I El Berscheh

A'RCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY O F E G Y P T

EDITED BY F. L. GRIFFITH, B.A., F.S.A.

EL BERSHEH PART I, (THE T O M B O F T E H U T I - H E T E P ) BY

P E R C Y E. NEWBERRY WITH PLAN AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE TOMB BY

G . WILLOUGHBY FRASER, F.S.A.

W I T H THIRTY-FOUR PLATES

SPECIAL PUBLICATIOIV OF T f I E EGYPT EXPLORAI'ION FUND

LONDON: SOLD AT

THE OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, GREATRUSSELLSTREET,W.C., AXD 15, BLAGDEN STREET, BOSTON, MASS.,U.S.A.; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, T R ~ B N E R& CO., PATERNOSTER HOUSE,CHARING CROSSROAD; B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILI~Y; A. ASHER & Co., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

AND BY

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. greetbent. SIR JOHN FOWLER, BART.,K.C.M.G.

NEWTON, K.C.B., D.C.L. SIR CHARLES R. STUART POOLE,Esq., LL.T). (Hon. Sec.). E. MAUNDE TEOMPSON, Esq., C.B., D.C. L., LL.D. CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, Esq., L.I-I.D., LL.D. (U.S.A.). THE REV. W. C. WINSLOW,D.D., D.C.1,. (Hon. Treas. and Hon. Sec., U.S.A.).

THE HON.EDWARD G. MASON (U.S.A.). THE HON. JOHN GEO. BOURINOT,D. C.1,. (Canada). , (France). PROF.G. ~ L ~ S P E R OD.C.L. JOSIAH MULLENS, Esq. (Australia). BI. CHARLES H E N T S(Switzerland). ~

bon. Ureaewrere, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.). THEREV. W. C. WINRLOW, H. A. GRUEBER, Esq., F.S.A. CLARENCE H. CLARK, Esq; (Penn. U.S.A.).

Iboll. Secretarp. R. STUART POOLE,Esq., LL.D.

.

member6 of Committee. THERT.HON.LORD AMHER~T OFHACKNEY,F.S.A. TEE REV. W. MACGREGOR, M.A. PROF. J. H. MIDDLETON, M.A., Litt.D., D.C.L. T. H. BAYLI~, Esq., M.A., Q.C. A. S. Muartay, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. MISS BMDBURY. D. PARRIBH, Esq. (U.S.A.). J. S. COTTON, Esq., M.A. (Directeur Gknbal &a Anti- FRANCIS M. J. DE MOROAN WM. PERCIVAL, Esq. quit& de l'xgypte). J. C. Rosa, R.E., C.M.G. LIEUT.-COL. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. THE Rw. PROP.A. H. SAYCE,M.A., LL.D. W. FOWLER, Esq. H. VILLIERS STUART, Esq. MAJOR- GENERALSIR F ~ O I GRENFELL, S MRS. TIRARD. G.C.M.G., K.C.B. M.A. THE REV. H. G. TOMKINS, F. L. GRIFFITH,Esq., B.A., F.S.A. T m RT. REV.THE LORDBISHOPOF TRURO. T. FARMER HALL,Esq. HERMANN WEBER,Esq., M.D. LEWIB,F.S.A. PROF.T. HAYTER MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILSON,K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. NRS. MCCLURE.

CONTENTS. PAQE

PLATE

vi i

I. INTRODUOTION1. General description of the tomb of Tehutihetep

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2. Previous work a t the tomb 3. The nomarch Tehutihetep and his family

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DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMB, AND EXPLANATION 11. DETAILED OF THE SCENES AND INSORIPTIONS1. Architectural features

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2. System of decoration

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4. Onter chamber

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Ceiling Right and left-hand walls Inner wall . 5. Inner chamber . Outer wall Left-hand wall Inner wall . Right-hand wall

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13-15 13 13 14-15

VI.-IX. VI. VIT. VII1.-IX.

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6. Shrine . Inner wall . Right and left-hand walla

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LISTOF PLATES (with references to the pages on which they are described) .

39-40 XXXI1.-XXXIV. 39 XXXIII. 3 9 4 0 XXXII., XXXIV.

PREFACE.

THE Survey of the Middle Kingdom tombs in the Gebel el Bersheh was made during the winter 1891-2. The party, consisting of Messrs. P. E. Newberry, G . W. Fraser, and Howard Carter, arrived at El Bersheh on t.he 24th November, 1891, and in the middle of December was joined by Mr. M. W. Blackden, who kindly volunteered his services in orcler to make coloured copies of the wall-paintings in the tombs, and gave much assistance in superintending the clearance of the &bris, &C., which had accumulated in them. The work of tracing in outline the wall-paintings and inscriptions was finished on the 2nd January, 1892, when Mr. Newberry returned to England. Mr. Carter also left to join Prof. Petrie in his work at Tell el Amama. The Survey of the hill and tombs was completed by Messrs. Fraser and Blackden in February, 1892. In May, 1893, Mr. Howard Carter again went to El Bersheh, and stayed there till the end of June, making watercolour drawings of the most interesting scenes and of hieroglyphic signs in the tomb of Tehutihetep, and completing the tracings. I n all, there are ten inscribed tombs of the Middle Kingdom at El Bersheh. Of these, the tomb of Tehutihetep (the second from the north-west), published in the present volume, is by far the finest and most interesting. The remaining nine inscribed tombs and a Survey of the Gebel el Bersheh, together with the general account of the group, will be published in El Bersheh, Part 11. The plan, elevation, and sections, and the details of the doorways and columns, are published from drawings made on the spot by Mr. G . W. Fraser.

...

v111

PREFACE.

The coloured frontispiece is from an excellent fac-simile made by Mr. Blackden. The plates are the work of Mr. Carter and Mr. Newberry. Those numbered V., vi., xiv., xri., xxiv., xxvii.-xxxi., are wholly or in part the work of Mr. Newberry, all the remaining plates are by Mr. Carter. Mr. Newberry is also, of course, responsible for the copies of inscriptions. The letter-press, as in the second volume of Belzi EZcc.sn.n, is the joint production of Mr. Griffith and Mr. Newberry.

E L BERSHEH.

THE TOJIBOF

' "

T P

TEHUTIHETEP, o n

-& 5 %

cc

GREATCHIEFOF

THE

HARE NONE."

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION O F THE Kingdom, in choosing a site for their necropolis, went further south, and selected the north side of TOMB OF TEHUTI-HETEP. a rocky valley in the bills behind the modern D&r LIKEmost of the magnates who were buried en Nakhleh, 'c the convent of the date-palm." the noble The group of tombs is known to Egyptologists around him, Tehutihetep l ( %? -), '=--Fn~ occupant of tohe second tomb, was prince of by the name of El Bersheh, the hills being the nome of Hermopolis. His capital was the called Gebel el Bersheh by the natives; El ancient - Khemenu, now marked by the Bersheh is also the name of a village and of a d i r , or monastery, near by. That part of the mounds of Eshmfin6n: and it is probable that Gebel or hill of E l Bersheh in which the tombs there was his residence. The city lay in the of the Middle Kingdom nomarchs are situated middle of the va,lley, and a t some distance is about five miles south of Antinoe, and seven from the west bank of the Nile ; the nearest miles from EshmQnkn in a direct line across point of the hills is about five miles due east, the Nile. near the site of the Roman city of Antinoe, The tomb of Tehutihetep is the most conbut for some reason the princes of the Middle spicuous of all that exist a t El Bersheh, and was probably the finest tomb ever excavated Unfortunately, it has been much In the Early and Middle Kingdoms the name of Thoth there. shattered by an earthquake, which apparently was written Zehuti, the 8 changing first to \\ took place many centuries ago, causing the d, and then to a t in the course 0-f time. Tehuti being more familiar than Zehuti, we think it will be convenient limestone strata to slip irregularly one over to use the later form Tehutihetep in the place of Zehuti- another along their south-west dip, so that hetep, although the latter would be more strictly consistent the roof of the tomb has been projectecl forwith our system of transliteration. ward about a foot, and the ceiling of the a See map of the neigllbourhood of E l Bersheh, h'l Bersheh, outer chamber has entirely collapsed, bringing Part IT., fig. 1.

g

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l2

7

,

B

2

EL BERSHEH.

down with it the architrave and columns of another rectangular hall-the main or inner the portico. To reach the tomb from the chamber- measuring about twenty-five feet river it is best to land opposite RAramGn and from front to back, by twenty feet in breadth, walk across the cultivated land, through the and thirteen feet six inches in height. The Coptic village of D&ren Nakhleh, to the edge walls of this chamber were also covered with of the desert. A Coptic cemetery lies a t the sculpture and painting above a plain black foot of the hills. Up the slope, due east of dado. On the front wall at either side of the D8r en Nakhleh, can be discerned a road or door we have curious scenes of purification. dromos, marked out on either side by large On the upper pert of the left-hand wall is the boulders. Jt ascends the hill to the snmmit, celebrated painting of the " Colossus on a and near the top passes the terrace, on to sledge," a huge alabaster statue of Tehutihetep which all the larger tombs of the Middle being dragged by nearly two hundred men ; on the lower part of the same wall are scenes of Kingdom open. The tomb described in the present volume boats on the Nile, and cattle, the whole referring is the second inscribed one on the south side to a great stock-taking, to which the herdsmen of the great roadway, and is marked No. 2 on of the nome brought in their annual tribute of the Survey to be published in El Be~*shelt, cattle. On the inner wall we see Tehutihetep Part II., PI. 3. It consists of a portico, a netting wild fowl with his wife and son, main chamber, and a shrine, and like all the watching fishermen hauling a net to shore, and other tombs in the group i t is excavated in the receiving birds, fish, &C.,from his estate. The greater part of the right-hand wall fell with the hill-side. The faqade, before its collapse, must have earthquake, and was smashed into fragments ; presented an imposing architectural front. I t from the portion still in place and the fragments consisted of two noble columns with palm-leaf recovered from the dhb~is,we gather that the capitals supporting a massive architrave, all scenes depicted the owner's household and the coloured pink and marbled with pale-green to occupations of his farm servants, gardeners, represent rose-granite; a t the sides were seen &c. The ceiling of this chamber is decorated the names of the kings under whom Tehuti- like that of the portico, but with the supporthetep, the owner of the tomb, had served. The ing beam represented as placed longitudispace behind the colunlns was so large that nally, and in the centre is a rectangular we have called it an outer chamber. The walls space of a different pattern, crossed by the were sculptured with scenes of hunting large beam and bordered by a black line. This game with nets, of fowling with the throw-stick, space is filled with a black and yellow check and of fishing with spear or harpoon. The pattern. At the inner end three low steps lead into a left-hand wall (now wholly destroyed) was prosmall shrine about four feet broad by eight bably devoted to military and wrestling scenes, such as we see so often in the tombs of the feet deep and eight feet high. It is remarkable same period at Beni Hasan. The ceiling was that it contained no statues like those at Beni painted blue aud studded with yellow quatre- Hasan and elsewhere. On each of the side foils ; the design evidently represents a starred walls is painted a scene of offerings, surcanopy supported by a transverse rafter, the mounted by the kheker ornament. Instead of statues theye are two figures in low relief on latter being also imitated in the painting. A narrow doorway, the jambs of which the inner wall, of equal height, and facing were inscribed, led from this chamber into one another, representing Tehutihetep and his

PREVIOUS WORK AT THE TOMB.

father Ray.' Tehutihetep generally calls himself " son of Ray" in his inscriptions, but none of the scenes in the larger chambers of the tomb refer to Kay. The age of the tomb is clearly indicated by the cartouches engraved on the outer corners of the fagade, according to which Tehutihetep lived in the reigns of Amenemhat II., Usertsen II., and Usertsen III., so that it was probably in the long reign of the last-named king that this tomb was completed and the nomarch died. It is interesting to find amongst the sculptures the names of the principal workmen employed upon the excavation and adornment of this masterpiece of Middle Kingdom workmanship. The director of the work was 1& I .

G

LIYrjnI

Ab-Kau's son Sep," and the artist employed to decorate it "Amena-ankhu." These men's handiwork was well worthy to carry down their fame to posterity.

9ZqfYB

2. PREVIOUS WORK AT T H E TOMB. THE group of tombs at El Bersheh was quite unknown to the members of the great French expedition under Napoleon, as well as to their predecessors. Its discovery, how: ever, dates back to 1817, and we owe the first account of it to two naval officers, Captain Mangles and Lieutenant Irby.' These two travellers, alter a voyage up the Nile to the first cataract, joined an expedition consisting of Messrs. Bankes, Beechey, and Belzoni, who mere about to proceed into Nubia in order to effect an entrance through the sand-drifts into the great temple at Abu Simbel. At that date travellers in Nubia were beset with many Pronounced Ka-y. Travels in Egypt, Nubia,S y ~ i aand Asia Minor during t7ze years 1817-1818, by the Hon. C. L. Irby and S. Mangles, London, 1853. l

3

difficulties, owing to the mutual jealousies o f , .the local governors and the disorganized state of the country. Labourers could hardly be ' obtained, a,nd i t was .chiefly by their own exertions that these travellers, half-starved as they were by the refusal of the people to supply them with food, at length excavated the doorway of the great temple; and for the first time for many centuries man set foot within its brilliantly decorated ha,lIs. Those who had hoped to find portable treasures within were doubtless di~a~ppointed,but our travellers sought ad venture and discovery. On their homeward voyage they broke their journey at several points where they heard of the existence of important remains. At E l Kab they admired the tomb of Pa,l~eri.~On the 26th of August, 1817, they reached RkramQn, and guided presumably by Mr. Brine, the English founder of the sugar factory there, they discovered the tomb' of Tehutihetep, and were much struck by the interesting character of its paintings." Messrs. Bankes and Beechey revisited it a t an early opportunity and made drawings, which probably exist to this day, but have not yet been traced to their present .owners. A copy of Mr. Bankes' outline of the colossus has, however, been seen by us amongst

I

S PubIished in the X I t h Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund. "Before we leave Egypt I shoulcl inform you that we discovered an interesting tomb opposite Mr. Brine's, at Radimore [RGramb]. The sides were covered with paintings, among which are two groups, of s description very rarely, if ever, to be met with ; one of them represents the removal of a colossus between thirty and forty feet high, and seated on a chair; upwards of a hundred labourers are employecl. The other drawing represents an Egyptian garden, with exotics in flower-pots, arranged on a terrace, near which is an arbour, bee-hives, &c. Mr. Bankes and Mr. Beechey are the only travellers who have visited this tomb since we discovered i t : the former has accurate drawings of all its contents."-Irby and Mangles, Travels, London, 1821, p. 165. The reference to bee-hives is due to some misconception, as there is no sign of such amongst the paintings here or in any other tomb at present l~nomn in Egypt. B 2

EL BERSHEH.

4

Sir Gardner Wilkinson's papers.' From this it would appear that not much attention was paid to detail, so that the drawings would not be of much importance for scenes of which other records exist. Many of the great groups of tombs in Egypt a,re situated in conspicuous places. That of El Bersheh is not so easy to find ; hence it is seldom mentioned in books of travel and antiquarian research. Neither Caillaltd, nor Wilkinson in his early publications, nor Burton, nor Champollion, has left any independent record of it. Rosellini, however, the head of the Tuscan expedition and a companion of Cha.mpollion in most of his journey, published the scene of the colossus on a sledge in 1832,' from a drawing by Dr. Ricci, one of his colleagues; but i t is certain that Champollion never saw it. I n 1833 Bonomi and Arundale were sent by Robert Hay of Linplum, then living in Egypt., t o make a plan and drawings of the tomb of the colossus, and the following unpublished letter from Bonomi to Hay, referring to this visit, is preserved amongst the Ray manuscripts in the British Museum.' "

B ~ YDEAR SIR.,

" RARAMOTJN, July 28th, 1833.

W e arrived here on the morning of the 26th, and after visiting Sig. Antonini,' went i n search of the tomb, which we easily found, b u t i n a veiy different state t o what it was when I saw it before: holes having been piclied in the walls, and a considerable part of the rest nearly obliterated by the rain getting in ; however, by dint of scraping and sponging me have succeeded in 'c

Apparently a lithograph of this drawing was circulated by Mr. Bankes ; it was utilised by Sir Gardner Wilkinson in his Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, 1837, p. 328, as well as in the later edition, and in the commentary to Rawlinson's translation of Herodotus. Rosellini, I Afonumenti dell' Egitto e delta Nubia, Mon. Civili, tom. ii., tav. xlviii. 1; text, tom. ii., p. 246. Adcl. 318.29,859, fol. 30. The successor of Mr. Brine, m110 is referred to above, p. 3. Bonomi had livecl in Egvpt ~ i n c e1834.

getting the principal part of the subject of greatest Mr. Arundale has made a plan and interest. sections, iu which will be seen the situation of the

....

" Yours,

etc.,

J. BONOMI." The drawings mentioned in this letter are still preserved.' Tliey comprise a plan and a longitudinal section of the tomb by Arundale,' the latter showing the disposition of the scenes ; pencil drawings to a very small scale of the inner walls of both the inner and outer chambers a copy of the inscription behind the coloss~zsscene ;' the colossus itself, partly in c o l o ~ r ; ' and ~ the doorway of the building towards which the statue was being dragged." Five years later, in December, 1838, Nestor de 1'HBte gave, in one of his letber~,'~a brief description of the tomb, and probably copied several of the scenes, but unfortunately the greater part of his drawings and squeezes were lost a t sea. I n 1841, however, he again visited Egypt and the tombs a t El Bersheh. H e then made a number of useful notes upon this tomb, which are preserved among his manuscripts in the BibliothGque Nationale in Paris.ls c'

l

l

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Ibid., fol. 3 and 4 ; our pl. ii. Add. MS. 29,814. Ibid., fol. 5 ; our pls. viii., ix., and xx. Ibid., fol. 7 ; our pl. xiv. '' Ibid., fol. 8 ; our pl. xv. Ibid., fol. 6 ; our pl. xvi. l2 Lettres Ec-ltes de Z'Egypfe, p. 46-50. On p. 47 is an extract from the inscription with titles of Tehutihetep from the thickness of the r a i l printed on p. 16 of our memoir, and the names of his sons, Usertsen-ankh and Nehera, from the since-destroyed upper left-hand corner, in our pl. X.; and on p. 48 Tehutihetep fowling with the throw-stick, accompanied by his three sons (our p1. viii.). The legends accompanying the sons in this scene have also recently been cut away, no doubt in order to obtain the cartouche. l3 Papiers de Nestor de I'Hdte, tomes iii. and xi. (copied by the editor in 1888). Vol. iii., fols. 246-2G7, gives a brief but orderly description of the tomb, with slight extracts from the subjects. Fols. 246-7, the shrine, especially the inscriptions on the back wall (our pl. xxxiii.). I n the succeeding folios are notes of the main chamber, including on fol. 250 the inscription on the ceiling (our pl. vi.). Fol. 248, the right-hand side of the inner wall (our pl. xx.). Fol. 249, inscriptions on the right-hand jamb of thc portico (our H

PREVIOUS WORK AT THE TOMB.

In 1837 Wilkinson published a drawing of the colossus on a sledge - in his Manne~sand Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,l the source of which was Mr. Bankes' lithograph. He had searched for the tomb, but had failed to find itY2and i t was not until 1841 that he arrived at the spot. Some valuable sketches made on this occasion are preserved among his papers at Calke Abbey, Derbyshire, and copies of them were made last year for our use? The Prussian expedition under Lepsius visited the tomb in July, 1843; and several subjects were selected for copying, including, of course, the colossus on n ledge.^ pL v.). Fol. 253, inscriptions on the doorway to the temple (our PI. xvi.). Fol. 254, the long inscription behind the colossus (our pl. xiv.), together with part of the large figure of Tehutihetep following, and the remains of the Iine of inscription containing his titles (see p. 17). Fol. 255, the scene of purification, with the inscriptions (our pl. X.). Fo~s. 264-267, description of the tomb, with notes of the inscriptions, including a slight sketch to show the restoration of the plan: strange to say, although he states that no trace remains of the columns, he recognizes that they must have existed : the inscription on the thickness of the wall (see p. 15), and the names of the sons from the scene of spearing fish (our pl, ix.), now partly destroyed, are also given. Vol. xi., p. 25, scene of the colossus, with inscriptions. l Vol. iii., p. 338 ; a second edition in 1847. 2 Nodern Egypt and Thehes, vol. ii., pp. 64, 65. 3 These drawings of Wilkinson are bound up with other large ones, chiefly bf a very early date, but with some later ones inserted, and the volume- is labelIed " Egyptian Sculpture." Between fols. 2 and 3 are a number of added leaves, the first (U) with the scene of clragging the colosaus (coloured), and some of the inscriptions on the back. On the second leaf (h) is a coloured copy of the portion of the right-hand wall still standing, including the gardening scene, &C., in our pls. xxv.-xxvi., but without the top row. On the third leaf ( c ) are some fragments of inscriptions from the same tomb, and on the fourth (d) the inscriptions of the colossus scene (our pl. xv.). 4 Lepsius' Letters from Egypt, No. 15. 5 Published in the Denkmaler, Abth. ii., El. 134,135. B1. 134, drawn by E. Weidenbach. (a) Scene of the colossus on a sledge, without the short inscriptions, but with the long inscription behind it. (b) Tehutihetep seated in the seh, our pl. xix. (c) The inscriptions on the back wall of the shrine, our pl, xxxiii. ( d ) The large standing figure of Tehutihetep, in otu pl. xx. ; and (e) Another of the same

5

I Since Sir Gardner Wilkinson's visit in 1850 1 hardly anything appears to have been done in the way of preserving the inscriptions.' There is, however, one exception. Major Brown, of the Egyptian Irrigation Department, took a photograph of the scene of the colossus on a sledge i n 1889. Of this one print was taken, which Major Brown kindly gave us, but the negative itself is lost.' Then came the destroyer. The year after Major Brown took his photograph, the important inscription behind the colossus wag c ~ away, t and many other parts of the tomb were wantonly injured. Thus the scenes which decorated its walls for so many centuries, and withstood the shock of the earthquake, had just undergone the most grievolls mutilation, when, in November 1891, our survey party reached Bersheh. The I sent hither to rescue some of the most important of ancient Egypt from oblivion was just too late to effect much of what was purposed, yet not too late to save a great deal that was valuable from its impending fate. -portunatelteb, the copies of ~ ~ ~ Nestor de l'HGte, a,nd Wilkinson, enable us I to restore much of what has been recently destroyed, and the present volume will shorn that a goodly harvest has been gathered from I t,his tomb.

I

from the hunting scene, our pl. vii. b, d, and e were selected no doubt to illustrate the costunle. RI. 135, drawn by'Eirund. (a, b, c, d) Inscription on the "gateway" on the west wall, our pl. xvi. (c) Part of the title of Kay from the right-hand mall of the shrine, our p1. xxxiv. (f) The inscription belonging t o the figure of Nub-tmut from tho back wall of the inner chamber, our pl. xx. (g) The inscription with royal names, from the righthand jamb of thc portico, our p1. v. 6 We are pleased to hear from Dr. Spiegelbcrg that some copies probably exist at Strassbnrg among thc papers of the indefatigable Professor Diimichen, whoso recent loss we so much deplore. 7 The print has been re-photographed, in order to preaerve the record, and copies can be obtained on application to the Secretary, Egypt Exploration Fund.

EL BERSHER.

3. THE NOMARCH TEHUTIHETEP AND HIS FAMILY. Egyptian tombs, AS is so often the case the inscriptions in that of Tehutihetep throw but little light upon the owner's life and descent. Regarding the earlier history of his farnib, a good deal of information can be gleaned from inscriptions in other tombs at E] Bersheh,l from the valuable collection of hieratic records recently copied in the quarries of Het-nub and published by Messrs. Blackden and Fraser;a but, as Tehutihetep himself is not referred to in any of them, it mill be best to defel*the consideration of this part of the subject until the inscriptions of the other tombs are published. For the present therefore me shall confine ourselves to those facts regarding Tehutihetep and his parentage and family that are recorded in the inscriptions of his own tomb. On the jambs of the faqade were four inscriptions, which mere intended to give in a very succinct form the main hndmarks in Tehutihete~'s life; unfortunntel~, are badly mutilated. The first tells that the prince Tehutihetep had been " a child of tlze king," under Amenemhat 11. At Beni Hasan, likewise, Khnemhetep had been " n child of the king, of his bringing up,"3 and this shows what the meaning of the phrase is here, namely, that Tehutihetep had been educated in the palace with theroyalchildrenof Amenemhat 11. Next, two of the inscriptions refer to Usertsen II., who reigned nineteen years. I n one me find that Tehutihetep held the high position of "sole royal friend" under this king ; on the other only the royal name is recognisable, but the inscription must have recorded some advancement. It is impossible to decide which of these two inscriptions took the second or the

third place in point of time. Lastly, the fourth inscription names Usertsen 111.;but the indication of Tehutihetep's rank at this time is again destroyed. We may fairly believe that it Was in the Course of this 10% reign of over thirty years that Tehutihetep died and was buried, having seen the rule of three kings; but he may have survived into the reign of Amenemhat II1: This is all that we possess of the chronology of Tehutihetep's life. His titles are very fully recorded elsewhere in the tomb. Most of them are to be found on p]. xvi. The civil ones are:1. E T - ~ 6 "B~~Ju-prince." , 2. H&, "Hu-prince." 3- 868% "Treasurer of the King. of Lower Egypt." 4. Bemer u6tiJ " Confidential friend of the King." 5. Re& seten, " Royal acquaintance." 6. her tep 6a e1t Unt, " Great Chief of the Hare nu,ae.J, 7. 6 ,et ,Leb, of every foreign eouutl.y.~ 8. Sab-&d-mer Del, . ......... . ,C( ............ of Buto." k/lentet, H chief of high ofices.~ 9. her tqj 10. hey fep Ne&eb, Chief of the city of Nekheb." 11. &i Ne@e,t, 6 r H e who 1,elong.s to the city of Nekhen." ne cim &h&," Comptroller of what is in the 12. palaceJJ (P).

The most remarkable of these are No. 6 , the title of the nomarch of the nome, and No. 7, which perhaps means that Tehutihetep had the right to give passports over all the frontiers of Egypt. Those numbered 1-5 and 8-11 mere commonly held by the great men of the period. The religious titles were very numerous; they are :l. mer henu neter, " Superintendent of the priests." 2. Ur dua ent p e r Ze?~uti," Great of five in the temple of Tehuti." (With variant hut for per onp. 16.)

To be published in E l Berslheh, Part 11. Collection of Hieratic Graflti from t71e Alabaster Qluawy The united reigns of Amenemhat II., Usertesen II., and of Hat-Nub (London, Luzac). Compare Beni Hasan, Part L, pl. xxxii., and Part II., Usertesen III., would amount to about seventy-five years, allowing for CO-regency. p. 10. l

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7

THE NOMARCH TEHUTIHETEP AND HIS FAMILY.

I

3. @erp nesti, CcReguIatorof the two thrones." and the inscriptions on the inner wall of the 4. her [sel-&eta ne reu peru, "Set over the mysteries shrine, in recording that Tehutihetep succeeded of the temples."

to the princedom held by his paternal grandfather, imply that he was Great Chief of the t,he mysteries of the god i n sacred places." Hare nome. We shall have more to say 6. her se-&eta ne medu neter, "Set over the mysteries about Nehera in the second part of this of the divine formula." I memoir. 7. &er se-&eta ne &et meter, "Set over the mysteries Kny,' Tehutihetep's The names of U I of the divine secrets." U 4 Sat-kheper-ka, his 8. &er12 hetep neterJUManagerof the divine offerings." father, and 5. her [se]&etu ne lzeter em est zesert,

"

Set over

kn 8

9. &er heb 4er tep, " Chief lector." 10. sem &erp &enset mebt, Sem-master of all the tunics."

11. S e B e m neteru, 'c W h o influences the gods." 12. M e r p hut net Net, "Regulatoi, of the temples of Net."

mother, are several times found in the inscriptions, but only the chief titles of the former are recorded. He was " ha-prince of the city o£ the pyramid called lchn of UsertsenYw6 and a Vide pls. vi., X., xvi., &c. V i d e pls. v., vi., &c. The name is also written a

13. hen neter Mu&,

" Priest of Maat."

5

-

P@O

By far the most interesting of these are the two numbered 2 and 3, which are the titles of the high priest of Thoth at Hermopolis.' Some of those numbered 4-7 are not uncommon ; but as held by the high priest of Thoth, the god of wisdom, the scribe and recorder of the gods, they have a special significance. The rest of the titles are such as were often borne by the heads of great families. Of the events of Tehutihetep's life, or of his personal character, we know scarcely anything. The scenes in the tomb are mostly of the ordinary type of the period. A11 the nomarchs were devoted to hunting, fishing, and fowling, and took delight in the excellence of their gardens and farm-yards. The quality of the sculptme and the loving detail in the gardening and other scenes indicate, perhaps, some special characteristics of Tehutihetep, and the great scene of the conveyance of the colossus is probably a record of an act unrivalled by any of his contemporaries. As to Tehutihetep's family, his paternal m Nehera is named once: grandfather

4

l

Compare Brugsch's Dict, Geogr., 1361. Vide pl. xxxiv., and cf. p. 39.

44

W pls. vi., viii., &c. As there were three Usertsens in this dynasty, and as the names of their respective pyramids, with one exception, are either uncertain or unknown, it is necessary to consider to which of them this pymmid 7cha belonged. I t has hitherto been attributed to Usertsen II,, apparently on the sole ground that, while it occurred in the tomb of Tehutihetep, his was the latest cartouche known from thence. But our clearance of the fapde revealed the name of his successor, Usertsen 111.; so that the argument as it stood can no longer be sustained. Yet it is not very likely that the pyramid was that of Usertsen III., since the father of Tehutihetep, if he get lived, probably rcached a patriarchal age early i n the reign of that king. The only other evidence with regard to the names of the pyramids referred to comes from Prof. Flinders Petrie's discoveries at Kahun. I t n-ill be recollected that the town of Kahun was built in connection with the pyramid of Usertsen II., commonly known as the Illahun pyramid, and that on its site were found numerous papyri and seals from other documents now destroyed. Several of the seals name princes of the city of the pyramid called IIetepUsertsen (vide Prof. Petrie's Kal~un, Hafoara, and G t ~ ~ o pl. b , X., Nos. 21-24). The salme locality is also frequently named in the papyri, and i t cannot be questioned that this was the name of the pymmid city of Usertsen 11. Can, then, the pyramid of Usertaen 11. have had two nameu, 7 ~ t e and ~) 7cha4 I n one or two papyri from Kahun the ?betep of Usertsen and the kha of Usertsen are mentioned together ; it is thus just possible that they are the names of two localities connected with the %me pyramid. Lastly, we know nothing about the namc of the pyramid of Usertsen I. The identification of the kha-pyramid is therefore a matter of extreme uncertainty.

EL RERSHEH.

8

superintendent of the priests." l So far as we can tell, his exalted office took him away from the Hare nome, NO that he did not hold the princedom which his father Nehera had held. We may slxppose, also, that his tomb was not at E1 Bersheh, but perhaps at the royal city of Memphis; and it is probable that for e~ him, this reason T e h ~ t i h e t ~commemorated together with himself, in the shrine of his own tomb as with a cenotapb. Of the titles and parentage of Sat-kheper-ka nothing is known, the inscription (over her portrait on the righthand wall): which may have recorded them, being lost. The name of Tehotihetep's wife Hathor-hetep occurs three times, but her parentage is not given. She was a hen-?.tetelHether, " priestess of Hathor," and n nelrt per, "lady of the house." Next to her, in the scene representing the female relatives of Tehutihetep on the right-hand wall, are two smaller figures of women, who may have been "

wdv"W

his concubines, the title &@et, which is preserved with one of them, being of uncertain meaaing.' His children were eight in number-three sons and five daughters. Of the sons L Shemsu-em-khau-ef was Q

4 8h5&

the eldest; his portrait is given several times in the wall-paintings. The two younger ones were named -f. Usertsen-ankh *

,

(1 p L]

4

and & Nehera. Of the five daughters the names of the three eldest only are preserved. These were IS;;? 3% U Nub-unut, *n

kn B o U Sat-kheper-ka, and S* P

Sat-hez-hetep. Mutilated portraits of the two youngest, and apparently portraits of two sisters of Tehutihetep, are found among those of his female relatives on the right-hand wall of the inner chamber. The relationships recorded above may be tabulated thus :-

*

Nehera (Great Chief of the Hare nome)

I

I

I

-

ICay (Ha-prince of the 7c7~apyramid city of Usertscn) I

Sat-kheper-lca*

l

T l ~ cnnkhet (concubine ?) I Tchuti-lletep* = Tchntihctep = Hathorhetep* (Great Chief of the Hare nome)

I

I

Two sisters

l

I I

l

Shemsn-em-khau-ef

I

Usertsen-ankh

I

Nehera

Nub-unut*

1

Vide pl. xxxiv.

a

A slight correction of t11.e original into f-

"female citizen" (1) or perhaps

" courtesan."

I

I

I

Sat-kheper-ka*

ra

Set-hez-hetep"

I

Two other daughters

2 Vide pl. xxviii., anti cf. p. 36. would produce the known female title bnkh-en-net, meaning Female.

*

11. D E T A I L E D DESCRIPTION 0

T H E TOMB,

AND

EXPLANATION O F THE S C E N E S AND INSCRIPTIONS. 1. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES. 11.-IV. See PLATES

INspite of the injury done by the earthquake, which completely ruined the front part of the tomb, its original plan can be restored with certainty. It was as follows :( l ) A deep portico, supported by two columns, with palm-leaf capitals. (2) A rectangular main chamber. (3) A small shrine beyond. (4) A shasft or gallery for the mummy, driven horizontally below the chambers.

1. The cliff has been trimmed back only a few feet for the fagade. The excavation for the portico was broad and high (nearly 23 feet by 15 feet), leaving only a very narrow band of faced rock, about 9 inches at the top and about 2 feet a t the sides. The depth of the portico from front to back was 14 feet. A massive architrave of square section crossed the roof at about 2 feet from the front, and was supported by two columns of circular section with broad circular bases and pal m leaf capitals (for details see pl. iv.). I n these columns the shaft tapers upwards; at the base it is 26 inches in diameter, a t the top 214 inches. The leaves forming the capital spring from four annulets ; these probably represent a cord which bound the leaves together, but the ends of the ties in this instance are not shown, so that they can only be described as annulets. The columns

-

mere surmounted by shallow square abaci, upon which the architrave rested. The base is 4 feet 8i inches in diameter a t the bottom, and 6 inches high ; its sides slope and the top edge is rounded. The depth of the portico behind the abacus is nearly 10 feet, and we have called this space "the Outer Chamber " in the plates and in the detailed description of the scenes. The ceiling is flat. I n the 'centre of the back wall is a doorway 10+ feet high by 4 feet wide, the threshold of which is raised about 6 inches. The architrave of the door projects about an inch. The entrance was closed by a door pivoted on the right side. The thickness of the wall is nearly 5 feet. 2. The main chamber, or as we have called it in the plates, &C.,'' the Inner Chamber," was rectangular, measuring 20 feet broad by nearly 26 feet deep and 13 feet high, with flat ceiliug. 3. At the middle of the back mall a flight of three low steps leads into a shrine, which was closed by double doors, the pivot holes for which remain at each side. The shrine itself is slightly narrower than this doorway, and hardly exceeds 4 feet in width. Its depth and height alike are 8$ feet. 4. In front of the left-hand jamb of the portico is a rectangular pit, 11feet by 6 feet in length and breadth. I t descends vertically 9 feet. From its northern side runs a horizontal gallery, 73 feet high and 54 feet broad, beneath the left-hand wall of the tomb ; where a part of

10

EL BERSHEH.

its breadth lay directly beneath the floor of the chamber, the latter was only a little over 3 feet thick. The gallery terminated a t 55 feet, and was consequently driven in slightly beyond the shrine. The lat,ter, being of small dimensions, left the tomb constructor ample space, as soon as the gallery had been carried beyond the end of the main chamber, to make an extension or niche on the east side of the gallery in the direction of the shrine, perhaps for the reception of the coffin or its furniture. The depth of the niche was 23 feet, and its height was not more than half that of the gallery itself. I n the middle of the gallery a t this spot was a small square excavation in the floor, which perhaps was intended to receive part of the funeral outfit.

The principal injuries to the architectural features of the tomb are due to the earthquake, which drove the upper strata in the tomb south-westward ; the columns were displaced, and the whole mass of rock over the portico, including its painted ceiling, has fallen down in a confused heap. The right-hand wall is fairly perfect, excepting at the top, where the movement of the strata has shattered it. The left-hand wall has been almost quarried away. It seems probable that this had been done before the earthquake took place, as the quarrymen did not remove any part of the fallen rock. The mass of rock forming the back wall of the portico and front wall of the main chamber has been cracked in several places, and driven ~ut~wards.The side walls have also been cracked, and great masses have detached themselves from the right-hand wall, and lie in confusion on the floor, while here also the tops of the walls have been shattered. The shrine is practically uninjured as far as architectural features are concerned. The clever concealment of the mummy-pit

1

must have exercised many would-be violators of the tomb. On the arrival of the expedition it was found that in the main chamber pits had been dug in four places through the dkbris and into the solid rock; probably some of these pits date from very ancient times. One great hole in the axis of the chamber had been extended right and left until it touched the lower gallery ; probably the tomb chamber was robbed through this forced entrance. It was utilised by the expedition in clearing the mummy-pit, working from it first to the inner end and then outwards to the ancient entrance, which had probably been hidden for many centuries. The greater part of the dkbris in the tomb was successfully cleared, and its nature ascertained; the rubbish was thrown outside, and the sculptured and painted fragments sorted. Only a few large blocks had to be examined without being raised or moved. Of the columns, the bases were found in situ; portions of the capitals still clung to the fallen and ruined architrave, and the shafts lay ~hatteredamongst the dBbris.

2.

SYSTEM OF DECORATION.

THX decoration of the tomb is as usual confined to the upper chambers, and consists of (1) painting applied to the limestone, the surface of which had been finely prepared for its reception with a very thin coating or wash of stucco, and (2) sculpture in very low relief ; but in some cases the two methods were combined. The jambs and lintel of the faqade and the columns and architrave of the portico were painted pink (see pl. iv.) and inslrbled with pale green in order to resemble rose granite. The hieroglyphic inscriptions upon the jambs and architrave were incised and painted green (see pl. iv.).

SYSTEM OF DECORATION.

The ceiling of the portico was richly painted

FIQ. 1.

the hieroglyphs given in pl. vi. were incised and coloured blue. The kheker frieze of the outer chamber is almost entirely destroyed. It was painted only. The scenes below were sculptured in very low relief, and probably were painted, though no trace of colouring can now be distinguished. The hieroglyphs around the doorway were incised. The inner surfaces of the jambs of the doorway to the main chamber were probably coloured pink, like the architrave and columns. The large hieroglyphs incised upon them were painted green. The whole of the thickness of the wall from the inside of the jamb to the surface of the outer wall of the main chamber was decorated with horizontal bands of blue, red, yellow, and green, about 3 inches wide, separat,ed from each other by black lines, each 3 inch wide. The ceiling of the inner chamber was decorated similarly to that of the portico, except that the narrow yellow band was painted longitudinally down the centre of the ceiling. The hieroglyphs upon this band were painted blue (see pl. vi.). I n the centre of the ceiling there is a rectangular space of a different pattern, crossed by the beam and bordered by a black line. This space is filled mith a black and yellow check pattern (see diagram of ceiling, fig. 2). YELLO'W PUATPEFOILS UPON A BLUE GROUND

SMALL

aLacI

*NO

YELLOW YIUliREL BLUE H l F R O C L V P I l S U P O N A VCLLOW GROUND SMALL W I C K AND

YELLOW SQUARES

YELLOW QUATREFOILS UPON A BLUE GROUND

I

11

The frieze consisted of the usual kheker ornament painted red, blue and green (see fig. 3). Beneath this and a t the sides of the walls is a border of coloured rectangles (yellow, blue, red and green), separated by black liues enclosing a white line. Be- FIG.3. yond this is the peculiar roped pattern so common in old Egyptian tombs. The dad0 is painted black, and is bordered above by narrow bands of red and yellow (see fig. 4). At the right-hand end of the dad0 of the left-hand wall was a false door, now much mutilated. L The inner surfaces of the jambs of FIG. 4. the doorway to the shrine are painted, like the jambs of the outer doorway, with horizontal bands of colour. The bands here are blue and yellow, separated by black lines. The ceiling is coloured blue and covered mith yellow quatrefoils as in the other chambers, but here the quatrefoils are much smaller (see fig. 2); they measure 23 inches across. Longitudinally down the middle of the ceiling is painted a narrow yellow band, upon which are hieroglyphs (see pl. vi.) ; they are incised and coloured blue. The frieze consists of small khekers, and beneath them is the usual border of coloured rectangles. The dad0 is painted black. The style of painting is uniform throughout the tomb, and the paintings are everywhere very carefully executed. The human figure (for a specimen see frontispiece) is always conventionally drawn according to the standards of proportion in vogue at the period. The quadrupeds are somewhat stiffly outlined ;but the birds and fishes, especially those on the inner wall of the main chamber, are beyond praise. The hieroglyphs on the left-hand and inner walls of the main chamber, and in the shrine, are very elaborately exkcuted, and much attention has been paid-to matters of the minutest detail. YCLLO.4

I

EL BERSHEH.

FIG.5.-KEY PLANTO

SCENES AND

INSCRIPTIONS.

On the outside of the same jamb a similar inscription records his faithful service as JAMBS OF THE FAQADE (see Key Plan, A-D). semer udti, " confidential friend," to the king The mutilated inscriptions show curious Usertsen 11. Tehutihetep is here called ?id, dovetailing of the titles of the kings under whom " ha-prince," and Berp nesti, " regulator of Tehutihetep lived with those of ~ e h u t i h e t e ~the two thro~es." himself. Wishing evidently to put the royal The inscriptions on the opposite jambs titles prominently before the visitor, Tehuti- follow the same formulze. The royal names hetep placed a t the top of each column the of Usertsen 11. on the inside and of Usertsen ka-name of the king, surmounted by the hawk 111. on the outside can still be recognised, but as usual, thus a t once giving a decorative the central portions referring to the status of appearance to the inscription. By another Tehutihetep in these reigns are completely device possible in hieroglyphics he contrived destroyed. to separate the cartouche from the ka-name (to These are the only cartouches that, have which the sense of the inscription would attach been found in the tomb, and it is very forit), so that the cartouches appeared together tunate that they should have been preserved near the base of the columns, forming a second at all in such an exposed situation. The well-defined group of signs. I n translating we fragments of the left-hand jamb, all of which probably have to take the ka-name and the were found by excavation, show that the hierocartouche together in the middle of the in- glyphs here were incised and coloured green scription. On the inside of the right jamb on a pink ground marbled with pale green we propose to read :to represent granite. [ B ~ t a B~r e~d ] setelz &er

Heru heken em rnaht

(Neb-kau-R&=( h& zrr duct Zehzrtihetep

" [The devoted one,] the king's

ARCHITRAVE (see Key Plan,

E, F).

son' under the hawk The architrave is inscribed on the front praised (?) in truth Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II.), and back, but not below ; the colouring is the the ha-prince, great of five, Tehutihetep."

l

See Beni Hasan, Part L, pl. xxxi. For the reading Tehutihetep, see note on p. 1.

same as that of the jambs (see p1. iv.). I n the middle of both the front and back is the 0 central mord -1) er-pd, from which two almost

SCENES,

&C.,

OUTER CHAMBER,.

identical inscript,ions run to right and left. On five signs from the top of each line. the front is :reads :E r - ~ hhG zir dua Zehutihetep mes en Bat-&eper-ka

-

"The hereditary prince, the ha-prince, great of five, Tehutihetep, born of Sat-liheper-ka."

On the back is the same legend, with the khoy nesti, regulator of the variation of

I Q -*

two thrones," for o z tcr dzen. It will be observed that the double title (ur dua, @er==nesii) of the high priest of Thoth is divided, and that the two elements alternate in these inscriptions. The cc short " t,itles of nome princes usnnlly combine the civil ancl the religious, very often in the simple form ha, mer henu nete~,c' ha-prince and superintendent of the priests."

4.

OUTER CHAMBER. PLS.V1.-IX.

CEILINGTNSCRTPTION,pl. vi. (see Key Plan, a). The transverse inscriptions on the ceiling of the outer chamber are similarly arranged. The hieroglyphs are incised and painted blue on a yellow ground. The right half of the inscription names Tehutihetep's father Ray ; the left, his mother Sat-kheper-ka. H e is described a,s tep da elz Unt, "great chief of the Hare Nome," and &er sesheta em retc-perzb-es, 'c chief of the mysteries of its temples," &c.

13

It

( l ) [maa] cih Gut set 6.9% &&a urt er @et ttebt (2) [an er-PG] jici sem L/lerp ~henzetnebt sub & merl D~P (3) [........ . ] her sedeta en maa zrh ( 4 ) [ur d ~ t aem ] per Zehuti ur qedet em perzci &ter (1) (5) [sema] nef semau ensen &erp hetep neter (6) [semer zch ne melrzit ari i'?e&en hen neter Z a i t ciri (?) pe [neb] (7) &hher tep Ga en Unt Zehutihetep neb cilnu& (1) "[seeing] t h e netting of the gazelles1 of the desert, behold ! abundant were they more than anything, (2) [by the e~ya-prince], the ha-prince, the semmaster of all the tunics, the sab-&d-merof the city of Dep (Buto in the Delta), (3) [.........l chief of the mysteries of seeing alone, (4) [great of five] in the house of Tehuti.. ....... in the two houses.. ....... (5) one who received reports from those who received reports: manager of the divine offerings, (6) [confidential friend] of the (king's) choice, he who belongs to the city of Nekhen, priest of Maat (goddess of truth) ......... (7) the la-prince, great chief of the Hare Nome, Tehutihetep, possessing the reward of worth."

I n front of Tehutihetep we see two parallel lines of netting (placed upright on the wall), one end being closed by poles, and a cord or scare put in place by the huntsmen ; the other end at the top of the wall is destroyed. The enclosed space is filled with sculptured details representing the surface of the desert covered with bushes, wild animals, and huntsmen. The Egyptian draughtsman has arranged them all RIGHT-HAND WALL,pl. vii. (see Key Plan G ) . in distinct rows, one above the other; seven of The hunting scene on the right-hand wall is these remain, while one or two a t the top have very remarkable. Tehutihetep, leaning on a been destroyed. Among the huntsmen are depicted the three staff, is completely wrapped in a long blanketlike robe, leaving only his closely shaven head, his hands, and his sandalled feet visible. The 1 The determinatives are figures of the oryx, the ibex, garment is evidently intended to protect him n~idthe common gazelle. Literally, one to whom those-who-were-reported-to against the cold breeze of the desert in the reported ;" he was so high an official, that officers, who rewinter. This representation is probably unique. ceivecl reports from subordinates, themselves had to report The inscription over him has lost four or to him.

er

EL BERSHER.

14

sons of Tehutihetep, with their names, ShemsuI n the sixth row are the heads of four stags em-khau-ef, Usertsen-ankh and Nehera, shoot- or fallow deer, nobly posed, and other game; ing arrows. It is much to be deplored that we can also see the characteristic curled tail of the colours have entirely gone from this an Egyptian hound. interesting sculpture, and that it has been I n the bottom row men are setting up posh much injured in other ways; yet what remains and driving back large wild oxen1 with staves. of it is very intelligible. They wear ostrich feathers in their hair, like I n the top row we see a man armed with the Egyptian soldiers. bow and quiver advancing from the left, l towards a galloping animal (bubale ?) accomLEFT-HAND WALL(see Rev Plan.. K)., panied by its calf, while a man crouching on The wall on the left-hand side is completely the ground appears to be securing the end of destroyed. We may conjecture that the subject a. bolas or lasso to a stout peg by a slip-knot. was a scene of wrestling and fighting correThe bolas has no doubt caught the horn of the sponding to the hunting scene on the opposite a,nimal, the upper part of which is destroyed. side. The legs of numerous animals are seen behind. At the right-hand end of the row an archer INNER WALL,RIGHT SIDE,pl. viii. (see Key pursues a bubale (?) to the fence. Just below Plan, H). is a row of bushes, with a hare crouching. Tehutihetep, wearing a collar, a fillet round I n the next row on the left are two oryxes, and a man pulling at a bolas which has pro- the head and a short tunic, is in a canoe, bably caught the hind leg of one of them; fowling with a throw-stick. Two women, prethen six bubales and a calf ; and a man whirl- sumably his wife and daughter, are with him in ing his lasso round his head to cast at a large the boat, and behind him were his three sons animal already noosed by another huntsman and an attendant holding a large shield. The at the end of the row. The last has foreign papyrus clump which must have occupied the features, with pointed beard and long hair, space between the end of the boat and the and wears only a very narrow girdle; doubt- right jamb of the door has entirely disappeared, probably owing to its having been only less he is a Bedami huntsman of the desert. painted, not sculptured. Similarly the water In the third row is an archer shooting a t two ibexes accompa'nied by a young one. Behind on which the canoe floats is represented only them is a hillock, up which climbs a porcupine. by a blank space. The same is the case with Beyond is a leopard, then a gazelle, and below the water in the next narrow band below, in which are sculptured three boats laden with a bubale with calf and three addaxes (?). I n the fourth row Shemsu-em-khau-ef with papyrus, $c. ; in two of them, as often, the his bow and quiver, and with spare arrows in boatmen are represented sparring; t.he third his hand, shoots a t a herd of oryxes. On the boat is almost entirely destroyed. The inscription, in eight vertical lines, above other side of the fracture there is a lion, a ha,re and a jackal; then two ostriches, and a man perhaps driving them. These oxen closely resembling the domestic breeds are The next row is much iniured, On the also seen in Be?tiHasan, Part I., pis. xiii. and xxx., Part 11.. right are Usertsen-ankh and Nehera shooting pls. iv. ancl xiii., as well as in paintings of the X V I I I ~ ~ Dynasty. I t has been the custom to identify them with a t a large antelope, above the fore-legs of which various large species of antelopes, but the excellent sculpture remain the hind-legs and tail of a little jerboa. at El Rersheh excludes this idea.

I

1

U

.I

INNER CHAMBER, OUTER WALL.

Tehutihetep's head relates to the hamu en apdu an er-p6, " catching of wild-fowl by the erpaprince, Tehutihetep." In the last row are men bringing offerings of the products of the marshes-wild-fowl, lotusflowers, &c.

INNER WALL,LEFT SIDE, pl. ix. (see Key Plan J). On the other half of the wall beyond the doorway, Tehutihetep stands in a canoe, spearing fish. His dress is nea,rly the same a,s in the picture just described, but he wears a different waist-cloth. The harpoon is poised in his hands ; the right-hand edge of the picture is destroyed, but usually in these scenes the harpoon has a double point, on which are transfixed two fishes. A female relative kneels in the middle of the boat, and another stands holding a spare harpoon. I n the field behind are the figures of the three sons ; the top left-hand corner is broken away. The water beneath is full of fish and blue and white lotuses. Over Tehutihetep's head is :[Bens] seHet se&u pehu meru . ...... . .. . . . . . a n e r - ~ & h& sewer uhti en merut a r i A7e&en Zehuti-hetep ......sub cid mer Mu-& Berp aut neb netert ...... 2 ~ rdzca KoQys a Ze!~uti-hetep.. .. .. 46 mer 6enu neter. Zehutihetep cil. en Sat-geper-ka lzeb urn@

15

of the right-hand end remains in sitzc. At the top of it two horizontal lines of inscription were incised, running in opposite directions. The first shows the beginning of a prayer to Anubis, the second the name of Tehutihetep at the end of the line. Below this are the remains of a figure. Two other pieces belonging to this lintel are given in pl. ix., 4 and 5, but the positions of these fragments are uncertain, and the restoration of the scene is therefore impossible. On each jamb are four vertical lines of hieroglyphs, terminated by a single horizontal line, giving the name and titles of Tehutihetep. Very little remains of all this. At the bottom of each jamb was a figure of Tehutihetep standing with a staff in his left hand and a kkerp-sceptre in his right hand. I n the thickness of the wall are traces of a vertical line of inscription in large hieroglyphs as follows, repeated on each side :-

Er-p& h& sab Ad mer u r duo Zel~utihetepneb ama& "The erpn-prince, the ha-prince, the sab-ad-mer, great of five, Tehutihetep, possessing the reward of worth."

......

"Canoeing in the papyrus beds, the pools of wildfowl, the marshes and the st,reams, by the erpaprince, the &a-prince, he who belongs to Nelrhen, Tehutihetep. The sab-ad-mer ....... . . great of five, Kay's son Tehutihetep. The ha-prince, the superintendent of the priests, Tehutihetep, born of Sat-kheper-ka, possessing the reward of worth."

...,

5. INNER CHAMBER, PLS.X.-XXXI. OUTER WALL,RIGHT

SIDE,

pl. X. (see Key Plan P).

On the right-hand side of the front wall is a scene of ceremonial purification.' l On a plinth stands Tehutihetep with his Below this scene is another representing three boats laden. The inscriptions accom- arms to his sides, while two figures pour water panying them are fragmentary and difficult to over him. For this ceremony he wears a wig and false beard, a broad necklace and a short translate. pleated tunic; his feet are bare. His titles are INNER WALL,CENTRE, pl. ix. (see Key Plan I). above him. On each side of him are correThe framing (technically "architrave") of the l Compare scenes of a similar character in Lepsius' Denlzdoor reaches nearly to the ceiling, and the little mli'ler, Abth. ii., B1. 65, tomb of Ra-shepses; ii. 104, 3, space above was left blank. The framing itself tomb of Ptah-hetep (Old lcingdom) ; and iii. 11, f., tomb of is very much destroyed. Of tbe lintel a fragment Renni a t El Kab (XVIIIth Dynasty).

EL BERSHEH.

16

[nzer upt] ( 1 ) ent hetep neter se-hetep neteru hersponding figures, those on the right being much ( 2 ) es i n en set neb ur dwa em hetu (3) Zehuti ent mutilated. I n the c o ~ vbv Nestor de 1'HBte qem& meh &erp hetep neter ( 4 ) her se-&ta en the of the top 'gures On the left recc;peru hen reter en =er, t - (5) Desert.. .... ...... are preserved. The first, who pours the water, (6) .........her tep ne&eh (7) [see plate] h2r.Eerp is the second son of Tehutihetep, Usertsennesti Eay sa Zehutihetep neb cima& ankh ; the second, carrying a basket, is the [Superintendent of the distribution?] of the divine offerings, pacifying all the gods with them, the third son, Nehera. On the other side we gate of every foreign country, great of five in the see that the eldest son, Shemsu-em-khau-ef, is temples of Tehuti of the South and North, regucarrying the vessel, but the figure pouring on lator of divine offerings, set over the mysteries this side is not named. The vessels contain of the temples, priest of KAent-hesert (Thoth) cleansing materials, for on the left is the in............ chief of the city of Nekheb, the i a prince, regulator of the two thrones, Kay's son scription e ~ d e bed-neter, t " giving natron," but Tehutihetep, possessing the reward of worth." on the right the name of the substance is destroyed. WALL,LRFT SIDE, 111. xi. (see Key Plan Q). I n the next row on the left the @eq. [teb OUTER Mehti (?)-em-?L&, " lector Mehti (?)-em-hat," On the other side of the door is a correreads from a roll :sponding scene, very much destroyed. Tehutihetep is fully clothed and wears sandals, but zed medu h&.........e7c qesui-e7c tem cirt-ek there is no trace of the usual staff; priests and '!saying : Be washed thy [limbs], thy bones, be cornothers are performing ceremonies before him. pleted (?) what belongeth to thee." His titles are almost entirely destroyed. The The corresponding compartment on the right subordinate figures seem to have been in four is destroyed. The snme is the case with the rows as before. At the left-hand end are his next row, where on the left there is a man sons one above another, and the aab-priest bringing a curious spoon-like instrument, while Sebek-a-na. Immediately before his foot is a second carries a staff and a box. The latter the iin hen [email protected]@i sa Sep, "scribe of the is called a box of natron (hen en bed-nete~). box, Nekht-ankh's son Sep." On the right I n the bottom row on the right a man carries all the upper figures are destroyed; the a hen en.. .(P), " box of.. .(?)." On the left a second from the bottom is dressed in a long similar figure brings a hen [en] hebsu wdb, "box tunic and holds up an egg-shaped object in of clean clothes." his hand. He is perhaps named TehutineBt The titles of Tellutihetep were very fully 6r en Xat-hex-[~etep," Tehutinekht, born of Satgiven, but are now much destroyed. I n the hez-hetep." The inscription in front of him is last seven lines can be deciphered :much mutilated, and endsI d

U

~p

I

'' .........those who made this I ..... ....entiu 6r as pen, tomb!'

Before Tehutihetep's feet a man pours water. The inscription in front readsseth - tin hen-neter, " the priest cleanses."

Another man carries a stick and a box.

LEFT-HAND WALL,pl. xi;.-xix. (see Key Plan R.). The left-hand mall of the inner chamber is divided into seven rows, forming two great

HE COLOSSUS.

scenes running from end to encl. The uppermost is the fa,mous scene of dragging a colossal statue, occupying five rows. The srlbject divides itself into the representation of(1) Tehutihetep, with attendants, following the statue; (2) the .inscription of thirteen lines describing the scene ; (3) the colossus dragged by rows of men; (4) the temple or building to which it was brought, and the sacrifices made on the occasion. 1. Tehufihrtep, ~rritlbattendants, ~follo~ein,g the statue (pl. xiii.).

Tehutihetep, richly apparelled, is proceeding on foot. His head is closely shaven. H e wears aloin-cloth, a long tunic, and over his shoulders a light cape, fastened above his waist ; on his breast is a broad necklace, and sandals are on his feet ; in his right hand is a sceptre, painted with bands of colour, and the early copies by Hay and Nest'or de l'HBte show the staff in his left hand, and in front of him a fragmentary line of titles in large characters. The staff and inscription are. now both destroy ed ; the inscription ra,n-

[ET-p&&h] semer zdti

efi merut &er tep 6at gel~tet sefiem neteru [iripe neb ?L& ZeJ~utihetep neb ct,ma&]

" The

erpa-prince, the An-prince, confidential friend of the (Izing's) choice, chief of the high offices, who influences the gods, he who belongs to every town, the 7~n-prince, Tehutihetep, possessing the reward of worth."

Behind him in the bottom row is an armed attendant carrying a battle-axe and with a. peculiar garment (?) hanging a t his back ; three spaces behind him are left blauk, then

l

Restored from the inscription on the right-hand jamb

of the donrway to the temple on pl. xvi.

17

come the three sons of Tellutihetep in orderShemsu-em-khau-ef, Usertsen-ankh, and Nehera. They wear loin-cloths, pointed in front; a very unusual decoration, namely, a long bead necklace, is seen round the neck of the second, and may once have figured on the others. I n the third row is the sa& kefa ub @ e ~ pus db-kaa sa 8ep, c c servant who conceals (P) the heart, he who superintends [the construction of] the tomb, Ab-kau's son Sep." f i e holds a spear and battle-axe. Next there is another spear-holder, then a sedan-chair borne on the shoulders of four men. The three first have sandals, and the third figure wears n curious garment round the loius. I n t'he second row one Inan bears a shield of dappled bullock's hide ; another a large fly-flap and a long staff; the third a short staff and a fly-flap. The last .two have large oval plates, or skins, the nature of which is obscure, strapped on their chests. The fourth carries an ample robe (perhaps the winter garment of pl. vi.) thrown over the left arm. The fifth bears a bow and a basket ; the sixth a bow and short staff, with a closed quiver slung on his back. I n the top row remain the lower parts of five sandalled figures. The first figure probably holds either a baton or a censer M burning incense. The second has a long staff; the inscription before him seems to read, ..udb, " pure.. ... The inscription before the third probably reads, dnti udb, " pure frankincense ;" that before the fourth, Jzebs zcdb, c ' p ~ ~clothes." re These figures probably carried boxes containing the materials mentioned.

.."

..l..

2. The Long fizscripiiolz (pl. xiv.). Immediately before the large standing figure of Tehutihetep is au inscription of twelve lines, referring to the transport of the colossal statue, as figured in the scene that follows. I t s importance was long ago recognised by C

EL BERSHER.

18

se Ha t o translate it. I n 1878, Professor Maspero" rintl~ - tut-pet1 rifd em p ~ ~ c (h i n& a P??% 7 . chat6 PT Xsr,rt improved considerably on the first version ; izeb [ t ] . fihttu h p e r me!^ cm &epscst~ del? m n & we ProEessor Erman3 printed a partial translation me.ginzi-ri, ~ z snpf(~ru earnu (for neferu n e z a m i c ? ) in 1885; Professor Brugsch did the same in 8. B r r seku d e p mzah-qf d e p t re-sen e m d u n u f - r i enz ficsut-ri ~ n &er. t setcn mesu-ri 9. '[&&U ?] Ic-/tekrr 1891;4 and Maspero revised liis own trans?i~e/r/lrt-ri hrseptiu-ri 4 r r nris ( l t ~ a z ~ tsrprr-iin, . rr lation last year for his Eflbr7e.~de i I ~ y t l t , o l ~ g i n . ~ (/r81)irbe n nct-ton 10, [pcit ?] JeGlrlct 4;f 0 1 f . f r ~ ut t The text is extremely difficult, so that a t n l a n r r M t e t nebt ?AILr i r 1 ~Pm 4 h t snb-rirl-7n~t- i i r u present i t is impossible to fix the sense satisn c 11. [nzr&tet ?] r m &enu ~ ~ r t - t r i ~ . ~ ~ r[nr ic] ~CVL t-~z f i t ~ r u l rlcp riferlr. CL cih-srn i i r n rir-nti ri1.f-ri 77ri factorily. The copy given by Lepsius appears 12. [ f i ~ c r t t t r t e r?] sejilr,~X-/,t r n ect zct nirk./trf to be absolutely correct as far as it goes : W C hetep trs-ri ~ ) P ? Pm z k a f ~ i - r f r n f eet z r t have compared i t with copies by Nestor de Follotving8 the statue of 13 cubit; in stone of H e t l'HGte, Bonolrli (Hay), and with Major Brown's n u b g (alabaster quarry). Behold, very m o n d e r f i ~ l ' ~ photograpl~,withont finding any error. The was t h e road upon which i t came, more than anyinscription is now all destroyed, excepting a thing. Behold, wonderful 2. t o the minds of men scrap of the first line. The earlier copies show tvas t h e d r a g g i n g of valuable stone along i t on account of the stone (thc rocky way from .the lacunae a t the tops of tlie lines, due t o the quarry?), (and) diiricult (would i t llavc bccn even) earthquake ; fortunately, in clearing the tomb, for a mere square block (or foundation Lloclr ") of me found amongst the t l d b r i s two inscribed snntlstone. I caused t o come 3. +roopsl' of goodly fragments, wl~icllcomplcte tlic text from the youths in order t o make for i t the road, together wit11 the guilds (or " orders ") of tomb-sc~~lptors seconcl to the eigllth line. These fragments and quarrymen, the foremen wit11 thcm 4. knowing 11,zvebeen prcscntecl, with otllcrs, to tlic British 11ow t o point o u t (lit. " say ") tile strong-armed.'" Museum. The text in the plate is from an enlargement of Major Brown's pllotograph The remains of a sign slio\vn on the new fragnient are collated wit11 Lepsius's escelle~itcopy. very strange, and do not readily conncct the~nselveswith a

any known hicroglyph. R Bringing n stnt11c in procession is espressed as "follow,$~eta 1b1.t qiat ( i t - n f f h r ' r - C S r r H t r t ? ~ r l b [ t ] .Ci8flt, " it. ing . d ~ t c c2. fict' rib c11 IT& 1ite4 h a t 4er-PS m h (sic) ~ i n e y " On the quarry of IIet-nub see p. 23.. .$zetn Ize sent ~ 1 1 % ( i ~ ~ e r - i t c - r i i ~ 7 e rrdri-k~tci, t. iuf In shctn, " secret," " mysterious," almost4in the sense of 3. e a n l u ~ z e?iunu izefot~u e r titat nqf u n t fiat& ~ 1 1 2 1 I ' l difficult," or of '' onc cl er fill.'^ 7ae @ci.tiu-neter 11s tiliu & P T ~ hctici 4 T P & ~ ~ LZ C , ~ l1 The word zanw, which we translate " troops " ant1 which YP& n e t ne&t-h ri-n[ri] e r rint-cf rCb-ri f i ~ w t i u occurs so many times in the inscriptiol~s referring to the derndet 4 h t 7cffer t w t m a n 5 . r~ &rt m b t , l transport of the colossus, seems to mean (1)able-bodied t i n u cinz reheib-nef fipr &ved n ~ X . / ) f . . enl. & &h s e / l n ~ Gt (?) youths fit for training, alnlost " subject to conseriptian " ; (a) trained gangs. I n order to accomplish their great unclertalcings, the Pharaohs must havo had at their cornmancl Jlelanges Eqyptullwliques, TIP sd~ic,Tome ii., 11. 115 enormous bodies of disciplined men accustomed to united; et seq. labour. The word z a n ~appears always to be uced with . Trcinsnctio?zs of the S. B. A., vol. vii., pp. 7-10. reference to this kind of di.cipline. "I trained the zamu B!7ypten, ii., pp. 633-4. of my nome," or '' the znmu of Egypt," a phrase frequently LFgypfologie, pp. 293-5. found in the mouths of princes and Pliaraohs. They would. Toiue i., pp. 55-61. probably be employcc1 not only in the constructioil of This seems to be some form of the vorcl pyramids or temples, but also in warfare on oc~asion, in keeping in order the clams, &c. perhaps written sinlply C. or, if s i ~ c h a This was Professor hfaspero's translatioa before the discovery of the new fragment confirmed in B, remarkable spelling be possible, : the last is favoured way his suggested restoration of the line : yet even with by all the copies and the photograph. thnt confirnlation of his reading me cannot feel sure that

1. .gterns f u t ne ntc&

1

XIII ~ J I riilcr L 71c Jlct-ncb. risth -

1

I-'-&%

1

p~

i

--

.

'

,

.

TRANBPORT O F THE COLOSSUS.

19

only clothing is a I~ead-clrcssancl loin-cloth. ~ h , interest in the former, the copies of which vary consiclerably. The headThe aged one among them leaned upon the boy, t h e strong-armed was with t h e trembler (palsied), their covering was painted blue, with black ribbing. hearts rose, 6. their arms became strong, each one The questions to decicle are, whether it had the of them clisplayed t h e force of a thousand men. uraens in front, so represeilting a kiug, and Behold, this statue, well squared, was coming fort11 whether it had a twisted pig-tail behind. None as a rock (or, "when coming forth from t h e block of the early copies shorn the uraens, but the of stone "), more 7. costly than anything. k fleet had been equipped and filled with valua1)lc things ; photograph strongly suggests it. The copies t h e foreheads (?) of my army, tllr goodly youths of my by Ricci and TVeidenbach show a short and troops were 8. with t h e feats of i t s roreheads (?).l thick prolongation of the head-dress behind the Their speech was full of m y praises (and) of plinth, bound rouncl at the end with a cord. m y favours of-before-the-king, m y childreu !). in The photogrnplz partly confirms this, but the splendour (?) adorned after me. M y country-foll; shouted praises. I approached to t h e habitation of' prolongation appears to be narrower, thus this town. 10. T h e ~ v l ~ odivine le cyclc (?) rejoiced, indicating that the heacl-dress terminated in a it was excccding beautiful to see more than anything variety of the pig-tail (really a gathering tot h a t t h e ha-princes had done formerly (or) the gether of the material) that is proper to this str11-nr7-mrv officers hacl done 11. [for futurc famc] within this city, (whom) I had placed 011 altar- adornnlent of kings. The throne is plain; bases upon t h e r i v e r - b a n k . T l i e i r hearts ncvcr doubtlcss it was s solid bloclr in the original, devised t>llesethings t h a t I did, i n t h a t I had made with legs and seat indicated in sculpture; the for myself 1R. [a sepulchrc ?l, cstablislled for ever cushion ig shown bent over the low back. and ever, after t h a t this m y tomb rcstecl from its Behind was the usual plinth to support the work of eternity. figure, reacl~ingto the neck. The base is rect3. The colossiis draggecl by ~ o ~ of u sntesz (pls. xii. angular and plain. The colossal statue is placed upright on a wooden sledge ; a band formed by and xv.). a number of ropes (coloured brownish) passes The statue taken from the quarries of Hetnnb over the lap and arm, ancl is fixed to the side must have been of alabaster, or rather arragonof the sledge, while two other bands below the ite, and is by far the largest monument in this knee ancl above the foot are brought round material on record, being a seated statue, hoi*izontally behind the chair. I n order to 13 cubits, i.e. over 20 feet, in lieight. I n the tighten them, these bands have been forcibly picture it is all white, excepting the head-dress twisted, and the twist secured by sticks passed and artificial beard, which are colol~reclblue. through and kept in place with cord. Where The right arm is bent; the hand, closed and the hands were 'liable to chafe the stone, the holding a napkin, rests on the thigh. The statue has been protected by pa,ds of dappled ox-skin. the meaning is correctly given ; we might translate the last The front of the sledge is curved ~zpmards part " overseers well skilled. The strong-armed said, ' I ancl rounded a t the top, and to it are attached have come to pull it, pleasure in my heart,' " s l ~ o w i n ~ four hawsers, dragged by paralIe1 lines of men, how willingly men volunteered to help. each row consisting of twenty-one pairs, pulll C f . Catctlgzre cles 2l*onunzents, I., I., r7e Philae 6 Ombos, 11. 66, where 4etru em seku te~~-y)acr&-efoccurs; but the passage ing on opposite sides of the rope, and a is extremely difficult. leacler, the latter with the end of the rope Or '(the Aa-princes placed before, the sah-ir7-nae~officials placed behind (in the procession) within this city, I enter- over his shoulcler. On the knees of the tained at banquets upon the river-banks." colossus stands a superintendent, clapping his c 2 I came to brillg it, my heart enlarged, the townsmen all rejoicing: exceeding good was it t o see 5. more than anything.

1

ETA RERSAEH.

20

Rehind the statue are four rows of men, three in each row. The upper ones. have a close-fitting loin-cloth, the rest have it pointed ( l ) zed s n e J z ~ V e t&en sze nzesJh ( 2 ) cin meclu7~('r) in front. One of the leading figures, probably (3) Zehutihetep mow/ seten " (1) Speech : Giving t.he time-beat to t h e soldiers that in the third row, is the

hancls to mark tirnc.' him reads :-

Tllc inscription over

(2) b y t h e signal-giver (?) (crying), (3) hetep ! beloved of the k i n g !"

" Tehuti-

kherp k n t u e m

f z ~ tpeiz An 1 ~ e n[ N e ] B f c i - & n & s n

rSepri

Another figure standing on the base pours H e who undertoolr the work of this statne, the boxwater from a jar in front of the sledge, perhaps painter (?), Nekhta-ankh's son Sepn. only a ceremonial act, since even in large quanThe leader of the fourth row is the nzes. per tities water poured upon the ground could not assist the dragging. I n front of the statue is ATe?te~ir,'' steward Nehera." With regard to the men dragging the statue, a man holding a censer and fanning the burning incense in honour of the figure. The in- the two places of honour, in the middle, are scription reads : iht senete~," censing." Over reserved for the youths of the privileged military and sacerdotal classes, while the two outer the head of the figure he is described as the-rows are occupied by the able-bodied youths ( I ) &er heb &n ut 71e per seteir (2) &?L cis pert of the East side and the West side of the nome deb (?) (3) H e r u Amend-&n&u respectively. Although none of the rows of (1) Lector, mummy-painter of t h e house of the Icing, (2) decorator of this tomb, t h e embalmer (?) (3) of men are uniformly dressed, the costumes are worth noting. Horns, Amena-ankhu. (1) The two ontside rows are very similar I n the row below the statue are three men to each other; there are, perhaps, only two or with yokes, bringing water, presumably to pour three shaven heads in each. Most have frizzed before the statxe. The inscription readsheads of hair, a considerable number have the f c ~ t 7 n t i Gin pe,r zet hair plain, arid the only dress is the usual closeCarrying water by (men of) t h e lionse of eternity. fitting loin-cloth. (2) The priests wear the same dress a s the Behind them three men carry on their shoulders a great block of wood with curiously last, but are distinguished by the large projagged outline at the top. The inscription portion of shaven heads amongst them. TWO only have their hair frizzed, and about a dozen above readshave smooth hair. f a t &et ~ z eseta a 1 2 J l e m t k (?) (3) The dress of the warrior class shows Carrying logs of conveyance by t h e workmen (?). more variety, and is altogether the most noteBehind them are three overseers, armed with worthy ; the neat white loin-cloth of civil sticks. costume appears nowhere. A11 the dresses are open in front, in order to give freer action ' IF-ilkinson's COPY S ~ O I V Sa water-skin ullon his back to t,he limbs, and are completed by a separate slung from liis neck, but this is not traceable in the photopiece of stuff hanging from the belt. I n many graph, nor in any other copy. cases the tunic is long, white, and cut square This is Prof. Erman's new reading of tlie group in front ; one such tunic is speckled black. I n !I which he consirlers to be an abbreviation. We have no a great many instances a much smaller garment clouht that this is the correct view. Restorations froin the old copies are not given in pl. xv. is worn, cut away and rounded in front, and and reference must be made to the general plate No. xii. coloured brown. It is not easy to ascertain

>

TRANSPORT O F THE COLOSSUS.

21

the nature of the pendant piece.l I t s colour / The inscription over the military draggers may be green, brown or white, generally readsmarked with paler spots. I n two cases there zed medu n e j e ~ une ztrmu cir Ize neb-ef cihu uaa em hestu &y neb iu-ela se-uaz-eft meal-ef en, &at-ef are coloured cords hztnging down from the cib-ell fu em hes[t]u itet sefen men z~nh girdle and terminating in tassels, and a few Speech : Oh ! goodly youths of the troops, the have a pointed white object-probably a creation of their master, the heir flourishes in his narrow end of the cloth-hanging in front. inheritance by the favour of our lord the king, let Two have bands crossed on the chest, and us come, let us make to flourish 11is children after encircling the body below the breast. The him, our hearts expanded with joy by the royal hair is generally frizzed (coloured black, at favour of the Icing, may he long remain on the throne ! least in some cases2)-never shaven; sometimes it is smooth, and in seven cases an Row 3. The inscription a t the end of the ostrich feather is worn in it. I n the fifth row readsgroup from the right a youth wears a fillet sau ~ z eZ C ~ ~ L11e C Unt iut em 4etep round the top of the head, and the shape of The orders of the priests of the Hare aome, arrival the wig of his neighbour on the left is peculiar. in peace. The inscriptions referring to the four roms The inscription above the priestly draggers are as follows :readsRow l. The inscription, in two vertical zed vnedlc nzeyu Zehz~tiZeAz~tilietep mery seten mereru lines at the right-hand end'of the row, readsxetiu-ef hesesu neteru-es ~zebu veu-peru em heb zctmrc ne kment Unt i z c enz Jretep cib-sen fit lnna sen hestu-ek cut &/er-sefen The troops of the West side of the Hare nome, arrival in peace (i.e. dragging the statue to its de~t~ination).

The inscription above the draggers readszed medu cilnent ena deb ab-sen f u mua-sen menu ne neb-sen cihu Bzeper em her-cib-sen per-ef per nt-ef ktc-ef em ne@enu Speech : The West is holding festival, their heart expands when they see the monumeats of tllcir lord, the heir coming into their midst, his house ancl the house of his father when he was a child.

Speech : Oh, beloved of Thoth ! Tehutihetep, beloved of the king, beloved of the people of his city, praised by all their gods. The temples are holding festival, their hearts expand with joy when they see t h y favours of before the king.

Row 4. The inscription, in two vertical lines a t the end of the row, readscibtet tryit 'iut r1n hetep

2 ~ 1 7 1 1 1~~ i c

Tile troops of the easteni side of the' Hare nome, arrival in pence.

The inscription above the draggers readsRow 2. The inscription a t the end of the row readszclmu ne tihautizc ne U7it sper (?) em hetep

zed medu ziza en neb-ci er Eeretci Mehti (?) anz-ef ci,tefii-ef ern fieb cib sen f u 4&21 em nzeltu [-$l ~zeferu

The troops of fighting-men of the Hare nome, arrival in peace.

Speech : Proceeded my lord to Thereta, the god Mehti (?) rejoices in him (and) his fathers are in feast, their hearts expand with joy, rejoicing in his beautiful monuments.

A very similar costume is worn by the lluntsnlen at Beni Hasan, viclc Beni Hnsa?~,Pt. I., pls. xiii. arid xxx. The colours in TT'ilkinson's copy appear untrustworthy, and our remarks on the colours are based upon careful fac-similes by Mr. Ho.r=:arcl Carter of two pairs of the

I n t,he top row seven groups of men are seen advancing to greet the arrival of the statue. The details of the figures are much destroyed. The men in the second group from the right, which is the best preserved, have

l

men.

22

@IT~

E L BERSHEH.

shaven heads (yellowish, speckled with black), must have been offerings brought to the statue ancl hold palm branches. Their loin-cloths are by men and women occupying four rows which similar to those of the soldiers ; but tlie white reach to the frieze. At the end of the mall and tunics are much shorter, zncl alternate with the correspo~ldingto these four rows a great inrounded brown tunics ;l t l ~ e yalso have tassels scribed doorway was shown, displaying a figure or white strings with black ends. Some of or standing statue of Tehutihetep within. On the other groups are more like the civilians tlie lintcl and jambs of tlie cloorway we read aud priests. Above this row is an inscriptio~~the name and full titles of Tehutihetep in no less than eleven lines, and over it the name of which reads as follows :the building or estate, viz : Ze/~zctilzefe~?-m,elzU7zt enz J ~ e b cib-es *fill ciuic-c,~ [ZL] %ti7n1i-[('S] se-ztnz firedzt-es ?/cl. [ I L ~ ]h o n ~tib-sen L ~ I I L !,r,b 7 1 ~ r l r t - l~zenc[f] e m Unt,' " Tehutihetep-firm-in-favour The bases of the jambs sen 7zeb-sen sn 7lcb-sclr enz ?lest cifiy JIIT tc1.t ~ Z ~ I I U - Finf the Hare nome." are representecl plain.' The Hare nomc is in fcast (and) its Iie:~rt expands with joy, its old Incn and tlic cliildrcn of (?) its As to the rest of tlie scene, very few details troops who refresh its cllildren arc rejoicing, their can be recovered. The signs composing the hearts in feast, when t11cy sec their mastcr and line of inscription on the left of the scene of their master's son i n the favour of' the king, offerings are faint and mutilated, but they are making his m o u u ~ n c n t . all iden tifiablc and read :! ~ 11-11ic.hf l ~ csftltrro 4. l'hc fcnzple 0.1. b r c i l d i ~ ~to scah/rcprt fiht 213411 ti~le7zt !,cscpt-tf timt Uwt eiL t u t 11vn cm fi& Zch.~iti?lefcy~neb timaMt l a t r s 1)ro7lgl~ty (rnd tllc stcc1.$ces ~ r ~ c w Ol eI L Ilbc occnsioib (pls. xii. and xvi.). 13ringing the first-fruits of' offerings, brought by his The fourtli section of this grcnt scene is now almost destroyed, and it is wit11 grcnt difficulty that we llave been able to ascertai~i its general character froin existing fragments and tlie copies and notes of previous explorers. Arunclale's sligl~t),but careful, sl1esne Sat-firlier-lin neb cinza&

'' Seeing t h e making of a

great counting of his cattle [of-before-the-king (of t h e king's gift) with his cattle] of t h e house of eternity, being indeed very numerous more than anything, he gives praise to the obedient, [he pmlishes t h e disobedient ?],he counts it to t h e k i n g for ever and ever : by t h e ha-prince, t h e g r e a t of five, the regulator of the two thrones, Tehutihetep, born of Sat-kheper-ka, possessing tljc reward of worth."

The row of boats is somewhat injured, but presents many curious details. We learn first that it was the custom for a great man, iu order to avoid the unpleasant neighbourhood of the sailors, to put the crew into a separate 1 The building here shomn in elevation fro111 the front is sometimes (e.g. in the tomb of Paheri, of tllc XVIIIth Dynasty, at El ICab, see pl. iv. in the Eleventh JIcnloir of the Egypt Exploration Fnnd) represented in section From these pictures we ascertain that the se7, was a summerhouse of mood, open in front and probably at the sides, the roof supported i n front by two light columns. 2 The restoration is from the illscription over the bolts.

m

1

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boat, which towed his own finely-furnished dahabfyeh, the latter being without mast or oars. A t the left-hand end we see on one of these dshabiyehs a pilot standing with liis soundingpole in front, and. the steersman ready to guide the rudder in the stern. Near the bows is placed a seh containing a magnificent throne, or more probably n sedan-chair, coloured black and white,3 for use also on shore ; a figure of the noble seated in it is faintly traceable, and he holds a large fly-flap. Xearer the stern is a rectangular mat-work cabin, and over it is a pole placed horizontally in two forked uprights, probably in order that an outer shade might be thrown over the cabin in the lzott,est weather. A tow-rope connects the dahabiyeh with its tug, which here shows eight oars on one side ; the rowers sit on benches or stools ; the rowlocks are not visible. The boat is going northward with the stream, the mast is therefore unshipped (with the sail wrapped round it), and rests on two wooden props and on the roof of the cabin. This boat also has a cabin of mat-work like the last. The next boat is larger still, and has ten oars on the side; its rudder-post is of enormous size. From the action of the pilots in these three boats it is apparent that tlley are close to their destination. I n front of them is a smaller boat, with its oars (six to the side) already shipped and its crew gone. I n front of this again are three large boats, very much like the first group, one of them being a dahabPyeh. They are moored to the bank, the oars shipped and strong punting-poles driven into the muddy bottom to hold them tight. The inscription above iut em !,r,tcysper 1.1. SPJL ne 1it.t @ e ~ ~ z b&at t c ? tidenl~ ejf n c D e r - s e t e ~ J~t e d ctde~li-cf [?&c per] zet em !lcacptit Vt~tr i ~ b?I& Hzer-, 7~esti'111' det semer z~drti ~ z esnel-nt est cib seteft . . .......... sab[-Ad-nzer ?L&

3

For ivory and ebouy; shown in a color~redfac-siAile;

EL BERSHEH.

28

Kay S(L Zehutihetep nbes en Snt-Beper-ka neb (i i ~atM ] "Arriving in peace, approaching to t h e hall of the great counting of his cattle of-before-the-king and his cattle of [the house of] eternity from tlie h r m s of t h e Hare nonle : b y t h e ha-prince, regulator of t h e two thrones, great of five, beloved confidential friend, resting-place of the heart of t h e k i n g ..... ....... snb[-ad-mer, t h e ha-prince, gay's son Tehutihetep, born of Sat-klieper-kn, possessing the reward of worth] "

This inscription implies that the noble in the boat is Tehutihetep himself. The second row seems also to be a t a certain distance from the seh, and probably represents the assembling of the cattle. In front are two pairs of long-horned bulls fighting. I n the first group the animals have just crossed horns, and are testing their powers of pushing ;l in the second group one of the bulls has succeeded in getting below the guard of the other, and its sharp horn has probably penetrated the neck. The inscription reads : sefeg~ ka ?le@t, perhaps " let loose (?) mighty bull !"a AS usual in this tomb, the dresses are of interest. The herdsmen generally wear long tunics, ribbed horizontally, and long hair; a few, however, evidently of an inferior class and deformed, have only the narrow girdle of the fishermen. Several of them carry in their arms rolls of ribbed matting (of reeds ?). The two lowermost rows begin with the presentation of the chief herdsman to the prince.

The chief herdsman, as well as the introducers, are provided with the neat loin-cloth that we see on most of the officials represented in the tomb. The under-herdsmen have the same two varieties of clothing as before. Behind, in the second row, are several groups of calves, each group led by a herdsman. Reed mats are thrown over the backs of the young animals to protect them from the cold. Following them is a man with a long tunic, who carries a tray of conical loaves and some lotus flowers. Two others bear six rolls of reed matting between them on a pole? A number of fine fat oxen of different colours, some of them having horns artificially shaped, are brought up in the third row. Their necks are decorated with broad ornamented bands, and each is led by its herdsman. The beginning of this row is destroyed, but the nearest official to the s e i ~was a lner per, " steward." Next came the dn ~zefe~yt, " the scribe Neferyt," t,he top of whose writing tablet we can just see. Then cornes the me?. per e7~[zesept, "the steward of the domain." An officer with his stick introduces one of the chief herdsmen ; the legend over him reads medu. em bn?~," speech in the presence." The second is introduced by another officer, and the legend over him continues the salutation to the prince : e m kb-ek, " may t h y , desire prosper !" 0ver the procession of fat oxen is a continuous inscription, reading :-

nzeseb ciztazl n e ?ht rnezzct &eft her e r ~ & ?I& s&?lzc Zliti in the tombs, may kfiery (r.e/;s') seten semer 1Jt.I en rnelrit ?er- sechetc.1 be clisplays for tlie nniusenlent of the spectators. The ne &rt netev k/lu (?) qle b112 &h& &evp (sic) r e H inscriptions over correspon~lingg~oupsat Beni Hasan (in seten nztiter .. . . . . . . . ..... .. . . Pt. I., 111. XXX.) are :-upt P n i ~ 672 sau IiI~nernu-7le&t, "matching the bulls by the herdsniali I