Iec Work Energy Storage

 

®

IEC work for energy storage

 

IEC work for energy storage IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission covers the large majority of technologies that apply to energy storage, such as pumped storage, batteries, supercapacitors supercapacitors and flywheels. More information about the work IEC does in electrical energy storage (EES) can be found in the following White Papers:

Electrical Energy Storage,  Storage,   analyzes the role of energy storage in electricity use and identifies all available technologies. It summarizes present and future market needs for EES technologies, reviews their technological features, and finally presents recommendations for all EES stakeholders.

www.iec.ch/whitepaper/ www.iec .ch/whitepaper/energystorage energystorage

Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy Storage, Storage, provides a global vi ew on the latest and future directions for grid integration of large-capacity RE sources and the application of large-capacity EES for that purpose. It identifies challenges for grid operators and producers of electricity, and provides insights into current and potential methods for addressing these dif ficulties.

www.iec.ch/whitepaper/ www.iec .ch/whitepaper/gridintegrati gridintegration on

2

 

REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE

Reverse mode fuel cells for Reverse energy storage Using fuel cell modules in reverse mode will improve energy storage for renewables Stephen J. McPhail, IEC TC 105 delegate for Italy  A se nse of c olle cti ve re spon sib ili ty is required to cope with t he growing dependence on energy, given the fundamentally unpredictable nature of primary energy supply, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and changing energy consumption demands and patterns. The growing need for decentralized (local or remote, residential or commercial) power generation calls for systems that maximize small-scale electrical efficiency. Fuel cells (FCs) are idea l candidates for fulfilling this demand. In fact, at 60% proven net electrical efficiency for generators with a power output as low as 1 kWe, FC systems are head and shoulders a bove any other fuel conversion technology. If they ar e to succeed in being deployed widely, FCs for stationary applications should be able to use any locally available fuel. When and if production volumes manage to cover the extensive need

Fuel cells will provide storage solutions for intermi ttent wind and solar power (Photo: Courtesy of Vestas Wind Systems A/S)

for small-to-medium scale generation – which will also depend on the realization of anticipated reductions

increased their deployment. However,

and location-flexible (compared to

in cost – there is no reason why

the implication of large volumes of

pumped hydro) method to convert and

FCs should not also be used on

power emanating from variable and

store surplus electricity.

the largest scales of power

intermittent renewable sources being

production.

fed into conventional grid structures is often the reason why the use of these forms of energy is curtailed in favour of grid stability. Smart grid solutions

Hydrogen offers multiple benefits Hydrogen can be converted back to power effectively in commercial, low-temperature FCs. It is particularly suited to mobile applications in fuel

Energy storage is key to renewable

can only partially adapt electricity

energy 

demand to these unpredictable

 The growi ng penet p enet ratio n of wind powe r

patterns. In order to avoid installed

and solar photovoltaic farms is a

capacity and clean primary energy

positive consequence of government

going to waste, it is crucial to be able

incentives and industries working

to store the electricity produced from

together in a worldwide context. This

these renewable sources. Using water

Similarly, hydrogen is a highly valuable

has succeeded in bringing down the

electrolysis to produce hydrogen is a

cost of the technologies and greatly

weight-efficient (compared to batteries)

primary substance for the chemical industry, when used in conjunction

cell electric vehicles (FCEV), where the electricity that has been stored as hydrogen can add value by supplying energy for transportation.

3

 

REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE

Fuel cells are be ing introduced in the automotive sector (Photo: Hyundai)

with industrial processes to produce

which are capable of being operated

of the application, this represents a

substances such as ammonia, chlorine

directly as both power generators

promising area for standardization standardization..

and steel. It is also used in the refining

and power storing devices simply by

 A ge neri c system sys tem a ppro ach is is

of fossil fuels as well as in the food

inverting polarity, has prompted IEC

advisable (power in, power out, by-

industry.

 Technic al Comm C ommitte itte e ( TC) 105: Fu el cell technologies, to look into the need

product heat and grid connections) for industry use. It should be noted that

 The elec troc hemi cal p rodu roductio ctio n of

for standardizing developments in this

power-to-gas-to-power systems could

hydrogen has enormous potential for

direction.

combine different FC technologies

the profitable matching of large-scale

for hydrogen and power generation,

renewable energy generation and

but a specific task on test procedure

economic development. Although

Bringing FC and electrolysis

development for reversing FCs needs

it requires the hydrogen handling

operation standardization together

to be undertaken as this currently

infrastructure to be set up, the use of

 The pres ent s tand ardi ardizati zation on wo rk

constitutes a gap in the standardization

fuel cell systems in reversing mode

on FC and electrolysis operation

portfolio.

for alternating power storage and

does not yet cover reversing FCs.

power generation within a unique

Similarly, systems designed to meet

system boundary is a readily available

power storage and power generation

FC-based reversing power storage

engineering solution to the issues

needs within a unique solution – even

and generation systems already

currently connected with distributed energy management. Furthermore,

if composed of separate FC and electrolysis modules – are not

deployed  Acro ss the  Across t he wo rld, indu stri stries es a re

the interesting prospect of using

currently within the mantle of

already demonstrating systems

high-temperature, solid oxide cells

standardization. Given the potential

based on FCs for the reversing

4

 

REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE

storage and generation of renewable

using FC modules in reverse mode.

power. In Japan, Toshiba has had

IEC TC 105 ad hoc Group (ahG) 6

a system for buffering solar PV in

will be responsible for this,

operation since April 2015 (polymer

encompassing the prenormative

electrolyte membrane, or PEM,

activities on the definition and

electrolyzer, hydrogen storage and

validation of testing and

PEMFC at throughputs of 1-2,5 m3/h

characterization procedures of

of hydrogen). In Germany, Sunfire is

these modules being carried out in

IEC 62282-8-102, PEM single cell and

developing reversing (or regenerative) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

the European collaborative project

 stac k pe rfo rman rmance ce inclu i ncluding ding rever sing operation

systems of 10-500 kWe. In addition

stack Testing and Quality Assurance,

to these, FuelCell Energy is ramping

supported by the Fuel Cells and

up SOFC/SOEC (SOEC = solid oxide

Hydrogen Joint Undertaking).

SOCTESQA (Solid Oxide Cell and

electrolyzer cell) installations for

energy storage systems using fuel cell modules in reverse mode, are: IEC 62282-8-101, Solid oxide single cell and stack per formance including  rever sing ope rati ration on

IEC 62282-8-20, Power-to-power  syste ms per p er form formance ance  The call for ex per ts fo r these th ese p roje cts is open. The project leaders are Dr Stephen McPhail (Italy) for IEC 62282-8-101, 62282-8-101, Prof Hongmei Yu

energy storage in the US and, in

 The obje ctiv ctive e is to de velo velop p

Italy, ElectroPower Systems has

performance test methods for

already deployed a significant

power storage and buffering systems

number of PEM-based systems

based on electrochemical modules

for remote, off grid, constant

(combining electrolysis and fuel cells,

(China) for IEC 62282-8-102 and Dr Tsuneji Kameda (Japan) for

powering of telecom masts with PV

in particular reversing fuel cells),

IEC 62282-8-201 62282-8-201..

hybridization.

taking into consideration the options of both re-electrification

 The conve nor of o f AH G 6 is i s Stephe St ephe n

IEC leads standardization work

and substance (and heat) production for the sustainable integration of

McPhail, assisted by Dr Kazuo S hibata (Japan) as Secretary Secretary..

 The IEC i s kee ping abre ast of th is

renewable energy sources.

rapidly evolving scenario, and TC 105 has approved new work proposals

 The prop osed Sta nda rds w hich are

 Target d ates for f or the t he first fi rst Com mit mittee tee Drafts and finalized International

for the development of International

considered the most important and

Standards are the end of 2016

Standards on energy storage systems

will come under IEC 62282-8 for

and mid-2019, respectively.

Boeing's fuel cell energy storage system uses a technology called a “reversibl e solid oxide fuel cell” to store energy from renewabl e resources (Photo: Boeing via UAS Vision)

5

 

FUN WITH CHEMISTRY 

Fun with chemistry Batteries enter new phase David Appleyard 

firm Poyry: “T hese are auspicious

and industrial (C&I ) energy storage

Battery techn ology has always evolved

times for storage. Batteries actually

industry is expected to reach

to meet consumer demand and today a host of new markets are opening up for

seem to be coming to the fore, and I think are coming to the fore in

USD 10,8 billion by 2025, from less than USD 1 billion in 2016.

energy storage applications. Electric

part because of the crossover from

vehicles and increasing renewable

developing electric cars. So costs are

 As A lex E ller, re sea rch a naly nalyst st w ith

energy capacity are among the key

coming down enormously”.

Navigant Research, explains: “Despite

drivers prompting research into a

early challenges, global C&I energy

range of different chemical families.

IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21:

storage system power capacity

The goal is the development of low-

Secondary cells and batteries,

deployments are expected to grow

cost, long-life, energy dense and high

develops International Standards for

from 49 9,4 MW in 2016 to 9,1 9,1 GW

power batteries that can en ergize our

all secondary cells and batteries,

in 2025”.

future low-carbon world.

irrespective of type and chemistries

Everywhere from pocket to grid  The cell cellular ular tele pho phone ne in our p ocket constitutes one tiny part of the world’s world’ s biggest consumer of battery technology – portable electronics. Mobiles, tablets and laptops are a

(i.e. lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-

 A ma jor dri driver ver of o f the dem demand and for

based) or application (i.e. portable,

increased energy storage capacity

stationary, traction, electric vehicles or

has been the high penetration of

aircraft). They cover all aspects such as safety, performance and dimensions

variable output renewables renewables,, par ticularly wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). As

and labelling, a new battery technology.

an example, in 2013, regulators in

Chemistry for flow batteries – another

California in the USA, which has a

potential candidate for large-scale

significant proportion of renewables,

electrochemical energy storage –

mandated the state’s three major

is now part of the TC's remit.

utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric,

massive market, but while the lithium-

Southern California Edison and San

or nickel-based battery within may power that latest gizmo, it does not necessarily represent the latest in battery technology development. Designed to supply just milliwatts of power, ideally for a period of several days, with a focus on light weight and

Diego Gas & Electric – to procure Big batteries, big business

collectively 1 325 MW of energy

Big batteries are expected to become

storage by 2020, with installation

big business. Just how big is indicated

by the end of 2024.

from a recent report by US-based analysis firm Navigant which concludes

 And in Fe bru bruary ary this year, AE S UK &

that annual revenue for the commercial

Ireland commissioned its Advancion

sustained low output, such technology is not necessarily ideal for most of today’s emerging battery applications. Professor David Greenwood at the University of Warwick in the UK, outlines the key market drivers: “Mobile energy for things like electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage for operating with the grid and the electrical distribution network. What those two growth sectors need is a bit different to the consumer electronics industry, which has driven battery development”.  This  Thi s is a point po int e cho choed ed by Phil Hare, management consultant with analysis

6

 Johnso n 48V li thium- ion bat tery for so -call ed mil d hybri d vehic les (Photo: (P hoto: Thomas Content, Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel)

 

FUN WITH CHEMISTRY 

storage array at Kilroot power station in Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland, which provides 10 MW of gridconnected energy storage. Globally,  AES owns o wns and ope rates 116 MW of of operational storage with a further 268 MW under construction or late stage development.

Evolving battery technology  New requirements for battery system performance characteristics may be emerging, but that does not necessarily indicate that lithium-ion or even older technologies like lead-acid are played out. Greenwood highlights the evolving nature of battery technologies: “You have this family of chemistries around lead and lead-acid. There is another

Underfloor battery compartment for electric vehicle

family of chemistries around nickel, the first of which was nickel-cadmium,

battery chemistries in more detail, the

ion batteries", and is also developing a

while nickel metal hydride is the more

influence that the physical structure of

range of publications related to this and

modern version and then you have got

the cell can have on performance is

to graphene-related applications.

a further family of chemistries which

also driving research into new materials

are around lithium and lithium-ion.

such as solid electrolytes or novel

 The re are many dif feren ferentt flavour fl avour s of

electrode structures.

lithium-ion, more than 40-odd; they

The search for life Lifespan is perhaps the major

are not all the same and they behave

Says Greenwood: “Typically the

challenge for any emerging battery

quite differently in places.”

amount of energy that is held inside

technology.

a battery cell is directly related to the He continues: “A lot of the new

amount of electrochemical material

“The basic reactions are reasonably

technologies that we are starting to

inside it, whereas the power that

well understood, but like anything,

look at are still lithium-based, but

you get out of that cell is determined

it is the things that that you didn’t

they're not working on transporting lithium ions, they're working on

effectively by the active surface area inside the cell over which those

want to happen that are harder to control. There are many degradation

different reactions”. Greenwood cites

reactions can take place”.

mechanisms that come into play; the

a number of promising chemistries,

active sites in the electrochemical

including lithium-air, lithium iron

Ideally then, highly porous materials

material effectively get clogged up

phosphate and nickel cobalt manganese.

are used which allow rapid reactions

with lithium deposits, or you can get

for high power and can simultaneously

problems with the electrochemical

Indeed, in March 2016, sodium-ion

pack in a large ratio of active material

materials fracturing and coming away,”

battery technology company Faradion

to support sustained reactions for

says Greenwood.

announced a partnership with WMG,

high energy density. Graphene and

University of Warwick and energy

other nanomaterials are showing

 This  Thi s de grad gradatio ation n pr oces s ha s a

storage specialists Moixa Technology

promise in this area. IEC TC 113:

significant impact on the size and

in a bid to commercialize this battery

Nanotechnology standardization for

mass of the current generation of

chemistry. By using highly abundant

electrical and electronic products and

battery technologies. In order to

sodium salts rather than lithium, sodium-ion cells are anticipated to be

systems is developing, for instance,  Technic al Speci S peci ficat fication ions s for "elec trod trode e

compensate for degradation over the eight or 10 years of an electric vehicle

30% cheaper to p roduce.

nanomaterial used in nano-enabled

(EV ) battery’s life, additional capacity

 Alongsi  Alo ngsi de e nde avour s to expl explore ore n ovel

energy storage devices such as lithium-

is required initially if the system

7

 

FUN WITH CHEMISTRY 

is to achieve design performance parameters after multiple charge and discharge cycles. Furthermore, as some of these degradation processes are accelerated at states of very high or low charge, ‘buffer’ capacity is typically designed into battery systems to enable required performance whilst maintaining the charge state between, say, 10% - 90%.  All this add adds s weight, wei ght, volu volume me a nd c ost. “A lot of the work that is going on around battery development nowadays is about really understanding those degradation modes, working out how to manage the battery in the best

Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery cutaway 

possible way so as to get the best out of it.”

have their own proprietary standards

“The different chemistries of batteries

that they are working to and that makes

are still waiting in the wings,” concludes

Crash diet

it incredibly difficult for users of those batteries to be able to standardize,”

Hare, “and interestingly, lithium-

One way battery performance may

says Greenwood, in particular

be improved is by reducing the

momentum behind them. We've already

noting pouch and prismatic types of

looked at lithium batteries, but the

construction.

prospect of tuning those to meet the

mass of ‘ancillary’ components. Says Greenwood: “For your typical

static applications is very intriguing.”

automotive battery at the moment, only

IEC TC 21 develops Standards for cell

about 40% of the mass of the battery

formats as part of its scope.

is the electrochemically active material,

Hare envisages the prospect of lowering costs significantly by focusing

the rest of it is all the support structure,

on static applications, rather than

the cooling structure, the control

The power of chemistry 

system, the electrical interconnects.”

Looking forward, Greenwood envisages a number of developments

“There’s a lot you can do to understand

ion batteries I think have a massive

over the coming decade or so. Within

how to better package that whole lot and get to a point where a great

the five-year horizon: “It is all about being able to use much better the

percentage of that battery pack is

chemistry that we have got around us,

the chemically-active material, which

to build electrode structures that give

is actually delivering on the primary

us the right mix of power and energy

purpose of the battery.”

and which give us the durability that we need”.

requirements for lightness and power density. He also posits another way to improve the lifetime performance of existing battery technology, using end-of-life EV batteries in static applications as well. With the per formance specifications on EV batteries so much higher than required for, say, an average domestic static application,

Industry standards have a clear role to play here, explains Greenwood:

Over the next 10 and more years: “That

such as a solar PV system, the residual

“The standards really come in when

is when you start looking at things like

performance of an ‘end-of-life’

we start to talk around applications for

lithium-air chemistries, which are still

EV battery could be sufficient for

energy storage, because many of the

very much at laboratory scale. Typically

many years.

sectors we have been talking about are

these are operating with quite short life

relatively new to using electrical energy

times at the moment. There is a lot of

“I think that's at an early stage, but

storage systems.”

development work left to understand

there's a definite thought about

how we get the very best out of those

that, and that's going to require all

Standard cell formats are one area of

chemistries and get them to a point

sorts of interesting questions about

interest for consumers: “Manufacturers

where they can all be industrialized”.

standardization.”

8

 

TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE

TC work underpins mobile and stationary stationar y energy storage Batteries are driving growth in mobile devices, e-mobility and stationary energy storage

Morand Fachot 

Li-ion (lithium-ion) chemistry, which

rechargeable sealed lead-acid star ter

In recent years consumers have

offers the key advantage of being

batteries, increasingly of the valve-

benefited from the introduction of

able to store large amounts of energy

regulated type (VRLA).

countless mobile and wearable IT and

in comparatively light, compact and

consumer electronics (CE ) devices

purpose-made packages. However,

International Standards for batteries

and systems. Meanwhile, public a nd

while these batteries may provide

used in automotive applications,

individual means of transportation

a reliable power supply, they can

including "for the propulsion of

everywhere are increasin gly relying on

no longer keep up with the growing

electric road vehicles" are developed

electric drives and storage for part or

demands placed on them in their

by IEC TC 21 and its Subcommittee

all of their propulsion systems. Large

current form.

(SC) 21 21A: A: Secondary cells and

stationary energy storage is another

batteries containing alkaline or other

area where batteries are playing a

non-acid electrolytes. New trends in automoti ve applications

 As c ar ma nufa ctur ers are striv s triv ing to

 Althoug  Alt houg h attenti at tenti on has h as been b een focu focusing sing

manufacture cars that will meet tighter

central to future advances in all

on storage for mobile applications for

emission laws in many countries and

energy storage domains.

a few years, trend in the automotive

regions from 2025-2030, some are now

sector are no less interesting.

prioritizing so-called 48 V mild hybrids

growing role. Standardization work by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21: Secondary cells and batteries, is

as an interim solution before achieving EVs rely extensively too on Li-ion

pure electrification of vehicles. Mild

Different applications, similar

batteries, but may use also nickel-

hybridization relies on lithium-ion

restricting issues

metal hydride batteries. As for vehicles

batteries and consists in adapting

 As I T and an d CE mob mobile ile a nd we arab le

powered by internal combustion

48 V devices and interconnects to

devices employ ever more advanced

engines (ICEs), they depend on

existing ICE powertrains.

processors, displays and audio systems and offer connectivity to an ever growing range of wireless networks and other devices, they are becoming more and more power hungry. Likewise, the wider adoption of full or hybrid electric drives in electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as hinging on the availability of more advanced batteries (and charging systems), which will allow them to overcome the limitations of range and charge they currently face.

Different chemistries for different applications  Today’s bat teri teries es fo r mobile mo bile applications are based mainly on

Electric superchargers used in 48 V mild hybrid vehicles cut emissions and fuel consumption (Photo: Valeo)

9

 

TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE

Solar photovoltaic energy systems, set up a Joint Working Group, JWG 82: Secondary cells and batteries for renewable energy storage.

Finding the right chemistry for the right use IEC TC 21 lists the key areas of battery standardization as starting, lighting, ignition (SLI) also named “starter” batteries, which supply electric energy to motor vehicles; automobile hybrid/  electric vehicle cells; traction batteries; and the stationary batteries of the  VRL A type. t ype. IEC TC 21 has broadened its scope to include technology and chemistry for flow batteries, which are starting to be deployed in the market and, as 8 MW Li-ion battery grid storage system in New York State (Photo: AES Corporation)

such need internation international al standardization regarding performance, performance tests and safety.

technolo nolo gy has h as a lread y be en  This tech

capacity must be available to respond

tested for a number of years and offers,

rapidly. If demand cannot be met, the

Flow batteries are rechargeable

among many others, the following

stability and quality of the power supply

batteries in which electroactive

benefits, according to IDTechEx

suffer and may result in brownouts or

chemical components dissolved in

Research and manufacturers' data.

worse. To balance demand and supply

liquids (electrolytes) stored externally

additional generation a certain amount

in tanks and pumped through a

CO2 emissions reduced by

of storage may also be necessary.

membrane convert chemical energy

10-20%, 10-2 0%, d epending on test cycles

It currently mainly takes the form of

into electricity.

cheaper (50-70%) than full hybrids,

pumped hydro, which makes up the

according to automotive equipment

bulk of electricity storage.

• •

manufacturer Valeo •

 To develop devel op S tan tandard dard s for flow bat batteri teries es that cover safety, performances,

unlike existing 12 V and 24 24 V

 Adva nced bat batteri teries es a re se t to play a

installation, terminology and other

vehicles, they can accept charging

major role in the future global electrical

necessary requirements, IEC TC 21 set

from regenerative braking and

up JWG 17: Flow battery systems

other regeneration (thermoelectric,

energy storage landscape and in grid management, in particular as the share

exhaust heat, suspension, etc.); and

of Renewable Energies (REs) grows.

IEC TC 105: Fuel cell technologies,

they can drive the wheels electrically and provide additional power

for stationary applications, with as flow batteries and fuel cells share

 A new gen generati erati on of adva nced safe,

certain characteris characteristics. tics.

low-cost and efficient enough batteries to allow for storage on the grid has

IEC TC 21 was cre ated in 1931 and

Stationary applications

paved the way to the first instances

currently brings together 25 participating

matter too

of large-scale energy storage for the

countries and 17 Member countries.

Batteries are not just central to mobile

electric distribution network. The next-

 Around  Aro und 215 expe rts are a ctiv ctive e in its

and automotive applications, but

generation advanced batteries include

standardization work.

increasingly also to stationary energy

Li-ion, sodium metal halide, NaS

storage.

(sodium sulphur), advanced lead-acid

In view of the fast expanding energy

and flow batteries.

storage needs from mobile, e-mobility

Electricity being consumed as it is produced there must be suf ficient

 To prepa re Intern In ternatio ational nal Sta ndar ds

and stationary applications, IEC TC 21 and IEC SC 21A are unlikely

supply to meet variations in demand.

for rechargeable batteries used in RE

to see any reduction in their workload

 At times ti mes of pe ak d eman d ex tra

storage, IEC TC 21 and IEC TC 82:

in the foreseeable future.

10

 

TACKLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START

Tackling energy efficiency from the start Better energy efficiency is central to our future energy supply and to sustain growth

Morand Fachot  Energy Efficiency represents the

to the introduction of more energy efficient equipment and systems in

other renewable sources. Modern hydro turbines can convert 90% of 

biggest source of untapped ener gy in

industry,, buildings, transport and industry

all available energy into electricity.

the world and, by helping slowing down

consumer goods.

final energy consumption, one of the

IEC TC 4, established in 1913,

main contributors in the reduction of

develops International Standards for

noxious gases emissions. I mproved electrical Energy Efficie ncy is made possible by standardization work performed by many IEC Technical Committees (TCs) and starts with electricity generation, distribution and storage.

Covering all areas Energy intensity, the measure of energy consumption per unit of

Generation first…

hydraulic turbines. IEC TC 4 develops

EEE starts with energy generation,

and maintains publications that assess

the conversion of primary energy

the “hydraulic performance of

(from hydropower, fossil fuels, nuclear,

hydraulic turbines, storage pumps

renewables, such as wind, solar, marine

and pump-turbines.” Hydropower

or geothermal sources) into electricit y.

installations are robust and reliable but they need rehabilitation after 30

Hydropower was the first source of

to 50 years of operation. IEC TC 4

electricity, it represents now some 15% of electricity production in OECD

works on a new edition of a Standard that deals with the various options

countries, which is 75% more than

to increase power and efficiency in

the share of electricity generated by

rehabilitation projects.

gross domestic product (GDP), can be an imperfect indicator [1] of energy efficiency in general. In recent years, despite relatively low energy prices, energy intensity has improved greatly, contributing significantly to a slowdown in energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2 in particular.

“Increasing mandatory Energy Efficiency regulation, which now covers 30% of global final energy use, played a key role in moderating the effect of low energy prices on energy use,” according to an International Energy Agency (IEA) report. The report indicates that some 1,5 billion tonnes (GtCO2) of GHG were not released in 2015 and 13 GtCO2 cumulatively since 2000, thanks to Energy Efficiency (EE). Electrical Energy Efficiency (EEE), which is central to overall energy efficiency,, ranges from electricity efficiency generation, improved electricity distribution and storage infrastructure,

PS10 CSP Power Plant near Seville (Spain)

11

 

TACKLING TACK LING ENERGY E FFICIENCY FROM THE START

Burning fossil fuels – coal or oil – in

more EE systems and in improving the

new technologies and systems or

thermal power plants is the second

EE of existing ones. These TCs include:

improving existing ones.

•

IEC TC 82: Solar photovoltaic

Electrical energy produced by power

fossil fuels was 67% in 2014, according

energy systems, which develops

plants in medium (MV 20 000 V ) or low

to the IEA. A significant amount

also International Standards

(LV 1 000 V ) voltage is elevated to HV

of primary energy is wasted in the

for various measurements and

(up to 400 kV) by a step-up substation

conversion of fossil fuels into electricity

performance parameters of PV

before being transmitted across long

in thermal plants (up to 60- 65%). One way of reducing waste is

devices. IEC TC 88: Wind energy generation

distances by high-tension power lines.  A ste p-d own s tati tation on c onver ts HV H V to

to recover waste heat in generate in

systems, prepares, for instance,

MV to transport it to feed MV or LV

cogeneration Combined Heat

Internationall Standards “for power Internationa

transformers for use by households,

Power (CHP) installations to use in

performance measurements of

factories, commercial buildings, etc.

industry or for urban heating systems.

electricity producing wind turbines”.

 The effi cien ciency cy of larg e tra nsfo nsforme rme rs in in

In wind power generatio n,

step-up and step-down substations

 The rmal powe r plants pl ants use stea m

drivetrain, voltage optimization, use

is very high and can reach 99% . The

turbines to convert heat and steam

of high voltage direct current ( HVDC

efficiency of MV and LV transformers

into power. International Standards for

– IEC TC 115) and advanced

may range between 90% and 98%.

steam turbines, which are used also

control systems (IEC TC 57)

IEC TC 14 develops International

in nuclear power plants, geothermal

contribute to EEE.

Standards for power transformers.

oldest form of generating electricity.  The shar e of elec tric ity gen generate erate d fr om

•

•

installations,, solar thermal electric and installations

•

IEC TC TC 114: Marine energy – Wave,

CHP plants are developed by IEC TC 5.

tidal and other water current

Losses in cables are higher than in

IEC TC 2: Rotating machinery, develops

converters, is a recent IEC TC, but the potential of harnessing marine

transformers, but EE is improving there as well. IEC TC 20 develops

International Standards for rotating

energy is very promising. Much

and maintains Internationa Internationall standards

electrical machines, including motors,

of the work of this TC focuses on

for electric cables and incorporates

used, for instance in “generators driven

power performance assessment of

improved efficiency and durability in

by steam turbines or combustion gas

these converters.

its maintenance procedure. Ultra high

IEC TC 117: Solar thermal electric

voltage (HUV) distribution of both DC

plants, also covers a fairly recent

and alternating current (AC) is seen

area, which is fast expanding and

as allowing the EE transmission of

showinga significant potential.

power generated by renewable energy

turbines”. This work includes aspects aimed at improving the EE of motors. Renewable sources are set to play

•

a central role in Electrical Energy

sources in sites far away from the main

Efficiency (EEE) effor ts, by reducing

load centres, e.g. in offshore wind

the share of fossil fuels. All IEC

…followed by distribution

farms, large hydro power plants or

 TCs involve in volve d in rene wabl wable e source so urce s

Electricity distribution is also an area

large solar installations in deserts with

installations work on developing new

where EE is addressed by developing

acceptably low transmission losses.

Upper and lower basin of Limberg II pumped storage plant, Austria (Photo: Voith)

12

 

TACKLING TACK LING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START

Standards for all types of batteries used in energy storage, including stationary (lead-acid, lithium-ion and NiCad/NiMH) batteries and flow batteries. •

IEC TC 120: Electrica l Energy Storage (EES) Systems, develops International Standards in the fi eld of grid integrated EES Systems, focusing on system aspects rather than energy storage.

Into the future… In many countries, electricity grids were designed based on technology that was modern more than 100 years ago. Standardization work by several IEC  TCs makes m akes it p oss ossible ible to update up date the se legacy systems in order to transform them in “Smart Grids” Grids”.. This is essential Cutaway of Siemens SST-500 GEO steam turbine for geothermal power plants (Photo: Siemens)

to reduce distribution losses and identify energy efficiency oppor tunities.  This  Thi s me ans u pda ting the a gei geing ng

International al Standards for HV and Internation

plentiful (excess electricity from

infrastructure to allow the integration

UHV transmission systems for DC and

wind or solar power installations)

of intermittent Renewable Energy

 AC are bei being ng develo d evelo ped by IE C TC 115

and released downhill to generate

sources, ensure the security of supply

and IEC TC 122, respect ively.

electricity, when needed. It is

and increase in energy use.

highly efficient (80% or more). IEC

Storing electricity for later use Energy storage is an important component of EE projects. It helps reduce transmission losses and help balance power from intermittent RE sources. By allowing electricity to be stored for later use it can eliminate

 TC 4, p repa res also Inte rnat rnationa iona l

[1] “For instance, a small service-based

Standards for “storage pumps and

country with a mild climate would have

pump-turbines”.

a lower intensity than a large industrybased country in a cold climate, even if

•

IEC TC 21: Seconda ry cells and

energy was used more efficiently in the

batteries, prepares International

latter country.” country.” ( IEA)

the need for the expensive ( and polluting) use of generators and idling power plants. It is also an essential ingredient in so-called microgrids and off-grid rural electrification electrification.. Energy storage International Standards for electricity storage systems are developed by: •

IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbine s. Hydropower, in addition to generating electricity, makes up some 90% of installed storage capacity worldwide, in the form of pumped storage hydro (PSH) installations In PSH water is pumped in a reservoir uphill when electricity is cheap and

Transformer 

13

 

SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

Smart Cities to boost energy efficiency  A wide wi de rang range e of techn technolog ologies ies will hel help p cities ci ties optimi optimize ze energy en ergy use Peter Feuilherade

sectors like energy, lighting, transport

 A re por t pu blis hed in Oc tobe r 2016 by

In hundreds of Smart City projects

and water management.

the International Renewable Energy  Age ncy ( IREN IRENA) A) noted that citi es

around the world, governments, municipalities and private stakeholders

Separate market studies in 2016 by

account for 65% of global energy

are investing in Smart Grids, open data

consultancy firms Technavio and Frost

use and 70% of man-made carbon

platforms and networked transport

& Sullivan estimate that the overall

emissions. This makes optimizing

systems to meet the challenges

value of the global Smart Cities market

energy consumption a fundamental

of environmental sustainabilit y,

will grow to between USD 1 400-1 500

objective of a Smart City.

population growth and urbanization.  urbanization. 

billion in 2020. Asia-Pacific and Europe are expected to dominate the market

IRENA’s director-general Adnan Z.

because of government initiatives to

 Amin  Ami n be lieve s that th at re newab le so urce s

accelerate Smart City development.

can meet most of the energy needs of

Smart Cities drivers

commercial and residential buildings

 The cont continui inui ng in flux of peop p eople le to

in cities “either in a centralized

cities, especially in Asia, Africa and

IEC Standards promote integration

way (i.e. delivering renewables

Latin America, is predicted to add

Electricity and electronics are

sourced elsewhere to buildings via

2,5 billion people to the world’s urban population by 2050.

indispensable for the operation of the myriad interconnected services in

energy distribution networks) or in a decentralized way (i.e. through solar

Smart Cities and buildings.

thermal collectors and solar PV panels located at the site where energy is

 The prim ar y dr iver s of Sma rt Citi es a re

needed)”.

operational efficiency, cost reduction

Many IEC Technical Committees (TCs)

and environmental sustainability. Smart

and Subcommittees (SCs) coordinate

technologies have been most evident in

on the development of International

Energy research analysts at Technavio

Standards for the broad range of

have identified the top three trends

electrotechnical electrotech nical systems, equipment

driving the global energy-efficient

and applications used to build and

building market as increased

maintain Smart Cities and smart

government support and investment investments, s,

buildings, with an emphasis on safety

rising energy prices and reductions in

and interoperability.

emission levels of greenhouse gases.

 The IEC W hite Pape r, Orchestrating

 The IEC S yste ms Comm C ommitt ittee ee on Smar t

 infr astru ctur e for sust sustaina aina ble Sma rt

Energy (SyC Smart Energy) aims to

Cities, stresses that cities can

create one international platform for a

only achieve economic, social and

comprehensive portfolio of efficient and

environmental sustainability by

easy-to-use Standards that can

integrating their infrastructures and

be used by any project working on

services to improve urban efficiencies.

smart energy. The work of SyC Smart Energy includes wide

 The re ar e hun dred s of IEC I nter natio nal

consultation within the IEC community

Standards that enable the integration

and a broader group of external

of smart solutions for energy, buildings

stakeholders, in the areas of smart

and homes, lighting and mobility.

energy and Smart Grid, also including heat and gas.

Dusk to dawn sensor (Photo: CCTV Wholesales)

14

Optimizing energy consumption

IEC TC 8: Systems aspects for

One of the key drivers for integrating systems and making buildings more

electrical energy supply, prepares and coordinates, in cooperation with

intelligent is the energy savings that

other IEC TCs, the development of

can be achieved.

International Standards in these areas.

 

SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

Standards for components used in a variety of sensors.

Microgrids  A ne w ge nera tion of low-ca lo w-ca rbo rbon n microgrids is changing the ways in which densely populated cities design and operate utility systems using the concept of locally generated and consumed energy. Microgrids allow predictive maintenance and are particularly promising for ensuring resilience in the energy demands of cities. “Coupled with rapid declines in the cost of emissions-free Renewable Energy technology such as wind and solar photovoltaic, recent drops in the cost of advanced stationary battery storage technology have altered the technological make-up of microgrids dramatically,” in the view of the Microgrid Media website. Vertical axis wind turbines can be installed i n cities on top of office and commercial  buil din gs (P hoto: DARco DA Rco rpo rati on)

 Another  Ano ther sig signific nific ant facto factorr be hind the growth in Renewable Energy

IEC SC 8A prepares International

and distributed energy production.

Standards for the grid integration of

Proper energy management requires

large-capacity Renewable Energy

accurate metering. Multi-function,

sources.

communicating smart meters that measurement energy exported and

microgrids is the global drive to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas emissions.  Transpa rency Mark Market et Re sear ch forecasts that by 2020 the microgrid market worldwide will be worth more than USD 35 billion.

IEC TC 57: Power systems

imported, demand and power

management and associated

quality, and management of load,

information exchange, deals with

local generation, customer information

communications between the equipment and systems in the

and other value-added functions are essential when creating Smart Grids

electrical power industry, a central

to coordinate supply and demand.

element of smart buildings, cities

IEC TC 13: Electrical energy

and mobile devices which are able to

and grid projects.

measurement and control, develops

generate data and communicate and

Internationall Standards for such Internationa

share that data with one another. The

Internationall Standards d eveloped Internationa

meters, in liaison with other IEC TCs

spread of IoT-related technologies

by IEC TC 82: Solar photovoltaic (PV)

such as TC 8 and TC 57. 57.

including low-cost sensors and

energy systems, and IEC TC 88: Wind

Internet of Things  The Inter net of Thing T hing s ( IoT) i s the network of interconnected objects or devices embedded with sensors

high-speed networking will accelerate

turbines, (IEC 61400 series) are also

 Another  Anot her key co mpo nent is the t he us e of

the adoption rate of Smart City

central to smart energy.

smart energy sensors with multiple

solutions over the next few years. IT

functions to collect and share data for

research and analysis firm Gartner

In Smart Cities, both residential and

predictive analytics. These data can

estimates that almost 10 billion

commercial buildings are more effi cient

be used to detect and predict energy

connected devices will be in use in

and use less energy. The consumption of energy is analyzed, data are

needs and provide valuable insights during times of peak demand.

Smart Cities around the globe by 2020.

collected and power production is

IEC SC 47E: Discrete semiconductor

 A ma jor featu f eature re of a Smart Sm art Cit y is the

optimized through different sources

devices, prepares International

analysis and use of data collected by

15

 

SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

“In practice this will involve collecting various data, such as temperature, humidity, luminance, and occupancy via wireless sensors. The soft ware then learns to optimize heating and ventilation ventilati on so that user comfort is satisfied but energy consumption is minimized,” according to the University of Salford in the UK, which is taking part in the three-year Europe-wide project.  As self-l s elf-l earn ing buil ding s be com come e more mo re widespread, technologically advanced buildings will be able to communicate electronically with each other to ensure that energy consumption is balanced.

The next generation  The next gen generat eration ion of o f Sm art Citi es will benefit from innovative ways to integrate Renewable Energy and Siemens flush-mount sensors (Siemens press photo)

energy-efficient and intelligent building technologies.

IoT devices and sensors to improve

different vendors and across varied

Researchers at the University of

infrastructure, public utilities and

applications, in order to unleash the

California Los Angeles (UCLA) have

services, as well as for predictive

full potent ial of the IoT IoT..

developed transparent solar panels

analytics. In Malaga and Madrid, for

that can be mounted on the windows

example, environmental sensors fitted

 As the t he IoT I oT expands, expan ds, so does d oes the n eed

of buildings in order to capture more

to bicycles and post car ts monitor air

for robust cybersecurity protection

sunlight than traditional roof-mounted

pollution, uploading data to a publicly-

against malicious attacks on IoT-

panels.

accessible web portal. And London

connected devices, applications and

is just one of many cities trying to

networks. This was demonstrated

 Another  Anot her inno innovatio vatio n is a small, sm all, ultr a-

alleviate urban traffic congestion by

in October 2016 when hackers used

light wind turbine built into a building

enabling drivers to quickly locate

software connected to tens of millions

or other urban structure. These are

parking spaces and pay for them via

of commonly-used devices like

already in use or undergoing trials

smartphone apps, without having to

webcams to launch a Distributed

around the world, from the Eiffel Tower

carry cash.

Denial of Service attack (DDoS) in

in Paris to Bahrain’s World Trade

the US which blocked some of the

Centre and the Pearl River Tower in

Intelligent lighting, too, can serve

world’s most popular websites for

Guangzhou, China.

as enabling technology for a range

several hours. The IEC is developing

of IoT uses beyond illumination,

Standards and working on

 The fall falling ing cost costs s of sens ors, cont controll rollers ers

as manufacturers embed video

conformity assessment related to

and gateways will see the IoT gain

cameras, acoustic sensors and data

cybersecurity.

further traction in the smar t buildings

communications capabilities into LED

market, especially among owners of

fixtures and bulbs.

small and medium-sized buildings. Self-learning buildings

 The IEC Whit White e Pap er e ntit ntitled led

 A Euro pea n consor co nsor tium is d evelo evelopin ping g

In these and many associated areas,

Internet of Things: Wireless Sensor

ways to enable self-learning buildings

the work of the IEC on standardization

Networks surveys the role of wireless

to use wireless sensor technology

and conformity assessment as

sensor networks in the evolution of the IoT. It also highlights the need for

and data mining methods to increase their energy efficiency over time

a fundamental principle in the development of future Smart Cit y

Standards to achieve interoperability

by anticipating and meeting their

technology is set to play a

among wireless sensor networks from

occupants’ needs.

central role.

16

 

SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY ISSUE EFFICIENCY  FOCUS

Photovoltaic (PV) modules (Photo: Courtesy of DuPont)

17

 

 ABOU T T HE I EC

 About  Ab out the IEC headquartered uartered  The IEC, headq Switzerland, organization

is

the that

in Geneva,

world’s leading prepares and

publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as “electrotechnology”.

171 countries | 84 members | 87 affiliates IEC Standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances

and

office

equipment,

 

semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, flat panel displays and solar energy, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the

environment,

electrical

99.1% of world population | 99.2% of electrity generation

energy

 

efficiency and renewable energies.  The IEC also admini administers sters inter natio national nal Conformity Assessment Systems in the areas

of

electrotechnical

equipment

testing and certification (IECEE), quality of and

electronic

components,

processes

(IECQ),

materials

certification

of equipment operated in explosive atmospheres

(IECEx),

as

well

as

Renewable Energy systems (IECRE).  The

IEC

electrical

has

served

industry

213 21 3 technical committees and subcommittees 1 500 working groups More than 9 200 International Standards S tandards in catalogue catalogue

the

world’’s world

4 global Conformity Assessment Systems Systems

since

1906,

>1 million million conformity assessment asses sment certificates issued

developing International Standards to promote quality, safety, performance, reproducibility

and

environmental

compatibility of materials, products and systems.

100

 The IEC family, which now compri comprises ses 171 countries, includes all the world’s major trading nations. This membership collectively represents about 99.1% of the world’s population and 99.2% of the world’s electrical generating capacity.

18

More than 100 years of expertise

 

 

FURTHER INFORMA INFORMATION TION

Further information Please Pl ease

visit

the

IEC

website

at

 Asia Pacific

IEC Conformity Assessment Systems

www.iec.ch for further information. In the “About the IEC” section, you

IEC-APRC − Asia-Pacific

—

can contact your local IEC National

Regional Centre

IECEE / IECRE

Committee

2 Bukit Merah Central #15-04/05

c/o IEC − International Electrotechnical

Singapore 159835

Commission

directly.

Alternatively,

please contact the IEC Central Office in Geneva, Switzerland or the nearest IEC Regional Centre.

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