HV Equipment File 2 of 5

Current Transformer (ANSI Std. C57.13)

Function • Reduce current for measuring, control and protection purpose. The reduced current should be suitable for equipment connected on secondary side. Normally secondary current is 1, 2 and 5 A. • Separate primary and secondary circuit

CT classification 1) Classification by CT class – Measurement CT e.g. W, KWh, A • with specified operating range – Protection CT with larger operating range

2) Classification by construction e.g. Wound Type, Bar Type, Window Type and Bushing Type

Bottom Core or Tank Type CT (36-300KV, 50-2000A)

11 1

4 7

6

5 9 10

1) 4) 5) 6)

Oil level Indicator Primary Terminal Core with secondary winding Core and coil assembly with main insulation 7) Insulator 9) Terminal Box 10) Tank 11) Nitrogen Cushion

Top Core or Inverted Type CT (145-525KV, 40-6000A)

Courtesy of Trench Electric

1 2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9

1) Oil level Indicator 2) Bellow 3) Terminal Head 4) Primary Terminal 5) Core with secondary winding 6) Core and coil assembly with main insulation 7) Insulator 8) Base plate 9) Terminal Box

Symbol, Polarity and Ratio • Symbol and Polarity Ipri

H1

H2

X1

X2

Isec

• Ratio 1) Single Ratio e.g. 100:5A , 600:5A , 1200:5A 2) Multi Ratio e.g. 50/-/600:5 , 100/-/1200:5A , 300/-/2000:5A

CT Ratings • Rated Dynamic Current Maximum current with which CT can withstand without any damage. • Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) Ratio of IPRIMARY / IRATED at which CT accuracy is still within specific range. Example 200/1A CT has ALF = 5 It can maintain its accuracy in operation until IPRIMARY = 5 x 200 = 1,000 A.

• Rated Burden Value of load on secondary side of CT based on its accuracy. Generally, it is defined in VA e.g. 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA. • Continuous Rated Current Primary current which flows continuously through CT. • Thermal - Short - Time Rated Current Symmetrical current on the primary side of CT, at which CT can withstand within specific time e.g. 0.5, 1, 2 or 3s and temperature does not exceed the winding withstand limit while short circuit on secondary side.

• Continuous - Thermal - Current Rating Factor (RF) Ratio of current during the temperature rise 30oC from ambient to continuous current e.g. 1.0, 1.33. 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 For example CT 100:5A , having RF = 1.5, can withstand the current 150:7.5A, while the temperature increases less than 30oC from ambient. • Mechanical - Short - Time Current Rating (for Wound Type) Maximum current on primary side, when short circuit on secondary side occurs.

• Rated Secondary Current Rated current on secondary side of CT, normally are 1, 2 or 5 A • Nominal System Voltage (Max = 1.1 Nominal Voltage) • Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL)

Application and classes of CT

Metering CT •

Table 1 Limits of error for accuracy classes 0.1 to 1.0

Table 2

Limits of error for accuracy classes 3 and 5

Table 3 Limits of error for accuracy classes 5P and 10P

CT Error (ANSI/IEEE Std. C57.13) Measuring Cores Classes: 0.3 - 0.6 - 1.2 Error limit in range of cosβ = 0.6 - 1.0

• Standard burden (for 5A secondary current)

• Therefore, the definition of measuring core CT will be defined in Class and Burden e.g. 0.3 B-0.1 or 0.6 B-0.5

Protection Cores • Classes/error limits “C” or “T” with max. composite error equal or less than 10% in the range of 1-20 times rated primary. • Hence, it can be compared with class 10 P 20 according to IEC. • For the definition of designation, it will be defined by its class and terminal voltage on secondary side, while CT has to generate the voltage for burden at 20 time rated secondary current and Ratio Error < 10% e.g. C100, C400.

Standard Burdens: (for 5A secondary current)

Voltage Transformer (ANSI/IEEE Std 57.13)

• Reduce high voltage for supplying measurement, control and protection devices • Separate high voltage and low voltage side • 2 Types – Inductive Voltage (Potential) Transformer (VT or PT) – Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT)

Voltage Transformer • Generally it consists of primary winding and secondary winding. In service it can be connected directly to bus bar , line. It can be connected between phase and phase or phase and ground for measuring voltage with high accuracy. (commercial metering) • 2 types of construction design – Closed Iron Core and Layer Winding (for V < 123 KV) – Bar Type Core and Coil Winding (for V > 123 KV) • Both type use paper-oil insulation with wound-in capacitor layers for voltage grading.

VT with closed iron core and layer winding 1) Core 2) Secondary Winding 3) Primary Winding 4) Primary Connection (Bushing)

Core is in iron case and connected to outside via weather-proof terminal box

VT with bar - type core and coil winding 1) Core with secondary winding 2) Paper-Oil insulation with capacitor layer 3) Primary Coils 4) Oil Expansion Housing (fill N2) 5) Base Plate with secondary terminal Core is inside porcelain insulator. Dry winding is immersed in insulating oil.

Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT) • Use to measure voltage between phase and ground, supply metering device, relay protection and synchronising power system. Furthermore it is used as coupling element for Carrier frequency transmission equipment in telemetering, remote control, telephone system. • We prefer to use CCVT because of its variety in application. It has C Divider to reduce voltage level, then it needs less insulation, cheap and accuracy, use as carrier and reduce ferroresonance problem.

Diagram of the capacitor voltage transformer C1, C2 Capacitive Voltage Divider D Damping Element LD Choke R Preload Z Burden U-X Primary Terminal u-x Secondary Terminal W Inductive Voltage Transformer Xh Carrier Frequency Terminal

1 A

C13 B C1

C12 D

2

C11

X1 X2 X3

GAP

X3, Y3 is common for neutral point X1 - X3 yield phase - GND voltage with 110, 115, 120V X2 - X3 yield phase - GND voltage with

Y1 C2

Y2 E

Y3 P1 P2 CAR F

DOBLE TESTING

110 115 120 , , V. 3 3 3

Rating and Specifications • Rated Voltage / Frequency e.g. 230 KV / 50Hz • Maximum Service Voltage e.g. 242 KV • Insulation Level – 1 Minute Power Frequency e.g. 525 KV – BIL e.g. 900 KV • Creepage Distance of Insulator e.g. 6600 mm. • Secondary Voltage e.g. 119.5/69 V, 119.5/69 V (138KV Ref) • Burden – Core1, Core2, Simultaneous, Thermal = 75, 75, 75, 1000 [VA]

• Thermal Burden is VA of CCVT that can supply at rated secondary voltage while the temperature does not exceed the limit. • Standard Burdens of Voltage Transformer (ANSI/IEEE C.57.13)

• Capacitance – High Voltage (C1) e.g. 3117 pF – Intermediate Voltage (C2) e.g. 80000 pF • Primary Voltage Rating of Intermediate Transformer e.g. 5 KV • Resonance Suppression Device – Electronic – Resistive and/or Reactive Element • Carrier Drain Coil e.g. Frequency Range , Impedance @ 50 Hz

Accuracy Class • Composite Error – Ratio (Voltage) Error – Phase Displacement • Limits of error for measuring Voltage Transformer

• Limits of error for protective voltage transformer

• Rating of CCVT can be specified as follows 115,000 / 3 : 115 / 66.4 // 110.66 / 66.4V ., Class1.2 R (WXY ),0.3(WXY )