Human Social Temperaments: yin, yang, and harmony

Human Social Temperaments: yin, yang, and harmony

Human Social Temperatures: yin, yang, and harmony Contents Abstract Introduction 1. Personality: The Social-Information Personality System 1.1. The Social Relation Type 1.2. The Information Process Type 1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness 1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network 1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context 1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating 1.3. The Big Five 2. Social Temperaments 2.1. The Social Temperaments for the Primate Social Structures 2.2. The Human Instincts and Temperaments 2.3. The Harmonious Temperament 2. 3.1. Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct 2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct 2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct 3. Summary 4. Reference Email address: Website (download all books): Books list:

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Abstract The three basic human social temperaments are yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament transcends yin yang, and exists only in human. The theory of human social temperaments is the combination of the three popular theories, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Big Five, and the Merrill-Reid social style theory. The theory starts with the personality system based on the brain structure and neurotransmitters. Human social temperaments are derived from the personality system and the instincts. The yin, the yang, and the harmonious temperaments produce the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies, respectively. The five factors in the personality system are Bonding relation-Free relation, Sensitivity-Assertiveness, Distinctiveness-Network, Goal-Context, and PersistenceUpdating, corresponding to agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness in the Big Five. The combination of the factors (Bonding relation, Network, and Context) in the personality system results in the yin personality for feminine collective wellbeing. The combination of the factors (Free relation, Distinctiveness, and Goal) results in the yang personality for masculine individualistic achievement. The social temperaments are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and the activepassive intragroup interactions among the basic social units. The combination results in yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid social style theory. Each temperament has its positive and negative instincts. The additional temperament is harmony that transcends yin-yang, and exists only in human. The instinct for the harmonious temperament (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct (theory of mind), resulting in maximum eager cooperation without lie. The yin, the yang, and the harmonious temperaments produce the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies, respectively.

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PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES PSYCHOLOGY the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing PERSONALITY

admission resolution socialization (sensitivity(distinctiveness– (bonding relation– assertiveness) network) free relation)

• • •

action (goal– context)

openness (persistence– updating)

yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang (distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement) passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) introgroup interaction harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active the social instincts SOCIAL TEMPERAMENT

yin passive temperament (amiable)

yin active temperament (expressive)

bonding + freezing instincts

nurturing + manipulative instincts

harmonious temperament

yang active temperament (driver)

conscience instinct = dominative + hyper friendly instinct predatory + detective instinct instincts

yang passive temperament (analytical) systemizing + addictive instinct

SOCIAL STRUCTURES the loose the tight collective collective society society

the harmonious society

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the tight individualistic society

the loose individualistic society

Introduction There are many personality theories. The two popular theories are the Big Five and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality type. The five factors in the Big Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual ideas, imagination, and curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather spontaneously), extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to be compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as the OCEAN model of personality. MBTI includes four factors: Introvert-extrovert, senseintuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. The personality system matches these two popular personality theories. The popular temperament theory is the popular MerrillReid social style theory that has four temperaments: Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Driver. The proposed theory of human social temperaments combines all three theories. The theory starts with the personality system based on the brain structure and neurotransmitters. Human social temperaments are derived from the personality system and the instincts. The three basic human social temperaments are yin, yang and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively.

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1. Personality: The Social-Information Personality System There are many personality theories. The two popular theories are the Big Five1 and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)2 derived from Carl Jung's personality type3. The five factors in the Big Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual ideas, imagination, and curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather spontaneously), extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to be compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as the OCEAN model of personality. MBTI includes four factors: Introvert-extrovert, sense-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. The personality system matches these two popular personality theories. The proposed personality system is the social-information personality system. The two general types of personality involve the social relation type and the information process type. Human is a social animal, so the social relation type deals with the two different types of social relation. The human brain also processes information, so the information process type deals with how the human brain process information like a computer. There are four different factors in the information process type. These four factors correspond approximately to the four factors in MBTI. These four factors in addition to the social type correspond the five factors in the Big Five.

1.1. The Social Relation Type Social Relation

Personality system

Personality Type (MBTI)

Commitment High Bonding relation (B) Low Free relation (F)

The Big Five Agreeable (A)

Sociability is a function of all social animals. Committed sociability is bonding relation (denoted as B), while non-committed sociability is free relation (denoted as F). The most famous experiment to distinguish bonding relation and free relation was done by Insel and Winslow4. They looked at two closely related but have different social organization: the prairie vole with strong male-female pair bonding and the montane vole, which is promiscuous without strong bonding male-female pair bonding. They found that oxytocin (a hormone) attaches to receptors in reward-related areas of the brain in the pairbonding prairie vole but not in the non-bonding montane vole. When prairie voles intercourse, two hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, are released. If the release of these hormones is blocked, prairie voles become like montane voles. An injection of the hormones can invoke pair bonding without intercourse. Oxytocin sometimes is called “cuddle chemical” that builds bonds between mates, mother-child, and social members. Oxytocin and vasopressin are complementary in such way that oxytocin processes reward and vasopressin processes focus attention to the individuals for the bonding. Vasopressin is responsible for creating intense loving

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memories during passionate situations. Edorphin is a social neurotransmitter that response to touch and pleasing visual stimulus (such as smile). According the study by Pollack5 and his colleagues, infants raised in the uncaring environment of some Eastern European orphanages ended up with a long-lasting deficit in oxytocin and vasopressin. The deficits in oxytocin and vasopressin persisted even after the children were removed from the orphanages and placed with loving and stable families, resulting in the difficulties in forming social bonds. Bonding relates to empathy and trust. Like bonding, empathy and trust increase with oxytocin. Before committed social bonding, empathy is required to start social bonding. It was found that oxytocin helps empathy6 in terms of reading the mind of others. The maintenance of bond requires trust. Trust has relaxed emotion and malleable cognition. Thus, bonding relation (B) has relaxed emotion and malleable cognition. Oxytocin was found by Kosfeld to increase trust 7 , and by Light to decrease blood pressure8. Distrust, on the contrary, has heightened emotion and narrow cognition. Thus, free relation (F) has heightened emotion and narrow cognition. Committed and noncommitted relation can be pleasurable, but only committed relation has trust in terms of relaxed emotion and malleable cognition. A genetic example of free relation is autism, which has genetic impairment in forming social bonding. The people with autism have heightened emotion and narrow cognition. It was found that individuals with autism have lower level of oxytocin9. A genetic example of bonding relation is Williams Syndrome, which has genetic impairment to process visual–spatial information for independent living, but has unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. Individuals with Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount of fear with non-social encounter, and poor performance in non-social information, such as drawing. According to Simon Baron-Cohen10, the essential difference between the female brain and the male brain is that the average female brain favors slightly empathy, and the average male brain favors slightly in non-social information. Instead of social contact, the average male brain finds pleasure in systematizing non-social information. The overlapping of the male brain and the female brain is significant.

1.2. The Information Process Type In the information process type, the human mind is like computer. The human mind or computer is to process information, which can be compared with the personality types from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality type. The combination of the information process type and the social information type can be compared with the Big Five personality model. Four important functions in the information process in human mind or computer are admission (the selection of the input data), resolution (the details of data), action (the format of the process program), and openness (the updating of the process program). In each of the process functions, there are two levels: high and low. These the information process types then are compared with the personality types from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality type. The following table lists the information process type and its comparison with MBTI personality types.

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The information process type Information Function Admission Resolution Action Openness

Process The information process type High Low High Low High Low High Low

Sensitivity (S) assertiveness (A) distinctness (D) network (N) goal (G) context (C) updating (U) Persistence (P)

Personality Type (MBTI) introvert (I) extrovert (N) sense (S) intuition (N) thinking (T) feeling (F) perceiving (P) judging (J)

1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness Information Process Personality system Personality Type (MBTI) The Big Five Admission

High Low

Sensitivity (S) Assertiveness (A)

introvert (I) extrovert (N)

Extrovert (E)

The admission of each set of input data can be high or low. In computer, program is written to recognize and admit a part of each set of input data. If every detail in a set of input data is important, the admission of data is high. In this case, under limited computer capacity, only few sets of data can be accepted. In the human mind, the perceived degree of harm determines the degree of admission. The high perceived degree of harm leads to the importance of every detail in a set of data, resulting in sensitivity (represented by S). The low perceived degree of harm leads to the importance of only few details, resulting in assertiveness (represented by A). The person of assertiveness has a low dose of stimulus for each encounter of stimulation source. The person of sensitivity has high dose of stimulus for each encounter of stimulation source. To maintain an optimal level of stimulation, the person of assertiveness requires numerous sources of stimulation sources. According to H. J. Eysenck 11, extroverts have persistently low cortical arousal and seek stimulation. The personality of assertiveness therefore is the personality of extrovert as described in MBTI and by Eysenck. On the other hand, the personality of sensitivity is introvert in MBTI. Introverts have persistently high arousal and avoid stimulation. Admission is like the gate for the entry of incoming information. It is the first reaction to the incoming information by opening or closing the gate. It is also the last reaction to the incoming information by closing the gate. Processing information requires energy and space, so it is necessary to keep incoming information minimum, just enough only for survival and reproduction. When survival and reproduction is secure, the admission of information can be low that leads to assertive. On the other hand, when survival and reproduction is insecure, the admission of information is high that leads to sensitivity. Therefore, security is the condition for assertiveness, and insecurity is the condition for sensitivity. Personality type is an adaptation to certain conditions during evolution and during personal development. Personality type that we were born with is an adaptation to 8

certain conditions by our ancestors. Personality type that we develop later in life is an adaptation to certain condition we encounter. For human who is capable of the integration of various events, condition can also be belief system, a central theme for the past, the current, and the future events. In some cases, a new belief system can completely replace an actual condition. Under different conditions (belief systems), different behaviors appear. The behaviors resulted from normal and excessive conditions are normal and excessive behaviors. . Under the condition of insecurity for sensitivity, the normal behavior is association, incorporating stimuli as a part of experience. Under extreme condition of insecurity, the extreme behavior is freezing, a behavior of total avoidance. Under the condition of security for assertiveness, the normal behavior is disregard, excluding input information. Under condition of extreme security, the extreme behavior is inactivity, complete disregard. The personality in terms of social inhibition for a child older than 10 months can be predicted by the behavior of the child before four months old12. Four-months-olds who cry, fuss, or fret often in response to a novel stimulus, such as a brightly colored mobile or a whiff of an alcohol swab, are more likely end up being socially inhibited. This shows that a baby who has an especially low threshold for activation ends up being introvert. The behavior is facilitated by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters facilitate communication between neurons (nerve cells). Different neurotransmitters enhance different personality types. Serotonin (5-HT) enhances the assertiveness type. The effect of serotonin is aided by drugs such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). This drug was popularized in the book, “Listening to Prozac” by Peter D. Kramer 13. It minimizes impulses and obsession, such as social fear shyness and eating disorders, because it decouples association from previous association learning. If excessive amount of serotonin is in the brain, the brain can become too selective, expressing as repetition or inactivity. This excessive behavior of assertiveness is different from the normal behavior, disregard. Serotonin is the oldest neurotransmitter. It is the index for perceived social security. In the study of crayfish 14, the winner in a fight between two crayfishes appears to have a higher amount of serotonin than the loser has. The winner perceives social security, while the loser perceived social insecurity. The loser has a quick response from the touch of tail, while the winner does not have this quick response. In social group of monkey, the leaders have the highest levels of serotonin reflecting the perceived security, while those on the bottom of have the lowest levels reflecting perceived insecurity. Assertiveness is more suitable strategy in a perceived secure environment to preserve energy, while sensitivity is more suitable strategy in a perceived insecure environment to enhance vigilance. Acetylcholine (Ach) is the neurotransmitter to enhance sensitivity. Acetylcholine provokes fear and withdrawal (freezing). Acetylcholine decreases in Alzheimer’s dementia, so the patient with Alzheimer’s dementia has trouble in association in terms of memory. During dream in the rapid eye movement period, there are large increase in acetylcholine, and large decrease in serotonin. It is why there is virtually free association during dream without inhibition. Such free association is necessary to reinforce the learning of association during waking.

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The source of Ach and 5-HT is the brain stem, the primitive part of the brain. Ach has another source near amygdala, the center for fear. They distribute widely in the brain.

1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network Information Process Resolution High Low

Personality system Distinctness (D) Network (N)

Personality Type (MBTI) sense (S) intuition (N)

The Big Five Consciousness (C)

When computer processes video pictures, it can have many pictures with coarse details (low resolution) or few pictures with distinct details (high resolution). The human brain has the same kind of trade-off. In some part of human brain such as the part for speech, there is distinctness with high resolution, but this part of the brain cannot cover many different areas of information at the same time. In another part of the brain, many areas of information can be covered at the same time, but distinctness is poor. The information process type with the high resolution is Distinctness (represented by D), while the information process type with low resolution and high connection is Network (represented by N). According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of sensing (represented by S) is a specialist, concerning with concrete details, facts, precision, single idea in depth, and step by step method. This sensing personality matches with the distinctness type in the information process type. According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of intuition (N) is a generalist, concerning with whole picture, speculation, many alternative ideas, and inventive ideas. The intuition type matches with the network type. Resolution is the detailed processing of information, which requires energy and space. With the same energy and space, high-resolution process can process a small picture with lots of distinctive details, while low-resolution process can process a large picture with few distinctive details. High-resolution process results in distinctiveness, and low resolution process leads to network. When the brain stores a number of pictures, Distinctiveness keeps maximum adjacent connections in the same picture and minimum broad connections among different pictures. Network keeps maximum broad connections among different pictures and minimum adjacent connections in the same picture. Network as the connection among different pictures is literally demonstrated in Capgras syndrome that is a mental disorder due to damage in the right frontal cortex, the area for Network. When the researchers showed the Capgras patient various pictures in which a woman was looking in different directions. The patient showed a curious inclination to conclude that the woman was several different people, depending on the direction of her gaze. The damage to Network literally causes the failure to connect different pictures. When the condition requires precision or single-minded approach, Distinctiveness is needed. Some tasks, such as fine motor movement and speech, require a series of distinctive space-time. When specific precise information is needed, the behavior is focus by inhibiting or disconnecting all other possible interference from other sources. Focus involves a specific task by a series of distinctive and small neural assembly. In multiple tasks, Network is needed to connect various tasks at the same time.

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The outer part of the brain is the cortex. The cortex consists of four lobes: the frontal cortex (motor cortex), parietal cortex (somatosensory cortex), temporal cortex (auditory cortex), and occipital cortex (visual cortex). The lobe other than the frontal cortex is called posterior cortex. The primary zone of the cortex receives input from the sense organs. The secondary zone receives input from the primary zone to integrate information from different primary zones. The association area receives information from the secondary zones, so it has the highest integration not only from the rest of the cortex but also from the subcortex. The frontal cortex has the largest area for the association area. It has the broadest connection to different parts of the brain. Therefore, the frontal cortex is the area for the overall distinctiveness or the excessive network involving the large areas, while the posterior cortex is the area for the specific distinctive or the normal network involving small specific areas. Mood involves overall distinctiveness and network, so the recognition of mood takes place in the frontal cortex. The cortex is divided into the left cortex and the right cortex. The left cortex, which expresses language, is the cortex for distinctness, while the right cortex, which is good in orientation, is the cortex for network15. S. H. Woodward 16 proposed the left cortex and the right cortex use different neuron connections. The cortical neurons are organized in columns. Neurons are connected vertically and horizontally. Woodward proposed that left cortex processing relies primarily on tight connections between vertical columns of neurons, whereas right cortex processing depends on weaker and longer horizontal connections. Vertical cortical circuitry provides distinctness, and horizontal cortical circuitry provides network. Woodward proposed that vertical circuitry carries inhibitory signals to the right cortex by the corpus collosum (the part dividing the right cortex and the left cortex), so the right cortex does not rely on vertical cortical circuitry. The left brain contains greater cell density and more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural messages. The right brain, in contrast, contains ore areas of "associative" with white myelinated fibers for long distant neural messages (higher integrative level)17. A number of neurotransmitters are unequally distributed in the right and left hemispheres. Dopamine is distributed more extensively in the left hemisphere. It was found that rather than signaling pleasure as previously thought, dopamine may be released by brain neurons to highlight significant stimuli 18. Significant stimuli are distinctive stimuli. Dopamine has been implicated in the controlled of fine motor movement. The patient with Parkinson’s disease, which is deficient in dopamine, cannot control fine motor movement. Excessive dopamine, on the other hand, brings about unrealistically excessive focus. The social relation affects the brain structure involving network. The bonding relation type requires extensive social network resulting the brain structure with extensive network. As discussed before by Simon Baron-Cohen, woman is more social relation type than man, so the female brain has more network than the male brain. It is shown in the thicker corpus collosum that connect the right brain and the left brain, more dendritic connections between brain cells, and more evenly distributed language centers in the brain for better communication. Therefore, for woman, the brain is wired more for the bonding relation type and the network type, and for man, the brain is wired more for the free relation type and the distinctiveness type. The mental disorders involving Distinctiveness and Network deal with the extreme presence or absence of Distinctiveness and Network. The extreme presence of Distinctiveness involves Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

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characterized by perfectionism, orderliness, adherence to rules, exercise of control, hoarding and problems with personal relationships. The extreme absence of Network involves mostly the brain damages, such as Capgras syndrome. The extreme absence of Distinctiveness involves diseases, such as in Parkinson’s disease.

1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context Information Process Action High Low

Personality system Goal (G) Context (C)

Personality Type (MBTI) thinking (T) feeling (F)

The Big Five

Neuroticism (N)

In a computer, each information process goes through an operating system that control the flow of information processing in terms of priority and scheduling of different information processes. A simple operating system put all information processes in a context from which priority and scheduling are determined. Thus, each information process has a specific goal to reach, while each simple operating system has a context to arrange all information processes. In terms of action for actual information output, information process has much higher action than operating system. In the human mind, there is also Goal (represented by G) for information process and Context (represented by C) for operation system. Goal is action-oriented resulting in the measurable intentional change. Context is option-oriented resulting in the context for possible action. The evolutionary origin of Goal and Context is the first difference between male and female animals. Male animal carries extremely high number of sperms, while female animal carries limited number of eggs. During the mating session, the presence of a female animal with eggs triggers the desire of action in a male animal. Such action can result in a measurable intentional goal in terms of mating. On the other hand, to a female animal, the presence of a male animal is merely an option for which a context is set for possible action. Such context can be the show of strength, superiority, and affection. The context is for possible action. A female animal has much less drive for action, and much higher ability for the discernment for possible actions. Another important action in Goal is problem solving in terms of removing obstacle during courtship and mating, such as chasing off another male competitor. Context is emotion with option, and Goal is emotion with action. The free-bonding relation type is closely connected with the goal-context type because the man-woman difference. For man, the combination of free relation type and the goal type results in the thinking type (T) for MBTI. According to MBTI, The thinking type (T) has characteristics of theoretical, rational, analytical, purposive, logic, and unconcerned with people's feeling. In terms of Goal, the thinking type is essentially the action of problem solving to remove an obstacle in terms of solving a problem. It has a definitive goal to make a measurable intentional change. Since the goal is combined with the free relation type, it does not concern with people’s feeling. For woman, the combination of the context type and the bonding relation type results in the feeling type in MBTI. According to MBTI, the feeling type (F) has characteristics of passionate, warm, personal, artistic, and concerned with people's feelings. In the Context, the feeling type does not have a particular propose to make a

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measurable intentional change. It is merely to discern the situation. Since the context type is combined with the bonding relation type, it concern with people’s feeling. On average, the female human brains have a larger deep limbic system than males. The larger deep limbic brain allows women more in touch with their feelings to prioritize all possible options. When the brain at rest without consciously thinking of anything, men, on average, had higher brain activity in the more ancient and primitive regions of the limbic system, the parts that are more involved with action. Women, on average, had more activity in the newer and more complex parts of the limbic system, which are involved in feelings19. The hypothalamus, which is a tiny structure at the base of the brain, regulates many basic functions, such as eating, sleeping, temperature control, and reproduction. One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in male brains than in female brains, in human and non-human animals. In total Goal for nonhuman, the goals of life come from predominately biological self, the integration of biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. It includes hunger, thirst, and sex etc. For human, the goals of life come from not only biological self but also autobiographic self in the form of life story. Autobiographic self is self-knowledge as described by Nancy Cantor20 and Hazel Markus21 for cognition and motivation. Autobiographic self is from episodic memory, which is different from semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to one’s stored knowledge of facts, concepts, and general principles of how the world operates. Semantic memory is the essential memory used to live in the world. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is not essential, and more or less serves as the map for semantic memory. It is an autobiographic store of life experiences. The prefrontal cortex in the human brain is large. The prefrontal cortex has a high number of connections with different parts of the brain. Consequently, the large prefrontal cortex in human is capable to integrate the autobiographic store of life experiences into autobiographic self in the form of the life story. Other animals do not have such autobiographic self. All animals have biological self, the integration of biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. Only human has a strong autobiographic self to determine the boundary of experiential self. Only human has both biological self and autobiographic self. Autobiographic self in the form of life story brings about path, meaning, and goal of life. The path of life allows human to map the past, the present, and the future experiences. The meaning of life lets human to know the experiential position in the world. The goal of life permits human to prioritize life. Because of the changes in life experiences and life expectation, the life story is in a continuous process of revision, resulting in the continuous changes in path, meaning, and goal of life. The mental disorders involved are the extreme Goal and the extreme Context The extreme Goal is the extreme action-oriented without stopping, resulting in manic. Manic can lead to psychopath, seeking the unstopping thrill of action. The extreme Context is the extreme option-oriented without any possible action, resulting in depression. Depression can result in suicide, terminating all possible action. Both extremes are the results of chronic stress in terms of pain and loss.

1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating

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Information Process Personality system Personality Type (MBTI) The Big Five Openness

High Low

Updating (U) Persistence (P)

perceiving (P) judging (J)

Openness (O)

An elaborate operating system for a computer not only schedules information processes but also manipulate and update information from different information processes. For the human mind, the simple operating system corresponds to emotion, while the elaborate operating system corresponds to cognition for more elaborate manipulation and updating. In the human brain, the part involved in the update is the prefrontal cortex. The large size of the prefrontal cortex in human is an important difference between human and other apes. The opposite of update is persistence which keeps the program constant. The information process type for the low openness is persistence (represented by P), and for the high openness is updating (represented by U). According to MBTI, the judging type has characteristics of planned, orderly way, settled, organized, decisive, closeness, and finishing things. The judging type matches the Persistence type. The perceiving type has characteristics of flexible, spontaneous, flexible, tolerant, open option, understand life rather than control it. This perceiving type matches the Updating type. Updating is a change in information in order to be adaptable to the current situation. The change of information involves manipulation of several sets of information, including old sets of information, possible new sets of information, and the final set of information. The manipulation of several sets of information requires the involvement of the prefrontal cortex. It involves in new combination and arrangement of information. The prefrontal cortex has multiple components: working memory buffers and a “central executive,” the manager that manipulates and coordinates information stored in the buffers for updating 22. Working memory is a “blackboard memory” operating over mere seconds. The process includes moving information into working memory, updating what is already there, and using it to select a final updating. The whole updating process involves both the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the cortex. The prefrontal cortex has extensive connections to various parts of the brain. Neuroscientist Edmund Rolls 23 found that the prefrontal cortex in a monkey had fired strongly immediately before the monkey changed the behavior in behavior to a changing circumstance. The prefrontal cortex allows a quick switch of strategy in behavior to a change of circumstance. The reason for such a quick switch of strategy is that the prefrontal cortex has ample free neuron network which provides the space to construct a new strategy one after another free of previous experience and memory. The people with damage in the prefrontal cortex cannot construct a new strategy one right after another. They tend to construct one strategy, and stay with the same strategy over and over again even there is a need for another strategy. They fail to select the most current strategy for their action. The people with damage in the prefrontal cortex may also persistently follow whatever command given to them without change. The damage in the prefrontal cortex is the example for the extreme case of persistence. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that has expanded the most in primates. The large human prefrontal cortex provides human a very large space to construct new strategy in terms of new combination and arrangement of information. The large prefrontal

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cortex in human also provides an area to construct strategy overcoming salient and concrete experiences. Glutamate is the neurotransmitter for long-term potent (LTP) which is necessary for the working memory, which in turn is important for updating. Dopamine enhances the activity of few selective neurons by inhibiting the activity all other unrelated and unneeded neurons. Both glutamate and dopamine work together to accomplish updating. The mental disorders involved are the extreme Persistence without Updating. The extreme Persistence is impulsiveness without considering any possible consequences. One of such disorders is schizophrenia. The extremes are the results of chronic anxiety in terms of uncertainty. 1.3. The Big Five The most popular model of personality is the Big Five. The five factors in the Big Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual ideas, imagination, and curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather spontaneously), extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to be compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as the OCEAN model of personality. Openness correlates to Updating in persistence-updating for the propensity for adapting to changing information. Conscientiousness relates to Distinctiveness in distinctiveness-network for the care for focusing attention. Extrovert corresponds to Assertiveness in sensitivity-assertiveness for the easy to receive incoming information. Agreeable corresponds to bonding relation in bonding relation-free relation in the way of social life for the propensity to form trust for social bonding. Neuroticism corresponds to Context in goal–context for emotion.

Information Process Admission Resolution Action Openness

Personality system High Low High Low High Low High Low

Social Relation Commitment High Low

Personality Type (MBTI) introvert (I) extrovert (N) sense (S) intuition (N) thinking (T) feeling (F) perceiving (P) judging (J)

Sensitivity (S) Assertiveness (A) Distinctness (D) Network (N) Goal (G) Context (C) Updating (U) Persistence (P) Bonding relation (B) Free relation (F)

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The Big Five

Extrovert (E) Consciousness (C)

Neuroticism (N) Openness (O)

Agreeable (A)

2. The Social Temperaments for Social Structures The combination of the factors in the personality system results in the feminine yin personality and the masculine yang personality for collective wellbeing and individualistic achievement, respectively. The social temperaments are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions among the basic social units. The combination results in yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid social style theory. The harmonious temperament is the unique new human temperament that no other organisms have. The instinct for the harmonious temperament (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct, resulting in maximum eager cooperation without lie.

2.1. The Social Temperaments for the Primate Social Structures The social temperaments are derived from the personality system. The social temperaments for the primate social structures consist of three parts: the yin-yang personality, the intragroup interaction among basic social units, and the degree of openness. (1) Yin-Yang Personality (BNC-FDG) The feminine yin personality is the combination of the bonding relation type (B), the network type (N), and the context type (C), while yang is the combination of the free relation type (F), the distinctiveness type (D), and the goal type (G). For the yin personality (BNC) type, the combination leads to “collective wellbeing”, where collective means B and N, and wellbeing does not involve a specific action. For the masculine yang personality (FDG) type, the combination brings about “individualistic achievement”, where individual means F and D, and achievement involves a specific goal. Collective wellbeing deals with mainly people, while individual achievement deals with primarily with task. Therefore, yin represents people, while yang represents task. The society with the yin personality is the collective society, while the society with the yang personality is the individualistic society. (2) Passive-Active Intragroup Interaction (S-A) The social temperaments for primates are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions among the basic social units (subgroups) within a social group. The basic social units (subgroups) can be single female and her offspring, monogamous family, polyandrous family (one-female-severalmale group), polygynous family (one-male-several-female group), and multimalemultifemale group (non-committal male-female). The intragroup interaction among the subgroups can be passive or active interaction, corresponding to introvert (Sensitivity) or extrovert (Assertiveness). The passive intragroup interaction leads to a loose social group where the intragroup interaction in not active. The active intragroup interaction leads to a tight social group. The tight social group helps to provide protection against predators. It also helps to protect scarce food resources. This is especially true for nonhuman primates when the food is fruit. Leaf-eaters, such as colobus monkeys and langurs, tend to form smaller loose social groupings since there is little competition for their food. The very few nocturnal species of primates are mostly small, relatively

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solitary hunters. In general, a social group under the condition of sufficiency resource and security leads typically to a loose social group, while a social group under the condition of insufficient resource and insecurity results typically in a tight social group. The combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions leads to yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active. The loose collective society and the tight collective society come from the yin passive and the yin active temperaments, respectively, while the loose individualistic society and the tight individualistic society come from the yang passive and yang active temperaments, respectively. In the tight collective society, the active intragroup interaction produces the group wellbeing that promotes care about all members of the group and the group identity in addition to basic collective wellbeing. In the tight individualistic society, the active intragroup interaction produces the group hierarchy that promotes individual strength and effort as well as the submission to the leader of group in addition to basic individualistic achievement. The tight collective society is more egalitarian than the tight individualistic society. In general, the tight individualistic society is under the condition of less sufficient resource and security than the tight collective society. The reason is that the competitive hierarchy social structure, like an army, is more suitable to overcome the difficulties in insufficient resource and insecurity than the group wellbeing social structure. A typical example in ape is the different social structures of chimpanzees and bonobos. Bonobos live in the tropical rain forests with relatively sufficient food and security. Chimpanzees live in the tropical woodland savannah around the equatorial portion of Africa. Chimpanzees travel around 3 miles a day for food and water, whereas bonobos have hardly been noted to travel more than 1.5 or 2 miles a day. Bonobos have the female-centered collective society with the group wellbeing, while chimpanzees have the male-centered individualistic society with the competitive hierarchy. A primate society has typically more than one type of society. For example, the society of female mouse lemurs found in the Island of Madagascar as described by Robert Russell 24 is the tight collective society, and solitary male mouse lemurs have the loose individualistic society. Six to twenty female mouse lemurs form a lifelong social group. The basic lifelong unit of the social group is mother-daughter, so there are several units of mother-daughter from the same neighborhood. Mother and daughter have mutual growth relation. Mother takes care of daughter, and teaches her all skill of life. Daughter stays with her mother. About three to ten pairs of mother-daughter form a social group. They have a centrally located communal sleeping hollow for their daytime rest. The social group provides lifelong warmth, stimulation, shared experiences, and warning system for protection from the intrusion of predators. This form of social group increases greatly the chance of survival for female mouse lemurs. The ratio of adult females to adult males exceeds four females for every one male. For orangutans, there are the loose collective society for single female and her offspring and the loose individualistic society for solitary males. For chimpanzees, male chimpanzees have the tight individualistic society, while female chimpanzees have loose individualistic society. Female bonobos, on the other hand, have the tight collective society, while male bonobos have the loose individualistic society. Female bonobos as a group overpower male bonobos.

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From of the perspective of acquisition instead of condition, the tight individualistic society can acquire resource and security better than the tight collective society, and the tight society acquire resource and security better than the loose society. On the other hand, from the perspective of the cost for individuals in terms of energy and time spend in intragroup interaction, the tight individualistic society is more costly than the tight collective society, and the tight society is more costly than the loose society. The social structure of non-human primates is the balance among condition, acquisition, and cost. Tight individualistic Society 4

Tight collective society 3

Loose individualistic society 2

Loose collective society 1

Acquisition

1

2

3

4

Cost

4

3

2

1

Condition

1 = under most abundant resource and security condition 1 = acquire most resource and security 1 = less costly for individuals in the intragroup interaction

Humans, on the other hand, have tendency and capability for accumulation (greed) rather than mere survival and reproduction, so humans allow high cost for individuals, such as stress and anxiety. (3) The Degree of Openness (P-U) The additional social temperament is the harmonious temperament for harmonious connection that exists only in human that has the much larger prefrontal cortex responsible for the high openness in terms of Persistence-Updating in the personality system. The high openness allows the harmonious temperament to transcend yin-yang and passive-active. Consequently, the society with the harmonious temperament maximizes acquisition, and minimizes the cost for individuals in the intragroup interaction, resulting in the most successful society. However, the harmonious social group size has to be small. The description and the evolution of harmony temperament and harmonious society will be discussed in details in the next sections. The social temperament system consists of five different combinations of the factors in the personality system as in the following table.

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The Social Temperaments Primate for Social Structures Social Temperaments yin (BNC ) -yang passive-active (introvert(FDG) or extrovert) or flexible harmony (high Intragroup interaction openness) among basic social units yin passive

yang

passive

yin

active

yang

active

harmony

flexible

Primate Social Structures

Characteristics

Merrill-Reid Temperaments

the loose collective society the loose individualistic society the tight collective society the tight individualistic society the harmonious society

passive collective wellbeing

Amiable

passive individualistic achievement active collective wellbeing active individualistic achievement harmonious connection

Analytical

Merrill-Reid Temperaments

amiable

yang

driver

yang passive tell

ask

Driver

The Yin Yang Social Temperament

control emotion analytical

Expressive

yang active active

passive

expressive

yin passive

yin active yin

emote

The social temperament system is similar to the Merrill-Reid social style theory25, consisting of amiable, expressive, analytical, and driver temperaments. According to the Merrill-Reid theory, the four temperaments are described below. • Amiable: Place a high priority on friendships, close relationships, and cooperative behavior. They appear to get involved in feelings and relations between people. • Expressive: Appear communicative, warm approachable and competitive. They involve other people with their feelings and thoughts. • Analytical: Live life according to facts, principles, logic and consistency. Often viewed as cold and detached but appear to be cooperative in their actions as long as they can have some freedom to organize their own efforts. • Driver: Give the impression that they know what they want, where they are going, and how to get there quickly. Amiable and Expressive have yin (female type) characteristic for collective wellbeing, while Analytical and Driver have yang (male type) characteristic for

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individualistic achievement. Expressive and Driver are more active in interpersonal relations than Amiable and Driver. Merrill-Reid Temperaments do not include harmony. The amiable temperament in the Merrill-Rein theory corresponds to the yin passive temperament that involves and is keenly interested in the close relationship with people (yin) foe collective wellbeing. The expressive temperament corresponds to the yin active temperament that involves in both close relationships with people in the basic social unit and the intragroup in terms of group wellbeing in addition to basic collective wellbeing. The analytical temperament corresponds to the yang passive temperament that involves and is keenly interested in only systemizing task (yang) for individualistic achievement. The driver temperament corresponds to the yang active temperament that involves both the close relationships with people in the basic social unit and the intragroup in terms of group hierarchy in addition to basic individualistic achievement.

2.2. The Human Instincts and the Yin Yang Temperaments The temperaments are derived from the human instincts. The human instincts include the humanized instincts and the dehumanized instincts. The humanized instincts are used originally involving human. The dehumanized instincts are used originally involving nonhuman. It is quite common among social animals to behave differently toward the animals of the same species and toward the animals of different species. For examples, cannibalism and the killing among the animals of the same species are rare in social animals even during the fighting among the animals of the same species. The fighting among the animals of the same species for the purpose of domination is often ritualistic without serious injure. The harms to the infant animals from the animals of the same species are infrequent. On the other hand, as predators, animals kill preys of different species without hesitation. As a prey, an animal makes a manipulative strategy to escape from a predator of different species. Animals make a clear distinction between the animals of different species and the animals of same species. The humanized instinct consists of the female-male instincts involving human. People possess all of the female-male instincts. The female instincts are in average stronger in women, while the male instincts are in average stronger in men. However, the overlap is large, so it is common for some men to have stronger female instincts, and for some women to have stronger male instincts. The female instincts include the bonding instinct to bond with other human and the nurturing instinct to nurture the love ones. The male instincts include the systemizing instinct to systemizing various objects into a system and the dominative instinct to have domination in social hierarchy. The dehumanized instincts involving nonhuman are the prey-predator instincts. The prey instincts include the freezing instinct to minimize the activity in the presence of strong nonhuman predator and the manipulative instinct to play tricks to a strong nonhuman predator for the protection of self and love ones. The predatory instincts include the addictive instinct to have obsession in terms of task and the predatory instinct to over-control a weak nonhuman prey. Such prey-predator instincts are for nonhuman, but in the large complicate civilized society where people relations are complicate, people misuse the prey-predator to subhuman that is defined as human who is treated as nonhuman. In an extreme case, a person regards all people as subhuman that activates the prey-predator instincts in the

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person, resulting in mental disorders, such as depression, borderline personality disorder, obsession, and psychopath. The prey instincts closely relate to the female instincts, while the predatory instincts closely relate to the male instincts. The human temperaments are listed in the following table. The Positive Negative Yin Yang Temperaments Temperament Origin Description Perceived Condition Perceived Mechanism Merrill-Reid Instinct Behavior Role Idealized SelfImage

Origin Description Perceived Condition Perceived Mechanism Merrill-Reid Instinct Behavior Role Idealized SelfImage Mental Disorder

POSITIVE YIN POSITIVE YANG humanized female-male instincts involving human collective wellbeing in mostly people individual achievement in mostly task abundant resource and security deficient resource and security offensive mechanism for connecting people

defensive mechanism for survival

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

amiable bonding kindness friend loyalist

expressive nurturing nurturing nurturer peacemaker

analytical systemizing discipline systemizer idealist

ACTIVE driver dominative strength leader hero

NEGATIVE YIN NEGATIVE YANG dehumanized prey-predator instincts involving subhuman cool manipulation in mostly people obsessive over-control in mostly task deficient resource and security abundant resource and security defensive mechanism for protection

offensive mechanism for hunting

PASSIVE amiable freezing withdraw prey loner

ACTIVE expressive manipulative manipulation manipulator strategist

PASSIVE analytical addiction obsession addict specialist

ACTIVE driver predatory over-control predator master

depression

borderline personality disorder

obsession

psychopath

As in the table above, the positive yin temperament and the positive yang temperament are derived from the humanized female instinct and male instinct, respectively. The general description of the positive yin temperament from the female instincts is collective wellbeing in mostly people. The best perceived condition to have collective wellbeing is abundant resource and security. It is hard to have collective wellbeing under deficient resource and security. Under such abundant resource and security, the mechanism is the active offensive mechanism to connect with people instead of passively connecting with people. The general description of the positive yang temperament from the male instincts is individual achievement in mostly task. The best

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perceived condition to have individual achievement is deficient resource and security. The deficient resource and security motivate an individual to achieve in order to survive and prosper. Under the deficient resource and security, the mechanism is passive defensive mechanism to achieve in order to survive and prosper. The positive yin passive temperament (amiable) involves and is keenly interested in close relationships with people, so the instinct is the bonding instinct. The corresponding behavior is kindness toward people. The role for the yin passive temperament is friend. A person with the role of friend can idealize (exaggerate) the role as loyalist. The positive yin active temperament (expressive) involves in both basic social unit and intragroup. The instinct is the nurturing instinct in addition to the bonding instinct. The nurturing instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The role for the yin active temperament is nurturer. A person with the role of nurturer can idealize in terms of exaggeration the role as peacemaker to provide the peaceful environment for nurturing all love ones. The positive yang passive temperament (analytical) involves and is keenly interested in only task. The instinct is the systemizing instinct for the intrinsic human capability and desire to make a system out of various objects. The corresponding behavior is discipline to follow a well-developed system. The role for the yang passive temperament is systemizer. A person with the role of systemizer can idealize in terms of exaggeration the role as idealist to have the idealistic system. The positive yang active temperament (driver) involves in the basic social unit and intragroup. The instinct is the dominative instinct in addition to the systemizing instinct. The dominative instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The corresponding behavior is mental and physical strength. The role for the yang active temperament is leader to provide the best (dominating) condition to survive and prosper. A person with the role of leader can idealize in terms of exaggeration the role as hero who will fight for survival and prosperity. As in the table, the negative yin temperament and the negative yang temperament are derived from the dehumanized prey instinct and predatory instinct, respectively. The general description of the negative yin temperament from the prey instincts is cool manipulation in mostly people. The perceived condition to have cool manipulation is deficient resource and security. Under the deficient resource and security, the mechanism is passive defensive mechanism to stay away and to manipulate in order to survive. The general description of the negative yang temperament from the predatory instincts is obsessive over-control in mostly task. The perceived condition to have obsessive overcontrol is abundant resource and security. Under such abundant resource and security, the mechanism is the active offensive mechanism to obsess and to over-control. The negative yin passive temperament is derived from the dehumanized prey instinct that is the freezing instinct to avoid the contact with strong subhuman predator as much as possible. The corresponding behavior is to withdraw (coolness) involving subhuman predator. It involves only subhuman. The role for the yin passive temperament is passive prey. A person with the role of passive prey can rationalize the role as loner to avoid detestable people. In the extreme case, the person can regard all people as subhuman predator, resulting in the destruction of the intrinsic brain structure

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to distinguish human and nonhuman. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of depression. The negative yin active temperament is derived from the dehumanized prey instinct that is the manipulative instinct in addition to the freezing instinct. The corresponding behavior is manipulation involving subhuman predator. Manipulation can be very deceptive as the broken wing trick that a mother bird plays to lead a predator away from the baby birds. It is the origin of the asymmetrical warfare. It involves both subhuman and task needed to carry on manipulation. The role for the yin active temperament is manipulator. A person with the role of manipulator can rationalize the role as strategist to protect the person and the love ones from strong opponents. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of borderline personality disorder. People with borderline personality disorder frequently have unstable relationships, fly into rages inappropriately, or become depressed and cannot trust the actions and motives of other people26. In the study, directed by neuroscientist Brooks King-Casas27, people with borderline personality disorder played a "trust" game involving sending money and receiving money. They play the game while their brains are scanned by functional MRI. The fMRI shows areas of activities in parts of the brain during the game. In this study, in the normal people, a part of the brain showed activity that responded in direct proportion to the amount of money sent and the money received. However, in people with borderline personality disorder, that part of the brain responded only to sending the money, not to the money received. The interpretation in term of the preypredator relation is that money represents resource. In a prey-predator relation, a prey wants to protect its resource by measuring how much resource (money) that it gives away. It does not expect any resource from a predator. There is no mutuality in the preypredator relation. Most of people with borderline personality disorder are women. The negative yang passive temperament is derived from the dehumanized predator instinct that is the addictive instinct. The corresponding behavior is obsession to do a very specific task all the time. It involves only task. The task can be an obsessive professional task for excessive wealth or an obsessive hobby task for excessive adventure. The role for the yin passive temperament is addict. A person with the role of addict rationalizes the role as specialist. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of obsession. The negative yang active temperament is derived from the dehumanized predatory instinct that is the predatory instinct in addition to the additive instinct. The corresponding behavior is over-controlling of weak subhuman prey. It involves both task and subhuman prey. The role for the yin active temperament is predator to weak subhuman prey. A person with the role of predator can rationalize the role as master who controls an inferior person. The mental disorder in the extreme case is psychopath. People with psychopath are very egocentric individuals with no empathy for others, and they are incapable of feeling remorse or guilt. Psychopath is a combination of dominant and cold interpersonal characteristics Most of people with psychopath are men. In an fNRI study by neuroscientist Kent Kichl28, a certain part of the brain in criminal psychopaths showed much less activity in responses to emotional charged words like blood, sewer, hell, and rape than the normal people. It shows that psychopaths are relatively insensitive to the cruelty involving human.

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2.3. The Harmonious Temperament and Society The yin temperaments in general require long social memory of the special features and behaviors of friends, nurturers, and the one to be nurtured. With the dominative instinct, the yang temperament produces dominance hierarchy. Yin (female) and yang (male) are distinctively different in the gender dichotomy. Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free cooperation among the members of society. Cooperation is important in survival strategies as described by Axelrod and Hamilton's evolution of cooperation29. To find different strategies for cooperation, they devised the prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's dilemma refers to an imaginary situation in which two individuals are imprisoned and are accused of having cooperated to perform some crime. The two prisoners are held separately, and attempts are made to induce each one to implicate the other. If neither one does, both are set free. This is the cooperative strategy available to both prisoners. In order to tempt one or both to defect, each is told that a confession implicating the other will lead to his or her release and, as an added incentive, to a small reward. If both confess, each one is imprisoned. But if one individual implicated the other and not vice versa, then the implicated partner receives a harsher sentence than if each had implicated the other. Among all strategies, TIT FOR TAT is the best strategy. On the first move cooperate. On each succeeding move do what your opponent did the previous move. Thus, TIT FOR TAT was a strategy of cooperation based on reciprocity. From the further analysis of TIT FOR TAT, four features of TIT FOR TAT emerged: 1. Never be the first to defect: indicate eager cooperate 2. Retaliate only after your partner has defected: important to detect defection 3. Be prepared to forgive after carrying out just one act of retaliation: minimum social memory 4. Adopt this strategy only if the probability of meeting the same player again exceeds 2/3: essentially a strategy for a small social group. A distinctive character in TIT FOR TAT is eager cooperation as in the first feature above. It always cooperates first. Such eager cooperation has minimum social memory to forgive the past defection as in the third feature above. Such eager cooperation generates a large cohesive domain, resulting in the best strategy. However, if defection has no consequence as in a large group, TIT FOR TAT does not work as in the fourth feature above. TIT FOR TAT works only in a small group. In the yin and yang temperaments, the high social barrier from long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy excludes eager cooperation in TIT FOR TAT strategy. To carry out TIT FOR TAT strategy, the evolution of human temperament produced two additional new instincts. The two additional new instincts are the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct. The hyper friendly instinct allows human to cooperate eagerly, while the detective instinct allows human to detect defection. The combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct brings about the conscience instinct. The conscience instinct is the base for the harmonious temperament.

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The following sections describe the hyper friendly instinct, the detective instinct, and the conscience instinct. The Harmonious Temperament Temperament Description

HARMONY maximum eager cooperation without lie: harmonious connection (mutual empathy and empowerment) hyper friendly detective Instinct eager cooperation theory of mind Behavior harmonist Idealized Self-Image

2.3.1. Eager Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free eager cooperation among the members of society. To promote eager social cooperation, it is necessary to minimize such social barrier. One way for the minimization is the hyper friendly instinct. Through the hyper friendly instinct, the hyper friendly act minimizes the social barrier. One example of the hyper friendly instinct is the frequent sexual activities among all members of bonobo social group30. The sexual activities can be between couples regardless of ages and genders. They do sexual contacts to greet, to avoid social conflicts, and to reconcile after conflicts. The hyper friendly act minimizes the social barrier, and enhances social cooperation. For an example, bonobos engage in sexual activities before eating to avoid conflict during eating. Comparing to chimpanzees, bonobos are much more peaceful and egalitarian because of this hyper friendly instinct. Another example of the hyper friendly instinct is expressed in very enthusiastic greeting from dogs. This hyper friendly instinct is inherited from wolfs that form highly cooperative society. The domestication of dog for thousands years has enhanced the hyper friendly instinct, resulting in the high cooperation between dog and human. In human, the hyper friendly instinct is expressed as language. Language as an instinct was proposed by experimental psychologist Steven Pinker 31 . The verbal communication minimizes effectively social barrier. Human learns language quickly and early. The human brain encourages language by rewarding language. For an example, the extremely hyper friendly people are the people with Williams Syndrome, which has unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. They have excellent verbal skills, superior and precocious musical ability, perfect pitch and a good memory for names and faces. Individuals with Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount of fear with non-social encounter. The highly developed human language instinct indicates the highly developed human hyper friendly instinct.

2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct In the advanced stage of verbal communication, a verbal statement can express an event occurred elsewhere. Since the event occurs elsewhere, a listener has to determine if the expressed statement is a truth or a lie. The detective instinct for detecting a lie in a verbal statement is necessary for the advanced stage of verbal communication. The detective instinct is for subtle lie instead of conspicuous lie, which can be detected easily

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without the new detective instinct. The neural network for the detective instinct is called the lie detection neural network. The neural network has been described by Hiram Brownell and Richard Griffin32 as the neural network for theory of mind. The network consists of the left brain, the right brain, and the prefrontal cortex as follows.

The Lie Detection Neural Network left brain

expression

right brain

questionable statement 1

statement 1

internal alternative statement 1

prefrontal cortex statement 2

questionable statement 2

internal alternative statement 2

prefrontal cortex repeat or conclusion When a speaker expresses a statement, which describes an event occurred elsewhere, the statement is registered in the right brain and the left brain. The left brain has greater cell density and the more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural messages, so the left brain can have a good copy of the statement consciously from the speaker. The right brain, in contrast, has more areas of "associative" with more white myelinated fibers for long distant neural message. In the right brain, instead of the exact copy, the statement becomes a questionable statement waiting to be verified. The questionable statement triggers automatically an internal alternative statement that relates the event occurred elsewhere. The association of the original statement and the alternative statement can be very weak. In the right brain, the questionable statement and the alternative statement coexist. The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting statements along with other information to determine the correct statement. The correct statement is realized by the left brain consciously as the statement 2. The statement 2 can undergo lie detection again or can become the conclusion. The reverse of the lie detection neural network is the lie making neural network as below.

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The Lie Making Neural Network left brain

right brain

changeable statement 1

statement 1

internal alternative statement 1

prefrontal cortex statement 2

Changeable statement 2

internal alternative statement 2

prefrontal cortex expression

repeat or conclusion

In the lie making network, the statement 1 appears consciously in the left brain. The statement 1 becomes the changeable statement 1 in the right brain. The changeable statement in the right brain triggers automatically the internal alternative statement 1. The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting statements in the right brain to determine the appropriate statement, which is realized consciously in the left brain as the statement 2. The statement 2 can undergo another lie making process or be the conclusion. The conclusion is then expressed. The lie detection neural network is for a subtle lie, and it is not needed for a conspicuous lie, which contradicts immediate observable evidences. Equally, a lie making neural network is for making a subtle lie, and it is not needed for making a conspicuous lie. Conspicuous lie can be detected and made in the left brain. The combination of the lie detection neural network and the lie making neural network brings about theory of mind that a person believes that the other people have the mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes. Automatic triggering of alternative statements in the right brain becomes the base for holistic thinking that requires a broad and non-obvious thinking. Automatic triggering of alternative statement in the left brain becomes the logical thinking that requires a narrow sequential thinking. The principle of humor is that subtlety in humor can be figured out by the right brain, not the left brain. When the subtlety is explained completely and logically by the left brain, the humor is no longer funny. Autism and schizophrenia are the two extremes in the detective instinct. Both of them have problems in bonding with people as indicated by that the people who have autism and schizophrenia are mostly men. Autism represents the inactive detective instinct, resulting in the theory of mind impaired33. People with schizophrenia have an overactive detective instinct. The prefrontal cortex is not able to sort out so many

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ridiculous alternative statements, so people with schizophrenia also are not capable of subtle sensible deception. The deficiency in the detective distinct, however, can lead to the very logical mind, while the excess in the detective distinct can lead to very creative mind. 2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct Theory of mind derived from the detective instinct is that a person believes that the other people have the mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes. The combination of the hyper friendly instinct and theory of mind derived from the detective instinct brings about the conscience instinct that is the instinct for maximum eager cooperation without lie that takes advantage of cooperation for selfish reason. People feel guilty about cooperation with lie, and feel other people should feel guilty about cooperation with lie. The conscience instinct as the self-regulation of cooperation results in maximum eager cooperation without lie, leading to harmonious connection (mutual empathy and empowerment). Mutual empathy is love, while mutual empowerment is diligence. The result is the harmonious temperament. The people with the harmonious temperament are harmonists. The society with the harmonious temperament is the harmonious society. This harmonious temperament as the innate goodness was described by Mencius, the second most important saint in Confucianism. Mencius said: .... Everyone has the heart of sympathy, everyone has the heart of knowing shame, everyone has the heart of respect, and everyone has the heart of knowing right and wrong. The heart of sympathy is a benevolent, the heart of knowing shame is righteousness, the heart of respect is propriety, and the heart of knowing right and wrong is wisdom. Benevolent, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom that are not injected from outside were in us originally. Only we have not comprehended them. Thus, we can get them through search, and we can lose them through abandonment....” (Mengzi, chapter: human innate goodness) Benevolent and propriety come from the hyper friendly instinct of the conscience instinct, while righteousness and wisdom come from the detective instinct (theory of mind) of the conscience instinct. The chart for the summary of the relationship between psychology in terms of personality and social temperament and social structure is as below.

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PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES PSYCHOLOGY the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing PERSONALITY

admission resolution socialization (sensitivity(distinctiveness– (bonding relation– assertiveness) network) free relation)

• • •

action (goal– context)

openness (persistence– updating)

yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang (distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement) passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) introgroup interaction harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active the social instincts SOCIAL TEMPERAMENT

yin passive temperament (amiable)

yin active temperament (expressive)

bonding + freezing instincts

nurturing + manipulative instincts

harmonious temperament

yang active temperament (driver)

conscience instinct = dominative + hyper friendly instinct predatory + detective instinct instincts

yang passive temperament (analytical) systemizing + addictive instinct

SOCIAL STRUCTURES the loose the tight collective collective society society

the harmonious society

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the tight individualistic society

the loose individualistic society

3. Summary The three basic human social temperaments are yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection, respectively. The harmonious temperament transcends yin yang, and exists only in human. The theory of human social temperaments is the combination of the three popular theories, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Big Five, and the Merrill-Reid social style theory. The theory starts with the personality system based on the brain structure and neurotransmitters. Human social temperaments are derived from the personality system and the instincts. The yin, the yang, and the harmonious temperaments produce the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies, respectively. The five factors in the personality system are Bonding relation-Free relation, Sensitivity-Assertiveness, Distinctiveness-Network, Goal-Context, and PersistenceUpdating, corresponding to agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness in the Big Five. The combination of the factors (Bonding relation, Network, and Context) in the personality system results in the yin personality for feminine collective wellbeing. The combination of the factors (Free relation, Distinctiveness, and Goal) results in the yang personality for masculine individualistic achievement. The social temperaments are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and the activepassive intragroup interactions among the basic social units. The combination results in yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active, corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid social style theory. Each temperament has its positive and negative instincts. The additional temperament is harmony that transcends yin-yang, and exists only in human. The instinct for the harmonious temperament (harmonious) is the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct (theory of mind), resulting in maximum eager cooperation without lie. The yin, the yang, and the harmonious temperaments produce the collective, the individualistic, and the harmonious societies, respectively.

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4. Reference Email address: Website (download all books): Books list:

[email protected] http://sites.google.com/site/einsnewt/ http://www.scribd.com/einsnewt

1 Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34. 2 Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differing (Palo Alto: CPP, 1993) 3 Carl Jung, V6, Psychological Types (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955) 4 Insel, T., Winslow, J., Wang, Z., & Young, L. (1998). In H. Zingg, C. Bourque, & D. Bichet (Eds.), Vasopressin and Oxytocin: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Advances (pp. 215-230). New York: Plenum. 5 Wismer Fries AB et al. Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2005;103: 17237-17240. 6 G. Domes, M. Heinriches, A. Michel, C. Berger, and S. Herpertz, Oxycticin improves mind reading in human, Biological Psychiatry, 2006 7 Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, and Fehr E. 2005. Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435:673-676. 8 Karen M. Grewen, , Susan S. Girdler, , Janet Amico, and Kathleen C. Light, Effects of Partner Support on Resting Oxytocin, Cortisol, Norepinephrine, and Blood Pressure Before and After Warm Partner Contact, Psychosomatic Medicine 67:531-538 (2005) 9 Panksepp J. Commentary on the possible role of oxytocin in autism [letter]. J Autism Dev Disord 1993 Sep 23:3 567-9 10 Simon Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference (New York: Basic Books, 2003) 11 H. J. Eysenck, The Measurement of Personality, (Baltimore: University Park Press) 1976 12 S. D. Calkins et al., Behavioral and physiological antecedents of inhibited and uninhibited behavior, Child Development 67 (1996) 523-40 13 Peter D. Kramer, Listening to Prozac, (New York: Penguin Group) 1993 14 Donald Edward, Journal of Neuroscience 17, 697, 1996 15 Sally P. Springer and Georg Deutsch, Left Brain, Right Brain New York: W.H. Freeman and Company) 1993 16 S. H. Woodward, “An Anatomical Model of Hemispheric Asymmetry” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10 (1988) 68 17 Galaburda, A. (1995). Anatomic basis of cerebral dominance. In R. J. Davidson & K. Hughdahl (Eds.), 18 Ingrid Wickelgren, “Getting the Brain’s Attention” Science 278 (1997) 35 19 RC Gur, LH Mozley, PD Mozley, SM Resnick, JS Karp, A Alavi, SE Arnold, and RE Gur, Science, Vol 267, 528-531, 1995 20 Cantor, N., et al. 1986, In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, edited by R. M. Sorentino and E. T. Higgins, New York: Guilford 21 Markus, H. R. and Kitayama, S., 1991, Psychol. Rev. 98: 224-53. 22 Ingrid Wickelgren, Getting a Grasp on Working Memory, Science 275, 1997, 1580-1582 23 Gustavo Deco and Edmund T. Rolls Edmund Rolls, “Attention and working memory: a dynamical model of neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex”. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18 (8), 2003, p.2374 24 Robert Jay Russell, The Lemurs’ Legacy (New York, G.P. Putman’s Sons, 1993) 25 David W. Merrill and Roger H. Reid, “Personal Styles and Effective Performance” CRC Paperback, 1981, ISBN 08011968992 26 Oakley, Barbara A “Evil genes: why Rome fell, Hitler rose, Enron failed and my sister stole my mother's boyfriend” Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2007. 27 King-Casas et al, “The Rupture and Repair of Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder”, Science 8 August 2008: 806-810

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28 Kichl, Kent et al., “Impairment of Social and Moral Behaviors by Criminal Psychopaths as Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonances Imaging.” Biological Psychiatry 50, no. 9(2001): 677-84 29 Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396. 30 Fran de Waal , Bonobo Sex And Society, the March 1995 issue of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, pp. 8288 31 Steven Pinker, Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language, New York, HarperCollins, 1994 32 Richard Griffin, Ori Friedman, Jon Ween, Ellen Winner, Francesca Happe, and Hiram Brownell, “Theory of mind and the right cerebral hemisphere: Refining the scope of impairment”, Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain, and Cognition, Vol. 11, No. 3. (April 2006), pp. 195-225. 33 Uta Frith, Mysteries of the Mind, Special Issue, Scientific American, 92, 1997

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