ICSE 10 Geography Notes

CH 1- CLIMATE OF INDIA FACTORS :      

HIMALAYAS SEAS WINDS LATITUDNAL POSITION ALTITUDE JET STREAMS RELIEF FEATURES – W. GHATS

FEATURES OF INDIAN CLIMATE :      

TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE DIVERSITY IN CCIMATIC CONDITIONS MONSOON MECHANISM FOUR DISTINCT SEASONS BAY CYCLONES OR TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS IN LATE MONSOON WINTER RAINFALL DUE TO W. DISTURBANCES

FEATURES OF MONSOON :    

UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED ERRATIC UNCERTAIN UNRELIABLE LOW RAINFALL : JAMMU, RAJASTHAN

PLACES OF

MODERATE RAINFALL : CHATTISGARH, CHATTISGARH, TAMIL TAMIL NADU HIGH RAINFALL R AINFALL : KERALA KERALA,, MEGHALAY MEG HALAYA, A, N. EAST, EA ST, W. W.

GHATS

MARCH TO MAY – HOT AND DRY SUMMER    

Low !"##$!" H%&' ("). %* *o!('"!* +!(# +w+ !o) #"+ R%"!#, w"//# 0! $

 

D$#( #(o!)# – P$*1+2, H+!+*+, U.P. – /oo  To!!"*(%+/ !+%*+// 0$" (o '%&' #""0 w%*0 %* w. B"*&+/ 3 A##+) –



4+/2+%#+4'% H%&' #""0 'o( w%*0#

JUNE TO SEPTEMBER – RAINY MONSOON    

Low !"##$!" +((!+5(%*& )o*#oo* /+0"* w%*0 !o) #$!!o$*0%*& #"+ U*""* !+%*+// B+ o B"*&+/ 2!+*5' : A##+), M"&'+/++, N+&+/+*0, U.P., W. B"*&+/ A!+2%+* #"+ 2!+*5' : M+'+!+#'(!+, K"!+/+, K+!*+(+4+, O!%##+

OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER – RETREATING MONSOON       

H%&' !"##$!" D! !"(!"+(%*& w%*0# C/"+! #4%"# +*0 0! +()o#'"!" O5(o2"! '"+( Low '$)%0%( O!"##%" w"+('"!  T+)%/ N+0$ A*0'!+ P!+0"#' – '%&'"#( !+%*+// 0$" (o 55/o*"# o!%&%*+(%*& %* B+ o B"*&+/

DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY – COLD AND DRY WINTER  

Low (") %* *o!(' ('"* #o$('  C/"+! #4%"#  Coo/ w"+('"! , /%&'( 2!""6"  H%&' !"##$!"   No !+%*# %* S.  W. 0%#($!2+*5"# 5+$#" !+%*+// %* P$*1+2 +*0 H+!+*+, &oo0 o! w'"+( +*0  2+!/"  S*ow+// %* H%)+/++#

CH – 2 soils in india

So%/ – ('%* #$!+5" /+"! o "+!(', 5o)!%#%*& )%*"!+/ +!(%5/"# o!)"0 2 w"+('"!%*& o !o54# E7 #%($ #o%/ – (!+*#o!("0 – +//$%+/ #o%/ I* #%($ #o%/ – o$*0 w'"!" o!)"0 – /+("!%(", !"0, 2/+548!"&$! #o%/ ALLUVIAL SOIL        

T!+*#o!("0 2 !%"!# +# #%/( R%5' %* o(+#', '$)$# +*0 /%)" 3 0"%5%"*( %* /%)" O* 2+*4# o I*0$# 3 (!%2$(+!%"#, G+*&+ 3 (!%2$(+!%"# Go0++!% 3 K!%#'*+ – )%7"0 w%(' !"&$! – 0+!4 "//ow +*0 &!+%#' %* 5o/o$! P$*1+2, H+!+*+, U.P. 3 B%'+! – "//ow %* 5o/o$!  B'+*&+! – o/0 – /%&'( &!" K'+0+! – *"w – *o* o!o$#, 5/+" 3 /o+) - "//ow%#' C!o# – 1$(" 3 !%5"

BLACK SOIL       

Vo/5+*%5 o!%&%* D"55+* (!+ M+0'+ P!+0"#' +*0 M+'+!+#'(!+ D%#%*("&!+(%o* o 2+#+/( !%5' %* o(+#', '$)$# +*0 /%)" D"", %*" &!+%*"0 +*0 2/+54 (o 5'"#(*$( 2!ow* %* 5o/o$!  Mo%#($!" !"("*(%" – #(%54 w'"* w"( 3 o!)# 5!+54# w'"* 0! C!o# – 5o((o* 3 w'"+(

RED SOIL     

W"+('"!%*& o 5!#(+//%*" +*0 )"(+)o!'%5 !o54# T+)%/ *+0$, K+!*+(+4+ 3 A*0'!+ P!+0"#' R"0 %* 5o/o$! , '%&' %!o* o7%0" D"%5%"*( %* *%(!o&"*, /%)", 'o#'o!o$# 3 '$)$# – !%5' %* o(+#' C!o# – w'"+( !%5" )%//"(#

LATERITE SOIL  

L"+5'%*& o /+("!%(%5 !o54# B$%/0%*& )+("!%+/ 0$" (o oo! 9$+/%(

    

U*#$%(+2/" o! 5$/(%+(%o* Go+ +*0 4"!+/+ 3 )+/w+ /+("+$ Poo! %* *%(!o&"* 3 /%)" H%&' +5%0%( 5+*( !"(+%* )o%#($!" C!o# – 5+#'"w *$( +*0 (+%o5+

SOIL EROSION – !")o+/ o $"! "!(%/" /+"! 2 +&"*(# o 0"*$0+(%o* CAUSES     

W+("! – #'""( "!o#%o* – &$// "!o#%o* H$)+* – 0"o!"#(+(%o* O"! &!+6%*& 2 5+((/" W%*0 I)!o"! +!)%*& ("5'*%9$"#

EFFECTS   

Loo#"*%*& o #o%/ L+*0#/%0"# 3 /+#' /oo0# L"+0# (o $*!o0$5(%" #o%/ – oo! 5!o %"/0

METHODS TO PREVENT       

S(!% 5!o%*& +*0 ("!!+5" +!)%*& A00 o!&+*%5 )+(("!, &!ow /"&$)%*o$# /+*(# 3 5!o !o(+(%o* A  +o!"#(+(%o*  /+*(%*& o #'"/("! 2"/(# o (!""# Co*(o$! /o$&'%*& +*0 5o*(o$! 2%*0%*& W+("!#'"0 )+*+&")"*(

CH 3 – NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA  N+($!+/ "&"(+(%o* %# ('+( w'%5' &!ow# w%('o$( '$)+* %*("!"!"*5" +*0 +0o(# %(#"/ (o "*%!o*)"*(.

FACTORS    

R+%*+// T")"!+($!" So%/ Too&!+' – +/(%($0" +*0 /+(%($0"

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST       

; C (o ;?>C D%. (!""# &"!)%*+(" 3 w%('"! @ 0%"!"*( (%)"# D"*#" (!""#, 5/%)2"!# 3 "%'("# D+!4 /oo! +# *o #$*/%&'( "*"(!+("# T!""# *o( %* $!" #(+*0 Ro#"woo0, "2o*, #'%#'+) – )+4%*& $!*%($!" – A*0+)+* 3 *%5o2+! %#/+*0#, +##+), M"&'+/++ 3 T!%$!+

TROPICAL DECIDOUS8 MONSOON FORESTS         

 5 T!""# – /o*& !oo(#, #)+// /"+"# 3 ('o!*# B+2$/ – &$) 3 %(# 2+!4# – (+**%*& #4%* K%4+!, +5+5%+#,('o!* 2$#'"# R+1+#('+*, 4$(5' 3 #+$!+#'(!+ %* G$1+!+(

TIDAL8DELTA FORESTS        

D"*#" 3 %)"*"(!+2/" Roo(# o$( %* +%! 0$!%*& /ow (%0" T+*&/"0 !oo( ##(") D"/(+# o &+*&+. M+'+*+0%, K!%#'*+, Go0++!% G/o## /"+"# W. B"*&+/, A*0'!+ P!+0"#' S$*0+!% – '+!0, )+4%*& 2o+(# Go!1+* 3 '%*(+/ – #o$!5" o $"/ woo0

MOUNTAIN FORESTS          

Mo$*(+%* +!"+ – K+#')%! (o +##+) V"&"(+(%o* 0"5%0$o$# 3 5o*%"!o$# D""*0%*& o* "/"+(%o* 3 !+%*+// H%)+5'+/ – 5o*%"!o$#, (+%&+ – C'!%#()+# (!"" – woo0 $/ – +"!  H%)+0!% – ($*0!+ – )o#"# 3 /%5'"*# S'%+/%4 – 0"5%0$o$# C'%! %*" – "7(!+5(%o* o !"#%*# +*0 ($!"*(%*" S%/"! %! – )+(5'"#, +"!  D"o0+! – !+%/w+ #/"""!# 3 'o$#" 5o*#(!$5(%o* K+#')%!, '%)+5'+/ P!+0"#'

FOREST CONSERVATION    

C'"54 0"o!"#(+(%o* P!""*( o"!&!+6%*& R"o!"#(+(%o* S'%(%*& 5$/(%+(%o* *""0# (o 2" 5o*(!o//"0

CH 4 WATER REOURCE OF INDIA I!!%&+(%o* %# 4" (o %*0%+# +&!%5$/($!+/ #$55"## :  

U*""* 0%#(!%2$(%o* o !+%*+// S"+#o*+/ !+%*+//

  

I*0%+# +&!%5$/($!+/ #"+#o* "7("*0# o"! w%*("!  I*0%+* )o*#oo* – $*5"!(+%* D%. w+("! !"9$%!")"*(#

METHODS WELLS - *. /+%*# – UP, P$*1+2 3 R+1+#('+* 



B 0%&&%*& 'o/" %* &!o$*0 (%// w+("! (+2/" )+*$+// R"9$%!")"*(# – '%&' w+("! (+2/" – "!)"+2/" !o54# – #o( #o%/ C'"+"#( 3 #%)/"#( #o$!5" o %!!%&+(%o* D%#+0+*(+&"# – 0! $ 0$!%*& #$))"! – 5+* w+("! /%)%("0 /+*0 – (%)"



5o*#$)%*& – 2!+54%#' w+("!  Mo0"!* – "!"**%+/ /%*"0 w"//# – 5o"!"0 – 0$& (%// "!)+*"*( #o$!5" $#%*&

 

)+5'%*"# TANK IRRIGATION  "*%*#$/+! /+("+$ – A*0'!+ P!+0"#' 3 (+)%/ *+0$ – *+($!+/ 0"!"##%o*# – '+!0 !o54#   

Co*#(!$5(%*& w+//# +5!o## + 0"!"##%o* R"9$%!")"*(# - &!o$*0 #'o$/0 2" !o54 D%#+0+*(+&"# – #%/(%*& o (+*4#, 0! 0$!%*& #$))"!, o55$ /+!&" +!"+

TUBE WELLS – U.P. B%'+!   

D"" 2o!" 0$& 3 w+("! %# /%("0 w%(' "/"5(!%5%( R"9$%!")"*(# –&!o$*0w+("! 5/o#" (o #$!+5" +*0 /"*(, !"&$/+! #$/ o 5'"+ "/"5(!%5%(, !"&%o* )$#( 2" "!(%/"

MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS BHAKRA NANGAL 0+) – #+(/$1 – '%&'"#( 0+) %* +#%+ – P$*1+2, H+!+*+ 3 !+1+#('+* – &o%*0 #+&+! /+4" DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION – 0+)o0+! – %!#( )$/(% $!o1"5( +("! %*0""*0"*5" HIRAKUND 0+) – M+'+*+0% – /+!&"#( 0+) %* %*0%+ – O!%##+

R%'+*0 0+) – !%'+*0 !%"! – (!%2$(+! o #o* – /+!&"#( /+4" !"#"!o%! – &o%*0  2+//+2 +*( #+&+! /+4" – 2%'+! T$*&+2'+0!+ - /+!&"#( *o. o 5+*+/# – A*0'!+ P!+0"#' 3 K+!*+(+4+ – (wo %!!%&+(%o* 5+*+/ o* 2o(' #%0"# – +5!o## T$*&+2'+0!+ – + (!%2$(+! o K!%#'*+ IMPORTANCE     

To #(o!" w+("!  To &"*"!+(" "/"5(!%5%( To 5o*(!o/ /oo0# To !o%0" 0!%*4%*& w+("!  To 0""/o %#5%5$/($!" 3 !"5!"+(%o*+/ 5"*(!"#

WATERSHED 0""/o)"*( – +* %). M"('o0 (o 5o*#"!" w+("!, %*5!"+#" +&!%5$/($!" 3 #(o "*. D"&!+0+(%o*. R+%* w+("! '+!"#(%*& – %( %# + ("5'*%9$" o %*5!"+#%*& ('" !"5'+!&" o &!o$*0 w+("!   2 5+($!%*& 3 #(o!%*& !+%*w+("!. O21"5(%"# –     

M""( 0")+*0# o w+("!  I)!o" &!o$*0w+("! 9$+/%( R"0$5" #o%/ "!o#%o* Ao%0 /oo0%*& o !o+0# R"0$5" #$!+5" !$*-o

EG: !oo w+("! '+!"#(%*&, '+*0 $)#, !"5'+!&" ('!o$&' #(o-0+)# o* #)+// #(!"+)#.

CH ! MINERAL IN INDIA COAL

   

B+#%5 #o$!5" o "*"!& P!o0$5(%o* o 5'")%5+/#, 0"#, "!(%/%6"!# +*0 +%*(# S(""/ %*0$#(!%"# B !o0$5(# – 2"*6o/, +))o*%+, *+('+ +*0 #$/'$!

= TYPES:    

A*('!+5%(" – < –   - 1"( 2/+54  B%($)%*o$# – < – ?  - 0+!4 2!ow* – 0o)"#(%5 $#"# L%&*%(" – =< – <  - 2!ow* P"+( – 2"/ow <  - /%&'( 2!ow*

PROBLEMS 

M"0%$) 9$+/%( – )o!" +#' 3 #)o4" – w+("! /o&&%*& – %!" +55%0"*(#

GONDWANA – o/0– W. B"*&+/ – !+*%&$*1 – o/0"#( – J'+!4'+*0 – J'+!%+ – /+!&"#(  – 2o4+!o TERTIARY – K+#')%! – !%+#% – +##+) – /+4'%)$!  PETROLEUM

     

So$!5" o ow"! +*0 $"/ G"*"!+(%o* o ow"! B !o0$5(# – 4"!o#"*", (+! +*0 /$2!%5+*(# A##+) – 0%&2o% – o/0"#( G$1+!+( – +*4/"#'w+! M$)2+% '%&' – /+!&"#(

IRON ORE

       

P!o0$5(%o* o %!o* 3 #(""/ U#"0 %* (!+*#o!(, 2$%/0%*& 0+)# 3 2!%0&"# Mo#( - '")+(%(" +*0 )+&*"(%(" /%)o*%(" – oo!"#(, '")+(%(" –  %!o* O!%##+ – 4"o*1+!', )+$!2'+*1 J'+!4'+*0 – #%*&2'$) Go+ – *"(+!/%), 2$!&+0o*&+! M+'+!+#'(!+ – 5'+*0!+$! M+%* %)o!("! – 1++*, %!+* 3 5'%*+

MANGANESE

     

U#"0 %* )+4%*& %!o* 3 #(""/ R+w )+("!%+/ o! +%*( 3 &/+## J++* – )+%* %)o!("! – $#+, $4  O!%##+ – #$*0"!&+!', 4o!+$( K+!*+(+4+ – 2"//+!, 5'%(!+0$!& M+0'+ P!+0"#')o#( – 2+/+&'+(

BAUXITE

    

R+w )+("!%+/ o! +/$)%*%$) M+4%*& o )+5'%*"# 3 (oo/# M+4%*& $("*#%/# A%!5!+( %*0$#(! O!%##+, J'+!4'+*0

LIMESTONE

 

U#"0 %* 5'")%5+/#, %!o* +*0 #(""/, 5")"*(, &/+## 3 "!(%/%6"!# C'+((%#&+!' 3 M+0'+ P!+0"#'

CH " a#$i%&l'&$( in india SUBSISTENCE FARMING F+!)%*& o! +!)"! (o 5o*#$)" – #)+// #%6"0 /+*0 – )o!" )+*$+/ /+2o$! – *o )+5'%*"# – )o#(/ oo0 5!o# – 0o$2/" 5!o%*&, 5!o !o(+(%o* 3 )$/(%/" 5!o%*&

JHUMMING, SHIFTING AGRICULTURE S/+#' +*0 2$!*, /ow 9$+/%( #""0, /"## !o0$5(%o*, %)!o"! 5$/(%+(%o*, "5o/o&%5+/  2+/+*5" 0%#($!2"0, 5!o# /"( (o &!ow o* ('"%! ow* 3 *o %!!%&+(%o* o! "!(%/%6+(%o* %#  !o%0"0

INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING S)+// #%6"0 %"/0#, )o!" /+2o$! 3 #5%"*(%%5 )"('o0 (o )+4" #o%/ )o!" !o0$5(%", $#" o '2!%0 #""0#, )o#(/ oo0 5!o#. ETENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING B%& %"/0#, )+5'%*"#, 5+#' 5!o#, #+!#"/ o$/+("0 +!"+# w%(' +)/" o /+*0.  !o0$5( o*/ o! #+/" MIED FARMING A*%)+/ !"+!%*& +/o*& w%(' 5!o#8/%"#(o54 !+%#%*& – /+!&"#( *o. o 5+((/" %* wo!/0 – %*0%+ – )o0"!* )+5'%*"! 3 &oo0 #""0# +!" $#"0 PLANTATION FARMING P!"0o)%*+*5" o #%*&/" 5!o w%(' #o)" o('"! 5!o# – o*/ o*5" /+*(+(%o* – %"/0 )+* "+!# – #5%"*(%%5+// )+*+&"0 5!o# o*/ o! #+/" PROBLEMS    

Mo!" ('+* 