I Unidad - E.A
October 12, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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LP@\LJB EL L@NFNDAB Q FLIN@ANP AFUL]FB@ANFBJLP
Lstbeästa`b Bpja`beb b jb afvlstaib`aðf A \faebe Er. Knril Xbribs Lspafnzb
UL@FA@BP EL @NFULN Jbs tá`fa`bs el `nftln snf lstrbtliabs dbtldâta`bs usbebs lf prnmbmajaebe y lstbeästa`b qul plrdatlf eltlrdafbr lj fûdlrn tntbj el rlsujtbens qul pulelf cbmlr b pbrtar el cb`lr `ndmafb`anfls elftrn el uf `nfkuftn n `nfkuftns el nmkltns.
Wraf`apans el dujtapja`b`aðf y bea`aðf Wraf`apan el dujtapja`b`aðf Pa uf lvlftn B sl pulel rlbjazbr el
«d¿ hnrdbs eahlrlftls y julin sl pulel rlbjazbr ntrn lvlftn M el «f¿ hnrdbs eahlrlftls, lj fûdlrn tntbj el hnrdbs lf qul pulelf n`urrar n`urrar B y M ls aiubj b d x f.
Lkldpjn; ¾El `uâftbs hnrdbs sl pulel vlstar ufb plrsnfb qul talfl 0 pbftbjnfls y 0 `bdasbs> ]ptb. talfl 0 x 0 4 1 np`anfls eahlrlftls el vlstarsl.
Wraf`apan el jb bea`aðf Pa uf lvlftn «B¿ sl pulel rlbjazbr el «d¿ dbflrbs eahlrlftls, y ntrn lvlftn «M¿ sl pulel rlbjazbr el «f¿ dbflrbs eahlrlftls, beldâs, sa n`urrl ufn fn pulel n`urrar lj ntrn, lftnf`ls, lj lvlftn B n lj lvlftn M, sl rlbjazbrâf el d+f hnrdbs.
Lkldpjn; ¾el `uâftbs hnrdbs sl pulel `ruzbr uf rän, sbmalfen qul sl easpnfl el 0 mntls y 5 mbr`ns> ]ptb.
Pl talfl 0 + 5 4 9 np`anfls eahlrlftls pbrb `ruzbr lj rän
Lklr`a`ans 2. \f rlpul rlpulstn stn el el butndð butndðvaj vaj sl vlfe vlfel l lf 0 talfe talfebs bs el P Pbft bftabi abin n y lf 3 talfebs el Jadb. ¾El `uâftbs hnrdbs sl pulel bequarar lj rlpulstn> =. Xbdns b adbiafbr adbiafbr b ufb plrsnf plrsnfb b qul qualrl qualrl `nf `nfstruar struar uf `njlian `njlian.. Wbrb ljjn, `nfsaelrb qul jb mbsl elj leaha`an pulel `nfstruarsl el ens dbflrbs eastaftbs, `ldlftn n `nf`rltn. Lf `ubftn ` ubftn b jbs pbrlels, pulelf slr el benml, `ldlftn n jberajjn. jberajjn. Lf `ubftn bj tl`cn, lstl pulel `nfstruarsl el `ldlftn n jâdafb ibjvbfazbeb. Hafbjdlftl, jb pafturb hafbj sðjn pulel rlbjazbrsl el ufb hnrdb. Jb prliuftb qul sl pjbftlb ls jb saiualftl; ¾@uâftbs hnrdbs talfl el `nfstruar lj `njlian> 0. El El jb jb `auebe `auebe `auebe B `auebe auebe M, sl pulel pulel pulel arar dleabftl dleabftl dleabftl == mbr`ns, musls musls n=0trlfls tr trlfls. lfls.n 0 M bb jb jb ` `auebe @ sl bvanfls. ¾El `uâftbs hnrdbs h nrdbs sl pulel ar el jb `auebe B b jb `auebe @, pbsbfen pnr M>
Wlrdutb`anfls y `ndmafb`anfls
• Wlrdutb`anfls \fb plrdutb`aðf el uf `nfkuftn el ljldlftns, ls ufb easpnsa`aðf el ea`cns ljldlftns tlfalfen lf `ulftb lj nrelf.
f4 fudlrn tntbj el ljldlftns
O4fudlrn el ljldlftns tndbens
Lkldpjn 2;
Leubren, @brjns y Plrian sl cbf prlslftben b uf `nf`ursn el pafturb. Lj `nf`ursn ntnrib $=77 bj pradlr juibr y $277 bj sliufen. ¾El `uâftbs hnrdbs sl pulelf rlpbrtar jns prldans el pradlr y sliufen juibr>
@ndmafb`anfls
\fb `ndmafb`aðf el uf `nfkuftn el ljldlftns, ls ufb sljl``aðf el ea`cns ljldlftns saf tlflr lf `ulftb lj nrelf. Lj fûdlrn el `ndmafb`anfls el ‚f— ljldlftns tndbens el ‚o— lf ‚o— sl `bj`ujb `nf jb hðrdujb;
• Lkldpjn =; • \f `clh vb b prlpbrbr ufb lfsbjbeb el vlreurbs `nf tndbtl, zbfbcnrab, pbpb y mrð`nja. ¾El `uâftbs hnrdbs sl pulel prlpbrbr jb lfsbjbeb usbfen snjn = afirlealftls>
Lklr`a`ans 2. @ubfen @ubfen bj dlfns dlfns ufb ufb el `ubtrn `ubtrn mbfelrbs mbfelrbs el `njnr `njnrls ls rnkn rnkn,, vlrel vlrel,, flirn y bzuj ls b`ndnebeb vlr`bjdlftl lf uf bstb el mbfelrb, lj rlsujtben afea`b ufb slòbj (n dlfsbkl). Brrlijns eahlrlftls prnpnr`anfbf slòbjls eahlrlftls. b) ¾@uâftbs slòbjls eahlrlftls snf pnsamjls sa jbs `ubtrn mbfelrbs snf ujazbebs> m) ¾@uâftbs slòbjls eahlrlftls snf pnsamjls sä bj dlfns ufb mbfelrb ls ujazbeb> =. \f `jum `jum el vðjly vðjly lfl lfl 2= kuibenr kuibenrbs, bs, ufb ufb el ljjbs ljjbs ls ls jb `bpat `bpatbfb bfb Dbräb. ¾@uâftns lquapns eahlrlftls el 8 kuibenrbs sl pulelf hnrdbr, sbmalfen qul lf tnens ljjns saldprl lstbrâ jb `bpatbfb Dbräb>
Wlrdutb`aðf `nf rlplta`aðf Jb plrdutb`aðf `nf rlplta`aðf, sl usb `ubfen lf uf tntbj el ‚f— ljldlftns, lj pradlrn sl rlpatl ‚b— vl`ls, lj sliufen ‚m— vl`ls, lj tlr`lrn ‚`— vl`ls…
• Enfel; f 4 b+m+`
Cby trls `nfea`anfls lf jb plrdutb`aðf `nf rlplta`aðf;
Adpnrtb lj nrelf. Cby ljldlftns rlpltaens.
• Wbrta`apbf tnens jns ljldlftns lf jns nrelfbdalftns
Lkldpjn; Lf ufb urfb, cby < mnjbs elj dasdn tbdbòn y plsn, el jns `ubjls, 0 snf rnkbs y = snf bzujls. ¾El `uâftbs dbflrbs sl pulelf lxtrblr ufb b ufb jbs mnjbs el jb urfb>
Pnju`aðf; @njnquldns bjiufbs hnrdbs el lxtrblr jbs mnjbs;
]nkb ‐ ]nkb ‐ Bzuj ‐ ]nkb ‐ Bzuj.
Fudlrn el mnjbs rnkbs 4 0
Bzuj ‐ ]nkb ‐ ]nkb ‐ Bzuj ‐ ]nkb.
Fudlrn el mnjbs bzujls 4 =
]nkb ‐ Bzuj ‐ ]nkb ‐ Bzuj ‐ ]nkb.
Fûdlrn tntbj el ljldlftns; f 4 0+=
Lf tntbj, sl pulelf lxtrblr jbs mnjbs el 27 hnrdbs eahlrlftls
f4<
➚
Wlrdutb`aðf `ar`ujbr • Jb plrdutb`aðf `ar`ujbr, `ar`ujbr, ls uf `bsn el plrdutb`aðf lf lj `ubj jns ljldlftns sl nrelfbf lf `är`ujn. El dnen qul lj pradlrn ljldlftn
qul sl satûb lf lj nrelfbdalftn, eltlrdafb lj praf`apan y lj hafbj el jb dulstrb. W@f 4 (f ‐ 2)!
• Cby 0 `nfea`anfls adpnrtbftls qul sl `udpjlf lf jbs plrdutb`anfls `ar`ujbrls;
Adpnrtb lj nrelf. Jns ljldlftns sl nrelfbf lf `är`ujn. Wbrta`apbf tnens jns ljldlftns lf jns nrelfbdalftns.
Lkldpjn; • ¾El `uâftbs dbflrbs sl pulelf slftbr < bdains bjrlelenr el ufb dlsb `ar`ujbr> Pnju`aðf;
• Fûdlrn el ljldlftns; f 4
W]NMBMAJAEBELP • Wrnmbmajaebe ls uf vbjnr lftrl 7 y 2, qul afea`b jb pnsamajaebe rljbtavb el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn. Jb hðrdujb el prnmbmajaebe ls jb saiualftl;
Lj vbjnr el jb j b prnmbmajaebe saldprl sl lf`ulftrb lftrl 7 y 2 (af`juaens bdmns fûdlrns), ls el`ar, 7 ≥ W(B) ≥2.
Lxplradlftn bjlbtnran, lspb`an dulstrbj, lvlftn y prnmbmajaebe
Lxplradlftn bjlbtnran
Ls jb rlprneu``aðf `nftrnjbeb el uf hlfðdlfn? y `uyn rlsujtben elplfel elj bzbr. Lkldpjns;
Jbfzbdalftn el uf eben.
Jbfzbdalftn el ufb dnfleb.
\f lxplradlftn bjlbtnran pulel slr rlpltaen mbkn jbs dasdbs `nfea`anfls, y sl pulel els`ramar lj fûdlrn el rlsujtbens pnsamjls. Lspb`an dulstrbj (P) • Ls lj `nfkuftn el tnens jns rlsujtbens pnsamjls el uf lxplradlftn bjlbtnran.
Pa sl jbfzb uf eben, lj lspb`an dulstrbj lstâ `ndpulstn pnr jns saiualftls ljldlftns; P4{2, =, 0, 5, m) Els`raml jns su`lsns; • "Nmtlflr ens `brbs y uf Pljjn"
• "Nmtlflr bj dlfns ens `brbs" • "Nmtlflr bj dlfns uf sljjn"
¾@uâftns ljldlftns lfl> Els`raml jns su`lsns;
• "Jbs `brtbs snf el easftn pbjn" • "Bj dlfns ufb `brtb ls el nrns" • "Fafiufb el jbs `brtbs ls el lspbebs"
W]NMBMAJAEBELP • Wrnmbmajaebe ls uf vbjnr lftrl 7 y 2, qul afea`b jb pnsamajaebe rljbtavb el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn. Jb hðrdujb el prnmbmajaebe ls jb saiualftl;
Dalftrbs dâs sl b`lr`b lj vbjnr v bjnr el jb prnmbmajaebe b 7, easdafuyl jb pnsamajaebe el qul n`urrb lj lvlftn. Dalftrbs dâs sl b`lr`b lj vbjnr b 2, budlftb jb pnsamajaebe el qul n`urrb.
Wrnmbmajaebe
Lj vbjnrfûdlrns), bdmns el jb prnmbmajaebe ls el`ar,saldprl 7 ≥ W(B)sl ≥2.lf`ulftrb lftrl 7 y 2 (af`juaens Jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn adpnsamjl ls 7. Wnr lkldpjn, jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr uf 3 bj jbfzbr uf eben fudlrben elj 2 bj 8 ls 7, ls el`ar, W(S)47. Jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn sliurn ls 2. Wnr lkldpjn, jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr uf fûdlrn dlfnr qul 9 bj jbfzbr uf eben fudlrben elj 2 bj 8 ls 2, ls el`ar el`ar,, W(S)42.
Wrnmbmajaebe `jâsa`b lfhnqul `jâsa`n "b pranra" pbrbLstb elfar jb prnmbmajaebe lsjadatben • Lj prnvlfalftl el jnsnkulins el bzbr. elfa`aðf ls el usn pulstn qul els`bfsb snmrl jb mbsl el jbs saiualftls ens `nfea`anfls;
• Lj lspb`an dulstrbj (P) elj lxplradlftn ls fatn (su fûdlrn tntbj el ljldlftns ls uf fûdlrn fbturbj f 4 2, =, 0, …). • Jns rlsujtbens elj lspb`an dulstrbj elmlf slr aiubjdlftl prnmbmjls (lflf jb dasdb pnsamajaebe el n`urrar).
Lkldpjn 2; @bj`ujbr jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr uf = bj jbfzbr uf eben. Pnju`aðf; Lj lxplradlftn `nfsastl lf jbfzbr uf eben. Julin, elhafadns jns rlsujtbens n `bsns elj lspb`an dulstrbj. P 4 {2, =, 0, 5,
Wrnmbmajaebe ldpära`b • Jb elfa`aðf ldpära`b sl mbsb lf jb hrl`ulf`ab rljbvb el n`urrlf`ab el uf lvlftn `nf rlspl`tn b uf irbf fûdlrn el rlpl`anfls elj lxplradlftn.
• Lf ntrbs pbjbmrbs, jb elfa`aðf ldpära`b sl mbsb fûdlrn el vl`ls qul n`urrað lj lvlftn lftrl sl lj jl fûdlrn tntbjbel rlpl`anfls elj lj lxplradlftn. Ubdmaáf elfndafb pnstlranra, yb qul rlsujtben sl nmlfl elspuás el rlbjazbr lj lxplradlftn uf `alrtn fûdlrn irbfel el vl`ls. W(B)4
Lkldpjn
Rulrldns sljl``anfbr sljl``anfbr ufb dnfleb bj bzbr el uf lfvbsl qul `nflfl ufb `bfebe els`nfn`aeb el dnflebs el = ar>
=< 27 < 2
Hrl`ulf `ab
2< 2= 23 <
b) lj lvlft lvlftn n el nmtlflr nmtlflr ufb dnfle dnfleb b el =
• Bcnrb, bpja`bdns fulstrb fulstrb hðrdujb; • W(B⋀M) 4 W(B) + W(M) ∝ W(B⋍M) • W(B⋀M) 4 7,5 + 7,0 ∝ 7,2 • W(B⋀M) 4 7,8
Lkldpjn =. \fb `ndpbòäb jl bedafastrb uf lxbdlf b uf irupn el 57
el sus ldpjlbens, qul bsparbf b `alrtb pnsa`aðf, pbrb `ubjaha`brjns. Jb saiualftl tbmjb rlsudl jns rlsujtbens eavaeaens pnr iáflrn; Db Dbs` s`uj ujaf afn n (D) (D) Hl Hldl dlfa fafn fn (H) (H) Bprnmð Elsbprnmð
9 23
= 20
Pa ufn el lstns ls tns ldpjlbens ls sljl``anfben bj bzbr, bzbr, cbjjl jb prnmbmajaebe el qul; b. slb dbs`uj dbs`ujafn afn n bprn bprnmð mð lj lxbdlf lxbdlf m. Plb hldlfaf hldlfafn n n els elsbpr bprnmð nmð lj lxb lxbdlf dlf
b) bprnmð)) 4 W (D) (D) + W(bpr W(bprnmð nmð)) ‐ W(D y bprnmð bprnmð)) • W(D n bprnmð W(D n bprnmð)4 + - 4 4 7.89< 4 89. `) @ubj ls jb prnmb prnmbmaja majaebe ebe qul lj ldpjlb ldpjlben en fn slb el prneu``a prneu``aðf ðf n suplrvasn suplrvasnrr. == cndmrls cndmrls y =8 =8 duklrls? duklrls? jb datbe el jns cndmrls y jb datbe el jbs =. . \fb `jbsl `nfstb el == duklrls talflf jns nkns `bstbòns. Eltlrdafbr jb prnmbmajaebe el qul ufb plrsnfb ljliaeb bj bzbr slb uf cndmrl n tlfib jns nkns `bstbòns. 0. Lf jb `jbsl el Lstbeästa`b bsastlf 5< bjudfns, lf enfel cby 27 bjudfbs mjbf`bs, =7 dnrlfbs, < bjudfns mjbf`ns y 27 dnrlfns e) Wrnmbm Wrnmbmajae ajaebe be qul slb dnrlfn( dnrlfn(b) b) n duklr duklr mjbf`b mjbf`b l) Wrnmbm Wrnmbmajae ajaebe be el qul slb duk duklr lr n mj mjbf`n(b) bf`n(b)
Lklr`a`ans 5. Lf ufb sbjb cby
m) ¾@uâj ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul cbmjl hrbf`ás, n fn afijás> `) ¾@uâj ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul cbmjl hrbf`ás n Afijls y fn hrbf`ls>
Wrnmbmajaebe `nfea`anfbj • Pa tlfldns ens lvlftns, B y M, jb prnmbmajaebe `nfea`anfbj el qul n`urrb lj lvlftn B, eben qul cb n`urraen lj lvlftn M, sl rlprlslftb `ndn W(B|M), y sl `bj`ujb el jb saiualftl dbflrb;
• Jb `nfea`aðf, ls qul sl cb rlbjazben lf lj lvlftn M, pnr jn tbftn, fulstrn eabirbdb el Xlff qulebräb rleu`aen b;
Lkldpjn 2;
bdains ins jl iustb jb hrlsb hrlsb y lj `cn`njbtl, dalftrbs dalftrbs qul bj 87% jl jl iustb lj `cn`njbtl. `cn`njbtl. ¾@uâj ls jb prnmbmajaebe prnmbmajaebe el qul b uf bdain qul qul jl iustb lj `cn`njbtl, `cn`njbtl, jl iustl jb hrlsb> hrlsb> Bj = Lvlftn M; qul b uf bdain jl iustl lj `cn`njbtl. W(M) 4 87 %. Lvlftn B y M; qul b uf bdain jl iustl jb hrlsb y lj `cn`njbtl. W(B∡M) 4 =< %. Bcnrb `bj`ujbdns jb prnmbmajaebe prnmbmajaebe el qul qul b uf bdain jl iustl jb hrlsb, eben qul jl iustb lj `cn`njbtl.
Lkldpjn; Lj 98 % el jns lstueabftls el L`nfndäb cbf bprnmben Da`rnl`nfndäb y lj 5< % bprnmbrnf bprnmbrnf Wrnyl`tns. Beldâs, lj
07 % bprnmbrnf Da`rnl`nfndäb y prnyl`tns. Pa @bdajn bprnmð Da`rnl`nfndäb, ¾quá prnmbmajaebe talfl el cbmlr Wrnyl`tns>
Pnju`aðf; Xbdns b trbmbkbr `nf = lvlftns; bprnmbr Da`rnl`nfndäb y prnyl`tns
Lvlftn B; bprnmbr Da`rnl`nfndäb. W(B) 4 98 %.
Lvlftn M; bprnmbr Wrnyl`tns. W(M) 4 5< %.
Lvlftn B y M; bprnmbr Da`rnl`nfndäb y Wrnyl`tns. W(B∡M) 4 07 %, y ls jn dasdn qul; W(M∡B) 4 07 %
Bcnrb `bj`ujbdns jb prnmbmajaebe el bprnmbr Wrnyl`tns, eben qul sl bprnmð Da`rnl`nfndab
Lklr`a`ans 2. Pl rlbjazn rlbjazn ufb lf`ulstb lf`ulstb snmrl snmrl câmatns câmatns el jl`turb jl`turb b 2
Eabirbdb el ârmnj (prnmbmajaebels)
\f eabirbdb el ârmnj ls ufb rlprlslftb`aðf irâha`b el jns pnsamjls rlsujtbens el uf lxplradlftn qul talfl vbrans pbsns . Fns plrdatl `bj`ujbr jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn el ufb dbflrb duy slf`ajjb. Bquä tlfldns uf `jâsa`n eabirbdb el ârmnj, lf lj `ubj irbha`bdns jns pnsamjls rlsujtbens el uf lxplradlftn qul `nfsastl lf jbfzbr ufb dnfleb y uf eben.
Lklr`a`an 2;
\fb dnfleb talfl lf sus `brbs uf ibtn y uf plrrn. Pl jbfzb = vl`ls jb dnfleb, `bj`ujbr; b) jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr = ibtns. m) jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr snjn 2 ibtn.
b) Jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr = ibtns, jb pneldns nmslrvbr lf lj irâha`n.
m) Jb prnmbmajaebe el nmtlflr snjn 2 ibtn, sl `bj`ujb sudbfen = prnmbmajaebels, yb qul cby = dbflrbs el nmtlflr snjn 2 ibtn;
Ulnrldb el jb prnmbmajaebe tntbj
Lj tlnrldb el jb prnmbmajaebe tntbj plrdatl `bj`ujbr jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb uf lvlftn, qul sl pulel rlbjazbr b trbvás el vbrans `bdafns. Bftls Bftls el rlvasbr lj tlnrldb el prnmbmajaebe tntbj, ls fl`lsbran elhafar lj `nf`lptn el «pbrta`aðf¿. Wbrta`aðf = f B2, B= , B …sa, B , lvlftns el uflx`juylftls dasdn lspb`an lspb`an dulstrbj P. Ea`cns lvlftns hnrdb Plbf ufb pbrta`aðf el, P snf dutubdlftl y `njl`tavbdlftl lxcbustavns. Lshnrdbf el`ar,f sa `udpjlf `nf jbs `nfea`anfls saiualftls.
Ulnrldb el jb prnmbmajaebe tntbj
• Lj tlnrldb el jb prnmbmajaebe tntbj, lstbmjl`l qul; • Plbf B2, B= , B0, … , Bf, lvlftns qul hnrdbf ufb pbrta`aðf elj lspb`an dulstrbj P, y slb M ntrn lvlftn `ubjqualrb elj lspb`an dulstrbj P, lftnf`ls jb prnmbmajaebe elj lvlftn M sl pulel nmtlflr el jb saiualftl dbflrb;
Lklr`a`an 2;
Lf uf b`ubran sl talflf snjn = lspl`als el pl`ls, lj 57% snf el jb lspl`al bzuj y lj 87% snf el jb lspl`al rnkb. El jb lspl`al bzuj, lj 07% snf db`cns? dalftrbs qul, el jb lspl`al rnkb, lj 57% snf cldmrbs. ¾@uâj ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul uf plz ljliaen bjlbtnrabdlftl lf lj b`ubran slb db`cn>
Jb prnmbmajaebe el lf`nftrbr uf db`cn, sljl``anfbfen uf plz el hnrdb bjlbtnrab ls el 7,53 n 53%.
Ulnrldb el e l Mbyls
B y M snf lvlftns, y beldâs; W(M) ≧ 7. W(B|M); ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb B, eben qul cb n`urraen M. W(M|B); ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb M, eben e ben qul cb n`urraen B. W(B); ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb B. W(M); ls jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb M.
Lj tlnrldb lxprlsb jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb lj lvlftn B, eben qul cb n`urraen M, lf huf`aðf el jb prnmbmajaebe el qul n`urrb M eben qul cb n`urraen B, el jb prnmbmajaebe el B y el jb prnmbmajaebe el M.
Lf jb b`beldab el Dbtldâta`b, jb prnmbmajaebe el qul b uf bjudfn sljl``anfben bj bzbr jl iustl lj cljben ls elj 87 %, dalftrbs qul jb prnmbmajaebe el qul b uf bjudfn jl iustl jb tnrtb ls elj 08 %. Beldâs, sl sbml qul jb prnmbmajaebe el qul b uf bjudfn jl iustl jb tnrtb eben qul jl iustb lj cljben ls elj 57 %. @bj`ujbr jb prnmbmajaebe el qul b uf bjudfn jl iustl lj cljben, eben qul jl iustb jb tnrtb.
• c; qul b uf bjudfn jl iustl lj cljben.
t; qul b uf bjudfn jl iustl jb tnrtb.
• Ulfldns jns saiualftls ebtns;
W(c) 4 7,8.
W(t) 4 7,08.
W(t|c) 4 7,5.
• Fns paelf `bj`ujbr W(c|t).
Lftnf`ls, jb prnmbmajaebe el qul uf bjudfn jl iustl lj cljben eben qul jl iustb jb tnrtb ls el 7,8889 n 88,89 %.
Hnrdb lxtlfeaeb elj tlnrldb el Mbyls;
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