerating erosion instead of being gradually fed into the soil to renew ground water. G Global warming is bound to affect rainfall patterns, though there is considerable disagreement about its precise effects. But it is likely that, as sea levels rise, countries in low-lying coastal areas will be hit by seawater penetration of ground water. Other countries will experience changes in rainfall which could have a major impact on agricultural yield - either for better or for worse. In broad terms, it is thought that rainfall zones will shift northwards, adding to the water deficit in Africa, the Middle East and the Mediterranean - a grim prospect indeed. Questions 1-8

THE EMPLOYMENT PAGES Saturday Edition Australia's biggest daily to find the selection of job ads - helping perfect position for you

Saturday Job Guide A B C D E F G

Government Positions (New South Wales) Higher Education (Academic staff) Primary and Secondary Schools (Academic staff) Hospitals and Medical (Medical staff) IT and Computing Accountancy and Finance (Private) Hospitality and Kitchen Staff

H I J

Self-employment Opportunities Rural Posts (incl. farm work) Casual Work Available

Monday - Friday Job Highlights

TUESDAY:

Education Local Government

THURSDAY:

Hospital and Medical Government Health Vacancies (New South Wales)

Questions 9-14

STANFIELD THEATRE BOOKING There are four easy ways to book seats for performances: - in person The Box Office is open Monday to Saturday, 10 am-8 pm. - by post Simply complete the booking form and return it to Stanfield Theatre Box Office, PO Box 220, Stanfield, ST55 6GF AII cheques should be made payable to Stanfield Theatre. - by telephone Ring 01316 753219 to reserve your tickets or to pay by credit card (Visa, Mastercard and Amex accepted). - on-line Complete the on-line booking form at www.stanfieldtheatre.com

DISCOUNTS Saver: £2 off any seat booked any time in advance for performances from Monday to

Thursday inclusive, and for all matinees. Savers are available for children up to 16 years old, over 60s and full-time students. Supersaver: half-price seats are available for people with disabilities and one companion. It is advisable to book in advance. There is a maximum of eight wheelchair spaces available and one wheelchair space will be held until one hour before the show (subject to availability). Standby: best available seats are on sale for £6 from one hour before the performance for people eligible for Saver and Supersaver discounts and thirty minutes before for all other customers. Group Bookings: there is a ten per cent discount for parties of twelve or more. Schools: school parties of ten or more can book £6 Standby tickets in advance and will get every tenth ticket free. Please note: we are unable to exchange tickets or refund money unless a performance is cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances.

GIFT VOUCHERS Gift vouchers for any value can be bought at the Box Office. Questions 15-27

SELF-STUDY TIPS A However difficult you find it to arrange your time, it will pay off in the long run if you set aside a certain part of the day for studying - and stick to it. It is best to make a weekly allocation of your time, making sure that you have enough left for recreational activities or simply to be 'with' yourself: reading a novel or watching a television programme. B As part of your weekly schedule, it is also advisable to consider exactly what you have to do in that week, and make sure that you tackle the most significant tasks first, leaving the easier or less urgent areas of your work until later. C On a physical level, make sure that you have an area or space for studying. Don't do it just anywhere. If you always study in the same place, preferably a room of your own, you will find it easier to adjust mentally to

involves the use of library books or other articles, it helps to keep details of the titles and authors on small cards in a card box. It is also a good idea to log these alphabetically so that you can find them easily - rather like keeping telephone numbers. It's all too easy to read something and then forget where it came from. F Make use of equipment that is available to you. If you find a useful article in the library, it is best to make a copy of the relevant pages before you leave. Then, when you get back to your study, you can mark the article and make any comments that you have in the margin. G If you are working on a topic your teacher has set, but finding it hard to concentrate, it may be that you actually need to take your mind right off it for a period of time. 'Airing the mind' can work wonders sometimes. After a period away from the task, having

the activity when you enter that area. You should have everything that you might need at hand.

not thought about it at all, you may return to it refreshed and full of ideas.

D Make sure that all the physical equipment that you use, such as a desk, chair etc. is at a good height for you. If you use a personal computer, there are plenty of guidelines available from the government on posture, angles, lighting and the like. Consult these and avoid the typical student aches and pains.

H Similarly, it may help to discuss a topic with other people, especially if you feel that you have insufficient ideas, or too many disorganised ideas. Bring your topic up in conversations at meal times or with other students and see what they have to say. You don't want to copy their ideas but listening to what they think about something may well help you develop or refine your own thoughts.

E If you are doing a long essay or research paper which

Questions 22-27

STUDY CENTRE COURSES A E I From Paragraph to Essay Media Use The Job for Me Of particular relevance to Open to all students, this Finding it, applying for it and students who wish to improve course focuses on the many getting it. Where can it all go their organisational skills and ways we can profit wrong? Written and oral who feel that their final linguistically from the radio course with simulation product is never clear enough. and television. Use of video exercises using authentic Thursday 10-12 essential. Group projects form newspaper advertisements. Kiran Singh part of course. Friday 10-11.30 Tuesday 9-11 Fabbeh AI-Hussein B Steve Ansell Communicate by Mail J Owing to the popularity of F Can I Help You? last term's course, this is a The Short Story Practical course for students repeat. Requests for A venture into the world of who wish to improve their information, notification of popular writers. One story is telephone skills. Breaks the personal details and selected for adaptation into a ice for newcomers. No written enclosures will be looked at. short play and group skills required. Please note that this is not a performance. Pre-arranged Wednesday 3-5 business course. groups welcome. Mike Vas Friday 2-4 Thursday 11-1.30 Cella Rice Mrs Owen K The Customer is Always C G Right Source Material Caught for Speeding An interesting angle - how do How do you gather Open to all students. Simple you reply to letters from information for a project or eye exercises to help you skim customers? What tone is best paper? A practical course and scan. How to be selective and when? How do you which looks at sources of on the page. Using headings, achieve results?

information and how to use topic sentences and paragraphs Wednesday 11-1 cataloguing systems. for easy access. Cella Rice Monday 10-11 Wednesday 11-1 L Kiran Singh Mrs Owen Tense about Tenses For those who worry about D H their individual words - a look Express Yourself Quote Me if You Must at tenses and other aspects of An advanced course suitable The do's and don'ts of using the language through poetry for students who are about to source material. How to and song. Good voice helps step into organisations where incorporate it into your own but not essential! they may have to voice their work in an acceptable way. opinions in various forums. How not to plagiarise other Saturday 10-12 Steve Ansell Monday 12-2 people's articles, books etc. Dave Parrin Tuesday 9-10.30 Dr Johnson

PTEROSAURS Remains of the pterosaur, a cousin of the dinosaur, are found on every continent. Richard Monastersky reports A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonised all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes. B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that these creatures must have been cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time. C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil* discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warmblooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air¬borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s. D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. He named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossiIs.

E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilisation process. F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front 'arms' would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue will only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs. G 'It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing,' says Fabio dalla Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year-old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen -the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.

The Pterosaur: a flying reptile that lived during the time of the dinosaur H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northropi, which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 metres wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known. I

Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously,'

said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.' J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aeroplanes. Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that once covered parts of Texas. K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity and other events-wiped out roughly three quarters of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had. A B Your Chinese Horoscope 2003

Astrologer Neil Somerville suggests the Year of the Goat will be one of healing. It was a Goat year that the first human organ transplant was performed and it appears that there will be more medical breakthroughs Start Me Up

For someone leaving the safety of full-time employment to face the risks and challenges of running their own business, Start Me Up by Toney Fitzgerald is not a bad learning tool. Maggie Hamilton Graeme Berwick C D The Autobiography of Pat Cash

The book covers Pat Cash's tennis career from junior Davis Cup member to Wimbledon champion. Cash also frankly shares his opinion on all matters relating to professional tennis. GARDENS BY THE SEA

Gardens by the Sea showcases gardens all over the world. Some are grand, some are humble, but each of these stunning creations bears witness to the gardener's dedication in the face of the harsh realities of seaside living. Joanne Dover Gordon Bain

E F Walking Home with Marie-Claire

This is a story about Pauline in Grade 6 at a primary school in the 70s. She meets a new friend, Marie-Claire with a very unusual family. But why won't Marie-Claire let Pauline meet her family? The book portrays the lives of families struggling to understand each other's points of view. Splendours of an Ancient Civilisation

This book is the perfect coffee table book for lovers of Egypt. Its appeal lies in the colour photography and illustrations. They include detailed close-ups of the impressive and well-known objects and buildings of the

Ancient the most time.

Merle Morcom Myffanwy Bryant G H Never Count Out the Dead

Police Officer John Sully is tricked into driving thirteen-yearold Shay Storey to an isolated spot, where her mother, Dee, is waiting to kill him. Sully miraculously survives and Dee flees to Mexico, where she abandons her daughter. Sully is contacted by a journalist who offers to help him catch Dee and find her daughter. Fresh Flavours of India

This is a mouth-watering book packed with innovative ideas that reflect the author's passion for his homeland's cuisine. The author offers dishes from contemporary India with straightforward recipes that burst with flavour and aroma. Phillip Knowles Gordon Bain Reviews are adapted from reviews first appearing in Good Reading (magazine) Questions 6-14

Legal information on call What is Dial-A-Law? Dial-A-Law is a library of pre-recorded messages to provide general information on specific topics of law. You can call this service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and listen to any tape from our complete library of pre-recorded messages. Dial-A-Law provides information, not legal advice. Each legal problem is different so if you have a legal problem you should talk to a solicitor. If you don't have a solicitor, the Legal Referral Service can refer you to

a solicitor in your area. While the Dial-A-Law information service is available 24 hours a day, the Legal Referral Service is open only during normal business hours. What if I need a solicitor? If you listen to a Dial-A-Law message after business hours, you can phone the Legal Referral Service during business hours the following day on the number given to you at the end of the message. If you listen to a Dial-A-Law message during business hours and decide you want a referral to a solicitor, press the appropriate number when prompted and you will be automatically transferred to the Legal Referral Service. You will be given the names of up to three solicitors in your suburb who practise in the specific area of law you require. You can simply arrange an appointment with one of these solicitors. Then you must contact the Legal Referral Service to obtain a referral letter. You must hand this to the solicitor at the beginning of your interview He or she will give you an initial interview of up to 30 minutes free of charge. During the interview the solicitor will tell you if you have a legal case, what is involved, approximately how long it should take to solve the problem, and how much it is likely to cost. Then, if you and the solicitor agree, you may hire the solicitor to handle your problem at his or her normal fee.

Law Institute Victoria, Dial-A-Law and the legal referral service Copyright © 2007 I Questions 15-26

Which direction for a career? To examine your career options, you should first gather as much inform-ation as possible. Here are some places where you can get advice. School Your careers library will have some basic information on a variety of occupations. Ask the librarian questions like: • • • •

What does someone with this job do? What subjects do I need to study? What courses are available? How long will it take to train?

Also use careers advisors to expand your list of career ideas by finding out about related

• What are the most demanding aspects of this work? • What is the most preferred method of entry? • Are there courses which will prepare me for this work? Parents, friends, relatives Relatives and friends can be helpful in giving you insights into the daily routine of an occupation. By questioning them, you can expand your knowledge of the work. Another option is to use this group to arrange industry contacts or check out possible vacancies. Universities and colleges These institutions have careers advisors for prospective students. You can also take advantage of their open days. During these

options. Many schools have work experience programs which give you the chance to check out a job which interests you. Career Information Centres Resources in these centres include printed information about jobs, and tertiary study reference materials such as university and college handbooks. There are 12 Career Information Centres throughout the country. Assistance from staff is also available. Employers You could talk to employers in areas you find interesting. You might ask them questions such as:

days, you can have a look at the facilities offered- and chat to the students and lecturers. Internet Don't forget the Internet. One great site to start at is the government careers directory. Getting it all together You will no doubt. gather lots of information, but it is easy to forget details, so you should collect the infor¬mation using a folder or filing system. Check that your information is kept up-to-date.

Questions 27-40

Life in an international orchestra A Playing in a big international orchestra is one of life's most exciting experiences, yet it is also a very tough job. Players are part of a team of eighty or more musicians playing some of the world's greatest music. They work very long hours - turning up early for rehearsals on dark, cold, winter's mornings in a chilly, empty hall; working till late in the evening on the night of a concert; travelling on trains and planes at all hours of the day and night; eating and sleeping when they can; trying to play well when they are tired or hungry or have a headache. There's not much time left

D If a rehearsal is held in the morning of a concert, it probably takes place in the concert hall. In the morning, everybody will still be in casual clothes but in the evening they will change into formal dress. Most will arrive at least an hour early to unpack and inspect their instruments - violinists to check their strings and bow, woodwind players to check their reeds and change them if need be, and everyone to run over any difficult passages of music. If they want a bit of peace and quiet some members of the orchestra may even hide themselves away in the toilets or creep down to the boiler room! Players whose instruments are too big for them to carry, such as timpani, harps and double-basses, will arrive on the platform before the rest to make their last minute checks. E About five minutes before the concert is due to start, everybody except the leader or concert master, files on and takes their place. Then the leader comes on to a round of applause from the audience and calls for

for home, family or friends. In fact, their 'family' is the rest of the orchestra. The musicians share the hectic pace and the worries, but they also share the wonderful moments when they are all playing together and feel on top of the world. B Much of an orchestra's time is spent in rehearsal. The players may already know the music by heart, but every conductor has his or her own ideas about how a piece of music should be played. That is one reason why rehearsals are necessary. Another reason is the problem of orchestral balance of sound. With the rest of the orchestra around them, players cannot always hear themselves properly (sometimes not at all), and so they cannot gauge the balance of sound between their own instruments or section and the rest of the orchestra. At rehearsals this is something that the conductor is able to put right. C Some conductors like to go through a piece of music bar by bar, stopping the orchestra each time they want to make a comment. Others let an orchestra play for long stretches at a time, then go back to a particular point they want to rehearse again. Whatever the conductor's method, it is important that the musicians

silence, while the oboist sounds the note A. The rest of the orchestra tune their instruments to this note. Finally, on comes the conductor, to more applause, and, when there is quiet once more, the concert begins. F However well the orchestra may have rehearsed, problems may still occur. In a warm, crowded concert hall the acoustics are different from those in a cool, empty building, and this can change the balance of the sound. Also, the instruments may go out of tune after some time in a warm atmosphere. G Musicians, like actors, are aware of the audience; they notice whether the audience is a good one or not. A good audience will listen and respond to the music, whereas a difficult audience coughs and fidgets throughout the performance. Above all, the musicians are also aware of whether they are playing well, not just individually but as a team. Knowing they are giving a good performance makes all the difference at the end of a long, hard day

are happy with it. If the players don't like the conductor they can become very difficult, interrupting the session with questions or complaints. At one time conductors, such as Toscanini, used to get such fine performances out of an orchestra by shouting at the musicians and almost frightening them into playing well. That sort of behaviour would not work with most orchestras today. After all, orchestral musicians are highly trained and experienced people and they should be treated with respect.

Questions 1-5 THE AUTHENTIC TASTE OF THAILAND

JACK'S

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Questions 6-14 A RICHMOND EXPERlMENTAL THEATRE Leam to act introduces people to a broad range of acting techniques. It is specially geared to those with little or no aging experience. The atmosphere is relaxed and unthreatening and great emphasis is placed on devel¬oping the confidence and abilities of people who may initially be a little apprehensive! B WORLD CULTURE DAY Brazilian Street Percussion 2.30-4.30 Samba percussion workshop. Lift your spirits with the taste of carnival! It doesn't matter whether you're an experienced musician or a complete beginner, you'll be creating complex exotic rhythms in no time. African Storytelling 3.45-4.45 The magical African story-telling tradition of narration, poetry and proverbs (mainly from Ghana and Nigeria). An event for all the family. C SCOTTISH DANCING IT'S FUN IT'S GOOD EXERCISE • We have classes for dancers of all abilities.

• Previous experience is not essential. • AII you need to bring is a pair of soft shoes and enthusiasm. • Classes are held in a number of places and at different times. • We guarantee you a warm welcome. D THE RENAISSANCE SINGERS New singers are invited to join our choir, formed in 1993, to perform a wide variety of music in Cambridge. We meet every Wednesday evening from 7.3 9.30 pm, and this term we are rehearsing for a special concert with audience participation on Saturday 1st December. An ability to sight-read and previous experience in choral singing is desirable, although not essential. E DRAWING WITH COLOUR An intensive workshop for beginners Saturday 13th and Sunday 14th October This unusual workshop offers instruction in effective ways to draw in colour. Activities will include study of light and shade and ways to express mood and emotion in colour. The small class ( 12 students} assures maximum attention for each student. Professional quality materials are included in the fee of £95.

Questions 15-20

STUDENT LIFE AT CANTERBURY COLLEGE Most of the courses at Canterbury College only take up four days of the week, leaving one day free for independent study. The atmosphere at the College is that of an adult environment where a relationship of mutual respect is encouraged between students and tutors. Canterbury is a student city with several institutes of Further and Higher Education. The city centre is just a five-minute walk from the College, easily accessible in lunch or study breaks. Canterbury College has developed strong international links over the years and, as a result, many students have the opportunity of

locally and nationally via the British Library. All students are encouraged to use the Open Access Information Technology Centre situated on the first floor. This has a variety of computing, word processing and desktop publishing software. Bookshop A branch of Waterstone's bookshops is located on campus, where you can buy a range of stationery, drawing equipment, artists' materials and books, as well as many other useful items you may need. Children's Centre The College Children's Centre has places for

visiting and working in a European country in the course of their studies. Students' Union and SRC All students are automatically members of the Canterbury College Students' Union (CCSU) and can attend meetings. The Union is very active and is run by an Executive Committee elected by students in the Autumn Term. The President is elected every Summer Term to provide continuity for the next academic year. Representatives from each area of study form the Student Representative Council (SRC) which allows every student a say in Union affairs. In addition to representing students internally in the College on the Academic Board and with a subcommittee of the College Corporation, the CCSU also belongs to the National Union of Students which represents the interests of students nationally. The Union also arranges and supports entertainments, sporting activities and trips. STUDENT FACILIITES Learning Resources Centre (LRC) The Corey Learning Resources Centre provides easy access to a wide range of printed and audiovisual learning materials which can help students with coursework. There is ample space for quiet independent study and there are also areas for group work. Resources provided include books, journals, audio and video cassettes and CDROMs. Inter-library loans are available

under 5s with some subsidised places being available to students. Places are limited, so, if you are interested, apply early to reserve a place by contacting Linda Baker on the College telephone number. Refectory This provides refreshments between 08.30 and 19.00 with hot meals served three times a day. Healthy eating options are available. Coffee Shop This is open during normal College hours and serves light snacks and drinks. Proceeds from the Coffee Shop go to the Students' Union. Crypt Restaurant This is a training restaurant which offers good quality cuisine in pleasant surroundings. Meals are very reasonably priced and you are invited to sample the students' highly skilled dishes when the restaurant is open to the public during the week. Reservations can be made on 01227511244. Chapel View Restaurant This is another training restaurant and is set up as a quick-service facility which offers a selection of snacks and main courses at a modest price.

Questions 21-27

CANTERBURY COLLEGE LIST OF COURSES COURSE A This course will enable students to experience performing arts and the media at a basic level.

It will give them the experience to decide if they wish to pursue an interest in this field and to develop their potential and adaptability for working in a performance company in either a performing or a technical role. COURSE B The aim of this course is to provide a thorough grounding in business-related skills and a comprehensive knowledge of business practice. It is for students with a business studies background who can manage a heavy workload that will contain a greater degree of academic study. COURSE C This course provides progression to a range of higher levels. Units will include maintaining employment standards, salon management duties, providing facial massage and skin care, instruction on makeup, lash and brow treatments, artificial nail structures and ear piercing. COURSE D This course is designed to develop skills used in leisure operations. It covers preparing for and conducting physical activities, maintenance of facility areas, building relationships with participants and colleagues, handling sports equipment and health and safety issues. COURSE E This course gives a foundation for a career in caring for children, the elderly or people with special needs. Core units are Numeracy, Communication and Information Technology. Work placements are an important part of the course. COURSE F This course is designed to provide a foundation in graphic and visual communication skills. Students complete units in picture composition and photographic processing alongside elements of graphic design, and gain hands-on experience of desktop publishing and presentations. COURSE G This course is designed to provide an introduction to the construction industry. Units covered include Heat, Light and Sound, Introduction to the Urban Environment, Communication Processes and Techniques and Properties of Materials. AII students complete vocational assignments which are integrated with work experience with reputable companies. COURSE H The qualifications gained and the skills developed on this course will provide a good basis for gaining employment in office work. In addition to word processing, the course also covers spreadsheets, computerised accounting, databases and desktop publishing. AII students are given chances to develop their confidence, and advice and information is given on job search skills, presentation techniques and personal appearance.

The Histor y of Early Cinem a The history of the cinema in its first thirty years is one of major and, to this day, unparalleled expansion and growth. Beginning as something unusual in a handful of big cities-New York, London, Paris and Berlin-the new medium quickly found its way across the world, attracting larger and larger audiences wherever it was shown and replacing other forms of entertainment as it did so. As audiences grew, so did the places where films were shown, finishing up with the `great picture palaces' of the 1920s, which rivalled, and occasionally superseded, theatres and opera-houses in terms of opulence and splendour. Meanwhile, films themselves developed from being short "attractions" only a couple of minutes long, to the full-length feature that has dominated the world's screens up to the present day. Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation, It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. In the end, it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films. By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world's film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pio neered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo vadis? (1913) and Cabiria (1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially. Hollywood films appealed

because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough f its own resources, it had a great deal f money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. The zest f the world survived partly by learning from Hollywood and partly because audiences continued to exist for a product which corresponded to needs which Hollywood could not supply. As weil as popular audiences, there were also increasing audiences for films which were artistically more adventurous or which dealt with the issues in the outer world. None of this would have happened without technology, and cinema is in fact unique as an art form. In the early years, this art farm was quite primitive, similar to the original French idea of using a lantern and slides back in the seventeenth century. Early cinema programmes were a mixture of items, combining comic sketches, free-standing narratives, serial episodes and the occasional trick or animated. film. With the arrival of the feature length narrative as the main attraction, other types of films became less important. The making of cartoons became a separate branch of film-making, generally practised outside the major studios, and the same was true f serials. Together with newsreels, they tended to be shown as short items in a programme which led to the feature. From early cinema, it was only Americana slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format. However, during this 'Silent Film' era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period, the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union. Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite f the war and post-war economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style f the pre-war Russian cinema to the émigrés who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. The other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically are: Britain, which had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period; Italy, which had a brief moment of international fame just before the war; the Scandinavian countries, particularly Denmark, which played a role in the development f silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population; and Japan, where a cinema developed based primarily on traditional the-atrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence.