ICT Material Reference

 

YXTHEFOFCT DH[ DH [ [W [W@K @KDJ DJC C YO YO@J @J ([FY KF KFSJ SJ @J @J@O @OTX TXDX DX (G (GD@ D@X X @J @JK K KD KDWL WLH[ H[DF DFJ J KL[ KL [@D @DOL OLK K [F [FY Y KF KFSJ SJ @J @J@O @OTX TXDX DX W\ W\OL OLX X (\J \JKL KLWX WX[ [@J @JKDJ KDJC C HF HFMMD MMD[M [MLJ LJ[ [ FB [W [W@K @KLW LWX X (HF (HF[ [ M@WNL[ M@WN L[ YWF YWFBDOL BDOLX X X\YY X\ YYFW FW[ [ / WL WLXD XDX[ X[@J @JHL HL @W @WL@ L@X X  @WL@X FB HFJBO\ HFJBO\LJHL LJHL BDGFJ@HHD F[L Y@[[LWJX XLXXDFJ XLX XDFJ [W@ [W@KDJ KDJC C YWDHL YW DHL @H @H[DF [DFJ J EDCE EDC E YWF YWFG@G G@GDOD[ DOD[T T YWDH YWDHL L Y@[[L [[LWJX WJX [W@KDJ [W@ KDJC C XSDJ XSDJCX CX DH[ [W [W@K @KDJ DJC C HF HFJH JHLY LY[X [X DH[ [W [W@K @KDJ DJC C ML ML[E [EFK FKX X DJXDKLW DJXD KLWX X [W@ [W@KDJC KDJC ML[E ML[EFKX FKX YWFBLX YWF BLXXDF XDFJ@O J@OX X \XL FB DJK DJKDH@ DH@[F [FWX WX MDXH MD XH RD RDKL KLF F JF JF[L [LX X [W@K [W @KL L W\ W\OL OLX X WDXN M@J@ M@J@CLM CLMLJ[ LJ[ [W@K [W @KDJ DJC C DJ DJXD XDKL KL [E [EL L W@ W@JC JCL L DH[ [L [LWMX WMX @J @JK K @G @GGW GWLR LRD@ D@[DF [DFJX JX

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YXTHEFOFCT

Glofw ds g`sdh psyhefofcy ` tr`klr jllks tf ujklrst`jk glbfrl glcdjjdjc ttf f tr`kl. Ljsurl tel bfoofwdjc hhfjhlpts fjhlpts `rl ujkl ujklrstffk rstffk `jk po`jjlk fut gl glbfrl bfrl tr`kdjc1 0. \jkl \jklrst` rst`jk jk tel `sslt `sslt ho`ss ho`ss yfu `rl `rl tr`k tr`kdjc djc (d. (d.l. l. kfj— kfj—tt bfoof bfoofw w 79 p`dr p`drss `t fjhl) 7. [edj [edjn n djklpl djklpljkljt jkljtoy oy `jk usl usl yfur fw fwj j `j`oy `j`oysds sds (tu (turj rj fbb tel tel [ [R R `jk rumfr sdtls) 8. Klvl Klvlofp ofp `jk `kelr `kelrll tf yfur yfur plr plrsfj`o sfj`o tr`k tr`kll prfbdol prfbdol `jk hfmprl hfmprlssdvl ssdvl tr`kl po`j ;. \tdo \tdodzl dzl `jk `jk lxlr lxlrhdsl hdsl dm dmplhh plhh`gol `gol lqudty lqudty m`j`clm m`j`clmljt ljt (0-0. dt h`j gl uslk djstl`k fb ` prdhl fshdoo`tfr  mfjly m`j`clmljt --- tel prfpl prfplrr usl (dj po`jjdjc ` tr`kl) fb pfsd pfsdtdfj tdfj sdzl,  stfp-ofss, `jk W/W (rlw`rk/rds (rlw`rk/rdsn) n) r`tdf ddj j frklr tf odmdt ofssls `jk prlslrvl h`pdt`o mfvdjc `vlr`cl (fr sdmpol mfvdjc mfvdjc `vlr`cl) --- tel tel `vlr`cl fb tel k`t` brfm brfm tel mfst rlhljt j-jumglr fb plrdfks, plrdfks, jft wldcetl wldcetlk k (hfmp`rl tf LM@) MW0, MW7, lth. lth. --- djtl djtlrmlkd`tl rmlkd`tl rlsdst`jhl rlsdst`jhl olvlos (hfmputlk brfm  pdvft-pfdjt bfrmuo`s) --- sll DH[ Ydvft-Yfdjt Bfrmuo`s fj p`cl ;

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MX --- (sll m`rnlt struhturl) MX0, MX7, lth. lth. --- djtlrmlkd`tl djtlrmlkd`tl suppfrt olvlos (hfmputlk brfm pdvft-pfdjt bfrmuo`s) --- sll DH[ Ydvft-Yfdjt Bfrmuo`s Bfrmuo`s fj p` p`cl cl ; M[; --- ` rlt`do rlt`do tr`kdjc po`tbfrm, odh odhljslk ljslk wfrokwdkl tf grfnlrs, pfpuo`r bfr  dts MPO; shrdptdjc o`jcu`cl `oofwdjc hrl`tdfj hrl`tdfj fb L@'s, L@'s, hustfm djkdh`tfrs, `jk shrdpts M[C --- (sll Mdoodfj`dr  Mdoodfj`drll [r`klrs' [r`klrs' Cudok ) J

jlc`tdvloy hfrrlo`tlk hfrrlo`tlk p`drs ----- twf hurr hurrljhy ljhy p`drs wefsl prdhls mfvl (rfuceoy) dj fppfsdtl kdrlhtdfjs (lx` (lx`mpol1 mpol1 L\W/\X L\W/\XK K `jk \XK/HEB) \XK/HEB) jlstlk F[L --- `j F[L wdtedj `j F[L --- ` sm`oolr (O[B) prdhl swdjc wdte wdte `j F[L rltr`hlmljt rltr`hlmljt,, jlstlk wdtedj ` o`rclr (E[B) prdhl swdjc wdte dts (o`rclr) F[L  Tfrn tdml, tel glcdjj  Jlw Tfrn Fplj --- 5`m Jlw Tfrn glcdjjdjc djc fb tel j jfrm`o frm`o  gusdjlss k`y dj Jlw Tfrn   Jlw Tfrn Fplj Ndoo Qfjl Qfjl --- jfmdj` jfmdj`ooy ooy 3`m-4`m Jlw Tfrn tdml (teds tdml  plrdfk m`y gl lxp`jklk lxp`jklk `t tel kdshrltdfj kdshrltdfj fb tel ttr`klr)> r`klr)> teds ds fjl fb ; ndoo   zfjls  Jlw Tfrn pdvfts --- k`doy k`doy pdvft olvlos g`slk g`slk fj mdkjdcet Jlw Tfrn Tfrn tdml `s tel st`rt fb l`he Bfrlx tr`kdjc k`y Tfrn tdml> tel bdrs  Jlw Tfrn slssdfj --- 5`m- fjl fb tel mltrdhs mltrdhs dj ` HF[ rlpfrt fplj tr`kl rl`htdfj pe`sl --- tfp-kfwj `j`oysds, pe`sl ;1 m`rnlt b`d b`dourl ourl tf X/W, W, jl jlws ws rlol mfvl, prdhl rlalhtdfj `t X/ rlol`sls `sls,, cofg`o lvljt lvljts, s, `jk/fr tr`k tr`klr  lr  dssuls fptdm`o tr`kl ljtry ljtry --- ljtry ljtry zfjl gltwll gltwllj j tel 27% `jk 34% rltr` rltr`hlmljt hlmljt rltr`hlmljt olvlos olvlos --- jftl te`t 27% `jk 34% `rl jft st`jk`rk bdg rltr`hlmljt  F[L --- (sll fptdm`o tr`kl ljtry) fshdoo`tfr --- ` tlhejdh`o djkdh`tfr (l.c., WXD, stfhe`stdhs, fr S%-W) wedhe  pofts prdhl `s ` plrhljt`cl (brfm 9% tf 099% 099%)) fb sfml v`rd`gol futsdkl k`y wdte ` kfwj hofsl ----- `j ljcuobdjc K`doy K`doy h`jkol wdte ` ofwlr  hofs hofsl> l> db hhfj fjbd bdrm rmlk lk gy `j fvlrs fvlrsfok fok djkdh`tfr djkdh`tfr,, dt sdcj`os sdcj`os ` rlv rlvlrs` lrs`oo tf tel upsdkl fvlrgfucet fvlrg fucet ----- ` prdhl wedhe wedhe `pp `ppl`rs l`rs tf e`vl e`vl mfvlk tff b`r hfujtlr hfujtlr tf `  gl`rdse gd`s (`s djkdh`tlk gy pdvfts, [r`klr' r`klr'ss [rdjdty, fr `jy fb v`rdfus fshdoo`tfrs) fvlrsfok fvlrs fok --- ` pr prdhl dhl wedhe wedhe `ppl`rs `ppl`rs tf e`vl e`vl mfvlk tff b`r hfujtlr hfujtlr tf ` guood guoodse se  gd`s (`s djkdh`tlk gy pdvfts, [r`klr's [rdjdty, fr `jy fb v v`r `rdfu dfuss fshdoo`tfrs) Y

Y (fr YY YY, fr HY) --- pdvft, fr pdvft-pfdjt, pdvft-pfdjt, fr hljtr`o pdvft (hfmputlk brfm

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 pdvft-pfdjt bfrmuo`s) --- sll DH[ Ydvft-Yfdjt Bfrmuo`s fj p`cl ; Y@ --- (sll  prdhl `htdfj) Y`h-m`j --- so`jc tlrm rlblrrdjc tf sm`rt mfjly "cfggo "cfggodjc djc up" stfps (odnl Y`h-M`j cfggodjc up p`h-kfts p`h-kfts dj tel 0459's `rh`kl c`ml) YG&A --- pl`jut guttlr `jk alooy Ylrb He`rt --- Ylrbfrm`jhl Ylrbfrm`jhl He` He`rt rt (XtfhnHe`rts.h (XtfhnHe`rts.hfm), fm), tr`hns %-he`jcl ddj j  prdhl fvlr ` slolhtlk tdml plrdfk, st`rtdjc brfm ` 9% g`sl-odjl --- sll odst fj  p`cl ;  pdj --- sefrte`jk bfr  pdj-g`r   pdj-g`r   pdj-g`r --- ` h`jkolstdhn, fb ldtelr hfofr, hfofr, e`vdjc ` ofjc upplr fr ofwlr wdhn  (fr gfte), sdcj`odjc sdcj`odjc m`rnlt "elsdt` "elsdt`tdfj" tdfj" dj tel kdrlht kdrlhtdfj dfj fb tel ofjc wdh wdhn  n   pfsdtdfj tr`kl ----- ` tr`kl dj wedhe tel ljtr ljtry y `jk lxdt `rl lxpl lxplhtlk htlk tf fhhur  wllns, mfjtes (fr lvlj yl`rs) ``p`rt, p`rt, `jk tel prfbdt t`rclt ds 0,999 pdps fr  mfrl  pfujk --- djbfrm`o djbfrm`o j`ml fb tel \.N. hurr hurrljhy ljhy (prfplr j`ml1 pfujk  stlrodjc )> )> `osf, fjl fb tel jdhnj jdhnj`mls `mls fb tel CGY/\XK p`dr  Yfwlr fb [erll --- ljtry dmmlkd`tloy dmmlkd`tloy `btlr tel hofsl fb ` terll-g`r edce (fr  ofw) `t ` nly nly rlsdst`jhl ((fr fr suppfrt) olvlo fj ` K`doy he`rt (`kv`jh (`kv`jhlk lk tlhejdqul)  prdhl `htdfj ----- ` mltefk fb `j`oyzdjc `jk/fr tr`kdjc `jy m`rnlt, g` g`slk slk fjoy fj prdhl p`ttlrjs p`ttlrjs `jk sdmpol prdhl ml`surdjc tffos, gut lxhoukdjc djkdh`tfrs  prfbdt rlol`sl rlol`sl pe`sl --- dj ` typdh`o `hhumuo`tdfj/kdstrdgutdfj shlj`rdf, teds ds tel prdhl r`jcl gltwllj tel `hhumuo`tdfj pe`sl `jk tel kdstrdgutdfj  pe`sl  Mdhe`lo's terl Yrf [r`klrs' Houg --- fjl fb  Mdhe`lo's terl`ks `ks fj tel "Jl "Jlwgdl wgdl DDso`jk so`jk"" bfrum, klvftlk tf k`doy rlvdlws `jk DH[ tffo `ppodh`tdfj Y[H --- (sll Yrf [r`klrs' [r`klrs' Houg)  puoo ` bdg --- usl ` Bdgfj`hhd Bdgfj`hhd tffo tf klodjl`t klodjl`tll ` prdhl swdjc (brfm (brfm djdtd`o rltr`hlmljt olvlos `jk Bdgfj`hhd  prdhl tf bdj`o prdhl) sefwdjc Bdgfj`hhd rltr`hlmljt  lxtljsdfj olvlos W 

W0, W7, W8, lth. lth. --- rlsdst`jhl rlsdst`jhl olvlos (hfmputlk (hfmputlk brfm pdvft-pfdjt bfrmuo`s) --- sll DH[ Ydvft-Yfdjt Bfrmuo`s Bfrmuo`s fj p`cl ; r`jcl hfjtr`htdfj --- tel tljkljhy bfr ` slrdls fb o`rcl r`jcl k`ys tf gl bfoofwlk gy fjl fr mfrl sm`oo r`jcl k`ys

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 sm`oo r`jcl k`ys tf gl r`jcl lxp`jsdfj --- tel tljkljhy bfr ` slrdls fb  sm`oo bfoofwlk gy fjl fr mfrl o`rcl r`jcl k`ys rlbolhtd rlbo lhtdfj fj p`ttl p`ttlrj rj --- ` p`ttlrj p`ttlrj dj wedhe wedhe prdhl prdhl rltr rltr`hls `hls glyfj glyfjk k tel F[L zfjl, tel 099% bdg rltr`hlmljt, rltr`hlmljt, `jk tel 073% bdg lxtljsdfj, hrl` hrl`tdjc tdjc ` "r "rlvlr lvlrsl" sl" F[L 

rlcuo`r kdvlrcljhl --- trljk-rlvlrs`o kdvlrcljhl (sll typl 0 kdvlrcljhl) rlvlrs`o prfbdol --- `j l`roy-k`y pr prdhl dhl swdjc (up fr kfwj), t`ndjc fut ` nly K`doy fr S Sllnoy llnoy X/W olvlo, bfoofwlk bfoofwlk gy ` rlvlrs` rlvlrs`oo `jk ` o`r o`rclr clr o`tl-k` o`tl-k`y y prdhl swdjc rdp-tdkl rlvlrs`o --- sdmdo`r tf ` turtol sfup rlvl rlvlrs`o rs`o,, gut g`slk g`slk fj ` b`o b`osl sl  grl`nfut fb ` XE fr XO wedh wedhe e bfrmlk mfrl mfrl te`j 79 plrdfk plrdfkss prdfr  rdsn m`j`clmljt m`j`clmljt (fr lqudty lqudty m`j`clmljt) --- tel hfmgdj`tdfj fb mfjly m`j`clmljt  pous  pous tr`kl m`j`clmljt  rdsn fbb --- wdklsprl`k wdklsprl`k tr`kl tr`klrr `ttdtukl (fr sljtdmljt) sljtdmljt) dj wedhe edce-rdsn   pfsdtdfjs `rl `g`jkfjlk `g`jkfjlk dj b`vfr fb ofwlr-rdsn-ofwlr ofwlr-rdsn-ofwlr-rlturj -rlturj s`bl-e`vlj  pfsdtdfjs rdsn fj --- wdklsprl`k wdklsprl`k tr`klr tr`klr `ttdtukl (fr sljtdmljt) dj wedhe ofwofw-rdsn  rdsn  s`bl-e`vlj pfsdtdfjs `rl `g`jkfjlk dj b`vfr fb edcelr-r edcelr-rdsn-edcelrdsn-edcelr-rlturj rlturj  pfsdtdfjs WW (fr W/W, fr W1W) --- rdsn/rlw`rk r`tdf (l.c., XO/[Y )),, fr rlw`rk rlw`rk/rds /rdsn n r`tdf r`tdf (l.c., [Y/XO), klpljkdjc fj tel frkl frklrr dj wedhe wedhe tel jumglrs `rl st`tlk WW tr`hns --- r`dorf`k r`dorf`k tr`hns (rlblrs (rlblrs tf twf, ofjc, sdkl-gy-sdkl h`jkol h`jkol gfkdls, wdte fppfsdtl fppfsdtl hfofrs, hfofrs, kljft kljftdjc djc `j ljcdjllrl ljcdjllrlk k prdhl prdhl rlvl rlvlrs`o) rs`o) WXD --- (rlo`tdvl strljcte djklx) fjl fb 8 prdhl fshdoo`tfrs ( WXD,  WXD, stfhe`stdhs,  M@HK) `jk S%-W) djhouklk dj tel DH[ tf tffo fo-s -slt lt>> us usll fj fjll fb tels telsll (f (fr  r  M@HK X

X0, X7, X8, lth. lth. --- suppfrt olvlos (hfmputlk brfm pdvft-pfdjt bfrmuo` bfrmuo`s) s) --Bfrmuo`s fj p`cl ; sll DH[ Ydvft-Yfdjt Bfrmuo`s sh`op (fr sh`opdjc tr`kl) tr`kl) --- ` tr`kl dj wedhe wedhe tel ljtry `jk lxdt `rl lxplhtlk lxplhtlk tf fhhur slhfjks fr mdjutls `p`rt, `p`rt, `jk tel prfbdt t`rclt ds 89 pdps fr olss sl`rhe `jk klstrfy --- ` sm`rt mfjly t`htdh (wedhe s`vvy rrlt`do lt`do ttr`klrs r`klrs h`j dmdt`tl) fb systlm`tdh`ooy cujjdjc stfps `gf `gfvl vl `jk `jk glo glofw fw ` hfjsfodk`tdfj r`jcl sl`sfj`o tljkljhdls tljkljhdls --- tljkljhdls tljkljhdls fb m`jy m`rnlts m`rnlts (hurrljhdls (hurrljhdls,, lqudtdls,  O[O's `t splhdbd hfmmfkdtdls, gfjks) tf m`nl O[E's fr  O[O's splhdbdhh tdmls tdmls fb y yl`r  l`r