Ielts Reading Ielts Reading Ielts Readin

 

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IELTS READING  SÁCH LUYỆN THI 2

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Mục lục: 1. 1. Right  Right and left-handedness in humans ....................................................................................... 3 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 1  ............................................................................................................................. 8

2. 2. Tourism  Tourism .............................................................................................................................................. 10 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 2  ........................................................................................................................... 15

3. 3. Moles  Moles happy as homes go underground ................................................................................. 17 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 3  ........................................................................................................................... 21

4. 4. Glass:  Glass: Capturing the dance of light ........................................................................................... 23 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 4  ........................................................................................................................... 28

5. 5. Implementing  Implementing the cycle of success: A case study ................................................................. 30 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 5  ........................................................................................................................... 35

6. 6. The  The Motor Car .................................................................................................................................. 37 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 6  ........................................................................................................................... 40 7. 7. Green  Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping ............................................................... 42 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 7  ........................................................................................................................... 46

8. 8.  Children’s thinking ......................................................................................................................... 48 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 8  ........................................................................................................................... 52

9. 9. Arctic  Arctic Haze ........................................................................................................................................ 54 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 9  ........................................................................................................................... 57

10. Wind 10.  Wind Power in the US ................................................................................................................. 59 BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 10 ......................................................................................................................... 63 11. A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing ...................................................................................... 65 11. A BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 11 ......................................................................................................................... 68

 ANSWER KEY .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................ .............. 70

SÁCH HƯỚNG DẪN CÁC DẠNG BÀI TRONG READING

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1. 

Right and left-handedness in humans A

Why do humans, virtually alone among all animal species, display a distinct

left or right-handedness? Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry, as psychologists call it. Yet about 90 per cent of every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed. Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness. So nine out of ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed. He noted that this distinctive asymmetry in the human population is itself systematic. “Humans think

in categories: black and white, up and down, left and right. It’s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.’  B

Research has shown that there is a genetic or inherited element to

handedness. But while left-handedness tends to run in families, neither left nor right handers will automatically produce off-spring with the same handedness; in fact about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed. However, among two left-handed parents, perhaps 40 per cent of the children will also be left-handed. With one right and one left-handed parent, 15 to 20 per cent of the offspring will be left handed. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness handedness.. C

What then makes people left-handed left-handed if it is i s not simply genetic? Other factors

must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body. He noted that since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body, and vice versa, the brain damage must have been in the brain’s left hemisphere.

Psychologists now believe that among right-handed people, probably 95 per cent

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have their language centre in the left hemisphere, while 5 per cent have rightsided language. Left-handers, however, do not show the reverse pattern but instead a majority also have their language in the left hemisphere. Some 30 per cent have right hemisphere language. D Dr Brinkman, a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed

preference. According to Brinkman, as the brain evolved, one side became specialised for fine control of movement (necessary for producing speech) and along with this evolution came righthand preference. preference. According to Brinkman, most left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right hemisphere. She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function. E

In her studies of macaque monkeys, Brinkman has noticed that primates

(monkeys) seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of life but this could be one hand or the other. In humans, however, the specialisation in (unction of the two hemisphere hemispheress results in anatomical differences differences:: areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right. Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech, one would not expect to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain. F

Two American researchers, Geschwind and Galaburda, studied the brains of

human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth. But as the brain develops, a number of things can affect it. Every brain is initially female in its organisation and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus begins to secrete hormones. Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts of the brain mature at a t different rates; the right hemisphe hemisphere re develops first, then the left. Moreover, a girl’s brain develops somewhat faster than that of a boy. So, if something happens happens to the brain’s development during pregnancy, it is more likely

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to be affected in a male and the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left. The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in lefthandedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins in the left hemisphere such as logic, rationality and abstraction. It should be no surprise then that among mathematic mathematicians ians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females. G

The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who

have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed peopl people. e. However, what is alarming, according to Mr. Charles Moore, a writer and journalist, is the way the word “right” reinforces its own virtue. Subliminally he says, language tells

people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left is dangerous or even sinister. We speak of left-handed compliments and according to Moore, “it is no coincidence that left -handed children, forced to use their right hand, often develop a stammer as they are robbed of their freedom of speech”. However, as more research is undertaken on the causes of left-handedness, attitudes towards left-handed left-handed people are gradually changing for the better. Indeed when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing was that he would choose in order to improve his game, he said he would like to become a left-hander. [Geoff Maslen]  Questions 1-7 

Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 1-7) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Some people match more than one opinion. A Dr Broca B Dr Brinkman C Geschwind and Galaburda D Charles Moore E Professor Turner 

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Answer  

Example

Monkeys do not show a species specific preference for

B

left or right-hand right-handedness. edness. 1.  Human beings started to show a preference for right-hande right-handedness dness when they first developed language. 2.  Society is prejudiced against left-handed people. 3.  Boys are more likely to be left-handed. 4.  After a stroke, left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than righthanded people. 5.  People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power of speech. 6.  The two sides of the brain develop different functions functions before birth. 7.  Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body. Questions 8-10 

Using the information in the passage, complete the table below. Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet. Percentage of children left-handed  One parent left-handed One parent right-handed

........(8).. ........(8)........ ...... 

Both parents left-handed

.........(9).. .........(9)........ ...... 

Both parents right-handed

.......(10).. .......(10)....... ..... 

Questions 11-12 

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet. 11. A study of monkeys has shown that A monkeys are not usually right-hand right-handed. ed. B monkeys display a capacity for speech. C monkey brains are smaller than human brains. D monkey brains are asymmetric.

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12. According to the writer, left-hand left-handed ed people A will often develop a stammer. B have undergone hardship for years. C are untrustworth untrustworthy. y. D are good tennis players.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 1 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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2. 

Tourism A 

Tourism, holidaymak holidaymaking ing and travel are these days more significant social

phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomen phenomena a such as holidaymakin holidaymaking. g. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism. B 

Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely

regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’

and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outsid outside e the normal places of

residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time. 

C 

A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in

such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because

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there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming daydreaming.. D 

Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured. E 

One of the earliest dissertation dissertationss on the subject of tourism is Boorstins

analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment. F 

To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professional professionalss has

developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between

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interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordanc accordance e with their class and overall expectations. Questions 1-5 

Reading Passage 2 has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers numbers ( i-ix) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB. There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You

may use any heading more than once. Example

Answer

Paragraph D 

ix 

List of Headings 

i

The politics of tourism

ii The cost of tourism iii Justifying the study of tourism iv Tourism contrasted with travel v The essence of modern tourism vi Tourism versus leisure vii The artificiality artificiality of mode modern rn tourism viii The role of modern tour guides ix Creating an alte alternative rnative to the everyday experience 1. Paragraph A  2. Paragraph B  3. Paragraph C

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4. Paragraph E  5. Paragraph F Questions 6-10 

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 6-10 write: wr ite: YES 

if the statement agrees with the writer if the statement contradicts the writer

NO 

NOT GIVEN  if it is impossible tto o say what the the writer thinks abo about ut this

6. Tourism is a trivial subject. 7. An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism. 8. Tourists usually choose to travel overseas. 9. Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home. 10. Tour operators try to cheat tourists. Questions 11-14 

Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer. NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You

may use any phrase more than once. 11. Our concept of tourism arises from ....... 12. The media can be used to enhance ....... 13. People view tourist landscapes landscapes in a different way from ....... 14. Group tours encourage participants to look at ....... List of Phrases  A local people and their environment environment.. B the expectations of tourists. C the phenomena of holidaymaking. D the distinction we make between holidays. Work and leisure.

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E the individual character of travel. F places seen in everyday life. G photograph photographss which recapture our H sights designed specially for tourists.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 2 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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3. 

Moles happy as homes go underground

A The first anybody knew about Dutchman Frank Siegmund and his family was when workmen tramping through a field found a narrow steel chimney protruding

through the grass. Closer inspection revealed a chink of sky-light window among the thistles, and when amazed investigators moved down the side s ide of the hill they came across a pine door complete with leaded diamond glass and a brass knocker set into an underground building. The Siegmunds had managed to live undetected for six years outside the border town of Breda, in Holland. They are the latest in a clutch of individualistic homemakers who have burrowed underground in search of tranquillity. B 

Most, falling foul of strict building regulations, have been forced to dismantle

their individualistic homes and return to more conventional lifestyles. But subterranean suburbia, Dutch-style, is about to become respectable and chic. Seven luxury homes cosseted away inside a high earth-covered noise embankment next to the main Tilburg city road recently went on the market for $296,500 each. The foundations had yet to be dug, but customers queued up to buy the unusual part-submerged houses, whose back wall consists of a grassy mound and whose front is a long glass gallery. C 

The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Growing numbers of Europeans

are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos and shopping malls. It is already proving a way of life in extreme climates; in winter months in Montreal, Canada, for instance, citizens can escape the cold in an underground complex complete with shops and even health clinics. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan, where 90 percent of the population is squeezed into 20 percent of the landspace.

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D 

Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid

disfiguring or threatening a beautiful or 'environmentally sensitive' landscape. Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land -such as cinemas, supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries -have no need to be on the surface since they do not need windows. E 

There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A developmentt of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land above ground developmen

would occupy 2.7 hectares below it, while the number of roads would be halved. Under several metres of earth, noise is minimal and insulation is excellent. "We get 40 to 50 enquiries a week," says Peter Carpenter, secretary of the British Earth Sheltering Association, Association, which builds similar homes in Britain. "People see this as a way of building for the future." An underground dweller himself, Carpenter has never paid a heating bill, thanks to solar panels and natural insulation. F 

In Europe the obstacle has been conservat conservative ive local authoritie authoritiess and

developers who prefer to ensure quick sales with conventional mass produced housing. But the Dutch development was greeted with undisguised relief by South Limburg planners because of Holland's chronic shortage of land. It was the Tilburg architect Jo Hurkmans who hit on the idea of making use of noise embankments on main roads. His twofloored, four-bedroomed, twobathroomed detached homes are now taking shape. "They are not so much below the earth as in it," he says. "All the light will come through the glass front, which runs from the second floor ceiling to the ground. Areas which do not need much natural lighting are at the back. The living accommodation accommodation is to the front so nobody notices that the back is dark." G 

In the US, where energy-efficient homes became popular after the oil crisis

of 1973, 10,000 underground houses have been built. A terrace of five homes, Britain's first subterranean development, is under way in Nottinghamshire. Italy's outstanding example of subterranean architecture is the Olivetti residential centre in Ivrea. Commissioned by Roberto Olivetti in 1969, it comprises 82 onebedroomed apartments apartments and 12 maisonette maisonettess and forms a house/ hotel for Olivetti

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employees. It is built into a hill and little can be seen from outside except a glass facade. Patnzia Vallecchi, Vallecchi, a resident since 1992, says it is little different from living in a conventional conventional apartment. H

Not everyone adapts so well, and in Japan scientists at the Shimizu

Corporation have developed "space creation" systems which mix light, sounds, breezes and scents to stimulate people who spend long periods below ground. Underground offices in Japan are being equipped with "virtual" windows and mirrors, while underground departments in the University of Minnesota have periscopes to reflect views and light. I But Frank Siegmund and his family love their hobbit lifestyle. Their home evolved

when he dug a cool room for his bakery business in a hill he had created. During a heatwave they took to sleeping there. "We felt at peace and so close to nature," he says. "Gradually I began adding to the rooms. It sounds strange but we are so close to the earth we draw strength from its vibrations. Our children love it; not every child can boast of being watched through their playroom windows by rabbits. Questions 1-8 

Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs (A-I). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. Paragraph A has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. 

List of Headings  i

A designer describes his houses

ii

Most people prefer conventiona conventionall housing

iii Simulating a natural environment environment iv How an underground family home developed v

Demands on space and energy are reduced

vi The plans for future homes

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vii Worldwide examples of undergroun underground d living accommodat accommodation ion viii Some buildings do not require natural light ix Developing underground services around the world x

Underground living improves health

xi Homes sold before completion xii An underground home is discovered

1. Paragraph B  2. Paragraph C  3. Paragraph D  4. Paragraph E  5. Paragraph F  6. Paragraph G  7. Paragraph H  8. Paragraph I Questions 9-15 

Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS  for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-15 on your answer sheet. 9. Many developers prefer mass-produced houses houses because they ..............   10. The Dutch development was welcomed by ............  11. Hurkmans’ houses are built into ............  12. The Ivrea centre was developed for .............   13. Japanese scientists are helping people ............. underground life. 14. Frank Siegmund’s first underground room was used for ...........   Click the button to Show/ Hide Answers

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 3 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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4.  Glass: Capturing the dance of light

A Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to humans As one of the most widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly the most

versatile, it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt The uses of this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies glass fibre optics — more than eight million miles — carrying telephone and television signals across

nations, glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs, even a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material. B.

On the horizon are optical computers These could store programs and

process information by means of light - pulses from tiny lasers - rather than electrons And the pulses would travel over glass fibres, not copper wire These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electronic

computers and hold vastly more information Today fibre optics are used to obtain a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before - even bacterial viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in fibre optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to meet demand. C.

But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its

horizons. The use of glass as art, a tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. «I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,» Dale Chihuly said,

smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the

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most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building building of a pizza company for which his fee is half a million dollars. D

But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern.

Consider the simple light lig ht bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were we re hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average

worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers. E 

The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is

rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw r aw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.  

F 

Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and

building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the «dynamic skin»,’ he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric

currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change

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colours instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment.  

  by William S. Ellis, National [Adapted from “Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light”  by Geographic.]

Questions 1-5 

Reading Passage 4 has six paragraphs ( A-F). Choose the most suitable heading/or each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Paragraph A has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You

may use any heading more at once. Example

Answer

Paragraph A 

X 

List of Headings  i

Growth in the market for glass crafts

ii  Computers and their dependence on glass iii  What makes glass so adaptable iv  Historical developm development ent of glass v  Scientists’ dreams cost millions vi  Architectura Architecturall experiments with glass vii Glass art galleries flourish viii Exciting innovations in fibre optics ix  A former glass technology x  Everyday uses of glass

1 Paragraph B  2 Paragraph C  3 Paragraph D 

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4 Paragraph E  5 Paragraph F Questions 6-8  The diagram below shows the principle of Coming’s ribbon machine. Label the

diagram by selecting NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS  from the Reading Passage to fill each numbered space. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

Questions 9-13 

Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage, state whether these uses exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by the writer. In boxes 9-13 write A  if the uses e exist xist today B  if the u uses ses will exist iin n the fu future ture C  if the uses are n not ot mentione mentioned d by the writer

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9. dental fittings 10. optical computers 11. sculptures 12. fashions 13. curtains

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 4 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu?

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

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 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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5. 

Implementing the cycle of success: A case study A Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels and employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff, 300 permanent part-time employees

and 100 casual staff. One of its latest ventures, the Sydney Airport hotel (SAH), opened in March 1995. The hotel is the closest to Sydney Airport and is designed to provide the best available accommodation, food and beverage and meeting facilities in Sydney's southern suburbs. Similar to many international hotel chains, however, AHI has experienced difficulties difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners, as a result of the country's high labour-cost structu structure. re. In order to develop an economically viable hotel organisation model, AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at SAH. B

The first of the initiatives was an organisational structure with only three

levels of management - compared to the traditional seven. Partly as a result of this change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions, enabling a significant saving. This change also has other implications. Communic Communication, ation, both up and down the organisation, has greatly improved. Decision-making has been forced down in many cases to front-line employees. As a result, guest requests are usually met without reference to a supervisor, improving both customer and employee satisfaction. C

The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to

selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies. In its advertisements, the hotel stated a preference for people with some 'service' experience in order to minimize traditional work practices being introduced into the hotel. Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH. The balance of the positions at the hotel (30 management manag ement and 40 shift leader positions) positio ns) were predominantly filled by transfers from other AHI properties.

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D

A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees,

which eventually left 280 applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions. After the final interview, potential recruits were divided into three categories. Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities, qualities, Category C was for applicants perceived to be followers, and Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities. Department heads and shift leaders then composed prospective teams using a combination of people from all three categories. Once suitable teams were formed, offers of employment were made to team members. E

Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled

workforce. Although there may be some limitations with highly technical jobs such as cooking or maintenanc maintenance, e, wherever possible, employees at SAH are able to work in a wide variety of positions. A multi-skilled workforce provides far greater management flexibility during peak and quiet times to transfer employees to needed positions. For example, when office staff are away on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping departments can temporarily fill in. The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would first require a process of 'benchmarking'. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH's ability to improve productiv productivity ity and quality. The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion of AHI Club member reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided F

to these guests was below the standard promised to them as part of their membership agreement. agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations greatly improved guest perceptions of service. 

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G

In addition, a program modeled on an earlier project called 'Take Charge' was

implemented. Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees. Customer comments, both positive and negative, are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.) Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implemen non-implementation. tation. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommenda r ecommendations. tions. H

Although quantitative evidence of AHI's initiatives at SAH are limited at

present, anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that these practices are working. Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia, whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works. [This article has been adapted and condensed from the article by R. Carter (1996), 'Implementing the cycle of success: A case study of the Sheraton Pacific Division',  Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34(3): 111-23. Names and other details have been changed and report findings may have been given a different emphasis  from the original. We are grateful to the author and Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources for allowing us to use the material in this way.]

Questions 1-5 

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1. The high costs of running AHI's hotels are related to their ....... A management. B size. C staff. D policies.

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2. SAH's new organisatio organisational nal structure requires ....... A 75% of the old management positions. B 25% of the old management positions. C 25% more management positions. D 5% fewer management position positions. s. 3. The SAH's approach to organisational structure required changing practices in ....... A industrial relations. B firing staff. C hiring staff. D marketing. 4. The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was ........ A 70. B 120. C 170. D 280. 5. Categories A, B and C were used to select........ A front office staff. B new teams. C department heads. D new managers. Questions 6-13 

Complete the following summary of the last four paragraphs of Reading Passage 5 using ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet. WHAT THEY DID AT SAH  

Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate in a ...... (6) ....... exercise. The information collected was used to compare ...... (7)

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...... processes which, in turn, led to the development of ...... (8) ......that would be

used to increase the hotel's capacity to improve ...... (9) ...... as well as quality. Also, an older program known as ...... (10) ...... was introduced at SAH. In this program,...... (11) ...... is sought from customers and staff. Wherever possible ..... (12) ...... .suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Other suggestions are

investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to ....... ( 13 ) ......

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 5 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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6.

The Motor Car A  There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users

is growing too - from 8 km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion congestion and safety. B 

While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city

streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard. C 

Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the

distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. Today about 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom is carried by road. Clearly the world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods? D 

In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport.

Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor

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vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behavi behaviour. our. E 

A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment

found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit. F 

Technica Technicall solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel

efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible. G 

One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing

cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes changes in modern lifestyles. H 

A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for

travel into and around cities, with small 'low emission' cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries countr ies which can afford them.

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In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate. Questions 1-6 

Reading Passage 6 has eight paragraphs (A-H). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information? Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. NB You need only write ONE letter for each answer. 1. a comparison of past and present transportation methods 2. how driving habits contribute to road problems 3. the relative merits of cars and public transport 4. the writer's own prediction of future solutions 5. the increasing use of motor vehicles 6. the impact of the car on city development Questions 7-13 

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 6? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write YES 

if the statement agrees with the information

NO 

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN 

if there is no information on this in the passage

7. Vehicle pollution is worse in European cities than anywhere else. 8. Transport by horse would be a useful alternative to motor vehicles. 9. Nowadays freight is not carried by water in the United Kingdom. 10. Most European cities were not designed for motor vehicles. 11. Technology alone cannot solve the problem of vehicle pollution. 12. People's choice of car and attitude to driving is a factor in the pollution problem. 13. Redesigning cities would be a short-term solution.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 6 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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7. 

Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping A Research in Britain has shown that green consumers' continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim

environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood. B

A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite

recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a 'green wave' has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with 'ethical' concerns, involving issues issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood. C

Mintel's survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion

who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 per cent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44. D

Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be

unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 per cent but the number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She

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explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism environmentalism has not gone off the boil'. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations. E

Mintel's 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumers are 'very dark

green', nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 per cent are 'dark green', trying 'as far as possible' to buy such products, and 21 per cent are 'pale green' - tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 per cent are 'armchair greens'; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not care about green issues. F

Four in ten people are 'ethical spenders', buying goods which do not, for

example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of 'armchair ethicals' has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent say they are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers. G

Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue - 48 per cent said

they would be deterred from buying a product it if had been tested on animals followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factory farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda. Questions 1-6 

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of Reading Passage 7? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write

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YES 

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO 

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN  if it is imp impossible ossible to sa sayy wh what at the the writer thinks thinks ab about out this

1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends. 2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying 'green'. 3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according according to the research findings. 4. Consumers' green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel's findings. 5. Mintel have limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups. 6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis. Questions 7-9 

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet. 7. Politicians may have 'misjudged the public mood' because...

A. they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems. problems. B. there is more widespread interest in the environment agend agenda a than they anticipated. C. consumer spending has increased significantly significantly as a result of 'green' pressure. D. shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of issues. 8. What is Mintel? A. an environment environmentalist alist group

B. a business survey organisation C. an academic research team D. a political organization 9. A consumer expressing concern for environmental issues without actively supporting such principles is.....

A. an 'ethical spender'. B. a 'very dark green' spender.

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C. an 'armchair green'. D. a 'pale green' spender. Questions 10-13 

Complete the summary using words from the box below. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. NB There are more answers than spaces, so you will not use them all. The Mintel report suggests that in future companies will be forced to practise greater ...... (10) ...... in thei theirr deal dealings ings beca because use of the in increased creased awareness amongst...... (11)...... of ethical issues. This prediction is supported by the growth in the number of ...... (12)...... identified in the most recent survey published. As a consequence, it is felt that companies will have to think more carefully about their ...... (13)....... environment environmental al research armchair ethicals honesty and openness environmentalists ethical spenders consumers politicians political beliefs social awareness financial constraints social record.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 7 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu?  3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

 __________________  __________________ __________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

S ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại l ỗ  ỗi sai

Nguyên nhân sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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8. 

Children’s thinking A One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two 'behaviour segments' in

some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal. B

Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for

children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. C

The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily

enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) But they did not for the most part 'integrate', to use the Kendlers' terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning. D

The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from another

psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers' one but much easier for the African males to handle.

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E

Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two

differently coloured match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behaviour segments —  'open the right match-box to get the key' and 'use the key to open the box' - so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns out that the difficulty of 'integration' is greatly reduced. F

Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for

young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes processe s which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students did in the Kendlers' own experiments. G

Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing

mechanism in the side panels by drawers draw ers in these panels which the child could open ope n and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no 'magic' about the specific marble which, during the second stage of training, the experimenter handed to him so that he could pop it in the hole and get the reward. H

A child understands nothing, after all, about how a marble put into a hole

can open a little door. How is he to know that any other marble of similar size will do just as well? Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem. Hewson made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a 'sw 'swapping apping game' with the children. The two modifications together produced a jump in success rates from 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year the olds and from 35 per cent to 72.5 per cent for four-year-olds. For three-year olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement — rather a slight drop in performance - resulted from the change.

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I

We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when

faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning reasoning.. Questions 1-8 

Classify the following descriptions as a referring.... Clark Hull CH  Howard and Tracy Kendler HTK  Micheal Cole and colleagues MC

Write the appropriate letters in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any answer more than once. 1. .........is cited as famous in the field of psychology. 2. .........demonstrat ......... demonstrated ed that the two-stage experiment involving button-pressing and inserting a marble into a hole poses problems for certain adults as well as children. 3. .........devised an experimen experimentt that investigated deduc deductive tive reasoning without the use of any marbles. 4. ..........appears to have proved that a change in the apparatus dramatic dramatically ally improves the performance of children of certain ages. 5. .........used a machine to measure inductive reasoning that replaced butt buttononpressing with drawer-openin drawer-opening. g. 6. .........experimented with things that the subjects might have been expected to encounterr in everyday life, rather than with a machine. encounte 7..........compared the performance of five-year-olds with college students students,, using the same apparatus with both sets of subjects. 8..........is cited as having demonstrate demonstrated d that earlier experiment experimentss into children's ability to reason deductively may have led to the wrong conclusions. Questions 9-13 

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 8? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write :

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YES 

if the statement agrees with the information

NO 

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

9. Howard an and d Tra Tracey cey Ken Kendler dler stu studied died under C Clark lark Hull. 10. The Kendlers trained their subjects separately in the two stages of their experiment, but not in how to integrate the two actions. 11. Michael Cole and his colleagues demonstrated that adult performance on inductive reasoning tasks depends on features of the apparatus and procedure. 12. All Hewson's experiments used marbles of the same size. 13. Hewson's modifications resulted in a higher success rate for children of all ages.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 8 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu?  3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

 __________________  __________________ __________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

S ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại l ỗ  ỗi sai

Nguyên nhân sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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9.

 Arctic Haze A In the 1950’s, pilots traveling on weather reconnaissance flights in the Canadian high Arctic reported seeing bands of haze in the springtime in the Arctic

region. It was during this time that the term “Arctic haze” was first used, referring to this smog of unknown origin. But it was not until 1972, that Dr. Glenn Shaw of the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska first put forth ideas of the nature and long-range long-rang e origin of Arctic haze. The idea that the source was wa s long range was very difficult for many to support. Each winter, cold, dense air settles over the Arctic. In the darkness, the Arctic seems to become more and more polluted by a buildup of mid-latitude emissions from fossil fuel combustion, smelting and other industrial processes. processes. By late winter, the Arctic is covered by a layer of this haze the size of the continent of Africa. When the spring light arrives in the Arctic, there is a smog-like haze, which makes the region, at times, looks like pollution over such cities as Los Angeles. B

This polluted air is a well-known and well-characterized feature of the late

winter Arctic environment. In the North American Arctic, episodes of brown or black snow have been traced to continental storm tracks that deliver gaseous and particulate-associated particulate-a ssociated contamin contaminants ants from Asian deserts and agricultural areas. It is now known that the contaminants originate largely from Europe and Asia. Arctic haze has been studied most extensively in Point Barrow, Alaska, across the Canadian Arctic and in Svalbard (Norway). Evidence from ice cores drilled from the ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century. The Arctic haze particles appear to be similar to smog particles observed in industrial areas farther south, consisting mostly of sulfates mixed with particles of carbon. It is believed the particles are formed when gaseous sulfur dioxide produced by burning sulfurbearing coal is irradiated by sunlight and oxidized to sulfate, a process catalyzed by trace elements in the air. These sulfate particles or droplets of sulfuric acid quickly

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capture the carbon particles, which are also floating in the air. Pure sulfate particles or droplets are colourless, so it is believed the darkness of the haze is caused by the mixed-in carbon particles. C

The impact of the haze on Arctic ecosystems, as well as the global

environment, has not been adequately researched. The pollutants have only been studied in their aerosol form over the Arctic. However, little is known about what eventually happens happens to them. It is known that they are removed somehow. There is a good degree of likelihood that the contaminants end up in the ocean, likely into the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea and possibly the Bering Sea — all three very important fisheries. D

Currently, the major issue among researchers is to understand the impact of

Arctic haze on global climate change. The contaminants absorb sunlight and, in turn, heat up the atmosphere. The global impact of this is currently unknown but the implications are quite powerful. Questions 1-6 

Complete the summary relating to Reading Passage "Arctic Haze" below. Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all. Example  ......... that the origins of spring, arctic haze,

Answer  Theories

first seen over the ice cap... (eg)__exp._____ (eg)__exp ._____ that the origins of spring, arctic haze, first seen over the ice cap in the 1950s, came from far away were at first not (1) _______. This haze is a smog formed in the dark, arctic winter by pollution delivered to the Arctic Ar ctic by storms (2) _______  _______ in Europe a and nd Asia. It is known to be a rec recent ent phenom phenomenon enon as proof from (3) _______ shows it only starting to occur in the 20th Century. The smog consists of sulphates and carbon, the latter creating the (4) _______ of the haze. Due to lack of research, the final destination of the pollution is unknown but

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it probably ends up in the (5) _______ and therefore into the food chain. Scientists are presently more worried about the (6) _______ effect it has on climate change. burning

terrible

ice cores

originating agriculture

sea decided

destroying bird life

gases

darkness

air

valid

certain

theories unknown dissipating accepted density

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 9 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  __________________ __________________ 

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu?  4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

S ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại l ỗ  ỗi sai

Nguyên nhân sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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10.

Wind Power in the US A Prompted by the oil crises of the 1970s, a wind-power industry flourished briefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and funding for

research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid 1980s US interest in wind energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but also from poor long-term plannin planning, g, economic projections that were too optimistic and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines. B

Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that wind

power will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source of electricity. There have been significant successes in California, in particular, where wind farms now have a capacity of 1500 megawatts, comparable to a large nuclear or fossilfuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per ce nt of the state’s electricity. C

Nevertheless, in the US, the image of wind power is still distorted by early

failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power is not a significant energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however, estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even greater potential. Minnesota’s energy commission calculates calculates that a wind farm on one of the state’s south   western ridges could supply almost all that state’s

electricity. North Dakota alone has enough sites suitable for wind farms to supply more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US. D

The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early

research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundreds of metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors

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influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its supporting systems, including including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs, it is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be supplied at a commercially competitive price. More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a dramatic drop in capital costs: the installed cost of new wind turbines stood at $1000 per kilowatt in 1993, down from about $4000 per kilowatt in 1980, and continues to fall. Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared with around 60 per cent in the early 1980s. Another misconception misc onception is that improved designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will produce major benefits. Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems, ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with other forms of electricity generation generation.. E

Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the

control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming. As

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wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of wind energy. It estimates that at least 10 per cent of Europe’s electrical power

could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed, according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation based in Washington, Denmark, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands will each surpass the US in the generating capacity of wind turbines installed i nstalled during the rest of the decade. Question 1-5 1. Which one of the statements is true? 

A. Cost was a big factor in preventing the developmen developmentt of wind power B. Wind power can provide enough electricty for the United States C. Some US states are powered solely by wind D. Wind power has developed stead steadily ily since the 1970s. 2. What is the general view of wind energy in the United States?  

A. Very positive B. It can only provide small amounts of energy C. It will reduce global warming D. Very negative 3. Which of these factors has not contributed to the reduced cost of wind energy? 

A. State subsidies B. Economies of scale C. More efficient maintenance D. Standardisation of design 4. Wind turbine designs... 

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A. Are already very good B. Will be much more efficient in the future C. Are expected to improve in the future D. Are good for the environment 5. Wind energy is more developed in Europe than the USA 

A. False B. True

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 10 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

S ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại l ỗ  ỗi sai

Nguyên nhân sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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11.

 A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing S haring A The pressure to transform our institutions of learning continues. Virtually every enterprise and institution is grappling with the disruptions and opportunities

caused by Web-enabled infrastructures and practices. New best practices, business models, innovations, and strategies are emerging, including new ways to acquire, assimilate, and share knowledge. Using technologies that are already developed or that will be deployed over the next five years, best practices in knowledge sharing not only are diffusing rapidly but will be substantially reinvented in all settings: educational institutions, corporations, government organizations, associations, and nonprofits. But institutions of learning are in a unique position to benefit from an added opportunity: providing leadership in e-knowledge. B

E-knowledge finds expression in many shapes and forms in a profoundly

networked world. It is not just a digitised collection of knowledge. E-knowledge consists of knowledge objects and knowledge flows that combine content, context, and insights on application. E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity within and among communities of practice and from the troves of tacit knowledge and tradecraft that can be understood only through conversations with knowledgeable practitioners. C

E-knowing is the act of achieving understanding by interacting with

individuals, communities of practice, and knowledge in a networked world. Eknowledge commerce consists of the transactions based on the sharing of knowledge. These transactions can involve the exchange of digital content/context content/context and/or tacit knowledge through interactivity. D

Transactable Transactab le e-knowledge can be exchanged for free or for fee. E-knowledge

is enabling not only the emergence of new best practices but also the reinvention of the fundamental business models and strategies that exist for e-learning and

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knowledge management. management. E-knowledge is technologically technologically realized by the fusion of e-learning and knowledge management and through the networking of knowledge workers. E

Transactable e-knowledge and knowledge net-working will become the

lifeblood of knowledge sharing. They will create a vibrant market for e-knowledge e -knowledge commerce and will stimulate dramatic changes in the knowledge ecologies of enterprises of all kinds. They will support a “Knowledge Economy” based on

creating, distributing, and adding value to knowledge, the very activities in which colleges and universities are engaged. Yet few colleges and universities have taken sufficient account of the need to use their knowledge assets to achieve strategic differentiation. F

In “It Doesn’t Matter,” a recent re cent article in Harvard Business Review, Nicholas

G. Carr endorsed corporate leaders’ growing view that information technology

offers only limited potential for strategic differentiation. Similar points are starting to be made about e-learning, and knowledge management has been under fire as ineffectual for some time. G

The truth is that e-learning and knowledge management can provide

strategic differentiation differentiation only if they drive genuine innovation and business practice changes that yield greater value for learners. Carr’s article provoked a host of contrary responses, including a letter from John Seely Brown and John Hagel III. Brown is well-known for his insights into the ways in which knowledge sharing can provide organizations with a solid basis for strategic differentiation. Reprinted with permission. © 2003 Donald M. Norris, Jon Mason, Robby Robson, Paul Lefrere, and Geoff Collier. “A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing,”  EDUCAUSE  EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 38, no. 5 (September/October 2003): 14-26.

Question 1-4

For questions 1-4, choose NO MORE than TWO WORDS for each answer.

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Thanks to the advent of the computer, learning institutions institutions today are providing new ways of acquiring knowledge knowledge,, through tools that are 1.................... fast and which are being already 2...................... in all fields and settings, despite the 3................... the process may entail, which all institutions are now 4............................... Question 5-9

For Question 5-9 are based on the paragraph 46. In boxes 5 - 9 on your answer sheet, write YES  if tthe he statement agrees with the views of th the e write writerr NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN  if it is im impossible possible to say what the writer tthinks hinks about this

5. E-knowledg E-knowledge e is primarily based on practices used in business. 6. Education Educational al institutions can b be e leaders in knowledge ne net-working. t-working. 7. E-knowledge has several benefits to it. 8. Communit Communities ies of practice a are re one source of E-kn E-knowledge. owledge. 9. The key to the success of knowled knowledge ge managemen managementt and e-learning is offeri offering ng strategic differentiati differentiation. on.

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B ẢNG K Ế  Ế T QU Ả BÀI 11 1. Bạn đã đúng bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________ 

2. Bạn đã sai bao nhiêu câu? 

 __________________  _________ _________

3. Bạn đã hoàn thành bài trong bao lâu? 

__________________ 

4. Bạn đã sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào? Loại câu hỏi sai

S ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại l ỗ  ỗi sai

Nguyên nhân sai

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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đính kèm hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạn đã sai, sau đó ghi lại cách sửa l  ỗ ỗi vào bảng sau L ỗi sai

Cách sửa

6/ So với bài 8, s ố  l  l ầ  ần lặp lại cùng một l ỗ  ỗi sai của bạn? Giảm

Không thay đổi

Tăng 

S ố  l  l  ầ ần

7/ Nguyên nhân

 ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________  ___________________  _________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________

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ANSWER KEY 1. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 1 – Right and left-handedness in humans

1. B

4. B

7. E

10. 6%

2. D

5. A

8. 15-20%

11. D

3. C

6. C

9. 40%

12. B

2. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 2 – Tourism

1. iii

4. vii

7. YES

10. NOT GIVEN

13. F

2. v

5. viii

8. NOT GIVEN

11. D

14. H

3. iv

6. NO

9. YES

12. B

3. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 3 - Moles happy as homes go underground

1. xi

8. iv

2. ix

9. sell (more) quickly

3. viii

10. (South Limberg) planners

4. v

11. (road/ noise) embarkments

5. i

12. (Olivetti) employees

6. vii

13. adapt to

7. iii

14. his bakery busmess / a cool room

4. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 4 – Glass: Capturing the dance of light 

1. viii

8. (lightbu (lightbulb) lb) moulds

2. i

9. A

3. ix

10. B

4. iii

11. A

5.vi

12. C

6. molten molten glass/ ribbon of glass glass// molte molten n gl glass ass ribbon 13. A 7. belt of steel/ steel belt/ moving belt

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5. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 5 - Implementi Implementing ng the cycle of success: A case study

1. C

8. (performance) (performance) measures

2. A

9. productivity

3. C

10. (') Take Charge (')

4. B

11. feedback

5. B

12. employee(s employee(s') ') / staff

6. benchm benchmarking arking

13. 30 days

7. (a range of) service delivery

6. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 6 - The Motor Car

1. C

4. H

7. NOT GIVEN

10. YES

2. F 3. E

5. A 6. D

8. NO 9. NOT GIVEN

11. YES 12. YES

13. NO

7. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 7 – Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping

1. YES

4. NOT GIVEN

7. B

10. honesty and openness 13. social record

2. NO

5. NO

8. B

11. consumers

3. YES

6. NOT GIVEN

9. C

12. armchair ethicals

8. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 8 - Children’s thinking

1. CH

4. SH

7. HTK

10. YES

2. MC

5. SH

8. SH

11. YES

3. MC

6. MC

9. NOT GIVEN

12. YES

13. NO

9. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 9 - Arctic Haze

1. Accepted

2. Originating

3. Ice cores

4. Darkness

5. Sea

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10. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 10 - Wind Power in the US

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. A

5. TRUE

11. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 11 - A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing

1. diffusing 2. deployed 3. disruptions

4. grappling with 5. NO 6. YES

Chúc các bạn học t ố tt,, Tr ần T ố  Linh  Linh Giảng viên IELTS quận Bình Thạnh 

7. YES 8. YES 9. YES

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73