Final Report Project Code 2011SF06
Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Suitable for Cultivation and Inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes for the State of Uttrakhand Submitted to State Medicinal Plants Board (SMPB) Uttarakhand, Dehradun
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Principal Investigator Dr. Syed Arif Wali
Project Team Mr. Anirban Ganguly, Mr.Siddharth Edake, Mr. B.S. Negi, Dr. G. R. Gargya, Mr. Bhupal Singh, Ms. Arpna Arora
Photo credit Cover Page: Chamomile, Mint, Lemon Grass, Sarpagandha, Satawari, Kutki Shri. S.K.Singh, CCF (Research), Haldwani Damask Rose Mr. Nirpendra Chauhan, Centre for Aromatic Plants, Uttrakhand Atees, Tagar, Kuth Dr. Umeshkumar Tiwari- FRLHT, Bangalore
*Credit for inside photos: Mentioned in each respective photograph
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2013
For more information Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
Dr Syed Arif Wali, Fellow TERI, Darbari Seth Block
E-mail
[email protected]
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road
Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
New Delhi – 110 003
Web www.teriin.org
India
India +91 • Delhi (0)11
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ v Abbreviation and Acronyms .....................................................................................................vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................................. 1 Tasks ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology.................................................................................................................................. 1 Review of secondary information ........................................................................................ 2 Develop criteria for prioritization of MAPs........................................................................ 2 Market survey ......................................................................................................................... 3 Validation in the field ............................................................................................................ 4 Expert Consultation ............................................................................................................... 6 Economic analysis ................................................................................................................ 13 Approach ............................................................................................................................... 14 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 14 Findings of the study .................................................................................................................. 14 Review of secondary information ...................................................................................... 14 Market Survey Analysis and prioritization of species .................................................... 17 List of MAPs selected for cultivation and afforestation/agroforestry ........................... 22 Economic analysis ................................................................................................................ 39 Sources of supply.................................................................................................................. 41 Training workshop ............................................................................................................... 41 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 41 Suggestions for promoting cultivation .................................................................................... 42 Overall Limitations of MAPs Sector ......................................................................................... 44 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................................. 45 Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 45 Way Forward ............................................................................................................................... 45 Suggested roadmap and time frame to achieve the objectives of the study....................... 47 References .................................................................................................................................... 47 Annexure 1 Survey format to collect information on plant materials / extracts used by traders/ suppliers/ Industries using plant based raw materials in their establishment ................................................................................................................................................. 51 Annexure 2 Study format for collecting information from cultivators of MAPs ............... 55 Annexure 3 List of industries contacted for the market survey ........................................... 63 Annexure 4 List of traders/ suppliers contacted for the market survey ............................ 71 Annexure 5 Survyed farmers cultivating MAP in Uttara Khand State ............................... 75
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Annexure 6 Market Demand (MT) of Medicinal and Aromatic herbs, tree, shrub and climber species .................................................................................................................................... 79 Annexure 8: Details of various Aromatic Plants Economics obtained from CAP (Centre for Aromatic Plant), Selaqui, Dehradun .................................................................................. 86 Annexure 9: Details of various Aromatic Plants Economics obtained from FFDC (Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre), Kannauj. .................................................................. 87 Annexure 10 a: Demask Rose Economics obtained from IHBT, Palampur (Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur), Himachal Pradesh. ......................... 89 Annexure 10 b: BCR of some important plant as per the details obtained from CAP, Selaqui, Dehradun ............................................................................................................................... 89 Annexure 11: Yield per hectare of MAPs Species................................................................... 91 Annexure 12: Cost of Cultivation of MAPs Species ............................................................... 93 Annexure 14: Selected MAPs and Subsidy provided by State and Central Government for Cultivation ............................................................................................................................. 99 Annexure 15: Consultation meetings with experts .............................................................. 101 Annexure 16: Field Interactions with Traders and Farmers ............................................... 107 Annexure 17: Farms Fields of selected medicinal and aromatic Plant Species ................ 115
List of Tables Table 1 Stakeholders for the market survey and the locations of the survey ....................... 3 Table 2 List of villages selected for primary survey in Garhwal region ............................... 5 Table 3 List of villages selected for primary survey in Kumaon region ............................... 6 Table 4 List of Experts consulted for identification of MAP‟s ................................................ 7 Table 5 List of 26 Prioritized species for cultivation in Uttrakhand state by Govt. of Uttrakhand ............................................................................................................................ 16 Table 6 List of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Species submitted to experts ..................... 18 Table 7 Experts Recommendation for Cultivation ................................................................. 23 Table 8 Selected species for cultivation on the basis of different criteria ............................ 26 Table 9 Different expert‟s recommendation for Afforestation/Agroforestry .................... 29 Table 10 Selected Medicinal Plants for Afforestation/Agroforestry .................................. 31 Table 11 List of plants which shows the potential for cultivation ....................................... 33 Table 12 List of plants which shows the potential for Afforestation /Agroforestry ......... 35 Table 13 Ecological Zone wise recommended and potential species of MAPs .................. 37 Table 14 Economic Analysis of selected Medicinal Herbs for cultivation .......................... 40 Figure 2 Benefit cost ratio of the Medicinal plant species ..................................................... 40 Table 15 Economic Analysis of selected Aromatic Herbs for cultivation ........................... 40 Table 16 Selected 10 Species for manual Preparation as per TOR ....................................... 45 Table 17 Suggested 5 species for manual preparation by Review committee ................... 46
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Acknowledgments We are thankful to the project authorities of Uttrakhand State Medicinal Plant Board (SMPB) for awarding us the consultancy for Identification of MAPs suitable for cultivation and inclusion in afforestation and income generation programme. We are particularly grateful to Mr. R. C. Sharma, Chief Executive Officer, SMPB, Uttarakhand and Dr.Rakesh Shah (IFS), Chairman, State Biodiversity Board, Uttrakhand for their continuous support during the conduct of this study. We thank Dr. R. B. S. Rawat, PCCF, and Uttarakhand Forest department for providing valuable suggestions throughout the study. We thank Dr. S. Farooq, President, Himalaya Drug Company, Dehradun, Dr. S. K. Patra, President and CEO, Mr.Pratesh Panwar, Production Manager, Mr. K.K. Mishra, Senior Manager, PatanjaliAyurved Ltd, Haridwar, Dr. Baba, CEO, Dabur India Limited, New Delhi, Dr.Asad Mueed, Director, Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories, New Delhi, Dr.Sudhakar Agarwal, Director, EnvinBioceuticalsPvt. Ltd, Saharanpur, Dr.Amit Agarwal, Director, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd; Bangalore We are extremely grateful to Mr. N.S. Chauhan, Scientist In charge, CAP, Selaqui, Dr. R.K. Srivastava, Head, Biotech and IPFC, FFDC, Kannauj, Dr. A.K. Singh, CIMAP, Lucknow, Dr. S.K. Chandola (IFS), Managing Director, Uttarakhand Forest Development Cooperation, Dehradun, Sh. S.K Singh (IFS), CCF (Research), Haldwani, Dr. H.B. Naithani, Scientist (Retd.), FRI, Dehradun, Dr. A.K. Badoni, Secretary, and Dr. Kiran Badoni, Society for Himalayan Environmental Research, Dehradun, Dr. Bupendra Singh Adhikari, Scientist E, WII, Dehradun, Dr. M.C. Nautiyal, Head, High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, Srinagar, Dr. Vijay Prasad Bhatt, Scientist, HRDI, Gopeshwar, Uttrakhand, Dr R.P. Kala, Rtd DFO, Dehradun, Dr. R.R. Rao, CSIR Emeritus Scientist for shortlisting the prioritized species for Uttrakhand. We are extremely thankful to Experts from FRLHT, Balgalore, Dr. D. K. Ved, (IFS) Advisor, Dr. Abdul Kareem, Assistant Director, FRLHT and National Project Manager, UNDP-GEF Project, Govt of India, Dr.Vanugopalan Nair, Assistant Director, Dr.Umeshkumar Tiwari, Senior Research Fellow, Dr. K. Ravi Kumar, Assistant Director for their unstinting support in providing overall guidance and suggestions from time to time. We also would like to thank Dr. J.S. Rawat, IUCN, New Delhi, Country Head and Former Director HRDI, Dr. A. K. Panday, Scientist F and Head NWFP Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI), Jabalpur, Dr Promode Kant, Former Addl. PCCF and Director, Institute of Green Economy, New Delhi, Prof. Mohd. Anis, Chairman Department of Botany, AMU, Aligarh, Prof. Wazahat Husain, (Plant Taxonomist), AMU, Aligarh Dr. Ramesh Chandra Uniyal, Project Consultant, for their expert advice for selecting MAPs and kind cooperation throughout the study. We are obliged to Mr. M.M Joshi, Distinguished Fellow, TERI, New Delhi, Mr. A.S. Negi, Former Addl. PCCF, Uttarakhand, Chief Wild Life Warden and presently Consultant of TERI, Mr Arvind Rana, Field Manager, TERI Mukteshwar and Mr. Narayan Singh, Project Manager, TERI Mukteshwar for their technical inputs during the conduct of the study as well as for providing valuable comments and suggestions during the review of the report. We extend our thanks to the Mr. M. S. Gusain, Project Coordinator and Dr. Pankaj Shukla, Finance Officer, SMPB in providing continuous support v
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
We are indebted to all the industrialists, traders and growers for their valuable inputs and their active participation during interaction. Special thanks are due to Dr. Prodipto Ghosh (IAS), Director, Earth Science and Climate Change, TERI for his support and encouragement.
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Abbreviation and Acronyms Abbreviation and Acronyms
Description
A
Ayurveda
AYUSH
Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India (Formerly Department of ISM &H)
B
Beverages
BCR
Benefit Cost Ratio
C
Cosmetics
CAMP
Conservation Assessment and Management Prioritization
CAP
Centre for Aromatic Plants, Selaqui, Dehradun
CERPA
Centre for Research, Planning & Action, New Delhi
CIMAP
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
CR
Critically Endangered
Cu
Culinary
EN
Endangered
F
Folk
FFDC
Fragrance and Flavor Development Centre, Kannauj
FRI
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
FRLHT
Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition, Bengaluru
FS
Food Supplements
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GIZ
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Society for International Cooperation)
GoI
Govt of India
H
Homoeopathy
hac
Hectare vii
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Abbreviation and Acronyms
Description
HAPPRC
High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University
HD
High Demand
HRDI
Herbal Research Development Institute, Gopeshwar
IHBT
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature, New Delhi
I-AIM
Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine, Bengaluru
Kg
Kilogram
LD
Low Demand
lit
liter
MAPs
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MD
Moderate Demand
MOEF
Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi
MoRD
Ministry of Rural Development
MT
Metric Tonnes
NAEB
National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board
NMPB
National Medicinal Plant Board, New Delhi
NT
Near Threatened
NWFP
Non Wood Forest Produce
O
Oils
P
Perfumery
Ph
Pharmaceutical
QPM
Quality Planting Material
R&D
Research and Development
RL
Red List
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Abbreviation and Acronyms
Description
S
Siddha
SMPB
State Medicinal Plant Board, Uttrakhand
T
Tibetan
TERI
The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
TFRI
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
U
Unani
UFDC
Uttrakhand Forest Development Corporation
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi
VU
Vulnerable
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes Introduction The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has been awarded a project titled „Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) suitable for cultivation and inclusion in afforestation and income generation programmes of NAEB, MoRD and state agencies‟. The project is a component of the GoI, UNDP-GEF Project “Mainstreaming conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant diversity in three Indian states”. The UNDP-GEF project is implemented in the state of Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The project aims to mainstream long-term conservation, sustainable and equitable use of medicinal plant diversity into forest management policy and practice at the national, state and local level. TERI has been awarded the component, “Identification of MAPs suitable for cultivation and inclusion in afforestation and income generating programmes for the state of Uttarakhand.”
Objectives of the study The objectives of the study awarded to TERI was to identify approximately 5-6 species each of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) suitable for cultivation & inclusion in afforestation programmes and income generation programmes. The overall goal of study was to identify MAPs suitable to be promoted on a large scale for cultivation and afforestation programmes to augment livelihood of the communities.
Tasks The tasks assigned to TERI were as follows: 1. Develop criteria for prioritization of MAPs for cultivation and afforestation programs. 2. Prepare state-wise priority lists of potential species for cultivation and afforestation from primary and secondary sources (5-6 species of medicinal plants and 5-6 species of aromatic plants) for commercial cultivation for the state, based on market study and comparative returns to the growers of the state in different geographical zones (alpine, temperate and sub-tropical) of Uttarakhand. 3. Validate and finalise the priority lists through field/market surveys. 4. Collate from published sources cultivation/ plantation packages in respect of selected species, and bring out available packages in the form of a manual. 5. Training of concerned staff/ farmer groups.
Methodology The step-wise methodology that was adopted to conduct the study is discussed in detail as given below: 1
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Review of secondary information The foremost step followed for conducting the assignment was review and analysis of secondary information. For this, published and unpublished literatures available in the public domain viz. documents of client, scientific papers, articles, reports, books etc. were reviewed. Review of studies of similar nature carried out by different researchers was also done. Information on market analysis and comparative return to growers in the different regions of Uttarakhand was reviewed and analysed. This along with primary data collected from the field formed an important data source for conducting the economic analysis. In Uttarakhand, lot of organization and institutes are working on medicinal and aromatic plants. Some of them are well known for this sector. During our study, we have contacted these institutes and collected their published information. All the information is being used in this report.
Develop criteria for prioritization of MAPs There were lot of discussion and arguments to select the criteria for prioritization of MAP‟s. Every criterion has its merits and limitations. After long discussion the broad criteria that were adopted to identify the prioritized list of MAPs suitable for cultivation and afforestation for the state of Uttarakhand were:
Profitability factor
Availability of planting material
Agro technology (published, reliable and tested)
Market demand /supply position and future projections
Scope for value addition / processing
Farmers acceptability
Utilization range (single or multisector)
History of cultivation
Crop suitability to State (in terms of agro-climatic conditions)
Apart from above we also considered factors like:
Conservation status & Ecological factors
Technical support available in concerned organisations
Level of ease for cultivation and shelf life of produce
Infrastructure for producing planting material
Price fluctuation pattern
Yield and gestation period
Cost of cultivation
Government subsidy (Vetted by SMPB and NMPB)
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Market survey A market survey was conducted to determine the MAPs traded and were of trade importance for the state. For the purpose of the study two level market surveys were conducted
Regional market survey and
National market survey
The regional market survey was conducted in the regional mandis (markets) at Rishikesh, Tanakpur, Ramnagar as well as Dehradun and Haridwar. Khari Baoli at Delhi was selected as a representative site for the national level trading centre for raw MAPs.
Selection of traders/ suppliers/ industries using plant based raw materials The following documents were referred for shortlisting the traders/suppliers and industries for the market survey.
List of Growers, Manufacturers, Exporters and Traders provided by the Uttarakhand Medicinal Plant Board (SMPB)
HRDI Farmers Bulletin Booklet titled „Herbal Uttaranchal: Present market Scenario‟ dated 2007.
List of Ayurveda/ Siddha/ Unani licenced manufacturing units provided by Department of Health, AYUSH, Uttarakhand
List of Allotted–Pharma City Selaqui provided by the State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd
List of Growers Manufacturers Exporters and Traders available on the website of the National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB)
List provided by CAP, Dehradun for Aromatic sector
Thirty eight traders/ suppliers of MAPs were shortlisted for the regional and national level market survey. Other than traders, approximately sixty three industries using plant based raw materials located in Dehradun, Selaqui, Haridwar and Rishikesh, New Delhi were shortlisted for assessing raw material (plant based) demand in their units. Industries using plant based raw materials were another important stakeholder for our study. Table 1 provides brief information on the important stakeholders for the market survey and the locations were the surveys were conducted. Table 1 Stakeholders for the market survey and the locations of the survey Stakeholder
Locations
Traders/ Suppliers
Regional- Rishikesh, Ramnagar, Tanakpur, Dehradun, Haridwar,
National- Delhi Industries
Regional- Dehradun, Haridwar, Ramnagar, Saharanpur National- Delhi
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Designing of questionnaires for collection of data A semi-structured questionnaire survey format (see Annexure 1) was designed to collect detailed information of plant materials / extracts used by industries/ traders/ suppliers in their establishment. The different information collected were
Information on the major medicinal plants / extracts used/ handled by each respondent
quantum of material used/ traded volume
place of procurement (% of the plant material procured from the state), reasons for procurement from other states
source (whether collected from wild/ cultivated or supplied by trader/ manufacturer/ supplier, part of the plant used/ traded
Discussion with traders/ suppliers Discussion with major traders/ suppliers in the major trading hubs of the regional marketing centres of Uttarakhand like Dehradun, Haridwar, Tanakpur and Ramnagar, was conducted to have an understanding of the major MAPs traded and of trade importance for the state. To have an understanding of the trading mechanism and important MAPs traded, Khari Baoli in Delhi was selected as a representative national trading centre for the purpose of the study. See Annexure 4 for the list of traders/ suppliers contacted for the market survey.
Discussion with industries Discussions with few selected industries using plant based raw materials were carried out to find out the demand of plant based raw materials used in their units. For this on-site visit, telephonic calls and email exchanges were carried out. Considering the nature of trade and use of raw MAPs and their extracts, the record of utilization of raw material by Ayurveda or Siddha or Unani Licensed manufacturing Units submitted to the Department of Health AYUSH under the mandated Drug and Cosmetic (First Amendment) Rules, 2008, was used to triangulate and validate information shared by the selected industries. Please see Annexure 3 for the list of industries selected for the study.
Validation in the field To have an understanding of the ground realities and to have first-hand information on the different costs, benefits, problems, faced by farmers cultivating MAPs at the time of the study, a primary survey was conducted. A survey format (see Annexure 2) was specifically designed to collect information from the cultivators. For this 14 villages spread across three districts in Garhwal and 13 villages spread across three districts in Kumaon region were selected. The list of farmers registered for cultivation provided by HRDI, and list of cultivators from the NMPB website and further discussion with the master trainers of HRDI and CAP provided a base for selection of the villages for the market survey. Table 2 and 3 provides a list of villages selected for primary survey in the Garhwal and Kumaon region respectively. Broadly the region constitutes of 13 districts falling in two major administrative units viz., Garhwal (northwest portion) and Kumaon (southeast portion). Garhwal Division consists of 7 districts, i.e. Dehradun, Haridwar, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Pauri, Rudra Prayag and Chamoli
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
while remaining 6 districts viz., Pithoragarh, Bageshwar, Almora, Nainital, Champawat and Udham Singh Nagar fall in Kumaon division.
Figure 1 Uttarakhand and its districts
Table 2 List of villages selected for primary survey in Garhwal region S. No.
List of villages
Block
District
1
Bhandroli
Kalsi
Dehradun
2
VyasBhood
Kalsi
Dehradun
3
Dhakrani(Dehat)
Vikasnagar
Dehradun
4
Kharsali
Naugaon
Uttarkashi
5
Mirg
Joshimath
Chamoli
6
Naugaon
Naugaon
Uttarkashi
7
Nisari
Naugaon
Uttarkashi
8
Osala
Mori
Uttarakashi
9
Phali
Ghaat
Chamoli
5
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S. No.
List of villages
Block
District
10
ParteetpurKalyanpur
Vikasnagar
Dehradun
11
Rainiwalli
Joshimath
Chamoli
12
Ramani
Ghaat
Chamoli
13
Rana
Naugaon
Uttarkashi
14
Saur
Mori
Uttarkashi
Table 3 List of villages selected for primary survey in Kumaon region S. No.
Name of village
Block
District
1
Ramari
Kapkot
Bageshwar
2
Supi
Kapkot
Bageshwar
3
Banbasa
Champawat
Champawat
4
Bastiya
Champawat
Champawat
5
BhaesaKhal
Champawat
Champawat
6
DhuraChaurakot
Champawat
Champawat
7
Ghigharukot
Champawat
Champawat
8
Gudhmi
Champawat
Champawat
9
Jaul
Champawat
Champawat
10
Managhare Kham
Dhari
Nainital
11
ShundarKhal
Dhari
Nainital
12
Kamaluwa Ganja Gaur
Haldwani
Nainital
13
Gulzarpur
Kotabagh
Nainital
Expert Consultation Discussions with the list of experts from various organizations and institutions were carried out so that the list of selected plants can be vetted and the list can be further filtered through consultation meetings.The list of experts who were consulted included scientists, academicians, policy makes, forest department officials and research scholars. The detailed list is provided in table 4.
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Table 4 List of Experts consulted for identification of MAP‟s S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail
1
Dr. R. B.S. Rawat, IFS
Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, 85, Rajpur Road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 0135-2746934 E.mail:
[email protected]
2
Dr. Rakesh Shah, IFS
Chairman, State Biodiversity Board, 108/Phase-II, Vasant Vihar, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India-248001 Telefax: 0135-2769886; Mobile: 09411112323 Email :
[email protected]
3
Dr. S.K.Chandola, IFS
Managing Director Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation Aranya Vikas Bhawan, 73, Nehru Road, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand - INDIA, PIN 248001 Ph : 91-135-2657610 ; Mobile: 09412054439; Fax : 91-135-2655488 E-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected]
4
Sh. S.K.Singh, IFS
Chief Conservator of Forests (Research) Haldwani, Nainital Mobile:09412076135 Email:
[email protected]
5
Dr. H.B. Naithani
Scientist (Retd.), Plant Taxonomist Forest Research Institute Post New Forest Dehradun (Uttarakhand) Ph. 0135-2224492; Mob #: 09411137876 E-mail:
[email protected]
6
Mr. Nirpendra Chauhan
Scientist Incharge Centre for Aromatic Plants Industrial Estate-Selaqui- 248 197 Dehradun, Uttarkhand Telefax: 0135 2698305 Mobile: 09837006749
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail E.mail:
[email protected],
7
Dr. D.K.Ved, IFS (Retd.)
Advisor, Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 74/2 Jarakabande Kaval, P.O- Attur, Via – Yelahanka , Bengaluru – 560 064. Tel: 080 2856 8007 E-mail:
[email protected]
8
Dr. R. Raghavendra Rao
CSIR Emeritus Scientist, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Allalasandra, GKVK PO, Bengaluru -560065 E.mail:
[email protected],
[email protected], Ph: 09448852356
9
Dr. Bupendra Singh Adhikari
Scientist - E Wildlife Institute of India Post Box # 18, Chandrabani Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand Phone: 0135-2640111-115, Extn: 128 Mobile No: 09412056031 Email:
[email protected]
10
Dr. Abdul Kareem
Assistant Director and National Project Manager, UNDP-GEF Project, Govt of India Center for Conservation of Natural Resources Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) 74/2. Jaraka Bande Kaval, via Yelahanka Bengaluru - 560106 Email:
[email protected]
11
Prof. M.C. Nautiyal
Director High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC) Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Srinagar District - Pauri Garhwal (Uttarakhand) India – 246174 Telephone : 01346-252143 (o)
12
Dr. A.K.Badoni
Secretary, Society for Himalayan Environmental Research (SHER), Lane 3, Turner Road, Dehradun-248002, Uttarakhand
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail Phone: 0135 2644202 Email:
[email protected]
13
Dr. Kiran Badoni
Society for Himalayan Environmental Research (SHER), Lane 3, Turner Road, Dehradun-248002, Uttarakhand Mobile: 08006058905 Email:
[email protected]
14
Dr. S. Farooq
President The Himalaya Drug Company, Dehardun. E. mail:
[email protected] Mobile: 09837686102 (PA), Fax: 91-135-2640264
15
Dr. Asad Mueed
DIRECTOR, HAMDARD (WAKF) LABORATORIES Hamdard Building, 2a/3, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi-100002, Ph: 91-011-23239801, 23239802, 23239803 E-mail:
[email protected]
16
Dr. N.B. Brindavanam (Dr. Baba)
DGM, Bioresource Division Dabur India Limited. Ph. 9810705066 E-mail:
[email protected]
17
Dr. S.K. Patra
President and CEO Patanjali Ayurved Ltd & Patanjali Food and Herbal Park (P) Ltd. Padartha, Haridwar-249404, UK; Ph. 91 1334 286470, Mobile: 09811332388; Fax 286471 E. mail:
[email protected]
18
Dr. Amit Agarwal
Director, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru E.mail:
[email protected]
19
Dr. Sudhakar Agarwal
Director, ENVIN BIOCEUTICALS PVT. LTD P.B. No. 203, Sharda Nagar, Saharanpur, Saharanpur - 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India E.mail.
[email protected]
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Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail
20
Dr. Sunil Sah
Scientist C Centre for Aromatic Plants Industrial Estate-Selaqui- 248 197 Dehradun, Uttarkhand Mobile: 09411110736 E.mail:
[email protected]
21
Mr. Rakesh Kumar Yadav
Scientist B Centre for Aromatic Plants Industrial Estate-Selaqui- 248 197 Dehradun, Uttarkhand Mobile: 07351002026 E.mail:
[email protected]
22
Dr. R. C. Sundriyal
Former Director, HRDI Scientist, G.B. Pant institute of Himalayan and Development, Kosi, Almora
23
Dr. R.P.Kala
DFO (Rtd), 3/120, Indira Enclave, Harbanswala Mobile : 09837424419 Email:
[email protected]
24
Dr. S. N.Venugopalan Nair
Assistant Director Center for Conservation of Natural Resources Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) 74/2. Jaraka Bande Kaval, via Yelahanka Bengaluru - 560106 Email:
[email protected]
25
Dr. K. Ravikumar
Assistant Director Center for Conservation of Natural Resources Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) 74/2. Jaraka Bande Kaval, via Yelahanka Bengaluru - 560106 Email:
[email protected]
26
Dr. J. S. Rawat
IUCN Head, Anand Lok, New Delhi and Former Director , HRDI, Gopashwar
27
Dr. A. K. Panday
Scientist F and Head NWFP Division, Tropical Forest research Institute, Jabalpur (MP). E.mail:
[email protected]
10
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail
28
Prof Mohammad Anis
Chairman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh E. mail:
[email protected],
[email protected], Mobile: 09837305566
29
Prof Wazahat Husain
30
Dr. Pramode Kant, IFS (Retd.)
Former Addl. PCCF (Tamil Nadu) & Director, Institute of Green Economy, New Delhi, Phone No: 09873437021, Email:
[email protected]
31
Dr. R. K. Singh
Head, Biotec and IPFC
Ex member of Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Ex Member of Ayurveda Siddha, Unani Technical Advisory Board (ASUTAB), Ex member of Governing Body CCRUM,, Ministry of Health and Prof & Chairman (Retired), Botany Department AMU Aligarh, E mail:
[email protected]; Ph. 09412593485
FFDC (Fragrance and Flavour Development Centre), Min of MSME, Govt of India, Kannauj-209726 E.mail:
[email protected] 32
Dr. Vijay Prasad Bhatt
Scientist, HRDI, Gopeshwar, Uttrakhand Mobile: 09412082003; E.mail:
[email protected]
33
Dr. Gopi Chand
In charge and Head of Agronomy Division, IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. Mobile: 09805537625 E.mail:
[email protected]
34
Dr. Ramesh Srivastava
Scientist, FFDC, Kannouj, UP, Phone: 08004743355
35
Mr. Naveen Kumar Sharma
Commercial Executive Goodcare Pharma Pvt. Ltd B-1, Sara Industrial Estate, Chhotarampur, Seilaqui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248197, Ph. Off. : (0315) 2698595 E. mail:
[email protected]
36
Mr. M.S. Gusain
Project Coordinator, Govt. of India, UNDP-GEF Project State Medicinal Plants Board, Uttarakhand
11
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail Post Office: New Forest 94, Vasant Vihar, Phase-II Dehradun (Uttarkhand)-248 006 TELEFAX : +91-135-2769918
37
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Uniyal
Project consultant, #D/3/10, Platinum City, New HMT Road, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore-560022, Karnataka E. mail:
[email protected],
[email protected] Mobile: 9900983814, 9811403814
38
Dr. Umeshkumar Tiwari
Senior Research Fellow, Center for Conservation of Natural Resources Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) 74/2. Jaraka Bande Kaval, via Yelahanka Bengaluru – 560106, Ph: 09411313351 E.mail:
[email protected],
[email protected]
39
Dr. Mayaram Uniyal
Formal advisor to the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand Presently Director, Maharshi Ayurved Products SEZ, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
40
Mr. K.K. Mishra
Senior Manager/Head, Public Relations Patanjali Ayurved Ltd & Patanjali Food and Herbal Park (P) Ltd. Padartha, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand; Ph. 911334 265370 E.mail.
[email protected]
41
Mr. Pratesh Panwar (Mantri)
Production Manager Patanjali Ayurved Ltd & Patanjali Food and Herbal Park (P) Ltd. Padartha, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand; Ph. 8449449111 E.mail.
[email protected]
42
HRDI
Gopeshwar, Uttrakhand
43
CIMAP
Regional Centre, Bageshwar, Uttrakhand
12
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S/No
Name
Designation and Address with contact No and e-mail
44
CIMAP
Lucknow
45
IIIM
Regional Centre, Jammu, J & K
46
GIZ
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ( German Society for International Cooperation) Hotel Indralok, Rajpur Road, Dehradun
47
CAP
Centre for Aromatic Plants Industrial Estate-Selaqui- 248 197 Dehradun, Uttarkhand
48
IHBT
Herbal Research Development Institute, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
49
FRLHT
Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition Centre for Conservation of Natural Resources Institute of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) 74/2. Jaraka Bande Kaval, via Yelahanka Bengaluru - 560106
50
TFRI
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)
51
FRI
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
52
IUCN
Anand Lok, New Delhi
53
FFDC
Fragrance & Flavour Development Centre, Kannaouj, UP
54
Bhesaj Vikas Ikai
EC Road, Dehardun, Uttarakhand
55
Divisional Forest Officers
Mussoorie, Bageshwar, Badrinath, Upper Yamuna, Tons and Chakrata forest divisions.
Stakeholder consultation A stakeholder consultation was conducted at the Shri Hari Krishi Kutir Udhyog Avam Grameen Prayatan Pradarshni at Munsyari, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand to present the preliminary findings of the study and get feedback from the stakeholders. The participants included farmers from the neighbouring villages, representatives from CAP, HRDI and Bhesaj Sangh.
Economic analysis Economic analysis for most of the prioritized species for Uttarakhand was done. For some species economic analysis could not be carried due to lack of data. The approach and methodology adapted for the economic analysis is briefed below:
13
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Approach The net return to the cultivator has been used as one of the criteria for prioritization of the medicinal plant species. Cultivators/ collectors typically receive low returns as compared to the final market price due to significant mark-ups in the trading route, and the unorganized and diffuse modes of marketing. This results in unsustainable extraction patterns and/or low incentives for cultivation. It is therefore important to assess the economic returns to cultivators for the set of species that have been shortlisted based on demand by end users. The net returns for selected medicinal plant species have been calculated based on estimates of market prices and the costs of cultivation. Since a majority of the species have a gestation period of 10 years or less, a time horizon of 10 years has been used for benefit-cost calculations as a general principle. It is possible that there would be multiple cultivation cycles during this time frame; the analysis includes all benefits accruing during the 10 year time horizon irrespective of the number of cycles so that results can be meaningfully compared across species.
Methodology The economic analysis has been carried out with the following broad steps: Step 1: The gross returns are calculated based on input cost estimates and the market price estimates suitably adjusted for trade margins, wherever necessary. The time trends for prices have been computed for selected species; however no significant trends were observed, and all values are therefore reported in current year prices. The yields are converted to annual figures, taking into account the number of harvests in a year in case of multiple harvests. It is assumed that there is no change in the annual yield as reported in published literature or as observed in the field. Step 2: The input costs are based on available published literature, validated in several cases by primary surveys. The costs have been adjusted for inflation wherever applicable. For such adjustment, the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural and Rural Labourers is used. The costs are classified into fixed and recurring, and based on an analysis of costs for annual, biennial and perennial species, 55-65% of total costs have been booked as recurring costs in the analysis. Step 3: The benefit streams over 10 years have been computed, since a majority of the selected species yield benefits over this period. The average gestation period of the selected species is less than 3 years and hence the assumed time horizon appears reasonable. Besides, it is reasonable to assume that the decision to cultivate a specific species is based on expected returns over the short run. Step 4: Undiscounted and discounted (@ 6%) benefit streams are then projected and benefitcost ratios calculated.
Findings of the study Review of secondary information Uttarakhand a predominantly hilly state lying in the Himalayan foothills has abundant biological resources. The varying altitudinal ranges ranging from the subtropical to the alpine ranges with varying climatic conditions has made the forest resources of state rich in biological diversity including medicinal and aromatic plants.
14
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Globally the use of MAPs has gained importance due to renewed interest in alternative therapy/ remedies and their limited side effects as compared to their modern counterparts. Rapid growth in demand for plant based raw materials for manufacturing food flavours, fragrances, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and related products has also resulted in greater demand of MAPs. With soaring demand of plants having medicinal and aromatic properties, availability of these species has been impacted in their natural habitats. It is estimated that more than 350 plant species are estimated to be vulnerable and threatened in Uttarakhand, 161 being rare and threatened ones. CAMP workshop was held during May 2003 at Shimla to assess the threat status of prioritized medicinal plants of Uttarakhand. During this process 60 species were assigned the Red List (RL) status of near threatened (NT) and above. Out of these 60 species, 16 species have a global RL status as these are endemic to the Himalayan region. 7 species have been assigned Critically Endangered (CR) status, 18 species are Endangered (EN), 23 species are Vulnerable (VU) and 12 species are Near Threatened (NT). 18 of these Red Listed medicinal plant species have been recorded in high volume trade, as per the national level trade study. Aconitum heterophyllum, Nardostachys grandiflora and Picrorhiza kurroa are the highest priority for the state as these are in high volume trade in addition to their Critically Endangered status. Habitat degradation, lack of sustainable harvesting, unscientific harvesting practices, illegal exploitation and over exploitation to meet the demands of illegal trade are some of the reasons for the dwindling population of these species in the forests of Uttarakhand. In such scenario, ex-situ production or cultivation of MAPs offer hopes to curb over extraction, reduce pressure on forests by enabling the economically important species to grow undisturbed in their natural habitats, ensure regular supply for trade and conserve the biodiversity of the region. Research studies carried out by different scholars on the economics of cultivation of MAPs also show promising results. Though the gestation period of most of the medicinal plants is long the final return is high as compared with traditional food crop (Mittal 2008). The Central Government through the Ministries of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, National Horticulture Mission, Department of Science and Technology and others has been steadily trying to give a strong push for an herbal movement in the country andUttarakhand has been a fore runner in it. Two separate institutions under the
Department of Horticulture has been established to promote the cultivation of MAPs- the Herbal Research Development Institute (HRDI) at Mandal in Chamoli district to promote and expand the cultivation of medicinal plants and the Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP) at Selaqui in Dehradun for Aromatic Plants. The State Medicinal Plant Board was established in 2001 for overall co-ordination and development of the herbal sector in the state. The Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UFDC) is assisting in the sustainable collection and marketing of medicinal plants from the wild and the Bhesaj Vikas Ikai (District Development Unit) for capacity building and marketing of cultivated medicinal plants.UFDC hosts an auction periodically at Rishikesh, Ramagar and Tanakpur. However on account of poor participation of buyers these market auctions have so far failed to deliver desired results. HRDI has also been hosting regular individual buyer-seller meets. In 2000, National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) was established to coordinate all matter related to Medicinal Plants in India. NMPB published list of 32 medicinal plants which were prioritised for cultivation in India. In 2003, the State Government of Uttarakhand took a 15
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
formal decision to promote herbal cultivation in the State. As a part of this policy decision, the Govt. of Uttarakhand prioritized 26 plant species for mass scale cultivation. Subsidy for cultivation of the prioritized species was promoted to boost the process of inducting an herbal movement in the State (Annx 12). The prioritized species for cultivation are: Table 5 List of 26 Prioritized species for cultivation in Uttrakhand state by Govt. of Uttrakhand S.No.
Botanical Name
Common name
S.No.
Botanical Name
Common name
1
Swertia chirayata
Chiraita
14
Allium stracheyi
Faran
2
Asparagus racemosus
Satawari
15
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
Pyrethrum
3
Centella asiatica
Mandookpar ni
16
Rubia cordifolia
Manjith
4
Picrorhiza kurroa
Kutki
17
Coleus barbatus
Pattar chur
5
Nardostachys grandiflora
Jatamansi
18
Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosemary
6
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Tagar
19
Pelargonium graveolens
Geranium
7
Amomum subulatum
Badi Ilaichi
20
Stevia rebaudiana
Stevia
8
Aconitum heterophyllum
Atees
21
Gloriosa superba
Kalihari
9
Saussurea costus
Kuth
22
Silybum marianum
Silybum
10
Carum carvi
Kala Zira
23
Piper longum
Pippali
11
Matricaria chamomill a
Chamomile
24
Bacopa monnieri
Brahmi
12
Cymbopogon citratus
Lemon grass
25
Ammi majus
Ammi majus
13
Podophyllum hexandrum
Ban kakri
26
Digitalis lanata
Tilpushpi
In 2003, Centre for Aromatic Plants was also established by State Government to focus on Aromatic plants cultivation and value addition. CAP have also promoted some aromatic species for cultivation in state of Uttarakhand. Their list includes – Lemon grass, Chamomile, Damask Rose, Mint, Geranium, Rosemary, Pachauli, Citronella, etc. Review of literature on similar studies by different researchers is summarized below. Bisht and Badoni (2009) identified twelve species that were important commercial cultivation and 16
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
conservation for the district of Uttarkashi. These species were Meetha Vish (Aconitum balfourii), Atees (Aconitum heterophyllum), Gokhru (Tribulus terrestis), Kakrasinghi (Pistacia intergerrina), Berberis (Berberis aristata), Guggul (Tanacetum dolicophyllum), Gubankh (Angelica archangelica), Chirayata (Swertia chirayata) and Ashvagandha (Withania somnifera). Rawat and Vashisth (2012) were shortlisted 32 species suitable for cultivation in the Bhabhar region of Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand. These species are Ratti (Abrus precatorious), Atibalaa (Abutilon indicum), Apmarga (Achyranthes aspera), Vasaka (Adhathoda zeylanica), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Kumara (Aloe barbadensis), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Punarnava (Boehavia diffusa), Semal (Bombax malbarichum), Jal Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Palash (Butea monosperma), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Bargad (Ficus bengalensis), Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Karu (Holarrhena antidysentrica), Daikan (Melia azedarach), Lajalu (Mimosa pudica), Arandi (Ricinus communis), Kantakari (Solanum surattense), Giloy ( Tinospora cordifolia), Siwain (Vitex negundo) and Ashwagandha (Withania sonniferra). Phondani et.al. (2011) were shortlisted the five species viz. Rosemarinus officinalis, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum basilium, Valeriana jatamansi and Matricaria chamomilla as high commercial value plants for western Himalayas by conducting a series of participatory rural appraisals with farmers, villagers and traders. FRLHT Bangalore in 2008 conducted survey for “Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India”. It was found that following species primarily coming from Himalayan states are under cultivation in the Himalayan states - Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool), Saussurea costus (Kuth), Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki), Aconitum heterophyllum (Atees), Valeriana jatamansi (Tagar), Since many “lists of priorities” have been prepared and published by different organisations, it is important to review the prioritized species for cultivation, considering that the 26 species were prioritized in 2006. Also there is no doubt that promotion cultivation of MAPs on a large scale would be successful only if it caters to the market demand.
Market Survey Analysis and prioritization of species The prioritization of species suitable for cultivation and afforestation programme for the state of Uttarakhand was done by analysing data collected from the market survey. The broad steps used for the analysis of the market survey data is discussed below.
The first step was prioritization of species traded in the market and also used by herbal based industries in Uttarakhand
The criteria used for prioritization for the two major stakeholders (traders and herbal industries) were as follows: o
The number of industries using each of the species and the average annual consumption by each of the industry.
o
The average annual traded volume for each species for survey with the trader‟s at major mandis in Uttarakhand viz; Dehradun, Haridwar, Tankpur and Ramnagar.
From the market survey it was found that approximately 523 species of MAP‟s were traded. This includes all MAP‟s traded by the selected traders/suppliers and industries selected for the study. Further review of the trade data showed that some species were insignificant and 17
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
hence removed. Remaining approximately 100 species were discussed with experts and species that were not procured from Uttarakhand and not feasible for cultivation in the state were identified. Those species were also removed to bring down the list of cultivable and marketable MAP species to approximately 85 including Dasmool and Ashtverg species. All Dasmool and Ashtaverg spp hold good market including local use, important for soil and biodiversity conservation (Table - 6).
Table 6 List of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Species submitted to experts S.No.
Botanical Name
Trade name
Traded Parts
Ecological suitability
Afforestation/ Cultivation
1
Aconitum balfourii
Meedha Vish
Tuber
Alpine
Cultivation
2
Aconitum heterophyllum
Atees
Root (Tuber)
Sub-Alpine to Alpine
Cultivation
3
Acorus calamus
Buch
Rhizome
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
4
Allium stracheyi
Jammu Faran
Leaves and Inflorescence
Sub-Alpine-Alpine (Cold Desert)
Cultivation
5
Amomum subulatum
Badi ilaichi
Fruit
Temperate
Cultivation
6
Arnebia euchroma
Balchadi
Root
Sub-Alpine
Cultivation
7
Arnebia benthamii
Root
Sub-Alpine
Cultivation
8
Asparagus racemosus
Lalgadi/ Balchadi Satawari
Root
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
9
Bauhinia variegata
Kachnar
Sub TropicalTemperate
Afforestation
10
Berberis aristata
Daru Haldi
Flower buds/flower/bark/ stem/ leaves/seed/root Root/Wood
Temperate
Afforestation
11
Boswellia serrata
Kunduru/Salai
Gum
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
12
Bunium persicum
Himachali Kala Zira
Seed
Temperate (Cold Desert)
Cultivation
13
Callicarpa macrophylla
Priyangu Phool
Flowers buds
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
14
Carum carvi
Kala Zira
Fruit
Sub-Alpine to Alpine (Cold Desert)
Cultivation
15
Celastrus paniculatus
Seeds and seed oil
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
16
Centella asiatica
Malkagni/ Jyotismati Mandukparni
Whole Plant
Sub TropicalTemperate
Cultivation
17
Cinnamomum tamala
Tejpat
Leaves/Bark
Temperate
Afforestation
18
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S.No.
Botanical Name
Trade name
Traded Parts
Ecological suitability
Afforestation/ Cultivation
18
Crataeva religiosa
Varun Chhal
Bark and root
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
19
Cupressus torulusa
Surai
Leaves
Temperate
Afforestation
20
Cymbopogon citratus
Lemon Grass
Leaves
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
21
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Salam Panja/Hatajari
Bulbous Root
Temperate to subAlpine
Cultivation
22
Dioscorea deltoidea
Genthi
Fruit
Sub-alpine
Afforestation
23
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam
Vayvidang
Seed
Temperate
Afforestation
24
Emblica officinalis
Amla
Fruit
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
25
Gentiana kurroo
Karru
Root
Temperate
Cultivation
26
Hedychium spicatum
Kapoor Kachri
Rhizome
Temperate
Cultivation
27
Inula racemosa
Pushkarmool
Root
Sub-alpine (Cold Desert)
Cultivation/20 0-500
28
Juniperus macropoda
Dhup
Leaves
Afforestation
29
Matricaria chamomilla
German Chamomile
Flowers, Essential oil
Temperate-Aub Alpine (Cold Desert) Sub-Alpine to Alpine (Cold Desert)
30
Mentha arvensis
Japanese Mint
Leaves
Subtropical to Temperate
Cultivation
31
Mentha piperita
Peppermint
Pepermint oil
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
32
Moringa oleifera
Seed, oil
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
33
Myrica esculenta
Sahjan/ Drumsticks Kaiphal
Bark/Fruit
Temperate
Afforestation
34
Nardostachys grandiflora
Jatamansi
Root
Temperate- SubAlpine
Cultivation
35
Ocimum sanctum
Kali Tulsi
Whole Plant
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
36
Ocimum basilicum
Common Basil
Whole herb
Sub TropicalTemperate
Cultivation
37
Paederia scandens
Ghand Prasarni
Leaves
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
38
Paris polyphylla
Satwa
Whole Plant/Root
Temperate
Afforestation
39
Picrorhiza kurroa
Kutki
Dry stolon/ Root
Temperate- SubAlpine
Cultivation
19
Cultivation
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S.No.
Botanical Name
Trade name
Traded Parts
Ecological suitability
Afforestation/ Cultivation
40
Pleurospermum angelicoides
Chippi/ Gandrayan
Root
Sub-Alpine-Alpine (Cold Desert)
Cultivation
41
Premna serratifolia
Agnimontha/Bak ercha
Root/Bark
Sub Tropical
Fit for Cultivation
42
Prunus armeniaca
Wild Apricot
Fruits
Temperate
Cultivation
43
Pterocarpus marsupium
Bejasal
Heart wood
Sub-tropical
Afforestation/ 500-1000
44
Pueraria tuberosa
Vidarikand
Tuber
Sub Tropical
Fit for Cultivation
45
Rauvolfia serpentina
Sarpagandha
Root, leaves
Sub Tropical
Cultivation
46
Rheum emodi
Revandchini
Roots
Sub-Alpine to Alpine
Cultivation
47
Rhododendron arboretum
Buransh
Flower
Temperate
Afforestation
48
Rosa damascena
Damask Rose
Flower
Temperate
Cultivation
49
Rubia cordifolia
Manjith
Root
Temperate
Afforestation
50
Santalum album
Chandan
Heartwood
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
51
Sapindus mukorossi
Ritha
Fruit
Afforestation
52
Saussurea costus
Kuth
Root
Sub Tropical Temperate Temperate to SubAlpine (Cold Desert)
53
Silybum marianum
Milk thistle
Seed
Sub-Tropical
Cultivation
54
Skimmia laureola
Kadarpati
Leaves
Temperate
Afforestation
55
Stephania glabra
Ginjaru
Root
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
56
Swertia chirayita
Chiraita
Whole Plant
Temperate
Cultivation
57
Symplocos racemosa
Lodhra, Lodh
Bark
Temperate
Afforestation
58
Tagetes patula
French Marigold
Flower Oil
Sub TropicalTemperate
Cultivation
59
Taxus baccata
Talispatra (Thuner)
Bark, leaves
Sub-Alpine to Alpine
Afforestation
60
Terminalia bellirica
Bahera
Fruit
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
61
Terminalia chebula
Harad
Fruit
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
62
Tinospora cordifolia
Giloy
Stem (Climber)
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
20
Cultivation
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S.No.
Botanical Name
Trade name
Traded Parts
Ecological suitability
Afforestation/ Cultivation
63
Trilidium govanianum
Whole Plant/Root
Temperate
Afforestation
64
Valeriana jatamansi
Naag Chhatri (Chhota satwa) Tagar
Rhizome with root
Temperate
Cultivation
65
Vitex negundo
Nirgundi
Leaves,roots shrub and fruits
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
66
Woodfordia fruticosa
Dhai Phool
Flower/Leves/Bark
Sub Tropical
Afforestation
67
Zanthoxylum armatum
Timuru
Seed
Subtropical to Temperate
Afforestation
Dasmool (Vrihatmool -Tree Spp) 1
Aegle marmelos
Bael
Root
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
2
Gmelina arborea
Gamhar
Root
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
3
Oroxylum indicum
Syonak
Root
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
4
Premna latifolia
Arni
Root
Sub-tropical
Afforestation
5
Stereospermum suaveolens
Padal
Bark/Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
Dasmool (Leghumool -Shrub Spp) 1
Desmodium gangetium
Sal parni
Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
2
Solanum indicum
Brihatti
Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
3
Solanum surattense
Kantkari
Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
4
Tribulus terristris
Gohru
Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation
5
Uraria picta
Prisnaparni
Root
Sub-Tropical
Afforestation/ Cultivation
Ashtaverg (Herb Spp) 1
Microstylis mucifera
Jivak
Root
Temperate
Afforestation
2
Microstylis lylindrostachya
Rhishbhak
Root
Temperate
Afforestation
3
Habenaria intermedia
Riddi
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Afforestation
21
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
S.No.
Botanical Name
Trade name
Traded Parts
Ecological suitability
Afforestation/ Cultivation
4
Habenaria edgeworthi
Vriddhi
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Afforestation
5
Polygonatum verticillatum
Meda
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Cultivation
6
Polygonatum cirrhifolium
Meha Meda
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Cultivation
7
Fritillaria roylei
Kakoli
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Cultivation
8
Lilium polyphyllum
Kshir kakoli
Root
Temperate to SubAlpine
Cultivation
List of MAPs selected for cultivation and afforestation/agroforestry MAPs ranked on the basis of different criteria (Ref page 2) were presented to different experts in the State which were either recommended by SMPB or by other organisations. The experts have suggested species for cultivation and afforestation/agroforestry on the basis of their experience. The highest percentage of suggested MAPs were futher assessed for selection of 10 species for cultivation and 10 species for afforestation/agroforestry based on future market projection, utilization range (single or multisector) and other important cretaria. Each expert‟s inputs linked with identified cretaria are put in one tabulated format (Table no 8 and 10). On the basis of expert‟s suggestions we have prepared three lists for i) medicinal, ii) aromatic and iii) afforestation/agroforestry. I. II. III.
List of medicinal plants for cultivation (agroclimatic zone wise) List of Aromatic plants for cultivation and List of trees/undershrub/Climbers/etc. for afforestation and agroforestry
22
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Table 7 Experts Recommendation for Cultivation
20
1
Rheum australe
Herb
Ravandchini
5
2
Swertia chirayata
Herb
Chiraita
10
*
3
Asparagus racemosus
Shrub
Satawari
14
*
Mandookpar
7
19
18
17
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
*
7
6
5
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
2
Prof M. Anis
Dr Promode Khant
NMPB
Dr. R. R Rao
FRLHT
26-HRDI
Dr. Uniyal
Dr. A. K. Panday
Dr. J.S. Rawat
Dr. S. K. Singh
Dr. S.K. Chandola
Dr. Rakesh Shaha
Dr. S. K. Nathani
Dr. Adikari
Mr. N. Chauhan
Name
Dr. A. K. Badoni
tion Type
Dr. M. C. Nautiyal
Common
Dr. RC Kala
No.
Vegeta-
Dr . Farooq (Himalya)
Botanical Name
Dr. V.P Bhatt
S.
No of Recommendations
Name of Experts
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Climber) 4
Centella asiatica
Herb
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ni 5
Picrorhiza kurroa
Herb
Kutki
20
6
Acorus calamus
Herb
Buch
4
7
Nardostachys
Herb
Jatamansi
11
*
23
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Prof M. Anis
Dr Promode Khant
NMPB
Dr. R. R Rao
FRLHT
26-HRDI
Dr. Uniyal
Dr. A. K. Panday
Dr. J.S. Rawat
Dr. S. K. Singh
Dr. S.K. Chandola
Dr. Rakesh Shaha
Dr. S. K. Nathani
Dr. Adikari
Mr. N. Chauhan
Dr. A. K. Badoni
Name
Dr. M. C. Nautiyal
Common
tion Type
Dr. RC Kala
Vegeta-
Dr . Farooq (Himalya)
Botanical Name
Dr. V.P Bhatt
S. No.
No of Recommendations
Name of Experts
grandiflora
8
Ocimum basilicum
Herb
Kali Tulsi
3
*
*
9
Valeriana jatamansi
Herb
Tagar
14
*
*
*
10
Amomum subulatum
Herb
Badi Ilaichi
6
*
*
*
11
Hedychium spicatum
Herb
Kapoor
6
*
* *
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Kachri 12
Mentha arvensis
Herb
Japanise
8
*
*
*
*
Mint 13
Aconitum
Herb
Atees
18
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
heterophyllum 14
Rauvolfia serpentina
Herb
Sarpagandha
17
15
Gentiana kurroo
Herb
Karu
6
16
Saussurea costus
Herb
Kuth
18
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
24
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
17
Silybum marianum
Herb
Milk thistle
2
18
Carum carvi
Herb
Kala Zira
10
*
19
Matricaria
Herb
Chamomile
12
*
* *
* *
Prof M. Anis
Dr Promode Khant
NMPB
Dr. R. R Rao
FRLHT
26-HRDI
Dr. Uniyal
Dr. A. K. Panday
Dr. J.S. Rawat
Dr. S. K. Singh
Dr. S.K. Chandola
Dr. Rakesh Shaha
Dr. S. K. Nathani
Dr. Adikari
Mr. N. Chauhan
Dr. A. K. Badoni
Name
Dr. M. C. Nautiyal
Common
tion Type
Dr. RC Kala
Vegeta-
Dr . Farooq (Himalya)
Botanical Name
Dr. V.P Bhatt
S. No.
No of Recommendations
Name of Experts
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
chamomilla 20
Aconitum balfourii
Herb
Vastnabh
11
21
Polygonatum cirrhifo
Herb
Mahameda
5
*
* *
*
*
*
* *
lium 22
Cymbopogon citratus
Herb
Leman grass
13
23
Lilium polyphyllum
Herb
Kakoli
2
24
Rosa damascena
Shrub
Demask
8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
* *
*
*
*
Rose
Note: Apart from above experts, teri has also consulted with expert of CIMAP, Lucknow, FFDC, Kannauj, IHBT, Palampur, IIIM, Jammu, J&K and NRCMAP, Anand, Gujarat for their expert advice on Aromatic plants particularly Rosa damascene, Cymbopogon citratus, Matricaria chamomilla and Mentha sp
25
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Table 8 Selected species for cultivation on the basis of different criteria
(a) Medicinal Plants, (b) Aromatic Plants Species Name
Agrotechnology availability
Trade/annum (In MT)
Market Potential and Future Projections
Profitability to Farmers (Y/N)
Planting Material Availability (Y/N)
Utility Range and Value Addition Scope
Acceptability among farmers / History of cultivation
Agroclimatic and Ecological Factors
Conservation Status in State & Collection category
Overall %age of Experts recommendation
Yes – Well documented & practiced
100-200
Good
Yes
Yes
A, F, FS, O, Ph, S,T,U
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for sub-alpine to temperate region
_
90%
Yes – Well documented & practiced
200-500
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for sub-alpine region
CR
100%
Yes – Well documented & practiced
200-500
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for sub-alpine region
CR
Yes – Well practiced
100-200
Yes – it is picking up now
Suited for temperate region
VU
a) Medicinal Plants Kuth
Kutki
Atees
Tagar
Growth rate 8.9%
Value addition is possible for essential oil
Good and Growth rate 12.9%
Yes
Excellent and Growth rate 18.4%
Yes
Excellent and constantly
Yes
Yes
A,F,FS,O,Ph,S,T,U Scope for value addition in terms of drying and sorting
Yes
A,F,H,S,U Drying and grading is being done at farmers level
Yes
A,C,F,FS,O Proper drying and grading required
26
Complete ban on collection 90%
Complete ban on collection
Complete ban on
70%
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Species Name
Agrotechnology availability
Trade/annum (In MT)
Market Potential and Future Projections
Profitability to Farmers (Y/N)
Planting Material Availability (Y/N)
Utility Range and Value Addition Scope
Acceptability among farmers / History of cultivation
Agroclimatic and Ecological Factors
in demand Sarpgandha
Satavari
Yes – Well documented & practiced
200-500
Yes – Well documented & Practiced
2000-5000
Conservation Status in State & Collection category
Overall %age of Experts recommendation
collection
Excellent and Growth rate 11.6%
Yes
Good and Growth rate 15.1%
Yes
Excellent and growth rate 7.5%
Yes
Good and growth rate 7.5%
Yes
Good and
Yes
Yes
A,F,FS,H,Ph,S,T,U Grading and proper drying is required
Yes
A,F,FS,S,T,U Value addition is required
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for subtropical region
VU
85%
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for subtropical region
_
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for subtropical region
_
75%
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for temperate region
_
70. 7%
Yes – it is
Suited for
_
85.7%
Complete ban on collection 70%
Under sustainable collection
b) Aromatic Plants Lemongrass
Chamomile
Damask
Yes – Well documented & practiced
1250
Yes – Well documented & Practiced
76
Yes – Well
1625
Yes
A,C,F,FS,O,P,Ph,S,U Value addition is being done at farmers level
Yes
C, Ph, O, P Value addition is possible
27
Yes
A,C,F,FS,H,O,P,Ph,S,U
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Species Name
Agrotechnology availability
Rose
documented & practiced
Mint
Yes – Well documented & Practiced
Trade/annum (In MT)
Market Potential and Future Projections
Profitability to Farmers (Y/N)
Planting Material Availability (Y/N)
growth rate 9.17%
33.6 Oil in UK (CAP)/30,000 MT (FFDC)
Excellent and demand is growing
Yes
Yes
Utility Range and Value Addition Scope
Acceptability among farmers / History of cultivation
Agroclimatic and Ecological Factors
Conservation Status in State & Collection category
Value addition is being done at farmers level
picking up now
Subalpinetemperate region
Open for collection
A,B,Cu,F,FS,O,Ph,
Yes – long history of cultivation
Suited for subtropical region
_
Value addition is being done at local level
Overall %age of Experts recommendation
75%
Open for collection
Source: Annual Demand of Medicinal Herbs- FRLHT: Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. Annual Demand of Aromatic Herbs: GIZ – Domestic Market Study for Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Utility range – A: Ayurveda, B: Beverages, C: Cosmetics, Cu: Culinary, F: Folk, FS: Food Supplements, H: Homoeopathy, O: Oils, P: Perfumery, Ph: Pharmaceutical, S: Siddha, T: Tibetan, U: Unani Conservation Status: CR-Critically Endangered, VU-Vulnerable. Annual Market potential – CERPA, 2002
28
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
2
Cedrus deodara
Devdaru
3
3
Taxus baccata
Talispatra
9
4
Terminalia chebula
Harad
17
5
Boswellia serrata
Salai
4
6
Terminalia bellirica
Behera
13
7
Cinnamomum tamala
Tajpat
13
8
Embelia tsjeriam-
Bi -Vidang
8
Dr. S. K. Nathani
Dr. Rakesh Shaha
Dr. S.K. Chandola
Dr. S. K. Singh
Dr. J.S. Rawat
14
13
12
11
10
9
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
*
*
* * * *
*
*
*
*
8
HRDI FRLHT
Dr. Adikari
15
26- Prioritized
Mr. N.Chauhan
16
Dr. Uniyal
Dr. A. K. Badoni
17
(IUCN) Dr. A. K. Panday
Dr. M. C. Nautiyal
18
Prof M. Anis
4
19
Dr Promode Khant
Amla
20
NMPB
Emblica officinalis
21
Dr. R. R. Rao
1
Name of the Experts
RP Kala
name
Rawat Dr. Farooq
Common
PCCF, Dr. RBS
Botanical Name
Dr. V. P. Bhatt
S. No.
No of Recommendation
Table 9 Different expert‟s recommendation for Afforestation/Agroforestry
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
* *
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
cottam 9
Berberis aristata
Daru Haldi
12
10
Tinospora cordifolia
Giloy
14
11
Pistacia integerrima
Kakra
3
*
*
*
*
*
Singi
29
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
Celastrus paniculatus
Mal-
6
*
14
Stereospermum
Padal
6
*
Gand
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
Prof M. Anis
Dr Promode Khant
NMPB
*
*
Dr. R. R. Rao
*
*
HRDI FRLHT
*
26- Prioritized
*
*
Dr. Uniyal
*
(IUCN) Dr. A. K. Panday
*
Dr. J.S. Rawat
*
Dr. S. K. Singh
*
Dr. S.K. Chandola
Mr. N.Chauhan
Dr. Rakesh Shaha
13
*
Dr. S. K. Nathani
9
Dr. Adikari
Sona
Dr. A. K. Badoni
*
Oroxylum indicum
Dr. M. C. Nautiyal
*
12
RP Kala
name
Name of the Experts
Rawat Dr. Farooq
Common
PCCF, Dr. RBS
Botanical Name
Dr. V. P. Bhatt
S. No.
No of Recommendation
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
*
kangni *
suaveolens 15
Paederia scandens
Prasarni 16
Zanthoxylum armatum
Timuru
14
17
Myrica esculenta
Kaiphal
12
18
Sapindusm mukorossi
Ritha
6
19
Moringa oleifera
Sahjan
5
20
Santalum album
Chandan
2
21
Pueraria tuberosa
Vidarikand
4
22
Premna serratifolia
Arni
3
23
Juniperus sp
Juniper
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
* *
*
* *
30
*
* *
*
Identification of MAPs suitable for Cultivation and inclusion in Afforestation and Income Generation Programmes
Table 10 Selected Medicinal Plants for Afforestation/Agroforestry Common Name
Giloy
Sona
Kaiphal
Daru Haldi
Timuru
Talispatra
Scientific Name
Tinospora cordifolia
Oroxylum indicum
Myrica esculenta
Berberis aristata
Zanthoxylum armatum
Taxus baccata
Trade/annum In MT
Future projection
Plantation in the forest /QPM
Utilizatio n Range
Conservat ion status/
Ecological Suitability
Propagation /Gestation Period
32000-5000
HRD
Yes/ Available
Ay, Fo, Ho, Si, Ti, Un
Ban on Collection
Subtropical
1000-2000
HRD
Yes
Ay, Fo, Si, Ti, Un
-
