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IEC work for energy storage
IEC work for energy storage IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission covers the large majority of technologies that apply to energy storage, such as pumped storage, batteries, supercapacitors supercapacitors and flywheels. More information about the work IEC does in electrical energy storage (EES) can be found in the following White Papers:
Electrical Energy Storage, Storage, analyzes the role of energy storage in electricity use and identifies all available technologies. It summarizes present and future market needs for EES technologies, reviews their technological features, and finally presents recommendations for all EES stakeholders.
www.iec.ch/whitepaper/ www.iec .ch/whitepaper/energystorage energystorage
Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy Storage, Storage, provides a global vi ew on the latest and future directions for grid integration of large-capacity RE sources and the application of large-capacity EES for that purpose. It identifies challenges for grid operators and producers of electricity, and provides insights into current and potential methods for addressing these dif ficulties.
www.iec.ch/whitepaper/ www.iec .ch/whitepaper/gridintegrati gridintegration on
2
REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
Reverse mode fuel cells for Reverse energy storage Using fuel cell modules in reverse mode will improve energy storage for renewables Stephen J. McPhail, IEC TC 105 delegate for Italy A se nse of c olle cti ve re spon sib ili ty is required to cope with t he growing dependence on energy, given the fundamentally unpredictable nature of primary energy supply, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and changing energy consumption demands and patterns. The growing need for decentralized (local or remote, residential or commercial) power generation calls for systems that maximize small-scale electrical efficiency. Fuel cells (FCs) are idea l candidates for fulfilling this demand. In fact, at 60% proven net electrical efficiency for generators with a power output as low as 1 kWe, FC systems are head and shoulders a bove any other fuel conversion technology. If they ar e to succeed in being deployed widely, FCs for stationary applications should be able to use any locally available fuel. When and if production volumes manage to cover the extensive need
Fuel cells will provide storage solutions for intermi ttent wind and solar power (Photo: Courtesy of Vestas Wind Systems A/S)
for small-to-medium scale generation – which will also depend on the realization of anticipated reductions
increased their deployment. However,
and location-flexible (compared to
in cost – there is no reason why
the implication of large volumes of
pumped hydro) method to convert and
FCs should not also be used on
power emanating from variable and
store surplus electricity.
the largest scales of power
intermittent renewable sources being
production.
fed into conventional grid structures is often the reason why the use of these forms of energy is curtailed in favour of grid stability. Smart grid solutions
Hydrogen offers multiple benefits Hydrogen can be converted back to power effectively in commercial, low-temperature FCs. It is particularly suited to mobile applications in fuel
Energy storage is key to renewable
can only partially adapt electricity
energy
demand to these unpredictable
The growi ng penet p enet ratio n of wind powe r
patterns. In order to avoid installed
and solar photovoltaic farms is a
capacity and clean primary energy
positive consequence of government
going to waste, it is crucial to be able
incentives and industries working
to store the electricity produced from
together in a worldwide context. This
these renewable sources. Using water
Similarly, hydrogen is a highly valuable
has succeeded in bringing down the
electrolysis to produce hydrogen is a
cost of the technologies and greatly
weight-efficient (compared to batteries)
primary substance for the chemical industry, when used in conjunction
cell electric vehicles (FCEV), where the electricity that has been stored as hydrogen can add value by supplying energy for transportation.
3
REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
Fuel cells are be ing introduced in the automotive sector (Photo: Hyundai)
with industrial processes to produce
which are capable of being operated
of the application, this represents a
substances such as ammonia, chlorine
directly as both power generators
promising area for standardization standardization..
and steel. It is also used in the refining
and power storing devices simply by
A ge neri c system sys tem a ppro ach is is
of fossil fuels as well as in the food
inverting polarity, has prompted IEC
advisable (power in, power out, by-
industry.
Technic al Comm C ommitte itte e ( TC) 105: Fu el cell technologies, to look into the need
product heat and grid connections) for industry use. It should be noted that
The elec troc hemi cal p rodu roductio ctio n of
for standardizing developments in this
power-to-gas-to-power systems could
hydrogen has enormous potential for
direction.
combine different FC technologies
the profitable matching of large-scale
for hydrogen and power generation,
renewable energy generation and
but a specific task on test procedure
economic development. Although
Bringing FC and electrolysis
development for reversing FCs needs
it requires the hydrogen handling
operation standardization together
to be undertaken as this currently
infrastructure to be set up, the use of
The pres ent s tand ardi ardizati zation on wo rk
constitutes a gap in the standardization
fuel cell systems in reversing mode
on FC and electrolysis operation
portfolio.
for alternating power storage and
does not yet cover reversing FCs.
power generation within a unique
Similarly, systems designed to meet
system boundary is a readily available
power storage and power generation
FC-based reversing power storage
engineering solution to the issues
needs within a unique solution – even
and generation systems already
currently connected with distributed energy management. Furthermore,
if composed of separate FC and electrolysis modules – are not
deployed Acro ss the Across t he wo rld, indu stri stries es a re
the interesting prospect of using
currently within the mantle of
already demonstrating systems
high-temperature, solid oxide cells
standardization. Given the potential
based on FCs for the reversing
4
REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
storage and generation of renewable
using FC modules in reverse mode.
power. In Japan, Toshiba has had
IEC TC 105 ad hoc Group (ahG) 6
a system for buffering solar PV in
will be responsible for this,
operation since April 2015 (polymer
encompassing the prenormative
electrolyte membrane, or PEM,
activities on the definition and
electrolyzer, hydrogen storage and
validation of testing and
PEMFC at throughputs of 1-2,5 m3/h
characterization procedures of
of hydrogen). In Germany, Sunfire is
these modules being carried out in
IEC 62282-8-102, PEM single cell and
developing reversing (or regenerative) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
the European collaborative project
stac k pe rfo rman rmance ce inclu i ncluding ding rever sing operation
systems of 10-500 kWe. In addition
stack Testing and Quality Assurance,
to these, FuelCell Energy is ramping
supported by the Fuel Cells and
up SOFC/SOEC (SOEC = solid oxide
Hydrogen Joint Undertaking).
SOCTESQA (Solid Oxide Cell and
electrolyzer cell) installations for
energy storage systems using fuel cell modules in reverse mode, are: IEC 62282-8-101, Solid oxide single cell and stack per formance including rever sing ope rati ration on
IEC 62282-8-20, Power-to-power syste ms per p er form formance ance The call for ex per ts fo r these th ese p roje cts is open. The project leaders are Dr Stephen McPhail (Italy) for IEC 62282-8-101, 62282-8-101, Prof Hongmei Yu
energy storage in the US and, in
The obje ctiv ctive e is to de velo velop p
Italy, ElectroPower Systems has
performance test methods for
already deployed a significant
power storage and buffering systems
number of PEM-based systems
based on electrochemical modules
for remote, off grid, constant
(combining electrolysis and fuel cells,
(China) for IEC 62282-8-102 and Dr Tsuneji Kameda (Japan) for
powering of telecom masts with PV
in particular reversing fuel cells),
IEC 62282-8-201 62282-8-201..
hybridization.
taking into consideration the options of both re-electrification
The conve nor of o f AH G 6 is i s Stephe St ephe n
IEC leads standardization work
and substance (and heat) production for the sustainable integration of
McPhail, assisted by Dr Kazuo S hibata (Japan) as Secretary Secretary..
The IEC i s kee ping abre ast of th is
renewable energy sources.
rapidly evolving scenario, and TC 105 has approved new work proposals
The prop osed Sta nda rds w hich are
Target d ates for f or the t he first fi rst Com mit mittee tee Drafts and finalized International
for the development of International
considered the most important and
Standards are the end of 2016
Standards on energy storage systems
will come under IEC 62282-8 for
and mid-2019, respectively.
Boeing's fuel cell energy storage system uses a technology called a “reversibl e solid oxide fuel cell” to store energy from renewabl e resources (Photo: Boeing via UAS Vision)
5
FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
Fun with chemistry Batteries enter new phase David Appleyard
firm Poyry: “T hese are auspicious
and industrial (C&I ) energy storage
Battery techn ology has always evolved
times for storage. Batteries actually
industry is expected to reach
to meet consumer demand and today a host of new markets are opening up for
seem to be coming to the fore, and I think are coming to the fore in
USD 10,8 billion by 2025, from less than USD 1 billion in 2016.
energy storage applications. Electric
part because of the crossover from
vehicles and increasing renewable
developing electric cars. So costs are
As A lex E ller, re sea rch a naly nalyst st w ith
energy capacity are among the key
coming down enormously”.
Navigant Research, explains: “Despite
drivers prompting research into a
early challenges, global C&I energy
range of different chemical families.
IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21:
storage system power capacity
The goal is the development of low-
Secondary cells and batteries,
deployments are expected to grow
cost, long-life, energy dense and high
develops International Standards for
from 49 9,4 MW in 2016 to 9,1 9,1 GW
power batteries that can en ergize our
all secondary cells and batteries,
in 2025”.
future low-carbon world.
irrespective of type and chemistries
Everywhere from pocket to grid The cell cellular ular tele pho phone ne in our p ocket constitutes one tiny part of the world’s world’ s biggest consumer of battery technology – portable electronics. Mobiles, tablets and laptops are a
(i.e. lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-
A ma jor dri driver ver of o f the dem demand and for
based) or application (i.e. portable,
increased energy storage capacity
stationary, traction, electric vehicles or
has been the high penetration of
aircraft). They cover all aspects such as safety, performance and dimensions
variable output renewables renewables,, par ticularly wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). As
and labelling, a new battery technology.
an example, in 2013, regulators in
Chemistry for flow batteries – another
California in the USA, which has a
potential candidate for large-scale
significant proportion of renewables,
electrochemical energy storage –
mandated the state’s three major
is now part of the TC's remit.
utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric,
massive market, but while the lithium-
Southern California Edison and San
or nickel-based battery within may power that latest gizmo, it does not necessarily represent the latest in battery technology development. Designed to supply just milliwatts of power, ideally for a period of several days, with a focus on light weight and
Diego Gas & Electric – to procure Big batteries, big business
collectively 1 325 MW of energy
Big batteries are expected to become
storage by 2020, with installation
big business. Just how big is indicated
by the end of 2024.
from a recent report by US-based analysis firm Navigant which concludes
And in Fe bru bruary ary this year, AE S UK &
that annual revenue for the commercial
Ireland commissioned its Advancion
sustained low output, such technology is not necessarily ideal for most of today’s emerging battery applications. Professor David Greenwood at the University of Warwick in the UK, outlines the key market drivers: “Mobile energy for things like electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage for operating with the grid and the electrical distribution network. What those two growth sectors need is a bit different to the consumer electronics industry, which has driven battery development”. This Thi s is a point po int e cho choed ed by Phil Hare, management consultant with analysis
6
Johnso n 48V li thium- ion bat tery for so -call ed mil d hybri d vehic les (Photo: (P hoto: Thomas Content, Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel)
FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
storage array at Kilroot power station in Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland, which provides 10 MW of gridconnected energy storage. Globally, AES owns o wns and ope rates 116 MW of of operational storage with a further 268 MW under construction or late stage development.
Evolving battery technology New requirements for battery system performance characteristics may be emerging, but that does not necessarily indicate that lithium-ion or even older technologies like lead-acid are played out. Greenwood highlights the evolving nature of battery technologies: “You have this family of chemistries around lead and lead-acid. There is another
Underfloor battery compartment for electric vehicle
family of chemistries around nickel, the first of which was nickel-cadmium,
battery chemistries in more detail, the
ion batteries", and is also developing a
while nickel metal hydride is the more
influence that the physical structure of
range of publications related to this and
modern version and then you have got
the cell can have on performance is
to graphene-related applications.
a further family of chemistries which
also driving research into new materials
are around lithium and lithium-ion.
such as solid electrolytes or novel
The re are many dif feren ferentt flavour fl avour s of
electrode structures.
lithium-ion, more than 40-odd; they
The search for life Lifespan is perhaps the major
are not all the same and they behave
Says Greenwood: “Typically the
challenge for any emerging battery
quite differently in places.”
amount of energy that is held inside
technology.
a battery cell is directly related to the He continues: “A lot of the new
amount of electrochemical material
“The basic reactions are reasonably
technologies that we are starting to
inside it, whereas the power that
well understood, but like anything,
look at are still lithium-based, but
you get out of that cell is determined
it is the things that that you didn’t
they're not working on transporting lithium ions, they're working on
effectively by the active surface area inside the cell over which those
want to happen that are harder to control. There are many degradation
different reactions”. Greenwood cites
reactions can take place”.
mechanisms that come into play; the
a number of promising chemistries,
active sites in the electrochemical
including lithium-air, lithium iron
Ideally then, highly porous materials
material effectively get clogged up
phosphate and nickel cobalt manganese.
are used which allow rapid reactions
with lithium deposits, or you can get
for high power and can simultaneously
problems with the electrochemical
Indeed, in March 2016, sodium-ion
pack in a large ratio of active material
materials fracturing and coming away,”
battery technology company Faradion
to support sustained reactions for
says Greenwood.
announced a partnership with WMG,
high energy density. Graphene and
University of Warwick and energy
other nanomaterials are showing
This Thi s de grad gradatio ation n pr oces s ha s a
storage specialists Moixa Technology
promise in this area. IEC TC 113:
significant impact on the size and
in a bid to commercialize this battery
Nanotechnology standardization for
mass of the current generation of
chemistry. By using highly abundant
electrical and electronic products and
battery technologies. In order to
sodium salts rather than lithium, sodium-ion cells are anticipated to be
systems is developing, for instance, Technic al Speci S peci ficat fication ions s for "elec trod trode e
compensate for degradation over the eight or 10 years of an electric vehicle
30% cheaper to p roduce.
nanomaterial used in nano-enabled
(EV ) battery’s life, additional capacity
Alongsi Alo ngsi de e nde avour s to expl explore ore n ovel
energy storage devices such as lithium-
is required initially if the system
7
FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
is to achieve design performance parameters after multiple charge and discharge cycles. Furthermore, as some of these degradation processes are accelerated at states of very high or low charge, ‘buffer’ capacity is typically designed into battery systems to enable required performance whilst maintaining the charge state between, say, 10% - 90%. All this add adds s weight, wei ght, volu volume me a nd c ost. “A lot of the work that is going on around battery development nowadays is about really understanding those degradation modes, working out how to manage the battery in the best
Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery cutaway
possible way so as to get the best out of it.”
have their own proprietary standards
“The different chemistries of batteries
that they are working to and that makes
are still waiting in the wings,” concludes
Crash diet
it incredibly difficult for users of those batteries to be able to standardize,”
Hare, “and interestingly, lithium-
One way battery performance may
says Greenwood, in particular
be improved is by reducing the
momentum behind them. We've already
noting pouch and prismatic types of
looked at lithium batteries, but the
construction.
prospect of tuning those to meet the
mass of ‘ancillary’ components. Says Greenwood: “For your typical
static applications is very intriguing.”
automotive battery at the moment, only
IEC TC 21 develops Standards for cell
about 40% of the mass of the battery
formats as part of its scope.
is the electrochemically active material,
Hare envisages the prospect of lowering costs significantly by focusing
the rest of it is all the support structure,
on static applications, rather than
the cooling structure, the control
The power of chemistry
system, the electrical interconnects.”
Looking forward, Greenwood envisages a number of developments
“There’s a lot you can do to understand
ion batteries I think have a massive
over the coming decade or so. Within
how to better package that whole lot and get to a point where a great
the five-year horizon: “It is all about being able to use much better the
percentage of that battery pack is
chemistry that we have got around us,
the chemically-active material, which
to build electrode structures that give
is actually delivering on the primary
us the right mix of power and energy
purpose of the battery.”
and which give us the durability that we need”.
requirements for lightness and power density. He also posits another way to improve the lifetime performance of existing battery technology, using end-of-life EV batteries in static applications as well. With the per formance specifications on EV batteries so much higher than required for, say, an average domestic static application,
Industry standards have a clear role to play here, explains Greenwood:
Over the next 10 and more years: “That
such as a solar PV system, the residual
“The standards really come in when
is when you start looking at things like
performance of an ‘end-of-life’
we start to talk around applications for
lithium-air chemistries, which are still
EV battery could be sufficient for
energy storage, because many of the
very much at laboratory scale. Typically
many years.
sectors we have been talking about are
these are operating with quite short life
relatively new to using electrical energy
times at the moment. There is a lot of
“I think that's at an early stage, but
storage systems.”
development work left to understand
there's a definite thought about
how we get the very best out of those
that, and that's going to require all
Standard cell formats are one area of
chemistries and get them to a point
sorts of interesting questions about
interest for consumers: “Manufacturers
where they can all be industrialized”.
standardization.”
8
TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE
TC work underpins mobile and stationary stationar y energy storage Batteries are driving growth in mobile devices, e-mobility and stationary energy storage
Morand Fachot
Li-ion (lithium-ion) chemistry, which
rechargeable sealed lead-acid star ter
In recent years consumers have
offers the key advantage of being
batteries, increasingly of the valve-
benefited from the introduction of
able to store large amounts of energy
regulated type (VRLA).
countless mobile and wearable IT and
in comparatively light, compact and
consumer electronics (CE ) devices
purpose-made packages. However,
International Standards for batteries
and systems. Meanwhile, public a nd
while these batteries may provide
used in automotive applications,
individual means of transportation
a reliable power supply, they can
including "for the propulsion of
everywhere are increasin gly relying on
no longer keep up with the growing
electric road vehicles" are developed
electric drives and storage for part or
demands placed on them in their
by IEC TC 21 and its Subcommittee
all of their propulsion systems. Large
current form.
(SC) 21 21A: A: Secondary cells and
stationary energy storage is another
batteries containing alkaline or other
area where batteries are playing a
non-acid electrolytes. New trends in automoti ve applications
As c ar ma nufa ctur ers are striv s triv ing to
Althoug Alt houg h attenti at tenti on has h as been b een focu focusing sing
manufacture cars that will meet tighter
central to future advances in all
on storage for mobile applications for
emission laws in many countries and
energy storage domains.
a few years, trend in the automotive
regions from 2025-2030, some are now
sector are no less interesting.
prioritizing so-called 48 V mild hybrids
growing role. Standardization work by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21: Secondary cells and batteries, is
as an interim solution before achieving EVs rely extensively too on Li-ion
pure electrification of vehicles. Mild
Different applications, similar
batteries, but may use also nickel-
hybridization relies on lithium-ion
restricting issues
metal hydride batteries. As for vehicles
batteries and consists in adapting
As I T and an d CE mob mobile ile a nd we arab le
powered by internal combustion
48 V devices and interconnects to
devices employ ever more advanced
engines (ICEs), they depend on
existing ICE powertrains.
processors, displays and audio systems and offer connectivity to an ever growing range of wireless networks and other devices, they are becoming more and more power hungry. Likewise, the wider adoption of full or hybrid electric drives in electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as hinging on the availability of more advanced batteries (and charging systems), which will allow them to overcome the limitations of range and charge they currently face.
Different chemistries for different applications Today’s bat teri teries es fo r mobile mo bile applications are based mainly on
Electric superchargers used in 48 V mild hybrid vehicles cut emissions and fuel consumption (Photo: Valeo)
9
TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE
Solar photovoltaic energy systems, set up a Joint Working Group, JWG 82: Secondary cells and batteries for renewable energy storage.
Finding the right chemistry for the right use IEC TC 21 lists the key areas of battery standardization as starting, lighting, ignition (SLI) also named “starter” batteries, which supply electric energy to motor vehicles; automobile hybrid/ electric vehicle cells; traction batteries; and the stationary batteries of the VRL A type. t ype. IEC TC 21 has broadened its scope to include technology and chemistry for flow batteries, which are starting to be deployed in the market and, as 8 MW Li-ion battery grid storage system in New York State (Photo: AES Corporation)
such need internation international al standardization regarding performance, performance tests and safety.
technolo nolo gy has h as a lread y be en This tech
capacity must be available to respond
tested for a number of years and offers,
rapidly. If demand cannot be met, the
Flow batteries are rechargeable
among many others, the following
stability and quality of the power supply
batteries in which electroactive
benefits, according to IDTechEx
suffer and may result in brownouts or
chemical components dissolved in
Research and manufacturers' data.
worse. To balance demand and supply
liquids (electrolytes) stored externally
additional generation a certain amount
in tanks and pumped through a
CO2 emissions reduced by
of storage may also be necessary.
membrane convert chemical energy
10-20%, 10-2 0%, d epending on test cycles
It currently mainly takes the form of
into electricity.
cheaper (50-70%) than full hybrids,
pumped hydro, which makes up the
according to automotive equipment
bulk of electricity storage.
• •
manufacturer Valeo •
To develop devel op S tan tandard dard s for flow bat batteri teries es that cover safety, performances,
unlike existing 12 V and 24 24 V
Adva nced bat batteri teries es a re se t to play a
installation, terminology and other
vehicles, they can accept charging
major role in the future global electrical
necessary requirements, IEC TC 21 set
from regenerative braking and
up JWG 17: Flow battery systems
other regeneration (thermoelectric,
energy storage landscape and in grid management, in particular as the share
exhaust heat, suspension, etc.); and
of Renewable Energies (REs) grows.
IEC TC 105: Fuel cell technologies,
they can drive the wheels electrically and provide additional power
for stationary applications, with as flow batteries and fuel cells share
A new gen generati erati on of adva nced safe,
certain characteris characteristics. tics.
low-cost and efficient enough batteries to allow for storage on the grid has
IEC TC 21 was cre ated in 1931 and
Stationary applications
paved the way to the first instances
currently brings together 25 participating
matter too
of large-scale energy storage for the
countries and 17 Member countries.
Batteries are not just central to mobile
electric distribution network. The next-
Around Aro und 215 expe rts are a ctiv ctive e in its
and automotive applications, but
generation advanced batteries include
standardization work.
increasingly also to stationary energy
Li-ion, sodium metal halide, NaS
storage.
(sodium sulphur), advanced lead-acid
In view of the fast expanding energy
and flow batteries.
storage needs from mobile, e-mobility
Electricity being consumed as it is produced there must be suf ficient
To prepa re Intern In ternatio ational nal Sta ndar ds
and stationary applications, IEC TC 21 and IEC SC 21A are unlikely
supply to meet variations in demand.
for rechargeable batteries used in RE
to see any reduction in their workload
At times ti mes of pe ak d eman d ex tra
storage, IEC TC 21 and IEC TC 82:
in the foreseeable future.
10
TACKLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START
Tackling energy efficiency from the start Better energy efficiency is central to our future energy supply and to sustain growth
Morand Fachot Energy Efficiency represents the
to the introduction of more energy efficient equipment and systems in
other renewable sources. Modern hydro turbines can convert 90% of
biggest source of untapped ener gy in
industry,, buildings, transport and industry
all available energy into electricity.
the world and, by helping slowing down
consumer goods.
final energy consumption, one of the
IEC TC 4, established in 1913,
main contributors in the reduction of
develops International Standards for
noxious gases emissions. I mproved electrical Energy Efficie ncy is made possible by standardization work performed by many IEC Technical Committees (TCs) and starts with electricity generation, distribution and storage.
Covering all areas Energy intensity, the measure of energy consumption per unit of
Generation first…
hydraulic turbines. IEC TC 4 develops
EEE starts with energy generation,
and maintains publications that assess
the conversion of primary energy
the “hydraulic performance of
(from hydropower, fossil fuels, nuclear,
hydraulic turbines, storage pumps
renewables, such as wind, solar, marine
and pump-turbines.” Hydropower
or geothermal sources) into electricit y.
installations are robust and reliable but they need rehabilitation after 30
Hydropower was the first source of
to 50 years of operation. IEC TC 4
electricity, it represents now some 15% of electricity production in OECD
works on a new edition of a Standard that deals with the various options
countries, which is 75% more than
to increase power and efficiency in
the share of electricity generated by
rehabilitation projects.
gross domestic product (GDP), can be an imperfect indicator [1] of energy efficiency in general. In recent years, despite relatively low energy prices, energy intensity has improved greatly, contributing significantly to a slowdown in energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2 in particular.
“Increasing mandatory Energy Efficiency regulation, which now covers 30% of global final energy use, played a key role in moderating the effect of low energy prices on energy use,” according to an International Energy Agency (IEA) report. The report indicates that some 1,5 billion tonnes (GtCO2) of GHG were not released in 2015 and 13 GtCO2 cumulatively since 2000, thanks to Energy Efficiency (EE). Electrical Energy Efficiency (EEE), which is central to overall energy efficiency,, ranges from electricity efficiency generation, improved electricity distribution and storage infrastructure,
PS10 CSP Power Plant near Seville (Spain)
11
TACKLING TACK LING ENERGY E FFICIENCY FROM THE START
Burning fossil fuels – coal or oil – in
more EE systems and in improving the
new technologies and systems or
thermal power plants is the second
EE of existing ones. These TCs include:
improving existing ones.
•
IEC TC 82: Solar photovoltaic
Electrical energy produced by power
fossil fuels was 67% in 2014, according
energy systems, which develops
plants in medium (MV 20 000 V ) or low
to the IEA. A significant amount
also International Standards
(LV 1 000 V ) voltage is elevated to HV
of primary energy is wasted in the
for various measurements and
(up to 400 kV) by a step-up substation
conversion of fossil fuels into electricity
performance parameters of PV
before being transmitted across long
in thermal plants (up to 60- 65%). One way of reducing waste is
devices. IEC TC 88: Wind energy generation
distances by high-tension power lines. A ste p-d own s tati tation on c onver ts HV H V to
to recover waste heat in generate in
systems, prepares, for instance,
MV to transport it to feed MV or LV
cogeneration Combined Heat
Internationall Standards “for power Internationa
transformers for use by households,
Power (CHP) installations to use in
performance measurements of
factories, commercial buildings, etc.
industry or for urban heating systems.
electricity producing wind turbines”.
The effi cien ciency cy of larg e tra nsfo nsforme rme rs in in
In wind power generatio n,
step-up and step-down substations
The rmal powe r plants pl ants use stea m
drivetrain, voltage optimization, use
is very high and can reach 99% . The
turbines to convert heat and steam
of high voltage direct current ( HVDC
efficiency of MV and LV transformers
into power. International Standards for
– IEC TC 115) and advanced
may range between 90% and 98%.
steam turbines, which are used also
control systems (IEC TC 57)
IEC TC 14 develops International
in nuclear power plants, geothermal
contribute to EEE.
Standards for power transformers.
oldest form of generating electricity. The shar e of elec tric ity gen generate erate d fr om
•
•
installations,, solar thermal electric and installations
•
IEC TC TC 114: Marine energy – Wave,
CHP plants are developed by IEC TC 5.
tidal and other water current
Losses in cables are higher than in
IEC TC 2: Rotating machinery, develops
converters, is a recent IEC TC, but the potential of harnessing marine
transformers, but EE is improving there as well. IEC TC 20 develops
International Standards for rotating
energy is very promising. Much
and maintains Internationa Internationall standards
electrical machines, including motors,
of the work of this TC focuses on
for electric cables and incorporates
used, for instance in “generators driven
power performance assessment of
improved efficiency and durability in
by steam turbines or combustion gas
these converters.
its maintenance procedure. Ultra high
IEC TC 117: Solar thermal electric
voltage (HUV) distribution of both DC
plants, also covers a fairly recent
and alternating current (AC) is seen
area, which is fast expanding and
as allowing the EE transmission of
showinga significant potential.
power generated by renewable energy
turbines”. This work includes aspects aimed at improving the EE of motors. Renewable sources are set to play
•
a central role in Electrical Energy
sources in sites far away from the main
Efficiency (EEE) effor ts, by reducing
load centres, e.g. in offshore wind
the share of fossil fuels. All IEC
…followed by distribution
farms, large hydro power plants or
TCs involve in volve d in rene wabl wable e source so urce s
Electricity distribution is also an area
large solar installations in deserts with
installations work on developing new
where EE is addressed by developing
acceptably low transmission losses.
Upper and lower basin of Limberg II pumped storage plant, Austria (Photo: Voith)
12
TACKLING TACK LING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START
Standards for all types of batteries used in energy storage, including stationary (lead-acid, lithium-ion and NiCad/NiMH) batteries and flow batteries. •
IEC TC 120: Electrica l Energy Storage (EES) Systems, develops International Standards in the fi eld of grid integrated EES Systems, focusing on system aspects rather than energy storage.
Into the future… In many countries, electricity grids were designed based on technology that was modern more than 100 years ago. Standardization work by several IEC TCs makes m akes it p oss ossible ible to update up date the se legacy systems in order to transform them in “Smart Grids” Grids”.. This is essential Cutaway of Siemens SST-500 GEO steam turbine for geothermal power plants (Photo: Siemens)
to reduce distribution losses and identify energy efficiency oppor tunities. This Thi s me ans u pda ting the a gei geing ng
International al Standards for HV and Internation
plentiful (excess electricity from
infrastructure to allow the integration
UHV transmission systems for DC and
wind or solar power installations)
of intermittent Renewable Energy
AC are bei being ng develo d evelo ped by IE C TC 115
and released downhill to generate
sources, ensure the security of supply
and IEC TC 122, respect ively.
electricity, when needed. It is
and increase in energy use.
highly efficient (80% or more). IEC
Storing electricity for later use Energy storage is an important component of EE projects. It helps reduce transmission losses and help balance power from intermittent RE sources. By allowing electricity to be stored for later use it can eliminate
TC 4, p repa res also Inte rnat rnationa iona l
[1] “For instance, a small service-based
Standards for “storage pumps and
country with a mild climate would have
pump-turbines”.
a lower intensity than a large industrybased country in a cold climate, even if
•
IEC TC 21: Seconda ry cells and
energy was used more efficiently in the
batteries, prepares International
latter country.” country.” ( IEA)
the need for the expensive ( and polluting) use of generators and idling power plants. It is also an essential ingredient in so-called microgrids and off-grid rural electrification electrification.. Energy storage International Standards for electricity storage systems are developed by: •
IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbine s. Hydropower, in addition to generating electricity, makes up some 90% of installed storage capacity worldwide, in the form of pumped storage hydro (PSH) installations In PSH water is pumped in a reservoir uphill when electricity is cheap and
Transformer
13
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Smart Cities to boost energy efficiency A wide wi de rang range e of techn technolog ologies ies will hel help p cities ci ties optimi optimize ze energy en ergy use Peter Feuilherade
sectors like energy, lighting, transport
A re por t pu blis hed in Oc tobe r 2016 by
In hundreds of Smart City projects
and water management.
the International Renewable Energy Age ncy ( IREN IRENA) A) noted that citi es
around the world, governments, municipalities and private stakeholders
Separate market studies in 2016 by
account for 65% of global energy
are investing in Smart Grids, open data
consultancy firms Technavio and Frost
use and 70% of man-made carbon
platforms and networked transport
& Sullivan estimate that the overall
emissions. This makes optimizing
systems to meet the challenges
value of the global Smart Cities market
energy consumption a fundamental
of environmental sustainabilit y,
will grow to between USD 1 400-1 500
objective of a Smart City.
population growth and urbanization. urbanization.
billion in 2020. Asia-Pacific and Europe are expected to dominate the market
IRENA’s director-general Adnan Z.
because of government initiatives to
Amin Ami n be lieve s that th at re newab le so urce s
accelerate Smart City development.
can meet most of the energy needs of
Smart Cities drivers
commercial and residential buildings
The cont continui inui ng in flux of peop p eople le to
in cities “either in a centralized
cities, especially in Asia, Africa and
IEC Standards promote integration
way (i.e. delivering renewables
Latin America, is predicted to add
Electricity and electronics are
sourced elsewhere to buildings via
2,5 billion people to the world’s urban population by 2050.
indispensable for the operation of the myriad interconnected services in
energy distribution networks) or in a decentralized way (i.e. through solar
Smart Cities and buildings.
thermal collectors and solar PV panels located at the site where energy is
The prim ar y dr iver s of Sma rt Citi es a re
needed)”.
operational efficiency, cost reduction
Many IEC Technical Committees (TCs)
and environmental sustainability. Smart
and Subcommittees (SCs) coordinate
technologies have been most evident in
on the development of International
Energy research analysts at Technavio
Standards for the broad range of
have identified the top three trends
electrotechnical electrotech nical systems, equipment
driving the global energy-efficient
and applications used to build and
building market as increased
maintain Smart Cities and smart
government support and investment investments, s,
buildings, with an emphasis on safety
rising energy prices and reductions in
and interoperability.
emission levels of greenhouse gases.
The IEC W hite Pape r, Orchestrating
The IEC S yste ms Comm C ommitt ittee ee on Smar t
infr astru ctur e for sust sustaina aina ble Sma rt
Energy (SyC Smart Energy) aims to
Cities, stresses that cities can
create one international platform for a
only achieve economic, social and
comprehensive portfolio of efficient and
environmental sustainability by
easy-to-use Standards that can
integrating their infrastructures and
be used by any project working on
services to improve urban efficiencies.
smart energy. The work of SyC Smart Energy includes wide
The re ar e hun dred s of IEC I nter natio nal
consultation within the IEC community
Standards that enable the integration
and a broader group of external
of smart solutions for energy, buildings
stakeholders, in the areas of smart
and homes, lighting and mobility.
energy and Smart Grid, also including heat and gas.
Dusk to dawn sensor (Photo: CCTV Wholesales)
14
Optimizing energy consumption
IEC TC 8: Systems aspects for
One of the key drivers for integrating systems and making buildings more
electrical energy supply, prepares and coordinates, in cooperation with
intelligent is the energy savings that
other IEC TCs, the development of
can be achieved.
International Standards in these areas.
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Standards for components used in a variety of sensors.
Microgrids A ne w ge nera tion of low-ca lo w-ca rbo rbon n microgrids is changing the ways in which densely populated cities design and operate utility systems using the concept of locally generated and consumed energy. Microgrids allow predictive maintenance and are particularly promising for ensuring resilience in the energy demands of cities. “Coupled with rapid declines in the cost of emissions-free Renewable Energy technology such as wind and solar photovoltaic, recent drops in the cost of advanced stationary battery storage technology have altered the technological make-up of microgrids dramatically,” in the view of the Microgrid Media website. Vertical axis wind turbines can be installed i n cities on top of office and commercial buil din gs (P hoto: DARco DA Rco rpo rati on)
Another Ano ther sig signific nific ant facto factorr be hind the growth in Renewable Energy
IEC SC 8A prepares International
and distributed energy production.
Standards for the grid integration of
Proper energy management requires
large-capacity Renewable Energy
accurate metering. Multi-function,
sources.
communicating smart meters that measurement energy exported and
microgrids is the global drive to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. Transpa rency Mark Market et Re sear ch forecasts that by 2020 the microgrid market worldwide will be worth more than USD 35 billion.
IEC TC 57: Power systems
imported, demand and power
management and associated
quality, and management of load,
information exchange, deals with
local generation, customer information
communications between the equipment and systems in the
and other value-added functions are essential when creating Smart Grids
electrical power industry, a central
to coordinate supply and demand.
element of smart buildings, cities
IEC TC 13: Electrical energy
and mobile devices which are able to
and grid projects.
measurement and control, develops
generate data and communicate and
Internationall Standards for such Internationa
share that data with one another. The
Internationall Standards d eveloped Internationa
meters, in liaison with other IEC TCs
spread of IoT-related technologies
by IEC TC 82: Solar photovoltaic (PV)
such as TC 8 and TC 57. 57.
including low-cost sensors and
energy systems, and IEC TC 88: Wind
Internet of Things The Inter net of Thing T hing s ( IoT) i s the network of interconnected objects or devices embedded with sensors
high-speed networking will accelerate
turbines, (IEC 61400 series) are also
Another Anot her key co mpo nent is the t he us e of
the adoption rate of Smart City
central to smart energy.
smart energy sensors with multiple
solutions over the next few years. IT
functions to collect and share data for
research and analysis firm Gartner
In Smart Cities, both residential and
predictive analytics. These data can
estimates that almost 10 billion
commercial buildings are more effi cient
be used to detect and predict energy
connected devices will be in use in
and use less energy. The consumption of energy is analyzed, data are
needs and provide valuable insights during times of peak demand.
Smart Cities around the globe by 2020.
collected and power production is
IEC SC 47E: Discrete semiconductor
A ma jor featu f eature re of a Smart Sm art Cit y is the
optimized through different sources
devices, prepares International
analysis and use of data collected by
15
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
“In practice this will involve collecting various data, such as temperature, humidity, luminance, and occupancy via wireless sensors. The soft ware then learns to optimize heating and ventilation ventilati on so that user comfort is satisfied but energy consumption is minimized,” according to the University of Salford in the UK, which is taking part in the three-year Europe-wide project. As self-l s elf-l earn ing buil ding s be com come e more mo re widespread, technologically advanced buildings will be able to communicate electronically with each other to ensure that energy consumption is balanced.
The next generation The next gen generat eration ion of o f Sm art Citi es will benefit from innovative ways to integrate Renewable Energy and Siemens flush-mount sensors (Siemens press photo)
energy-efficient and intelligent building technologies.
IoT devices and sensors to improve
different vendors and across varied
Researchers at the University of
infrastructure, public utilities and
applications, in order to unleash the
California Los Angeles (UCLA) have
services, as well as for predictive
full potent ial of the IoT IoT..
developed transparent solar panels
analytics. In Malaga and Madrid, for
that can be mounted on the windows
example, environmental sensors fitted
As the t he IoT I oT expands, expan ds, so does d oes the n eed
of buildings in order to capture more
to bicycles and post car ts monitor air
for robust cybersecurity protection
sunlight than traditional roof-mounted
pollution, uploading data to a publicly-
against malicious attacks on IoT-
panels.
accessible web portal. And London
connected devices, applications and
is just one of many cities trying to
networks. This was demonstrated
Another Anot her inno innovatio vatio n is a small, sm all, ultr a-
alleviate urban traffic congestion by
in October 2016 when hackers used
light wind turbine built into a building
enabling drivers to quickly locate
software connected to tens of millions
or other urban structure. These are
parking spaces and pay for them via
of commonly-used devices like
already in use or undergoing trials
smartphone apps, without having to
webcams to launch a Distributed
around the world, from the Eiffel Tower
carry cash.
Denial of Service attack (DDoS) in
in Paris to Bahrain’s World Trade
the US which blocked some of the
Centre and the Pearl River Tower in
Intelligent lighting, too, can serve
world’s most popular websites for
Guangzhou, China.
as enabling technology for a range
several hours. The IEC is developing
of IoT uses beyond illumination,
Standards and working on
The fall falling ing cost costs s of sens ors, cont controll rollers ers
as manufacturers embed video
conformity assessment related to
and gateways will see the IoT gain
cameras, acoustic sensors and data
cybersecurity.
further traction in the smar t buildings
communications capabilities into LED
market, especially among owners of
fixtures and bulbs.
small and medium-sized buildings. Self-learning buildings
The IEC Whit White e Pap er e ntit ntitled led
A Euro pea n consor co nsor tium is d evelo evelopin ping g
In these and many associated areas,
Internet of Things: Wireless Sensor
ways to enable self-learning buildings
the work of the IEC on standardization
Networks surveys the role of wireless
to use wireless sensor technology
and conformity assessment as
sensor networks in the evolution of the IoT. It also highlights the need for
and data mining methods to increase their energy efficiency over time
a fundamental principle in the development of future Smart Cit y
Standards to achieve interoperability
by anticipating and meeting their
technology is set to play a
among wireless sensor networks from
occupants’ needs.
central role.
16
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY ISSUE EFFICIENCY FOCUS
Photovoltaic (PV) modules (Photo: Courtesy of DuPont)
17
ABOU T T HE I EC
About Ab out the IEC headquartered uartered The IEC, headq Switzerland, organization
is
the that
in Geneva,
world’s leading prepares and
publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as “electrotechnology”.
171 countries | 84 members | 87 affiliates IEC Standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances
and
office
equipment,
semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, flat panel displays and solar energy, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the
environment,
electrical
99.1% of world population | 99.2% of electrity generation
energy
efficiency and renewable energies. The IEC also admini administers sters inter natio national nal Conformity Assessment Systems in the areas
of
electrotechnical
equipment
testing and certification (IECEE), quality of and
electronic
components,
processes
(IECQ),
materials
certification
of equipment operated in explosive atmospheres
(IECEx),
as
well
as
Renewable Energy systems (IECRE). The
IEC
electrical
has
served
industry
213 21 3 technical committees and subcommittees 1 500 working groups More than 9 200 International Standards S tandards in catalogue catalogue
the
world’’s world
4 global Conformity Assessment Systems Systems
since
1906,
>1 million million conformity assessment asses sment certificates issued
developing International Standards to promote quality, safety, performance, reproducibility
and
environmental
compatibility of materials, products and systems.
100
The IEC family, which now compri comprises ses 171 countries, includes all the world’s major trading nations. This membership collectively represents about 99.1% of the world’s population and 99.2% of the world’s electrical generating capacity.
18
More than 100 years of expertise
FURTHER INFORMA INFORMATION TION
Further information Please Pl ease
visit
the
IEC
website
at
Asia Pacific
IEC Conformity Assessment Systems
www.iec.ch for further information. In the “About the IEC” section, you
IEC-APRC − Asia-Pacific
—
can contact your local IEC National
Regional Centre
IECEE / IECRE
Committee
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c/o IEC − International Electrotechnical
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directly.
Alternatively,
please contact the IEC Central Office in Geneva, Switzerland or the nearest IEC Regional Centre.
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) n e ( 2 0 7 1 0 2 : e g a r o t s y g r e n e r o f k r o w C E I
