IBM AIX

IBM AIX “AIX” redirects here. For other uses, see AIX (disambiguation). AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced /ˌeɪaɪˈɛks/[1] ) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms. Originally released for the IBM 6150 RISC workstation, AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBM RS/6000 series and later POWER and PowerPC-based systems, IBM System i, System/370 mainframes, PS/2 personal computers, and the Apple Network Server. AIX is based on UNIX System V with 4.3BSDcompatible extensions. It is one of five commercial op- AIX Version 4 console login prompt erating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group's UNIX 03 standard (the others being Mac OS X, Solaris, Inspur K-UX and HP-UX).[2] Unix started life at AT&T's Bell Labs research center in The AIX family of operating systems debuted in 1986, the early 1970s, running on DEC minicomputers. By became the standard operating system for the RS/6000 1976, the operating system was in use at various academic series on its launch in 1990, and is still actively developed institutions, including Princeton, where Tom Lyon and by IBM. It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems others ported it to the S/370, to run as a guest OS unalongside IBM i and Linux. der VM/370.[4] This port would later grow out to become [5] Unix offering by IBM’s competitor AIX was the first operating system to utilize journaling UTS, a mainframe [6] Amdahl Corporation. IBM’s own involvement in Unix file systems, and IBM has continuously enhanced the can be dated to 1979, when it assisted Bell Labs in doing software with features like processor, disk and network its own Unix port to the 370 (to be used as a build host virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation (infor the 5ESS switch's software), making modifications to cluding fractional processor units), and reliability engi[7] the TSS/370 hypervisor. neering ported from its mainframe designs.[3]

1

It took until 1985 for IBM to offer its own Unix on the platform: IX/370, developed by Interactive Systems Corporation and designed to compete with Amdahl UTS.[8] The operating system offered special facilities for interoperating with PC/IX, Interactive/IBM’s version of Unix for IBM PC compatible hardware, with licenses costing $10,000 per sixteen concurrent users.[9]

History

AIX Version 1, introduced in 1986 for the IBM 6150 RT workstation, was based on UNIX System V Releases 1 and 2. In developing AIX, IBM and Interactive Systems Corporation (whom IBM contracted) also incorporated source code from 4.2 and 4.3 BSD UNIX. Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 3 (also known as AIX/6000), based on System V Release 3, for their POWER-based RS/6000 platform. Since 1990, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series (later renamed IBM eServer pSeries, then IBM System p, and now IBM Power Systems). AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, added symmetric multiprocessing with the introduction of the first RS/6000

IBM RS/6000 AIX file servers used for ibm.com in the 1990s

1

2 SMP servers and continued to evolve through the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. Version 4.1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to complement the Macintosh line. In the late 1990s, under Project Monterey, IBM and the Santa Cruz Operation planned to integrate AIX and UnixWare into a single 32-bit/64-bit multiplatform UNIX with particular emphasis on running on Intel IA64 (Itanium) architecture CPUs. A beta test version of AIX 5L for IA-64 systems was released, but according to documents released in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2002.[10] In 2003, the SCO Group alleged that (among other infractions) IBM had misappropriated licensed source code from UNIX System V Release 4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM’s license to develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable, and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was adjudicated. AIX was a component of the 2003 SCO v. IBM lawsuit, in which the SCO Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed SCO’s intellectual property to the Linux codebase. The SCO Group, who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to revoke IBM’s license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March 2010, a jury returned a verdict finding that Novell, not the SCO Group, owns the rights to Unix.[11]

2

SUPPORTED HARDWARE PLATFORMS

ning kernel memory and the kernel stack for applications with real-time requirements can provide performance improvements by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not paged out. [12] AIX 7.2 [13] was announced in October 2015, with general availability of AIX 7.2 planned for December 2015. AIX 7.2 principal feature is the Live Kernel Update capability which allows OS fixes to replace the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications. AIX 7.2 was also restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component, bos.net.tcp.client was repackaged to allow additional installation flexibility. Unlike AIX 7.1, AIX 7.2 is only supported on systems based on POWER7 or later processors.

2 Supported hardware platforms 2.1 IBM 6150 RT The original AIX (sometimes called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM 6150 RT workstation by IBM in conjunction with Interactive Systems Corporation, who had previously ported UNIX System III to the IBM PC for IBM as PC/IX.[14] According to its developers, the AIX source (for this initial version) consisted of one million lines of code.[15] Installation media consisted of eight 1.2M floppy disks. The RT was based on the ROMP microprocessor, the first commercial RISC chip. This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (the IBM 801) .

AIX 6 was announced in May 2007, and it ran as an open beta from June 2007 until the general availability (GA) of AIX 6.1 on November 9, 2007. Major new features in AIX 6.1 included full role-based access control, workload partitions (which enable application mobility), enhanced security (Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v3 One of the novel aspects of the RT design was the use of and v4), and Live Partition Mobility on the POWER6 a microkernel, called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network hardware. were all controlled by a microkernel. One could “hotkey” AIX 7.1 was announced in April 2010, and an open beta from one operating system to the next using the Alt-Tab ran until general availability of AIX 7.1 in September key combination. Each OS in turn would get possession 2010. Several new features, including better scalability, of the keyboard, mouse and display. Besides AIX v2, the enhanced clustering and management capabilities were PICK OS also utilized this microkernel. added. AIX 7.1 includes a new built-in clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to orga- Much of the AIX v2 kernel was written in the PL/8 nize multiple LPARs through the multipath communica- programming language, which proved troublesome durtions channel to neighboring CPUs, enabling very high- ing the migration to AIX v3. AIX v2 included full speed communication between processors. This enables TCP/IP networking, as well as SNA and two networkmulti-terabyte memory address range and page table ac- ing file systems: NFS, licensed from Sun Microsystems, cess to support global petabyte shared memory space for and Distributed Services (DS). DS had the distinction of AIX POWER7 clusters so that software developers can being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully comprogram a cluster as if it were a single system, without patible with DS on the IBM midrange AS/400 and mainusing message passing (i.e. semaphore-controlled Inter- frame systems. For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v2 process Communication). AIX administrators can use came with the X10R3 and later the X10R4 and X11 verthis new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By sions of the X Window System from MIT, together with default, AIX V7.1 pins kernel memory and includes sup- the Athena widget set. Compilers for Fortran and C were port to allow applications to pin their kernel stack. Pin- available. One of the more popular desktop applications was the PageMaker desktop publishing software.

2.4

IA-64 systems

3 effort was made partly to allow IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS. Unlike AIX/370, AIX/ESA ran both natively as the host operating system, and as a guest under VM. AIX/ESA, while technically advanced, had little commercial success, partially because UNIX functionality was added as an option to the existing mainframe operating system, MVS, which became MVS/ESA OpenEdition in 1999.

2.4 IA-64 systems AIX PS/2 running on Virtual PC

2.2

IBM PS/2 series

As part of Project Monterey, IBM released a beta test version of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (Itanium) architecture in 2001, but this never became an official product due to lack of interest.[10]

AIX PS/2 (also known as AIX/386) was developed by Locus Computing Corporation under contract to IBM.[14] 2.5 Apple Network Servers AIX PS/2, first released in 1987,[16] ran on IBM PS/2 personal computers with Intel 386 and compatible pro- The Apple Network Server systems were PowerPC-based systems designed by Apple Computer to have numerous cessors. high-end features that standard Apple hardware did not The product was announced in September 1988 with have, including swappable hard drives, redundant power a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities supplies, and external monitoring capability. These syslike uucp were included in a separate Extension package tems were more or less based on the Power Macintosh priced at $250. nroff and troff for AIX were also sold hardware available at the time but were designed to use separately in a Text Formatting System package priced at AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as their native operating sys$200. The TCP/IP stack for AIX PS/2 retailed for an- tem in a specialized version specific to the ANS. other $300. The X Window package was priced at $195, while the C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price AIX was only compatible with the Network Servers and tag of $275. Locus also made available their DOS Merge was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. virtual machine environment for AIX, which could run Not to be confused is A/UX, Apple’s earlier version of MS DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was Unix for 68k-based Macintoshes. sold separately for another $250.[17] IBM also offered a $150 AIX PS/2 DOS Server Program, which provided 2.6 POWER/PowerPC-based systems file server and print server services for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.[18] The last version of PS/2 AIX is 1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM (nonmicrochannel) computers as well.[19] Support for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.[20]

2.3

IBM mainframes

In 1988, IBM announced AIX/370, also developed by Locus Computing. AIX/370 was IBM’s third attempt to offer Unix-like functionality for their mainframe line, specifically the System/370 (the prior versions were a TSS/370 based Unix system developed jointly with AT&T c.1980,[7] and VM/IX, a VM/370 based system developed jointly with Interactive Systems Corporation c.1984). AIX/370 was released in 1990 with functional equivalence to System V Release 2 and 4.3BSD as well as IBM enhancements. With the introduction of the ESA/390 architecture, AIX/370 was replaced by AIX/ESA in 1991, which was based on OSF/1, and also ran on the System/390 platform. This development

AIX RS/6000 servers running ibm.com in early 1998

The release of AIX version 3 (sometimes called AIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the first POWER1-based IBM RS/6000 models in 1990. AIX v3 innovated in several ways on the software side. It was the first operating system to introduce the idea

4

3 VERSIONS System, together with Motif as the recommended widget collection and window manager. • Network file systems: NFS from Sun; AFS, the Andrew File System; and DFS, the Distributed File System. • NCS, the Network Computing System, licensed from Apollo Computer (later acquired by HP). • DPS on-screen display system. This was notable as a “plan B” in case the X11+Motif combination failed in the marketplace. However, it was highly proprietary, supported only by Sun, NeXT, and IBM. This cemented its failure in the marketplace in the face of the open systems challenge of X11+Motif and its lack of 3D capability. As of 2015, AIX runs on IBM Power, System p, System i, System p5, System i5, eServer p5, eServer pSeries and eServer i5 server product lines, as well as IBM BladeCenter blades[21] and IBM PureFlex compute nodes based on Power Architecture technology.

AIX RS/6000 servers running ibm.com in early 1998

2.6.1 POWER7 AIX features

AIX 7.1 fully exploits systems based on POWER7 processors include the Active Memory Expansion feature, which increases system flexibility where system administrators can configure logical partitions (LPARs) to use less physical memory. For example, an LPAR running AIX appears to the OS applications to be configured with 80 GB of physical memory but the hardware actually only consumes 60 GB of physical memory. Active Memory Expansion is a virtual memory compression system which employs memory compression technology to transparently compress in-memory data, allowing more data to be placed into memory and thus expanding the memory capacity of POWER7 systems. Utilizing Active Memory Expansion can improve system utilization and increase a system’s throughput. AIX 7 automatically manages the size of memory pages used to automatically use 4 KB, Other notable subsystems included: 64 KB or a combination of those page sizes. This self• IRIS GL, a 3D rendering library, the progenitor of tuning feature results in optimized performance without OpenGL. IRIS GL was licensed by IBM from SGI in administrative effort. 1987, then still a small company which had sold only one thousand machines to date. SGI also provided 2.6.2 POWER8 AIX features the low-end graphics card for the RS/6000, capable of drawing 20,000 gouraud-shaded triangles per AIX 7.2 exploits POWER8 hardware features including second. The high-end graphics card was designed accelerators and eight-way hardware multithreading. by IBM, a follow-on to the mainframe-based IBM 5080, capable of rendering 990,000 vectors per second. of a journaling file system, JFS, which allowed for fast boot times by avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks (see fsck) on every reboot. Another innovation was shared libraries which avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used. The resulting smaller binaries used less of the hardware RAM to run, and used less disk space to install. Besides improving performance, it was a boon to developers: executable binaries could be in the tens of kilobytes instead of a megabyte for an executable statically linked to the C library. AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that resulted in v3 containing no PL/I code and being somewhat more “pure” than v2.

3 Versions

• PHIGS, another 3D rendering API, popular in automotive CAD/CAM circles, and at the core of 3.1 CATIA. • Full implementation of version 11 of the X Window

POWER/PowerPC releases

• AIX V7.2, October 5, 2015 [22]

3.1

POWER/PowerPC releases

5 • AIX Security Expert – A system and network security hardening tool • Encrypting JFS2 filesystem • Trusted AIX • Trusted Execution • Integrated Electronic Service Agent for auto error reporting • Concurrent Kernel Maintenance • Kernel exploitation of POWER6 storage keys • ProbeVue dynamic tracing • Systems Director Console for AIX • Integrated filesystem snapshot

The default login banner for AIX 5.3 on PowerPC

• Live update for Interim Fixes - replace the entire AIX kernel without impacting applications • Flash based filesystem caching • Cluster Aware AIX automation with repository replacement mechanism

• Requires POWER4 or newer CPUs • AIX 6 withdrawn from Marketing effective April 2016 and from Support effective April, 2017[25] • AIX 5L 5.3, August 13, 2004,[26] end of support April 30, 2012 • NFS Version 4

• SRIOV-backed VNIC, or dedicated VNIC virtualized network adapter support

• Advanced Accounting

• RDSv3 over RoCE adds support of the Oracle RDSv3 protocol over the Mellanox Connect RoCE adapters

• Virtual Ethernet

• Requires POWER7 or newer CPUs • AIX V7.1, September 10, 2010[23]

• Virtual SCSI • Exploitation of Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) • Micro-Partitioning enablement • POWER5 exploitation

• Support for 256 cores / 1024 threads in a single LPAR

• JFS2 quotas

• The ability to run AIX V5.2 or V5.3 inside of a Workload Partition

• kernel scheduler has been enhanced to dynamically increase and decrease the use of virtual processors.

• An XML profile based system configuration management utility • Support for export of Fibre Channel adapters to WPARs • VIOS disk support in a WPAR • Cluster Aware AIX • AIX Event infrastructure • Role-based access control (RBAC) with domain support for multi-tenant environments • AIX V6.1, November 9, 2007[24] • Workload Partitions (WPARs) operating system-level virtualization • Live Application Mobility • Live Partition Mobility • Security • Role Based Access Control RBAC

• Ability to shrink a JFS2 filesystem

• AIX 5L 5.2, October 18, 2002,[26] end of support April 30, 2009[27] • Ability to run on the IBM BladeCenter JS20 with the PowerPC 970 • Minimum level required for POWER5 hardware • MPIO for Fibre Channel disks • iSCSI Initiator software • Participation in Dynamic LPAR • Concurrent I/O (CIO) feature introduced for JFS2 released in Maintenance Level 01 in May 2003[28] • AIX 5L 5.1, May 4, 2001 (Support discontinued April 1, 2006)[29] • Ability to run on an IA-64 architecture processor, although this never went beyond beta[30]

6

4 USER INTERFACES • Minimum level required for POWER4 hard- 3.2 IBM PS/2 releases ware and the last release that worked on the • AIX PS/2 v1.1, 1989 Micro Channel architecture • 64-bit kernel, installed but not activated by de• last version was 1.3, 1992. fault • JFS2 • Ability to run in a Logical Partition on 3.3 IBM 6150 RT releases POWER4 • AIX v2.0 • The L stands for Linux affinity • Trusted Computing Base (TCB) • last version was 2.2.1. • Support for mirroring with striping • AIX v1.0, 1986 • AIX 4.3.3, September 17, 1999 • Online backup function • Workload Manager (WLM) • Introduction of topas utility

4 User interfaces

• AIX 4.3.2, October 23, 1998 • AIX 4.3.1, April 24, 1998 • First TCSEC security evaluation, completed December 18, 1998[31] • AIX 4.3, October 31, 1997 • Ability to run on 64-bit architecture CPUs • IPv6 • Web-based System Manager • AIX 4.2.1, April 25, 1997 • NFS Version 3 • AIX 4.2, May 17, 1996 • AIX 4.1.5, November 8, 1996 • AIX 4.1.4, October 20, 1995 • AIX 4.1.3, July 7, 1995 • CDE 1.0 became the default GUI environment, replacing Motif Window Manager. • AIX 4.1.1, October 28, 1994

The Common Desktop Environment, AIX’s default graphical user interface

The default shell was Bourne shell up to AIX version 3, but was changed to Korn shell (ksh88) in version 4 in view of XPG4 and POSIX compliance.[34]

4.1 Graphical

• AIX 4.1, August 12, 1994

The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is AIX’s default graphical user interface. As part of Linux Affin• AIX 4.0, 1994 ity and the free AIX Toolboxes for Linux Applica• Run on RS/6000 systems with PowerPC pro- tions (ATLA), open-source KDE Plasma Workspaces and GNOME desktop are also available. cessors and PCI busses. • AIX 3.2 1992 • AIX 3.1, February 1990 • Journaled File System (JFS) filesystem type

4.2 System Management Interface Tool

SMIT is the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of com• AIX 3.0 1989 mands, rather than using the command line. Invocation • LVM (Logical Volume Manager) was incorpo- is typically achieved with the command smit. Experirated into OSF/1, and in 1995 for HP-UX,[32] enced system administrators make use of the F6 funcand the Linux LVM implementation is similar tion key which generates the command line that SMIT to the HP-UX LVM implementation.[33] will invoke to complete it. SMIT also generates a log of • SMIT was introduced. commands that are performed in the smit.script file. The

7

[6] “Amdahl launches UTS mainframe unix”. 1993. [7] Felton, W. A.; Miller, G. L.; Milner, J. M. (1984). “A UNIX System Implementation for System/370” (PDF). AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 (8). [8] Gallant, John (February 18, 1985). “Users: new life for VM”. Computerworld. p. 11. [9] Gallant, John (February 18, 1985). “Software steals 3090’s thunder: VM gets XA version; Unix fully supported”. Computerworld. pp. 1, 8. The initial menu, when running in text mode.

[10] Jones, Pamela (August 25, 2005). “2002 IBM Internal Email on Project Monterey - “No One Wants It"". Groklaw. Retrieved 2007-05-20.

smit.script file automatically records the commands with [11] “Novell Wins Again — Jury Rules Copyrights Didn't Go the command flags and parameters used. The smit.script to SCO”. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2010-03-30. file can be used as an executable shell script to rerun system configuration tasks. SMIT also creates the smit.log [12] “IBM AIX 7 preview”. IBM Corporation. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-16. file, which contains additional detailed information that can be used by programmers in extending the SMIT sys[13] “IBM AIX 7.2 Announcement Letter”. IBM.com. Retem. trieved 2015-10-05.

smit and smitty refer to the same program, though smitty invokes the text-based version, while smit will invoke an [14] Patricia Keefe (July 6, 1986). IBM, Locus to co-develop PS/2 AIX system. Computerworld. p. 8. ISSN 0010X Window System based interface if possible; however, 4841. if smit determines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead [15] IBM joins 32-bit fray with RT line. Computerworld. Janof failing. Determination of X Window System capabiluary 27, 1986. p. 8. ISSN 0010-4841. ities is typically performed by checking for the existence [16] {{cite web|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ of the DISPLAY variable.

5

See also • AOS, IBM’s educational-market port of 4.3BSD • List of Unix systems • nmon • Operating systems timeline • Service Update Management Assistant

6

References

ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/877/ ENUSZP87-0422/index.html&lang=en&request_ locale=en |title=IBM AIX PS2 1987 Announcement Letter |publisher=IBM.com |date|accessdate=1987-11-03}}

[17] IBM Announces Broad Range of Unix-Related Tools, Products. InfoWorld. November 16, 1987. p. 8. ISSN 01996649. [18] AIX for PS/2. Computerworld. February 22, 1988. p. 55. ISSN 0010-4841. [19] Cate Corcoran (September 28, 1992). IBM announces increased support for Unix on PCs. InfoWorld. p. 16. ISSN 0199-6649. [20] http://web.archive.org/web/20030428132638/os2ports. com/docs/aix/withdraw.html [21] “AIX Version 7.1”. Retrieved 2011-05-03.

[1] Unix Pronunciation « Around Teh Table [2] “The Open Brand Register of Certified Products”. The Open Group. 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-29. [3] “UNIX turns 40”. IBM Corporation. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2011-02-09. [4] Johnson, Stephen C.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). “Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System” (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal 57 (6): 2021–2048. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. [5] Poulsen, Lars (2001), IBM 360/370/3090/390

[22] “IBM AIX 7.2 Announcement Letter”. IBM.com. Retrieved 2015-10-05. [23] “IBM AP Announcement Letter”. IBM.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27. [24] “IBM AIX Version 6.1 operating system: Overview”. IBM.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27. [25] “Software withdrawal and support discontinuance: IBM AIX 6, IBM System Director for Power Systems and associated licensed programs”. IBM.com. Retrieved 201509-29.

8

7

[26] “System p product lifecycle dates”. IBM Software Support. Retrieved 2010-12-27. [27] “System p product lifecycle dates”. IBM Software Support. Retrieved 2010-12-27. [28] Improving Database Performance With AIX Concurrent I/O - White Paper [29] IBM Software Support Lifecycle (XML) [30] Unigroup Next Meeting Announcement [31] IBM Press Release [32] Sontag, John. “How HP improved the performance, reliability, and ease of use of its flagship PA-RISC operating system”. Byte. Archived from the original on October 20, 1996. [33] http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix01/freenix01/full_ papers/teigland/teigland_html/index.html [34] Casey Cannon; Scott Trent; Carolyn Jones (1999). Simply AIX 4.3. Prentice Hall PTR. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-13021344-0.

7

External links • AIX Strength to Strength: Summary of features for AIX and related products • AIX Linkedin group • AIX Fix Central • AIX User Groups • Submit AIX Request for Enhancements • AIX Toolbox for Linux Applications • AIX version 7.1 knowledge center • AIX version 6.1 information center • AIX version 6.1 overview • AIX version 5.3 Documentation • AIX Virtual User Group • AIX/ESA V2R2 General Information • IBM AIX page • IBM Systems AIX Magazine • IBM Electronic Service Agent • AIX Health Check • Rootvg.net - Independent Portal for AIX & POWER • AIX shell accounts • AIX Commands, Tools, Scripts and Explanations • 80-page marketing booklet from 1989 explaining IBM’s AIX vision at the time

EXTERNAL LINKS

9

8

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

• IBM AIX Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX?oldid=689090846 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, The Anome, Aldie, Ghakko, Roadrunner, SimonP, Mrwojo, Edward, Nixdorf, Liftarn, Eurleif, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, Haakon, Popsracer, Bemoeial, Dmsar, Dysprosia, Maximus Rex, Wernher, 1984, Vespristiano, Stewartadcock, Merovingian, Tobias Bergemann, David Gerard, Peterklevy, Lupin, Sjh~enwiki, Spencer195, Ssd, Prosfilaes, AlistairMcMillan, Eequor, Bobblewik, Leonard Vertighel, Quadell, Maximaximax, Szajd, Thparkth, Boojum, ChrisRuvolo, Twenex, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Bender235, CanisRufus, Joanjoc~enwiki, Kwamikagami, Tverbeek, Matt Britt, Jolomo, Giraffedata, Kjkolb, Sukiari, Officiallyover, Guy Harris, Gbeeker, Suruena, Tedp, RubenSchade, Ringbang, Blaxthos, Postrach, Linas, Brajbir, Marudubshinki, Kesla, Cuvtixo, Qwertyus, Haikupoet, Casey Abell, Canderson7, Rjwilmsi, Ossmkitty, Algebra, Brownh2o, Harmil, Kmorozov, Jsheehy, Gurch, TimP, Chris is me, YurikBot, Wavelength, Borgx, Eraserhead1, DanMS, Gaius Cornelius, Akhristov, The Cute Philosopher, Welsh, Wknight94, Chery, Tenox, JLaTondre, Rwwww, Tyomitch, GrinBot~enwiki, SmackBot, Henriok, Unyoyega, Jfhaugh, Rouenpucelle, Agarvin, Agentbla, Aij, Chris the speller, Xrgtn, Thumperward, Jerome Charles Potts, Letdorf, Djamund, Foogod, Frap, Milatchi, Warren, Weregerbil, Luís Felipe Braga, Mwtoews, Morio, Maschwab, J. Finkelstein, Joffeloff, Gary Knackstedt, DabMachine, Alexh19740110, Unixguy, Raysonho, Mineralè, Xose.vazquez, Chfong, Smallpond, EricDraven, Jim carson, SolarisBigot, SHOlafsson, Inzy, Cydebot, Nicolette7, Thijs!bot, Kubanczyk, Headbomb, JustAGal, Escarbot, Gioto, Widefox, Franciosi, Prolog, Mdotley, AIXMAN, JAnDbot, Tigga, NapoliRoma, Arch dude, Esc2006, Jtk6204, Gwern, CommonsDelinker, Numbo3, Gareth.randall, Phastflyer, Tanmay dh, BlanchardJ, MenasimBot, Rei-bot, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Amol pharate, Thunderbird2, Michael Frind, SieBot, Eagleal, Jdaloner, Shooke, ImageRemovalBot, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, R.traverso, Rbakels, John Nevard, Chengwei01, John at Lancelotlinc, MichaelFelt, DumZiBoT, Ptfbending, The cyberdude, Ghettoblaster, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Nicolettem, Tvlooy, AnomieBOT, LGee LGee, Jim1138, Galoubet, Nhussaina, LilHelpa, Andrewmc123, Xqbot, Misi91, Louieo, XZeroBot, Whtang11, Metalindustrien, Reltech001, Krisgillespie, Skyerise, Jandalhandler, FoxBot, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Madhav.vishnubhatta, Jyundt, Alisha.4m, Kkm010, Thargor Orlando, StasMalyga, Mr. Igra, ClueBot NG, Matthiaspaul, ChrisLS120, Theopolisme, Helpful Pixie Bot, FuFoFuEd, Abinashjan84, Acidplasm, ScholarWarrior, ChrisGualtieri, Ccbowman, Comp.arch, Huihermit, One Of Seven Billion, Someone not using his real name, -‫ویرایشگر‬1, Monkbot, GinAndChronically, Sameertilloo, Macofe, Chromeaix and Anonymous: 215

8.2

Images

• File:Aixps2.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Aixps2.gif License: Fair use Contributors: Own work Original artist: ? • File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png License: LGPL Contributors: http://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/wiki/LinuxBuild/ Original artist: ? • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:IBM-AIX_logo20080906.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/IBM-AIX_logo20080906.png License: Fair use Contributors: The logo may be obtained from IBM AIX. Original artist: ? • File:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt. jpeg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mightyohm/5693961665 Original artist: Jeff Keyzer • File:IBM_AIX_53.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/IBM_AIX_53.PNG License: Fair use Contributors: Self-created, obtained by logging into an AIX system Original artist: ? • File:IBM_RS6000_AIX_File_Servers_IBM.COM_1998.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/IBM_ RS6000_AIX_File_Servers_IBM.COM_1998.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/epc/ 456554280/ Original artist: https://www.flickr.com/photos/epc • File:IBM_RS6000_AIX_Servers_IBM.COM_1998_(1).jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/IBM_ RS6000_AIX_Servers_IBM.COM_1998_%281%29.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/epc/ 456569763/in/photostream/ Original artist: Ed Costello • File:IBM_RS6000_AIX_Servers_IBM.COM_1998_(2).jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/IBM_ RS6000_AIX_Servers_IBM.COM_1998_%282%29.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/epc/ 456554364/in/photostream/ Original artist: Ed Costello • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Screenshot_of_IBM_AIX_SMIT_Initial_Menu.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Screenshot_of_ IBM_AIX_SMIT_Initial_Menu.png License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

10

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8.3

Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0