Human Performance

01BASIC CONCEPT Question 1 of 12 Number: 1116

Question: As a cause of accidents, the human factor 1. which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and ATC only

2. is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents 3. plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is much more important in general aviation 4. has increased considerably since 1980 - the percentage of accident in which this factor has been involved has more than tripled since this date

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Question 2 of 12 Number: 2467

Question: What aircraft equipment marked a substantial decrease in hull loss rates in the eighties? 1. SSR 2. TCAS

3. GPWS 4. DME

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Question 3 of 12 Number: 2472

Question: Between which components, with reference to the SHELL Concept, covers pilot

misinterpretation of the old three-point altimeter? 1. Liveware - Software 2. Liveware - Liveware

3. Liveware - Hardware 4. Liveware - Environment

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Question 4 of 12 Number: 2475

Question: The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual are related to an

interface mismatch between 1. Liveware - Liveware 2. Liveware - Environment 3. Liveware - Hardware

4. Liveware - Software

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Question 5 of 12 Number: 12573

Question: A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the SHELL Concept of: 1. L and H 2. L and E

3. L and S 4. L and L

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Question 6 of 12 Number: 12630

Question: In 1972, a psychologist named Edwards presented a concept of the interface between flight crew

and other parts of the airspace environment. What is this concept called and the names of those elements involved ? 1. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, environment and location 2. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, economy and liveware 3. The SHELL Concept. Software, harmony, environment, and location

4. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, environment, and liveware

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Question 7 of 12 Number: 15870

Question: The most significant item of technical equipment introduced in the 1980s & 1990s which has

contributed to a reduction in accidents is: 1. AFDS 2. EFIS

3. GPWS 4. ATIS

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Question 8 of 12 Number: 3748

Question: A pilot becomes skilled when he/she: -1: trains or practises regularly -2: knows how to manage

himself/herself -3: possesses all the knowledge associated with his aircraft -4: knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected

1. 1,2,4 2. 1,2,3,4 3. 2, 3,4

4. 1,2

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Question 9 of 12 Number: 3769

Question: In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx): - 1: do not exist - 2: have slight physiological

consequences - 3: may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of consciousness - 4: may cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis 1. 1 2. 3 3. 3,4

4. 2,4

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Question 10 of 12 Number: 11062

Question: The distribution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide jet aircraft commercial fleet

shows that human error is involved in: 1. about 90% of cases

2. about 70% of cases 3. all cases, one way or another 4. about 55% of cases

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Question 11 of 12 Number: 12332

Question: With reference to the SHELL Model, S represents: 1. Self-awareness (which includes Safety) 2. Symbology (which includes safety) 3. Security (which includes Safety)

4. Software (which includes check lists)

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Question 12 of 12 Number: 12358

Question: Who in the Aviation Industry is responsible for flight safety ? 1. Management, Aircrew, Groundcrew and ATC 2. Aircrew

3. Everyone involved 4. Aircrew and GroundCrew

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Question 1 of 573 Number: 16348

Question: In the event of fuel spillage onto the body it is advisable that the affected area is: 1. bandaged and medication is applied to avoid blistering. 2. immediately exposed to air to allow the fuel to evaporate as quickly as possible.

3. initially washed with copious water and without the use of soap. 4. initially washed with soap and water.

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Question 2 of 573 Number: 16676

Question: Flying while suffering from a cold may expose a pilot to: 1. Autokinesis. 2. Gastro-intestinal barotrauma. 3. sinus barotrauma only.

4. otic and sinus barotrauma.

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Question 3 of 573 Number: 16556

Question: Using the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula, when will a pilot be classed as obese?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Over 30 for males and 29 for females Over 10 for males and 9 for females Over 26 for males and 25 for females Over 20 for males and 19 for females

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Question 4 of 573 Number: 16560

Question: A pilot is 1.7 metres tall and weighs 57 kgs. She is: 1. Obese.

2. Normal. 3. Overweight. 4. Underweight.

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Question 5 of 573 Number: 16389

Question: Which of the following statements are correct with regard to alcohol? 1. The maximum JAA limit for Flight and Cabin Crew is 40 milligrammes per 100 milliliters of blood.

2. It is absorbed directly from the stomach and intestines into the bloodstream. 3. It affects Orthodox sleep more than it affects REM sleep. 4. Eating while drinking alcohol reduces the amount of alcohol absorbed into the body.

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Question 6 of 573 Number: 3

Question: Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to

recover from a spin? He will get the illusion of

1. 2. 3. 4.

spinning into the opposite direction straight and level flight climbing and turning into the srcinal direction of the spin spinning into the same direction

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Question 7 of 573 Number: 5

Question: When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will 1. give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the aircraft going down) 2. give the illusion of straight and level flight 3. give the illusion of banking

4. give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the a/c going up)

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Question 8 of 573 Number: 6

Question: A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get: 1. the feeling of rotation

2. the illusion of climbing or descending 3. the illusion to turn 4. the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left

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Question 9 of 573 Number: 14

Question: Which of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when subjected to hypoxia? 1. Fatigue.

2.1.Euphoria. 3. Lack of concentration. 4. Pain in the joints. 5. Pain in the inner ear 4 and 5 only are correct 2. 1 and 5 only are correct 3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

4. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

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Question 10 of 573 Number: 17

Question: The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on qualification to fly

for the following reasons: 1. The disease requiring a treatment may be cause for disqualification. 2. Flight conditions may modify the reactions of the body to a treatment. 3. Drugs may cause adverse side effects impairing flight safety. 4. The effects of medicine do not necessarily immediately disappear when the treatment is stopped. 1. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 2. Only 2 is false.

3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 4. 3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 are correct.

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Question 11 of 573 Number: 18

Question: Vitamin A and possibly vitamins B and C are chemical factors and essential to good night vision:

1. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease night vision performance 2. An excess intake of vitamin A will improve night vision performance significantly 3. Pilots should be carefully concerned to take a balaced diet containing sufficient vitamin A. 4. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease visual acuity in photopic vision but not in scotopic vision 1. 1 and 3 are false, 2 and 4 are correct 2. Only 4 is false

3. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

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Question 12 of 573 Number: 89

Question: The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which 1. is dependent on the present air pressure 2. decreases with increasing altitude

3. is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft 4. increases with increasing altitude

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Question 13 of 573 Number: 91

Question: The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34 000 ft is: 1. 42% 2. 10,5%

3. 21% 4. 5%

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Question 14 of 573 Number: 92

Question: The respiratory process consists mainly of 1. the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of carbon monoxide 2. the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of nitrogen 3. the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cells and elimination of oxygen 4. the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood, transportation to the cells,

diffusion into the cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body

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Question 15 of 573 Number: 93

Question: Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of the following

statements is correct? 1. With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning can be compensated for. 2. Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.

3. Carbon monoxide is odourless and colourless. 4. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are harmless.

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Question 16 of 573 Number: 94

Question: Carbon monoxide poisoning 1. occurs only above 15 degrees OAT 2. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heating is supplied by passing cabin air over the

exhaust manifold(s) 3. only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes 4. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency

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Question 17 of 573 Number: 96

Question: Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide poisoning?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon monoxide poisoning. A very early symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning is euphoria. Inhaling carbon monoxide leads to hyperventilation. The human body shows no sign of carbon monoxide poisoning.

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Question 18 of 573 Number: 98

Question: How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood? 1. White blood cells. 2. Blood fat.

3. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells. 4. Plasma.

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Question 19 of 573 Number: 99

Question: Which gas most readily co mbines with haemoglobin? 1. nitrogen

2. carbon monoxide 3. carbon dioxide 4. oxygen

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Question 20 of 573 Number: 100

Question: Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide? 1. It combines 5 times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen. 2. It is always present in the lungs. 3. It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.

4. It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a smoker's "physiological altitude".

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Question 21 of 573 Number: 101

Question: An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to: 1. a decrease of acidity in the blood

2. an increased respiratory rate 3. an improving resistance to hypoxia 4. a reduction of red blood cells

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Question 22 of 573 Number: Question:102 The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by: 1. the total atmospheric pressure 2. the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood

3. the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood 4. the amount of nitrogen in the blood

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Question 23 of 573 Number: 103

Question: In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external respiration). Which gas will diffuse from the

blood into the lungs? 1. Carbon monoxide.

2. Carbon dioxide. 3. Oxygen. 4. Ambient air.

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Question 24 of 573

Number: 104

Question: Which statement is correct ? 1. Oxygen is mainly transported in plasma. 2. Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure. 3. Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on the partial oxygen pressure gradient.

4. The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level.

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Question 25 of 573 Number: 109

Question: How can a pilot increase his tolerance to Gz ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Tightening of the stomach muscles. Take an upright seat position. Tighten shoulder harness. Relax the muscles and lean upper body forward.

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Question 26 of 573 Number: 112

Question: Hypoxia is caused by 1. an increased number of red blood cells 2. a higher affinity of the red blood cells (haemoglobin) to oxygen 3. reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung

4. reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung

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Question 27 of 573 Number: 113

Question: Hypoxia can be caused by: 1. low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere when flying at

high altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental oxygen 2. a decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood to 4. carbon monoxide attached thetohaemoglobin 3. blood(i.e. pooling the lower extremities due to inertiadue ( Gz) malfunction of the body to cells metabolize oxygen after ainhangover)

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 1 is false, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

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Question 28 of 573 Number: 115

Question: Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo? 1. Hypoxia improves night vision therefore the pilot will have no indication of danger. 2. In a multi-crew cockpit hypoxia will always be detectable. 3. Only a solo pilot is more prone to illusions.

4. Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.

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Question 29 of 573 Number: 116

Question: The symptoms of hypoxia include:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria. Dull headache and bends. Dizziness, hypothermia. Nausea and barotitis.

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Question 30 of 573 Number: Question:117 Which of the following is/are the symptom(s) of hypoxia ? 1. Pain in the joints

2. Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria 3. Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains in the chest area 4. Low blood pressure

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Question 31 of 573 Number: 119

Question: Which statement applies to hypoxia? 1. it is possible to predict when, how and where hypoxia reaction starts to set in 2. you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed repeatedly to hypoxia 3. carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to oxygen deficiency

4. sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person

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Question 32 of 573 Number: 120

Question: Hypoxia can be caused by 1. a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of the haemoglobin to transport oxygen

2. increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of gases 3. a lack of nitrogen in ambient air 4. too much carbon dioxide in the blood

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Question 33 of 573 Number: 121

Question: Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight ? 1. Lack of adaptation. 2. Dizziness. 3. Lack of accommodation.

4. The degradation of reasoning and perceptive functions.

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Question 34 of 573 Number: 123

Question: Breathing 100% oxygen will elevate the pilot's physiological safe altitude to approximately: 1. 10 000

2. 40 000 ft 3. 45 000 ft 4. 22 000 ft

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Question 35 of 573 Number: 124

Question: The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are 1. the bends and the creeps 2. dehydration 3. sensation of heat and blurred vision

4. euphoria and impairment of judgement

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Question 36 of 573 Number: 126

Question: With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress: 1. finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis")

2. peripheral and scotopic vision will be improved 3. more oxygen will reach the brain 4. an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even unconsciousness

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Question 37 of 573 Number: 300

Question: Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the flyer, because there are long-term and short-

term harmful effects. From cigarette smoking the pilot can get: 1. a mild carbon dioxide poisoning increasing the pilot's tolerance to hypoxia 2. a suppressed desire to eat and drink 3. a mild carbon monoxide poisoning increasing the pilot´s tolerance to hypoxia

4. a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilot´s tolerance to hypoxia

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Question 38 of 573 Number: 301

Question: A pilot who smokes will lose some of his capacity to transport oxygen combined with

haemoglobin. Which percentage of his total oxygen transportation capacity would he give away when he smokes one pack of cigarettes a day? 1. 12 - 18%

2. 5 - 8% 3. 20 - 25% 4. 0.5 - 2%

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Question 39 of 573 Number: 302

Question: Flying at pressure altitude of 10 000 ft, a pilot, being a moderate to heavy smoker, has an oxygen

content in the blood equal to an altitude 1. lower than 10 000 FT 2. of 15000 FT when breathing 100% oxygen

3. above 10 000 FT 4. of 10 000 FT

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Question 40 of 573 Number: 303

Question: Which of the following applies when alcohol has been consumed? 1. Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination rate of alcohol 2. Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% oxygen is taken 3. Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may be lost

4. Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance

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Question 41 of 573 Number: 304

Question: Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may 1. increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood

2. intensify the effects of the drugs 3. show undesired effects only during night flights 4. compensate for side effects of drugs

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Question 42 of 573 Number: 347

Question: The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants sense) are important for motor coordination. They 1. indicate the difference between gravity and G-forces 2. are important senses for flight training in IMC 3. allow the pilot to determine the absolute vertical at flight condition

4. are completely unreliable for orientation when flying in IMC

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Question 43 of 573 Number: 348

Question: The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is

1. 2. 3. 4.

not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to fly in IMC useful for instrument and contact flight

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Question 44 of 573 Number: 349

Question: Sensory input to the "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is given by 1. pressure of the heart on the diaphragm

2. subcutaneous pressure receptors and muscle activity sensors 3. acceleration of the stomach (nausea) 4. blood rushing into legs

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Question 45 of 573 Number: 351

Question: Orientation in flight is accomplished by 1. eyes 2. utriculus and sacculus 3. semicircular canals 4.

Seat-of-the-pants-Sense 1. only 1 and 4 are correct

2. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 3. 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct 4. 2, 3 and 4 are correct , 1 is false

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Question 46 of 573 Number: 352

Question: What should a pilot do to optimise his/her night vision (scotopic vision)?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-blindness Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off

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Question 47 of 573 Number: 353

Question: During poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to instruments because: 1. pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information 2. his attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions 3. the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain

4. perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast

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Question 48 of 573 Number: 48

Question: A certain amount of water vapor saturated air is transported from sea-level up to 34 000 ft. In the

same amount of dry air, the volume of this gas is : 1. smaller

2. first larger, then smaller

3. larger 4. constant

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Question 49 of 573 Number: 49

Question: Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at: 1. 18 000 ft 2. 14 000 ft

3. 10 000 ft 4. 8 000 ft

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Question 50 of 573 Number: 50

Question: At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be

expected? 1. Approximately 35 000 ft. 2. Approximately 10 - 12 000 ft. 3. 22 000 ft

4. Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.

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Question 51 of 573 Number: 51

Question: You can survive at any altitude, provided that 1. 21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in 2. the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10" C

3. enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available 4. pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude

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Question 52 of 573 Number: 52

Question: At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure after a rapid

decompression ? 1. Approximately 14 000 ft.

2. Approximately 50 000 ft.

3. Approximately 40 000 ft. 4. Approximately 20 000 ft.

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Question 53 of 573 Number: 54

Question: Fatigue and stress 1. increase the tolerance to hypoxia

2. lower the tolerance to hypoxia 3. will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15 000 feet 4. do not affect hypoxia at all

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Question 54 of 573 Number: 55

Question: The atmosphere contains the following gases: 1. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases 2. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases 3. 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases

4. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases

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Question 55 of 573 Number: 184

Question: Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head movements in a tight turn, are symptoms

of

1. "Pilot`s vertigo" 2. 3. "Flicker-vertigo" "Oculogravic illusion" 4. "Nystagmus"

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Question 56 of 573 Number: 185

Question: "Pilot's vertigo" 1. announces the beginning of airsickness 2. is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn

3. is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear acceleration 4. is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to the

central nervous system (CNS)

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Question 57 of 573 Number: 186

Question: What can a pilot do to avoid "Flicker vertigo" when flying in the clouds? 1. Dim the cockpit lights to avoid reflections 2. Engage the autopilot until breaking the clouds 3. Fly straight and level and avoid head movements

4. Switch strobe-lights off

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Question 58 of 573 Number: 187

Question: What do you do, when you are affected by "pilot's vertigo"? 1. Establish and maintain an

effective instrument cross-check. 2. Believe the instruments. 3. Ignore illusions. 4. Minimize head movements. 1. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 2. Only 4 is false

3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 4. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

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Question 59 of 573 Number: 189

Question: The risk of spatial disorientation increases when: 1. the pilot is buckled tightly to his/her seat and cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft by the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense

2. there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs 3. information from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are ignored 4. the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check and is ignoring illusions

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Question 60 of 573 Number: 191

Question: Which flight-manoeuvre will most likely induce vertigo? Turning the head while

1. 2. 3. 4.

banking flying straight and level descending climbing

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Question 61 of 573 Number: 273

Question: The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor 1. movements with constant speeds 2. gravity

3. angular accelerations 4. relative speed and linear accelerations

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Question 62 of 573 Number: 274

Question: Which part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb and/or descent?

1. 2. 3. 4.

The Eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum) The semicircular canals The saccules and utricles The cochlea

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Question 63 of 573 Number: 275

Question: Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the perception of sound? 1. The Eustachian tube 2. The sacculus and utriculus 3. The semicircular canals

4. The cochlea

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Question 64 of 573 Number: 276

Question: Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration? 1. The semicircular canals 2. The cochlea

3. The eustachian tube

4. The sacculus and utriculus

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Question 65 of 573 Number: 277

Question: Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for the detection of angular acceleration? 1. The Eustachian tube 2. The cochlea 3. The sacculus and utriculus

4. The semicircular canals

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Question 66 of 573 Number: 278

Question: The vestibular apparatus 1. reacts to vibrations of the cochlea 2. gives the impression of hearing 3. reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear

4. reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity

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Question 67 of 573 Number: 280

Question: Which of the following components belong to the middle ear? 1. Endolymph 2. Semicircular canals 3. Otoliths

4. Ossicles Flag this question

Question 68 of 573 Number: 281

Question: Through which part of the ear does the equalization of pressure take place, when altitude is

changed?

1. Eustachian tube

2. External auditory canal 3. Cochlea 4. Tympanic membrane

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Question 69 of 573 Number: 283

Question: Concerning the effects of drugs and pilot´s performance

1. 2. 3. 4.

the primary and the side effects have to be considered only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects are negligible the side effects only have to be considered medication has no influence on pilot´s performance

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Question 70 of 573 Number: 289

Question: What is understood by air-sickness? 1. An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood 2. An illness caused by reduced air pressure 3. An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear

4. A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied by nausea and vomiting

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Question 71 of 573 Number: 410

Question: The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense" 1. is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the correct body position in space 2. can be used as a reference for determining attitude when operating in visual and instrument meteorological conditions 3. can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space

4. can give false inputs to body orientation when visual reference is lost

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Question 72 of 573 Number: 411

Question: Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC 1. will improve the pilots depth perception

2. can cause disorientation

3. will effect the pilots binocular vision 4. can cause colour-illusions

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Question 73 of 573 Number: 412

Question: A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog, dust or haze). What kind of illusion could

the pilot get? 1. The source of light stands still 2. The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed 3. The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is climbing

4. The source of light moves away from him

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Question 74 of 573 Number: 414

Question: Autokinesis is 1. the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark 2. the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol 3. the automatic adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects situated at different distances 4. the apparent movement of a static single light when stared at for a relatively long period of time in

the dark

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Question 75 of 573 Number: 415

Question: A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways only. Approaching a larger and wider

runway can lead to: 1. a flatter than normal approach with the risk of "ducking under" 2. a steeper than normal approach dropping low 3. the risk to land short of the overrun

4. an early or high "round out" Flag this question

Question 76 of 573 Number: 416

Question: The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a relatively long period of

time in the dark is called 1. "oculografic illusion" 2. "white out" 3. "oculogyral illusion"

4. "autokinesis"

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Question 77 of 573 Number: 417

Question: Generally, the time required for dark adaptation is: 1. 10 min 2. 1/10 sec

3. 30 min 4. 10 sec

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Question 78 of 573 Number: 418

Question: Which problem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness,

haze)? Under these conditions it is: 1. impossible to detect objects 2. unlikely that visual illusions occur 3. no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects

4. difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects

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Question 79 of 573 Number: 619

Question: Which of the following symptoms can mark the onset of hyperventilation? 1. Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)

2. Dizzy feeling 3. Slow rate of breathing 4. Slow heart beat Flag this question

Question 80 of 573 Number: 620

Question: Out of the list of possible measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most effective measure is:

1. breathe into a plastic or paper bag 2. speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly

3. avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres 4. hold breath

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Question 81 of 573 Number: 621

Question: What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required by physical need)? 1. Pressure breathing.

2. Anxiety or fear. 3. Overstress. 4. Strong pain. 5. Jogging.

1. 2. 3. 4.

1,2,3 are correct, 1and and 5 are4both false 5 is false 1,2,3,4 and 5 are correct Only 2 and 3 are correct

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Question 82 of 573 Number: 622

Question: Which of the following could a pilot experience when he is hyperventilating? 1. Dizziness 2.

Muscular spasms 3. Visual disturbances 4. Cyanosis 1. 2 and 4 are false 2. 1 is false, all others are correct

3. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 4. 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false

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Question 83 of 573 Number: 624

Question: What could cause hyperventilation ? 1. Fatigue

2. Fear, anxiety and distress 3. Abuse of alcohol 4. Extreme low rate of breathing

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Question 84 of 573 Number: 625

Question: A pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of time may even become unconscious.

Hyperventilation is likely to occur, when: 1. he/she is flying a tight turn 2. there is an increased blood flow to the brain

3. the pilot is emotionally aroused 4. there is a low CO-pressure in the blood

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Question 85 of 573 Number: 630

Question: Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be sufficient up to an altitude of: 1. 45000 FT

2. 40000 FT 3. 80000 FT 4. 60000 FT

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Question 86 of 573 Number: 631

Question: TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is: 1. the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency;

measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia 2. the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss 3. the time between the start of hypoxia and death 4. the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in

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Question 87 of 573 Number: 632

Question: The "Effective Performance Time" or "Time of Useful Consciousness" after a decompression at

35 000 ft is:

1. between 30 and 60 seconds 2. 5 minutes 3. approximately less than 20 seconds 4. approximately 3 minutes

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Question 88 of 573 Number: 633

Question: The time between inadequate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful

Consciousness). It 1. varies individually and does not depend on altitude

2. is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure 3. is the same amount of time for every person

4. varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude

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Question 89 of 573 Number: 634

Question: After a decompression to 43 000 FT the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be

approximately: 1. 60-90 seconds 2. 30-45 seconds

3. 5-15 seconds 4. 45-60 seconds

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Question 90 of 573 Number: 635

Question: Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed gas mixtures, bottles) (>10 m depth) 1. should be avoided because hypoxia may develop 2. are allowed if you fly no higher than 38000 FT

3. are forbidden 4. can be performed without any danger

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Question 91 of 573 Number: 636

Question: Pain in the Joints ("bends") is a symptom of: 1. air-sickness 2. barotrauma 3. hypoxia

4. decompression sickness

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Question 92 of 573 Number: 638

Question: You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness

symptoms. What should you do before flying ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

seek prompt aeromedical advice seek aeromedical advice only if the symptoms become apparent nothing, you may fly immediately delay your next flight for 6 hours

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Question 93 of 573 Number: 639

Question: Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment (> 10 m depth) is forbidden

because it: 1. will always lead to hypoxia 2. has no influence on altitude flights 3. prevents any dangers caused by DCS (decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not exceeding 30 000 FT

4. can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT

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Question 94 of 573 Number: 642

Question: Symptoms of deco mpression sickness 1. are flatulence and pain in the middle ear 2. are only relevant when diving 3. can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 FT

4. are bends, chokes, creeps and neurological symptoms

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Question 95 of 573 Number: 643

Question: Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to

1. 2. 3. 4.

cabin pressure loss when flying at higher altitudes (above 18000 FT) emergency descents without cabin pressure loss fast flights from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure area when flying an unpressurised aeroplane sudden pressure surges in the cabin at altitudes below 18000 FT

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Question 96 of 573 Number: 644

Question: The function of the Eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure between the:

1. sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere 2. nose, throat and the external atmosphere 3. sinuses

4. middle ear and the external atmosphere

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Question 97 of 573 Number: 645

Question: Disruptions of pressure equalization in air-filled cavities of the head (nose, ear etc.) are called: 1. hypoxia 2. embolism 3. hyperventilation

4. barotrauma

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Question 98 of 573 Number: 646

Question: Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach and intestines can lead to: 1. barosinusitis 2. decompression sickness 3. barotitis

4. pressure pain or flatulence

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Question 99 of 573 Number: 647

Question: What counter-measure can be used against barotrauma of the middle ear? 1. Stop climbing, start descent 2. Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent barotrauma in the middle ear 3. Increase rate of descent 4. Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the pressure in the mouth and

throat. At the same time try to swallow or move lower jaw

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Question 100 of 573 Number: 652

Question: A barotrauma of the middle ear

1. is to be expected during rapid decompressions, but an emergency descent immediately following the decompression will eliminate the problem

2. is more likely, when the pilot is flying with a respiratory infection and during descent 3. is only caused by large pressure changes during climb 4. causes severe pain in the sinuses

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Question 101 of 573 Number: 653

Question: Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain. When is this the case?

1. 2. 3. 4.

More frequent when flying above 18 000 FT in a non-pressurized aircraft. Only in pressurized aircraft when flying at higher flight levels. During descent as well as during climb, when the cabin pressure altitude is exceeding 2 000 FT At lower altitudes.

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Question 102 of 573 Number: 655

Question: Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur 1. when climbing 2. in sudden steep turns 3. during a long high altitude flight

4. when descending rapidly

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Question 103 of 573 Number: 656

Question: Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by

1. 2. 3. 4.

a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing pressure pain in the joints dizziness noises in the ear

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Question 104 of 573 Number: 657

Question: The risk of barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely to occur 1. with colds and slow ascents

2. with colds and rapid descents 3. when subjected to the Somatogravic Effect 4. with colds and fast climbs

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Question 105 of 573 Number: 658

Question: The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense involves receptors in the 1. utriculus and sacculus 2. skin only

3. muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts 4. semicircular canals

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Question 106 of 573 Number: 659

Question: Equalization of pressure is limited between the middle ear and the ambient, when: 1. barotrauma exists in the sinuses

2. the eustachian tube is blocked 3. you breath through the mouth 4. the nose is pinched

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Question 107 of 573 Number: 660

Question: A barotrauma of the middle ear is: 1. an acute or chronic trauma to the middle ear caused by a difference of pressure on either side of the

eardrum 2. 3. a andilatation infectionof ofthe the Eustachian middle ear tube caused by rapid decompression 4. a bacterial infection of the middle ear

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Question 108 of 573 Number: 661

Question: A pilot approaching an upsloping runway 1. establishes a higher than normal approach speed 2. establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the risk of stalling out

3. is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long

4. may feel that he is higher than actual. This illusion may cause him to land short.

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Question 109 of 573 Number: 664

Question: What illusion may occur if an aircraft is flying into fog, snow or haze? 1. Objects will appear closer than they really are 2. Objects seem to move slower than in reality 3. Objects will appear bigger in size than in reality

4. Objects seem to be farther away than in reality

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Question 110 of 573 Number: 666

Question: Adaptation is 1. the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the retina 2. the change of the diameter of the pupil 3. the reflection of the light at the cornea

4. the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination

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Question 111 of 573 Number: 667

Question: The time required for complete adaptation is 1. for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination 30 minutes 2. for day and night: 30 min 3. for night 10 sec and for day 30 min

4. for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark adaptation 30 min Flag this question

Question 112 of 573 Number: 668

Question: The requirement of good sunglasses is to 1. fit to the pilots individual taste 2. increase the time for dark adaptation 3. eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields

4. absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity

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Question 113 of 573 Number: 670

Question: Scanning at night should be performed by: 1. concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the fovea)

2. slight eye movements to the side of the object 3. avoiding food containing Vitamin A 4. scanning with one eye open

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Question 114 of 573 Number: 672

Question: A pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, when approaching to a narrow

runway, that he/she is at a: 1. lower height and the impression of landing slow

2. greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land short 3. lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot 4. greater height and the impression of landing short

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Question 115 of 573 Number: 673

Question: Flickering light when reflected from spinning rotor blades

1. can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea 2. has no effect 3. should be avoided, because it may destroy the optic nerve 4. can be avoided when the strobe-lights are switched on Flag this question

Question 116 of 573 Number: 674

Question: Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities 1. may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much better to be identified

2. can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia

3. will have no effect at all 4. will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia

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Question 117 of 573 Number: 675

Question: A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is at a greater height

than he actually is. To compensate he may fly a 1. compensatory glide path and land long

2. flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot 3. higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot 4. compensatory glide path and stall out

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Question 118 of 573 Number: 676

Question: The proprioceptive senses ("Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense") 1. can neither be used for motor coordination in IMC and VMC 2. is a natural human instinct, always indicating the correct attitude

3. may give incorrect information, when outside visual reference is lost 4. can be used, if trained, to avoid spatial disorientation in IMC

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Question 119 of 573 Number: 677

Question: When assessing an individual's risk of developing coronary artery disease, the following factors

may contribute: 1.obesity 2.chronic stress 3.smoking 4.family history

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 2 and 3 are correct, 1 and 4 are false Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false

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Question 120 of 573 Number: 681

Question: Hypoxia can affect night vision 1. and causes the Coriolis Effect

2. at approximately 5 000 ft

3. less than day vision 4. and causes the autokinetic phenomena

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Question 121 of 573 Number: 684

Question: The metabolisation of alcohol 1. can be influenced by easily obtained medication 2. can be accelerated even more by coffee 3. is accelerated by consuming alcohol with a meal

4. is a question of time

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Question 122 of 573 Number: 685

Question: What does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells? 1. Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication) 2. Oxygen deficiency 3. Acceleration

4. High speed

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Question 123 of 573 Number: 686

Question: The fovea is 1. the area of the blind spot (optic disc)

2. the area of best day vision and no night vision at all 3. the area of best day vision and best night vision 4. where the optic nerves come together with the pupil

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Question 124 of 573 Number: 689

Question: The retina of the eye 1. is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for vision

2. only regulates the light that falls into the eye 3. is the muscle, changing the size of the crystalline lens 4. filters the UV-light

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Question 125 of 573 Number: 690

Question: The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the 1. sinuses and the throat 2. nose, throat and the external auditory canal 3. nose, throat and inner ear

4. throat and the middle ear Flag this question

Question 126 of 573 Number: 691

Question: Which force(s) affect(s) the otoliths in the utriculus and sacculus? 1. Gravity alone 2. Angular acceleration 3. Linear acceleration and angular acceleration

4. Gravity and linear acceleration

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Question 127 of 573 Number: 693

Question: Flying a coordinated level turn will 1. first give the impression of climb , then the impression of descent 2. make the body`s pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body`s vertical axis

3. make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body`s vertical axis 4. make the blood being pooled in the head

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Question 128 of 573 Number: 695

Question: Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling out of a prolonged level turn? 1. Flying straight and level 2. Climbing 3. Turning into the srcinal direction

4. Turning in the opposite direction

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Question 129 of 573 Number: 697

Question: How can a pilot overcome vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated instrument flight? 1.

Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-check. 2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your sense of feeling. 3. Ignore arising illusions. 4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to "shakeoff" illusions. 1. 1and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 2. Only 4 is correct

3. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

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Question 130 of 573 Number: 1128

Question: A large number of medical preparations can be bought without a doctor´s prescription. In relation

to using these preparations, which of the following is correct: 1. They have no side effects which would give problems to a pilot during flight 2. They will cause a condition of over-arousal 3. The side effects of these types of preparations are sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by pilots 4. A pilot using any of these preparations should get professional advice from an aviation medical

specialist if he intends to fly and self-medicate at the same time

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Question 131 of 573 Number: 1129

Question: The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in

the mixture. This is:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dalton´s law Graham´s law Boyle Mariotte´s law Henry`s law

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Question 132 of 573 Number: 1130

Question: The cabin pressure in airline operation is 1. normally between 2 000 to 3 000 feet

2. normally between 6 000 to 8 000 feet

3. always equivalent to sea level 4. normally between 4 000 to 5 000 feet

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Question 133 of 573 Number: 1143

Question: Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines. If a pilot is exposed to

carbon monoxide, which of the following responses is correct? 1. When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time, the body will adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are experienced 2. Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to it for a long period of time. 3. A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide can seriously affect a pilot´s

ability to operate an aircraft. 4. Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste.

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Question 134 of 573 Number: 1298

Question: When stopping the rotation of a spin we have the sensation 1. of the immediate stabilization of the aircraft 2. of turning in the same direction

3. that we are starting a spin in the opposite direction 4. of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft

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Question 135 of 573 Number: 1299

Question: When accelerating in level flight we could experience the sensation of a 1. descent 2. spin

3. climb 4. turn

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Question 136 of 573 Number: 1300

Question: Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in:

1. noise induced hearing loss

2. a ruptured ear drum 3. presbycusis (effects of aging) 4. conductive hearing loss

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Question 137 of 573 Number: 1302

Question: The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations between the frequencies

1. 2. 3. 4.

20 - 20000 Hz 30 - 15000 dB 20000 - 40000 Hz 0 - 16 Hz

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Question 138 of 573 Number: 1303

Question: The intensity of a sound is measured in

1. 2. 3. 4.

decibels hertz curies cycles per second

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Question 139 of 573 Number: 1304

Question: The ozone-layer is situated in the 1. troposphere 2. ionosphere

3. stratosphere 4. thermosphere

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Question 140 of 573 Number: 1307

Question: The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the pressure at sea level at 1. 10 000 feet 2. 30 000 feet

3. 18 000 feet

4. 25 000 feet

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Question 141 of 573 Number: 1308

Question: Which of the following laws explains bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution in body tissues

due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure? 1. Boyle´s law 2. Dalton´s law

3. Henry´s law 4. Gay Lussac´s law

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Question 142 of 573 Number: 1309

Question: The normal rate of breathing when at rest is 1. 32 to 40 cycles a minute 2. 60 to 100 cycles a minute 3. 25 to 30 cycles a minute

4. 12 to 20 cycles a minute

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Question 143 of 573 Number: 1310

Question: The main function of the red blood cells is 1. the cellular defence of the body 2. to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood 3. to contribute to the immune response of the body

4. to transport oxygen

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Question 144 of 573 Number: 1311

Question: Altitude-hypoxia, when breathing ambient air, should not usually occur (indifferent phase)

1. 2. 3. 4.

below 3 000 m up to 5 000 m between 5 000 m and 7 000 m between 3 000 m and 5 000 m

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Question 145 of 573 Number: 1312

Question: "The Bends" as a symptom of decompression sickness consists of: 1. loss of peripheral vision

2. pain in the joints 3. pain in the thorax and a cough 4. CNS-disturbances Flag this question

Question 146 of 573 Number: 2943

Question: What are the main effects of a lack of sleep on performance?

1. It increases fatigue, reduces concentration and increases the risk of sensory illusions 2. It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but facilitates stress management by muscular relaxation 3. It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss greater than 48 hours 4. It causes muscular spasms

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Question 147 of 573 Number: 2987

Question: Which of the following statements are correct ? -1: Modern aircraft allow for 50 - 60% relative

humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight, which is satisfactory for the body -2: Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration -3: Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue -4: Drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise be lost

1. 2,3 2. 1,2,4 3. 1,4 4. 2,3,4 Flag this question

Question 148 of 573 Number: 2989

Question: With regard to central vision, which of the following statements are correct ? -1: It is due to the

functioning of rods -2: It enables details, colours and movement to be seen -3: Its very active both during the day and at night -4: It represents a zone where about 150.000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity 1. 1,2,4

2. 2,4 3. 1,3 4. 2,3,4

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Question 149 of 573 Number: 2990

Question: Which of the following statements concerning information is correct ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel The kinesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man

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Question 150 of 573 Number: 2991

Question: What is the procedure above 10.000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10,000 ft First inform ATC Check the cabin altitude, don an oxygen mask and maintain level flight Descend to below 10,000 ft and signal an emergency

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Question 151 of 573 Number: 2992

Question: What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid

decompression at 35,000 ft ? 1. 12 seconds 2. 5 minutes 3. 3 seconds

4. 45 seconds

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Question 152 of 573 Number: 2993

Question: What is the Time of Useful Consciousness ?

1. The length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency,

measured from the moment at which he/she loses his/her available oxygen supply 2. The time taken to become aware of hypoxia due to gradual decompression 3. The period of time between the start of hypoxia and the moment that the pilot becomes aware of it 4. The pilot's reaction time when faced with hypoxia

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Question 153 of 573 Number: 2995

Question: Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur? 1. Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary 2. Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the symptoms to disappear before climbing again 3. Only medical treatment is of use

4. Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible

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Question 154 of 573 Number: 2996

Question: What is decompression sickness? 1. The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no consequences for people's capabilities 2. A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the pressurisation curve of modern aircraft 3. A condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a cabin

pressure loss at high altitude 4. A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft

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Question 155 of 573 Number: 2998

Question: Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by: 1. reduced mobility of the ossicles

2. damage to the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to overexposure to noise 3. a blocked Eustachian tube 4. pressure differences on both sides of the eardrum

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Question 156 of 573 Number: 2999

Question: Excessive exposure to noise can damage:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the sensitive membrane in the cochlea the semi circular canals the eardrum the ossicles

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Question 157 of 573 Number: 3000

Question: The inner ear is able to perceive: 1. angular acceleration 2. linear acceleration 3. noise 1. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false 2. 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false

3. 1 and 2 and 3 are correct 4. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

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Question 158 of 573 Number: 3001

Question: Angular accelerations are perceived by: 1. the cochlea 2. the receptors in the skin and the joints 3. the otholiths

4. the semi circular canals

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Question 159 of 573 Number: 3002

Question: The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to: 1. angular acceleration

2. acceleration 3. linear constant speed onlyand gravity 4. angular speed

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Question 160 of 573 Number: 3003

Question: Visual disturbances can be caused by: 1. hyperventilation 2. hypoxia 3. hypertension 4. fatigue

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 2 and 4 are correct 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct

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Question 161 of 573 Number: 3004

Question: Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is: 1. flying in IMC 2. frequently changing

between inside and outside references 3. flying from IMC into VMC 4. approaching over still water at night 1. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 2. 2, 3 and 4 are correct 3. 1, 3 and 4 are correct

4. 1, 2 and 4 are correct

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Question 162 of 573 Number: 3005

Question: Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false sensation of: 1. pitching down

2. pitching up 3. vertigo 4. apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision

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Question 163 of 573 Number: 3006

Question: Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the illusion of: 1. yawing 2. spinning 3. descending

4. climbing

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Question 164 of 573 Number: 2468

Question: Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is : 1. intense

2. sudden 3. obvious

4. insidious

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Question 165 of 573 Number: 2298

Question: Hyperventilation is due to an excessive rate of breathing and can produce the following

symptoms: 1. reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity 2. blue finger-nails and lips

3. dizziness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea and blurred vision 4. a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate

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Question 166 of 573 Number: 2299

Question: In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba diving, subsequent flights should be

delayed 1. 3 hours after non decompression diving 2. 48 hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been made 3. 36 hours after any scuba diving

4. 24 hours

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Question 167 of 573 Number: 2300

Question: During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which should be used to overcome illusions is the: 1. visual sense by looking outside 2. vestibular sense

3. visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator 4. "Seat-of-the-pants-Sense"

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Question 168 of 573 Number: 2301

Question: Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:

1. 2. 3. 4.

if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer when flying in light rain below the ceiling

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Question 169 of 573 Number: 2302

Question: The chemical substance responsible for addiction to tobacco is

1. 2. 3. 4.

nicotine the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide tar carbon monoxide

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Question 170 of 573 Number: 2303

Question: It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is: 1. although the change in air pressure during a climb at lower altitudes is very small, it increases rapidly at high altitudes. If the tissue in the Eustachian tube of the ear is swollen, gentle descents at high altitude would result in damage to the ear drum 2. swollen tissue in the inner ear will increase the rate of metabolic production resulting in hyperventilation 3. because it will seriously affect peripheral vision 4. the tissue around the nasal end of the Eustachian tube is likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising the pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area. Pain and damage to the

eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents

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Question 171 of 573 Number: 10116

Question: During hyperventilation 1. alkalinity level of the blood is reduced 2. nitrogen concentration of the blood is above normal

3. acidity level of the blood is reduced 4. oxygen concentration of the blood is below normal

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Question 172 of 573 Number: 10117

Question: What is meant by presbycusis? 1. Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age. 2. Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease.

3. Gradual loss of hearing with age. 4. Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.

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Question 173 of 573 Number: 10118

Question: On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight, it is recommended that:

1. 2. 3. 4.

you avoid head movements and rely on your instruments you close your eyes for a moment so that the oculo-vestibular conflict disappears you rely on your sensations only, as humans are much more reliable than flight instruments you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turn to nullify the stimulus causing the illusion

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Question 174 of 573 Number: Question:10119 Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are: 1. Difficulty in focussing on near-by objects 2. Severe eye and head aches

3. Headache and lack of concentration 4. Double vision and puffiness around the eyes

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Question 175 of 573 Number: 10120

Question: To prevent gastro-intestinal problems in tropical climates you should: 1. not eat salad or raw

vegetables 2. always peel fruit 3. only eat food that has been properly cooked 4. avoid ice-cream Which of the following lists all the correct answers? 1. 2 and 4 2. 1, 2 and 3 3. 1 and 2

4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Question 176 of 573 Number: 10121

Question: To resynchronize a circadian rhythm, it takes more time after: 1. north-south flights

2. eastbound flights 3. south-north flights 4. westbound flights

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Question 177 of 573 Number: 12527

Question: Flying a non-pressurized light aircraft at 9 000 feet your passenger develops blue lips: 1. you will attempt to calm him/her and occupying the passenger with suitable tasks. 2. you supply him with extra oxygen, but do not reduce altitude as the partial pressure of oxygen never results in symptoms below 10 000 feet.

3. assuming he is suffering from hypoxia you reduce altitude and supply him/her with oxygen. 4. assuming he is hyperventilating you order him to stop breathing while you supply additional oxygen.

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Question 178 of 573 Number: 12525

Question: Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving, using compressed gas, to depths greater than 10

metres: 1. can be performed without any danger 2. are allowed if you fly no higher than 38000 FT 3. should be avoided because hypoxia may develop

4. are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness

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Question 179 of 573 Number: 12500

Question: Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight: 1. when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer

2. if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments 3. when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check 4. when flying in light rain below the ceiling

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Question 180 of 573 Number: 12502

Question: Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will:

1. 2. 3. 4.

cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance. not affect night vision when flying at sea level. prevent serious hyperventilation due to sedation effect of nicotine. increase your G-tolerance considerably by increasing blood pressure.

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Question 181 of 573 Number: 12506

Question: Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above: 1. 55,000 ft 2. 45,000 ft 3. 40,000 ft

4. 49,000 ft

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Question 182 of 573 Number: Question:12508 Presbyopia causes a: 1. lack of empty field 2. lack of vitamin A 3. mis-shapened cornea

4. decrease of accommodation

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Question 183 of 573 Number: 12509

Question: Presbycusis results in: 1. will not affect a pilot's hearing if he/she is wearing ear-plugs all the time 2. reduction in the perception of all tones equally 3. reduction in the perception of low tones first

4. reduction in the perception of high tones first

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Question 184 of 573 Number: 12510

Question: Presbycusis causes initial loss of: 1. conductive hearing. 2. low and high tones equally. 3. low tones.

4. high tones.

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Question 185 of 573 Number: 12512

Question: Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause: 1. Drowsiness and dizziness 2.

Hypoglycaemia 3. Hyperventilation 4. Flatulence Which of the following lists all the correct answers? 1. 3 and 4 2. 1 and 3 3. 2, 3 and 4

4. only 1

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Question 186 of 573 Number: 12514

Question: Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by: 1. increased atmospheric pressure

2. decreased atmospheric pressure 3. accelerations 4. disorientation

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Question 187 of 573 Number: 12516

Question: Resonance of the body parts can result from: 1. angular velocity 2. vibrations from 16 Hz to 18 kHz 3. acceleration along the longitudinal body axis

4. vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz

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Question 188 of 573 Number: 12538

Question: Hyperventilation is:

1. an increased heart rate caused by an increasing blood pressure 2. a reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the brain 3. a normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (i.e. when climbing

a high mountain) 4. an increased heart rate caused by a decreasing blood-pressure

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Question 189 of 573 Number: 12540

Question: How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be affected? 1. Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to rise. 2. Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to rise. 3. Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to fall. 4. Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic

acid to fall.

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Question 190 of 573 Number: 12541

Question: How does an increase in altitude affect the haemoglobin oxygen saturation? 1. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 57% from 24000 ft.

2. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases. 3. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation with remain constant at 97.5% from 10000 ft. 4. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation increases.

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Question 191 of 573 Number: 12543

Question: How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility? 1. By closing the eyes momentarily 2. By avoiding blinking 3. By looking approximately 5° to one side of an object

4. By looking at the horizon

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Question 192 of 573 Number: 12544

Question: How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body? 1. Metabolism 2. Diffusion

3. Circulation 4. Oxidisation

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Question 193 of 573 Number: 12547

Question: State the conditions which cause the "black hole effect" and the danger to flight safety. 1. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over featureless terrain on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a high approach being flown. 2. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying under instruments with poor cockpit lighting and can lead to disorientation. 3. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a high approach being flown. 4. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a low

approach being flown.

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Question 194 of 573 Number: 12548

Question: Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you: 1. must be careful when flying because the infection may cause hyperglycemia. 2. may accept to fly an ambulance flight because "Sinus squeeze" is rare and represents a minor danger to aviation. 3. should not fly because the infection may cause hypoxia due to congestion in the nose. 4. should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can seriously

affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft.

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Question 195 of 573 Number: 12549

Question: Haemoglobin has an affinity for carbon monoxide of ...............times over oxygen 1. 50 - 75 2. 5 - 10 3. 500 - 1,000

4. 210 - 250

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Question 196 of 573 Number: 12551

Question: Glaucoma is due to: 1. Drop in pressure of the liquid around the eye

2. Increase in pressure of the liquid within the eye 3. Excess light on the eyeball 4. Damage to the eyeball due to high altitude

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Question 197 of 573 Number: 12552

Question: Galactic Radiation is: 1. Unsteady and reasonably predictable 2. Steady but unpredictable 3. Unsteady and unpredictable

4. Steady and reasonably predictable

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Question 198 of 573 Number: 12553

Question: Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately: 1. 8 hours 2. 6 hours 3. 36 hours

4. 25 hours

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Question 199 of 573 Number: 12555

Question: Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment to a depth greater than 10

metres is not advisable because:

1. can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT

2. prevents any dangers caused by DCS (decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not exceeding 30 000 FT 3. will always lead to hypoxia 4. has no influence on altitude flights

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Question 200 of 573 Number: 12556

Question: Hepatitis 'A' is transmitted through: 1. bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin. 2. insect bites. 3. droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.

4. food or water which has been contaminated.

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Question 201 of 573 Number: 12557

Question: Alcohol degrades: 1. Stage 2 sleep

2. Paradoxical sleep 3. Stage 3 and 4 sleep 4. Slow wave sleep

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Question 202 of 573 Number: 12561

Question: Among the measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro-intestinal upsets are

endemic is: 1. avoidance of curries or gassy foods. 2. avoidance of cooked meats. 3. avoidance of cooked fruits.

4. avoidance of ice in cold drinks.

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Question 203 of 573 Number: 12562

Question: Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are: 1. distance from the edge of the taxiway and cockpit lighting. 2. distance from the edge of the taxiway and taxi lighting. 3. visibility and distance.

4. relative movement and cockpit height above the ground.

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Question 204 of 573 Number: 12563

Question: Among the factors which affect visual acuity are:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea Colour blindness, alcohol and amount of light available Colour blindness, visibility and angular distance from the fovea Smoking, colour blindness and angular distance from the fovea

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Question 205 of 573 Number: 12564

Question: Among the factors which affect night vision are: 1. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin C. 2. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin E. 3. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin B.

4. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and alcohol.

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Question 206 of 573 Number: 12565

Question: A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because:

1. 2. 3. 4.

you have an increased susceptibility to fainting your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation your heart rate is too low after blood-donation the chance you get the bends is higher after blood-donation

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Question 207 of 573 Number: 12567

Question: An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when: 1. decelerating at low altitude. 2. flying over high terrain in low visibility. 3. accelerating at low altitude.

4. suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees.

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Question 208 of 573 Number: 12568

Question: After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35 000 FT the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness)

will be approximately: 1. 10-15 seconds 2. 5 minutes or more

3. 30 -40 seconds 4. 3-4 minutes

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Question 209 of 573 Number: 12570

Question: Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because: 1. carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli 2. the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract 3. carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli

4. haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen

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Question 210 of 573 Number: 12571

Question: A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass

the "critical threshold" at approximately: 1. 38 000 ft 2. 12 000 ft 3. 16 000 ft

4. 20 000 ft

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Question 211 of 573 Number: 12572

Question: Tetanus is transmitted through: 1. Insect bites 2. Droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person 3. Food or water which has been contaminated

4. Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin

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Question 212 of 573 Number: 12575

Question: Among the factors that increase tolerance to long-duration g forces are:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Bending forward or supine body position and tensing of the abdominal muscles Correct use of pilot's harness and tensing of the abdominal muscles Tensing the leg muscles and correct use of pilot's harness Anti-g suits and correct use of pilot's harness

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Question 213 of 573 Number: 12576

Question: Astigmatism is caused by:

1. A mis-shapened cornea 2. A lack of vitamin A 3. A lack of accommodation 4. A lack of empty field

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Question 214 of 573 Number: 12577

Question: By 'long duration acceleration', we mean that it lasts more than:

1. 2. 3. 4.

1 second 20 seconds 5 minutes 1 minute

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Question 215 of 573 Number: 12578

Question: Below 70,000 ft., what gas makes up the major part of the atmosphere ? 1. Carbon dioxide

2. Nitrogen 3. Ozone

4. Oxygen

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Question 216 of 573 Number: 12580

Question: Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose

1. is caused by differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure 2. is an irritation of the sinuses caused by the over-use of nasal sprays 3. is only caused by colds and their effects 4. only arises in flying and not in diving

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Question 217 of 573 Number: 12581

Question: Barotrauma is caused by an increase or decrease in the volume of the gases contained in the

body's cavities. Which, in practice, are the most frequent locations of such problems? 1. Dental cavities, outer ear and eyes

2. Facial sinuses, middle ear and dental cavities 3. Facial sinuses, outer ear and stomach 4. Inner ear, facial sinuses and stomach

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Question 218 of 573 Number: 12582

Question: Autokinesis can give the pilot the impression that: 1. lights are further away than in fact they are. 2. the aircraft is climbing

3. a star is another aircraft 4. lights from ships are stars

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Question 219 of 573 Number: 12583

Question: At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a rapid

decompression ? 1. Approximately 14 000 ft. 2. Approximately 50 000 ft.

3. Approximately 40 000 ft.

4. Approximately 20 000 ft.

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Question 220 of 573 Number: 12585

Question: At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is

approximately: 1. 75 litres/min

2. 3. 5 45litres/min litres/min 4. 450 ml/min

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Question 221 of 573 Number: 12587

Question: Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100ml take to return to normal ? 1. 20 hours 2. 1 hour 3. 12 hours

4. 4 hours

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Question 222 of 573 Number: 12589

Question: Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in: 1. a ruptured ear drum 2. conductive hearing loss

3. noise induced hearing loss 4. presbycusis (effects of aging)

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Question 223 of 573 Number: 12595

Question: At which altitude (within the "indifferent zone") may a degradation of night vision occur?

1. 2. 3. 4.

From approximately 1 600m 3 000m - 5 000m up to 5 000m 5 000m - 7 000m

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Question 224 of 573 Number: 12597

Question: If a stop-over is more than 24 hours, the correct action is to: 1. Stay on home time and, on arrival, move to the new time 2. No adjustment is necessary

3. Move to the new time as soon as possible 4. Stay on home time Flag this question

Question 225 of 573 Number: 12598

Question: Cholera can be transmitted through: 1. Droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person 2. Insect bites 3. Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin

4. Food or water which has been contaminated

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Question 226 of 573 Number: 12599

Question: Hypoxia is: 1. often produced during steep turns when pilots turn their heads in a direction opposite to the direction in which the aircraft is turning 2. a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen saturation in the blood while hyperventilating. 3. a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the circulatory system to compensate by decreasing the heart rate. 4. a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow reactions

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Question 227 of 573 Number: 12600

Question: A pilot may suffer from hypoxia 1. if he/she is flying an unpressurised airplane at an altitude of 15 000 feet and breathing 100 % oxygen 2. after decompression to 30 000 feet and using 100 % oxygen via an oxygen mask

3. after decompression at high altitude and not using additional oxygen in time

4. if his rate of climb exceeds 5 000 ft/min

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Question 228 of 573 Number: 12601

Question: The system which controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, etc., over which there is no voluntary

control, is: 1. the critical nervous system 2. non-existent, as all these functions are under conscious control 3. the local nervous system

4. the autonomic nervous system

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Question 229 of 573 Number: 12603

Question: The sleep pattern is closely associated with: 1. Heart rate 2. Glucose level 3. Blood pressure

4. Body temperature

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Question 230 of 573 Number: 12605

Question: The risk of spatial disorientation increases when: 1. the pilot is buckled tightly to his/her seat and cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft by the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense 2. information from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are ignored

3. there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs 4. the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check and is ignoring illusions

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Question 231 of 573 Number: 12606

Question: Hypoxia can affect night vision 1. and causes the Coriolis Effect 2. and causes the autokinetic phenomena

3. at approximately 5 000 ft

4. less than day vision

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Question 232 of 573 Number: 12607

Question: The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10,000 ft must:

1. allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia 2. make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes 3. allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent disorders due to hypoxia 4. make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100 % oxygen

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Question 233 of 573 Number: 12608

Question: The primary symptom of Decompression sickness/illness is: 1. red coloured cheeks and lips 2. neurological damages to the CNS

3. the Bends 4. the Chokes

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Question 234 of 573 Number: 12611

Question: The Peripheral Nervous System passes information from the: 1. brain to the sensory stores through sensory nerves 2. brain to all parts of the body through sensory and autonomic nerves 3. brain to all parts of the body through sensory nerves

4. sensory inputs to the CNS through sensory and motor nerves

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Question 235 of 573 Number: 12612

Question: The "Leans" or Somatogyral illusion can be caused by: 1. Bunting the aircraft 2. A carrier take-off

3. Reducing bank following a prolonged turn 4. Going into a turn too quickly

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Question 236 of 573 Number: 12617

Question: A pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although the aircraft is on the correct

glidepath: 1. when the runway is unusually narrow 2. depending on the approach speed of the aircraft

3. theapproaches runway is wider 4. when on night only than he is used to

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Question 237 of 573 Number: 12618

Question: A pilot can prevent hypoxia by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

using additional oxygen when flying above 10000 ft not exceeding a cabin pressure altitude of 20000 ft relying on the body's built in warning system recognizing any stage of hypoxia swallowing, yawing and applying the Valsalva method

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Question 238 of 573 Number: 12621

Question: The Somatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of:

1. 2. 3. 4.

climbing or descending. descending and turning to the left. descending and turning to the right. climbing and turning to the right.

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Question 239 of 573 Number: 12625

Question: A "Graveyard-Spin" is: 1. a spin maneuver that should only be performed by well trained pilots. 2. an illusion caused by misperception of being higher than you really are when performing a spin. Thus the recovery tends to be dangerously low. 3. a spin in which the pilot, on recovery, tends to re-enter the spin due to the somatogyral illusion where

the vestibular system no longer senses radial acceleration.

4. a fatal accident caused by a state of spinning the fluid in the brain.

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Question 240 of 573 Number: 12626

Question: Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that: 1. Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to shallow approaches. 2. Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to steep approaches.

3. Objects appear further away than they really are and can lead to steep approaches. 4. Objects appear further away than they really are and lead to shallow approaches.

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Question 241 of 573 Number: 12627

Question: A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33 700 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at: 1. 21 300 ft

2. sea level 3. 10 000 ft 4. 8 000 ft

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Question 242 of 573 Number: 12629

Question: If warned of an imminent thunderstorm: 1. no specific action is advised with regards to the adjustment of the brightness of cockpit lights. 2. cockpit lights should be turned off. 3. cockpit lights should be dimmed.

4. cockpit lights should be turned up.

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Question 243 of 573 Number: 12633

Question: "Greyout" occurs in case of: 1. + gX 2. - gZ 3. + gY

4. + gZ

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Question 244 of 573 Number: 15472

Question: On average most human adults require approximately how many hours sleep per night? 1. 4 hrs 2. 10 hrs

3. 8 hrs 4. 6 hrs

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Question 245 of 573 Number: 15819

Question: Tattooing and immunization with the use of improperly sterilized needles or syringes may expose

the receiver to which of the following? 1. Diabetes 2. Hypertension 3. Osteoarthritis

4. Hepatitis B or C

Question 246 of 573

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Number: 15765

Question: If a crew is having a stop-over for less than 24hrs before returning to their homebase, what

coping strategy should be used for jet lag? 1. Change eating and sleeping cycle to stop-over (destination) time. 2. Only have meals when it is daylight and sleep when it is dark, to ensure sufficient sleep credit. 3. Eat light meals only and have regular naps instead of proper sleep.

4. Maintain eating and sleeping cycle based on home time.

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Question 247 of 573 Number: 15738

Question: In the case of fire in flight most fatalities are caused by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Suffocation from fumes caused by aircraft furnishing and wiring. Cardiac arrest caused by stress and fear. Inhalation of hydrogen fumes. Burns.

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Question 248 of 573 Number: 15884

Question: Hypoglycaemia can be caused by: 1. otic barotraumas. 2. excessive g forces.

3. not eating regularly or fasting. 4. excessive sugar in the blood.

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Question 249 of 573 Number: 1799

Question: The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a explained by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dalton´s law Boyle Mariotte´s law Graham´s law Henry´s law

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Question 250 of 573 Number: 1801

Question: Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is toxic because 1. it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary membrane 2. it prevents the absorption of food from the digestive tract

3. it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglobin 4. it prevents the excretion of catabolites in the kidneys

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Question 251 of 573 Number: 1802

Question: Hyperventilation causes

1. 2. 3. 4.

a reduction of carbon dioxide in the blood acidosis hypochondria an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

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Question 252 of 573 Number: 1803

Question: Anxiety and fear can cause 1. spatial disorientation 2. hypoglycaemia

3. hyperventilation 4. hypoxia

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Question 253 of 573 Number: 1805

Question: One of the first effects to be noticed on gradual exposure to high positive radial accelerat ions is

1. 2. 3. 4.

grey-out black-out red-vision loss of consciousness

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Question 254 of 573 Number: Question:1811 To prevent vertigo in flight we should 1. look towards the sides when we make a turn 2. keep breathing normally

3. not move the head suddenly while we are turning 4. breath deeply but control the respiratory frequency

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Question 255 of 573 Number: 1812

Question: When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a slight degree of hypoxia is the 1. cochlea 2. proprioceptive sensitivity 3. sense of balance

4. vision

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Question 256 of 573 Number: 1815

Question: The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce modifications in cells which develop a

cancer) in cigarettes is 1. lead 2. carbon monoxide 3. nicotine

4. tar

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Question Number: 1816257 of 573 Question: One of the substances present in the smoke of cigarettes can make it significantly more difficult

for the red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which substance are we referring to? 1. Tar 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Carbonic anhydride

4. Carbon monoxide

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Question 258 of 573 Number: 1817

Question: The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in 1. the inner ear 2. the outer ear 3. the maxillary sinus

4. the middle ear

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Question 259 of 573 Number: 1818

Question: The semicircular canals form part of the 1. ear drum 2. external ear 3. middle ear

4. inner ear

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Question 260 of 573

Number: 1819

Question: It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is: 1. swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic membrane

2. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents 3. swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss 4. gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum

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Question Number: 1820261

of 573

Question: The Coriolis effect in spatial disorientation occurs as a result of: 1. on stimulating the cochlea intensely 2. stimulation of the saccule and the utricle (otoliths) of the inner ear 3. absence of semicircular canal stimulation

4. simultaneous stimulation of several semicircular canals

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Question 262 of 573 Number: 1822

Question: The part(s) of the eye responsible for night vision 1. is the cornea 2. are the cones 3. are rods and cones

4. are the rods

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Question 263 of 573 Number: 1823

Question: The fovea 1. is an area in which rods predominate 2. is sensitive to very low intensities of light 3. is the area responsible for night vision

4. is an area in which cones predominate

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Question 264 of 573 Number: 1824

Question: When the optical image forms in front of the retina; this results in:

1. 2. 3. 4.

myopia presbyopia astigmatism hypermetropia

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Question 265 of 573 Number: 1828

Question: The re-adjustment of the biological rhythms after a time shift is normally more difficult

1. 2. 3. 4.

with flights towards the East with flights towards the North with flights towards the South with flights towards the West

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Question 266 of 573 Number: 1829

Question: During paradoxical sleep 1. physical restoration and recuperation takes place 2. respiration is very regular 3. the rhythm of the heart is very regular

4. rapid eye movements can be observed

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Question 267 of 573 Number: 1884

Question: Noise induced hearing loss is influenced by

1. the duration and intensity of a noise 2. of the noise of but not its duration 3. the the intensity suddenness of onset a noise 4. the duration of a noise but not its intensity

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Question 268 of 573 Number: 1885

Question: In order to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise should:

1. 2. 3. 4.

double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three times a week double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a week be avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the heart triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week

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Question 269 of 573 Number: 1886

Question: Which of the following is most true? 1. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the only effective way to lose weight 2. Regular exercise and reduction in calorie consumption are both essential in order to lose weight 3. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most efficient way to lose weight is by

reducing calorie consumption 4. Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it increases the metabolic rate

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Question 270 of 573 Number: 1887

Question: The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone

at a rate of about 1. 3 - 3.5 hours a day 2. 4 - 4.5 hours a day 3. 2 - 2.5 hours a day

4. 1 - 1.5 hours a day

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Question 271 of 573 Number: 3357

Question: During gas exchange, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is:

1. 2. 3. 4.

lower than in the blood lower than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air. the same as in the atmospheric air higher than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

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Question 272 of 573 Number: 3358

Question: The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of:

1. water vapour in the alveoli 2. oxygen in the cells

3. carbon dioxide in the blood 4. nitrogen in the air

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Question 273 of 573 Number: 3360

Question: A pressurized cabin helps to prevent: 1. decompression sickness 2 .the problem of expansion of

gases in the intestines 3. hypoxia 4. coronary desease

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 2 and 3 are correct. 1, 3 and 4 are correct. 2, 3 and 4 are correct. 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

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Question 274 of 573 Number: 3361

Question: Healthy people are usually capable of compensating for a lack of oxygen up to: 1. 25,000 feet

2. 10,000 - 12.000feet 3. 20,000 feet 4. 15,000 feet

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Question 275 of 573 Number: 3362

Question: When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the oxygen pressure lower than sea level. the partial percentage of oxygen is is lower than atatsea level the composition of the air is different from sea level the composition of the blood changes

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Question 276 of 573 Number: 3363

Question: Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is approximately 98%. This saturation decreases

with: 1. decreasing air pressure 2. carbon monoxide poisoning 3. increasing altitude 4. increasing air pressure 1. 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false 2. 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false 3. 1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false

4. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

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Question 277 of 573 Number: 3364

Question: Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells

1. 2. 3. 4.

have a shortage of oxygen are saturated with nitrogen have a shortage of carbon dioxide are saturated with oxygen

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Question 278 of 573 Number: 3365

Question: The severity of hypoxia depends on the: 1. rate of decompression 2. physical fitness 3. flight level

4. individual tolerance 1. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false 2. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 3. 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

4. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct

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Question 279 of 573 Number: 3366

Question: Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct? 1. It is never a problem at altitudes below 25.000 ft. 2. It has little effect on the body, because the body can always compensate for it.

3. It is a potential threat to safety. 4. It activates the senses and makes them function better.

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Question 280 of 573

Number: 3367

Question: Early symptoms of hypoxia could be: 1. euphoria 2. decreased rate and depth of breathing 3. lack

of concentration 4. visual disturbances 1. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct 2. 1,2 and 4 are correct

3. 1,3 and 4 are correct 4. 1,2 and 3 are correct

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Question 281 of 573 Number: 3368

Question: One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is:

1. 2. 3. 4.

impaired judgement hyperventilation, causing emotional stress cyanosis, reducing then pilots ability to hear reduced coordination of limb movements, causing the pilot to spin

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Question 282 of 573 Number: 3369

Question: Which of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia? 1. Blue lips and finger nails. 2.

Euphoria. 3. Flatulence. 4 .Unconsciousness..

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 2 and 4 are correct. 1, 3 and 4 are correct. 1, 2 and 3 are correct. 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

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Question 283 of 573 Number: 3370

Question: Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia? 1. Motor coordination. 2. Hearing. 3. Speech.

4. Night vision.

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Question 284 of 573

Number: 3371

Question: You are crossing the Alps in a non-pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15.000 feet. You do not

use the oxygen mask because you feel fine. This is unsafe, because: 1. the blood-pressure can get too high 2. you will get the bends

3. your judgement could be impaired 4. the blood-pressure can get too low

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Question 285 of 573 Number: 3372

Question: During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has decreased. In this case

you can increase your acuity by: 1. dim the instrument lights

2. breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask. 3. closing one eye 4. scanning sectors of the field of vision

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Question 286 of 573 Number: 3373

Question: During flight all crewmembers have one or more of the following symptoms: 1. blue lips 2.

mental disturbances 3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs 4. reduction of peripheral vision Which is the possible cause? 1. Glaucoma. 2. Hypothermia. 3. Hypoglycaemia.

4. Hypoxia.

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Question 287 of 573 Number: 3374

Question: Which measure(s) will help to compensate for hypoxia? 1. Descend below 10 000 FT. 2. Breathe

100 % oxygen. 3. Climb to or above 10 000 FT. 4. Reduce physical activities. 1. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 2. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

3. 1, 2 and 4 are correct 4. only 1 is correct

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Question 288 of 573 Number: 3892

Question: Someone who has anaemia has:

1. 2. 3. 4.

not enough functional haemoglobin not enough platelets not enough white blood cells not enough plasma

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Question 289 of 573 Number: 3893

Question: The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is about: 1. 90 to 100 beats/min

2. 60 to 80 beats/min 3. 110 to 150 beats/min 4. 30 to 50 beats/min

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Question 290 of 573 Number: 3895

Question: With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the cardiac output is about: 1. 7 litres/min 2. 6 litres/min 3. 8 litres/min

4. 5 litres/min

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Question 291 of 573 Number: 3896

Question: At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is

approximately: 1. 75 litres/min

2. 5 litres/min 3. 450 ml/min 4. 45 litres/min

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Question 292 of 573 Number: 3897

Question: The heart muscle is supplied with blood by: 1. the pulmonary veins 2. the auricles

3. the coronary arteries 4. ventricles

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Question 293 of 573 Number: 3898

Question: The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult at rest is (systolic/diastolic): 1. 220/180 mm Hg 2. 180/120 mm Hg 3. 80/20 mm Hg

4. 120/80 mm Hg

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Question 294 of 573 Number: 3899 Question: Which of the following statements is correct? The blood-pressure which is measured during flight

medical checks is the pressure

1. 2. 3. 4.

in the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level) in the muscles of the upper arm in the veins of the upper arm in all the blood-vessels of the body (representing the pressure in the whole body)

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Question 295 of 573 Number: 3900

Question: Blood-pressure depends on: 1. the cardiac output 2. the resistance of the capillaries Which of the

following lists all the correct answers ? 1. 1 is correct 2 is false 2. 1 and 2 are both false

3. 1 and 2 are correct 4. 1 is false 2 is correct

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Question 296 of 573 Number: 3901

Question: The blood-pressure depends on: 1. the work of the heart 2. the peripheral resistance 3. the

elasticity of the arterial walls 4. the blood volume and viscosity 1. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

2. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct 3. 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false 4. 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false

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Question 297 of 573 Number: 3902

Question: Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

pressoreceptors pacemakers adrenal glands arteriols

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Question 298 of 573 Number: 3903

Question: The pressoreceptors are located in 1. the intestines 2. the lungs

3. the carotid and aortic arterial vessels 4. the heart

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Question 299 of 573 Number: 3904

Question: When the pressoreceptors signal a lowering of the blood-pressure there are adaptation

mechanisms which result in: 1. an increase of respiratory activity 2. the arteriols to constrict 3. an increase of cardiac output 4. the heart rate to rise 1. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 2. 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false

3. 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false 4. 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false

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Question 300 of 573 Number: 3905

Question: The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on: 1. the duration of the G-

forces 2. the onset rate of the G-forces 3. the magnitude of the G-forces 4. the direction of the G-forces. 1. 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false 2. 1and 4 are correct, 3 is false 3. 1,2,3 are correct, 4 is false

4. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct

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Question 301 of 573 Number: 3906

Question: Positive g will cause the blood flow to the brain to: 1. first increase, then decrease

2. decrease 3. remain constant 4. increase

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Question 302 of 573 Number: 3907

Question: During sustained positive G-forces the order of symptoms you can expect is: 1. grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision

2. grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness. 3. black-out, grey-out, tunnel vision and unconsciousness. 4. unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out.

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Question 303 of 573 Number: 3909

Question: The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about: 1. 72 cycles per minute 2. 4 cycles per minute

3. 16 cycles per minute 4. 32 cycles per minute

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Question 304 of 573

Number: 3910

Question: The volume of air exchanged during a normal breathing cycle (tidal volume) is about: 1. 150 ml of air 2. 350 ml of air 3. 75 ml of air

4. 500 ml of air

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Question Number: 3911305

of 573

Question: When exhaling, the expired air contains: 1. more nitrogen than the inhaled air 2. more oxygen than the inhaled air

3. more carbon dioxide than the inspired air 4. less water vapour than the inhaled air

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Question 306 of 573 Number: 3912

Question: The primary factor in controlling the rate and depth of breathing is the: 1. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood 2. total air pressure in the blood

3. pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood 4. partial pressure of nitrogen

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Question 307 of 573 Number: 3913

Question: The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can be described by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the law of diffusion Boyle's Law Henry's Law Dalton's Law

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Question 308 of 573 Number: 3914

Question: The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be described by:

1. Henry's Law 2. Dalton's Law

3. the law of diffusion 4. Boyles Law

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Question 309 of 573 Number: 3916

Question: Hyperventilation is: 1. a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood 2. a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood.

3. an increased lung ventilation 4. a decreased lung ventilation

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Question 310 of 573 Number: 3917

Question: Hyperventilation is: 1. a decreased lung ventilation

2. an increased lung ventilation 3. a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood. 4. a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood

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Question 311 of 573 Number: 3918

Question: If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need

1. the blood turns more alkaline 2. pressure in the brain willwill risenot significantly 3. the the blood acid-base balance of the blood change 4. the blood turns more acid

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Question 312 of 573 Number: 3921

Question: When hyperventilating you should:

1. 2. 3. 4.

control your rate and depth of breathing use the oxygen mask descend apply the Valsalva method

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Question 313 of 573 Number: 3922

Question: A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by: 1. increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate harmful carbon dioxide

2. controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag 3. the use of drugs stabilizing blood pressure 4. depending on instruments

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Question 314 of 573 Number: 3923

Question: You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag. The intention is: 1. to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lungs

2. to raise the level of CO2 in the blood as fast as possible 3. to reduce blood pressure 4. to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen

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Question 315 of 573 Number: 3924

Question: Raising the sensory threshold of a sensory organ means: 1. a greater selectivity 2. a lesser selectivity

3. a lesser sensitivity 4. a greater sensitivity

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Question 316 of 573 Number: 3925

Question: Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting, standing or lying down the condition of the body itself environmental stressors a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical

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Question 317 of 573 Number: 3926

Question: The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings, but informs him/her of 1. our surroundings

2. the relative motion and relative position of his body parts 3. the condition in the body itself 4. a touch on the skin

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Question 318 of 573 Number: 3927

Question: A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of receptors is called: 1. change of stimulation level

2. reflex 3. data processing 4. control system

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Question 319 of 573 Number: 3928

Question: The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by: 1. the lens 2. the ciliary body

3. the pupil 4. the cornea

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Question 320 of 573 Number: 3929

Question: When focussing on near objects: 1. the pupil gets larger 2. the shape of lens gets flatter

3. the cornea gets smaller

4. the shape of lens gets more spherical

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Question 321 of 573 Number: 3930

Question: The ability of the lens to change its shape is called: 1. adaptation 2. depth perception

3. accommodation 4. binocular vision

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Question 322 of 573 Number: 3931

Question: The mechanism of accommodation is controlled by:

1. the functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens 2. the diameter of the pupil 3. the elasticity of the optic nerves 4. the functioning of the muscles of the eye

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Question 323 of 573 Number: 3932

Question: Presbyopia is: 1. myopia 2. short sightedness 3. high intraocular pressure

4. long sightedness linked with age Flag this question

Question 324 of 573 Number: 3933

Question: Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by: 1. anaemia 2. smoking in the

cockpit 3. carbon monoxide poisoning 4. hypoxia 1. 1,3 and 4 are correct 2. 1,2 and 3 are correct

3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 4. 2,3 and 4 are correct

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Question 325 of 573 Number: 3934

Question: Glaucoma 1. can lead to total blindness 2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field 3.

reduces visual acuity in its final stage 1. 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

2. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 3. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false 4. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

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Question 326 of 573 Number: 3935

Question: Glaucoma is: 1. disturbed colour vision 2. disturbed night vision

3. high intra-ocular pressure

Question 327 of 573 Number: 3937

Question: The peripheral vision is important for:

1. 2. 3. 4.

detecting moving objects colour vision visual acuity binocular vision

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Question 328 of 573 Number: 3938

Question: Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is important during flight to use the

scanning technique, because 1. the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is due to a lack of vitamin A 2. only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good enough to see an object clearly 3. it is tiring to look continually in the same direction

4. only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly

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Question 329 of 573 Number: 3939

Question: The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about: 1. 10 minutes

2. 25 - 30 minutes 3. 10 seconds 4. 5 minutes Flag this question

Question 330 of 573 Number: 3940

Question: The photosensitive cells being responsible for night vision are called: 1. the fovea

2. the rods 3. the cones and the rods 4. the cones

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Question 331 of 573 Number: 3941

Question: When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself from flashblindness

by: a) turning up the intensity of cockpit lights b) looking inside the cockpit c) wearing sunglasses d) using face blinds or face curtains when installed 1. a) and b) are correct, c) and d) are false 2. a), b) and c) are correct, d) is false 3. c) and d) are correct, a) and b) are false

4. a), b), c) and d) are correct

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Question 332 of 573 Number: 3942

Question: Which scanning technique should be used when flying at night?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Look to the side (10 - 15 deg) of the object. Blink your eyes. Look with one eye. Look directly at the object.

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Question 333 of 573 Number: 3943

Question: The Eustachian tube connects the: 1. auditory duct and the inner ear 2. middle ear and the inner ear

3. middle ear and the throat 4. semi circular canals Flag this question

Question 334 of 573 Number: 3944

Question: Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of: 1. undergoing positive G 2. gazing in the direction of a flashing light 3. normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age

4. simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres

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Question 335 of 573 Number: 3945

Question: When turning in IMC , head movements should be avoided as much as possible. This is a

prevention against: 1. autokinesis

2. coriolis illusion 3. pressure vertigo 4. oculogyral illusion

Question 336 of 573 Number: 3946

Question: A pilot who is trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit floor during a tight turn, may

experience: 1. autokinetic illusion 2. pressure vertigo

3. coriolis illusion 4. barotrauma

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Question 337 of 573 Number: 3947

Question: Empty field myopia is caused by: 1. ozone at altitude 2. flying over mountainous terrain

3. lack of distant focal points 4. atmospheric perspective

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Question 338 of 573 Number: 3948

Question: When a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for several seconds in the dark he might get

the illusion that: 1. the colour of the light is varying 2. the size of the light is varying

3. the light is moving 4. the intensity of the light is varying

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Question 339 of 573 Number: 3949

Question: When you stare at a single light against the dark (i.e.. an isolated star) you will find the light

appears to move after some time. This phenomenon is called: 1. coriolis illusion 2. leans

3. autokinetic phenomenon 4. black hole illusion

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Question 340 of 573 Number: 3950

Question: How is haze effecting your perception? 1. Objects seem to be closer than in reality. 2. Objects will give better contrast. 3. Haze makes the eyes to focus at infinity

4. Objects seem to be further away than in reality.

Question 341 of 573 Number: 3951

Question: The 'Black hole' phenomenon occurs during approaches at night and over water, jungle or desert.

When the pilot is lacking visual cues other than those of the aerodrome there is an illusion of 1. being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal

2. being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing short 3. being too close, landing long 4. climbing

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Question Number: 3952342 of 573 Question: You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m), to an international airport (runway

width 45 m). On reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a: 1. low approach with undershoot 2. high approach with undershoot

3. high approach with overshoot 4. low approach with overshoot

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Question 343 of 573 Number: 3953

Question: You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m) to a small airfield (runway width 27 m).

On reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a: 1. low approach with overshoot 2. high approach with undershoot 3. high approach with overshoot

4. low approach with undershoot

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Question 344 of 573 Number: 3954

Question: 1. In case of conflicting information you can always trust your Seat- of-the-Pants-Sense. 2. In

case of conflicting information between the sensory organs and the instruments you must believe the instruments. 1. 1 and 2 are correct

2. 1 is false, 2 is correct 3. 1 is correct, 2 is false 4. 1 and 2 are false

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Question 345 of 573 Number: 3956

Question: Which procedure is recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation? 1. Get adapted to low levels of illumination before flying and use off-center vision all the time.

2. Rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments. 3. Rely on the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense. 4. Tilt your head to the side to get better information from the semicircular canals.

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Question 346 of 573 Number: 3957

Question: How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight? 1. Rely on the "seat of the pants" sense.

2. Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check. 3. Always try to catch outside visual cues. 4. Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural senses.

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Question 347 of 573 Number: Question:3958 If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should: 1. dim the cockpit lighting

2. continue on instruments 3. use your oxygen mask 4. scan the surroundings

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Question 348 of 573 Number: 3959

Question: If you are disorientated during night flying you must: 1. check your rate of breathing - do not breathe too fast 2. look outside 3. descend

4. rely on your instruments

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Question 349 of 573 Number: 3960

Question: A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at 8.000 feet. You advise him to: 1.

unbuckle and massage the belly 2. stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines 3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated beverages before flight in the future 4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight 1. only 4 is correct 2. 1 and 3 not advisable

3. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 4. 2, 3 and 4 are correct

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Question 350 of 573 Number: 3961

Question: On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will 1. stay the same 2. be absorbed by tissues and blood

3. expand 4. shrink

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Question 351 of 573 Number: 3962

Question: Having a serious cold it is better not to fly, due to the extra risk of: 1. flatulence 2. pain in the ear

during descent 3. vertigo 4. pain in the nasal sinuses 1. 1,2 and 4 are correct

2. 2,3 and 4 are correct 3. 1 and 2 are correct 4. 1,3 and 4 are correct

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Question 352 of 573 Number: 3963

Question: Having a serious cold, you are going to fly. What can you expect? 1. hypoxia 2. chokes 3. bends

4. pain in the sinuses

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Question 353 of 573 Number: 3964

Question: Pain in the middle ear during descent may be eased by: 1. using an oxygen mask 2. increasing the rate of descent 3. blocking the effected ear with the palm of your hand

4. levelling off and possibly climbing

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Question 354 of 573 Number: 3967

Question: Which symptom does not belong to the following list: Bends, Chokes, Creeps, Leans 1. chokes

2. leans 3. bends 4. creeps

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Question 355 of 573 Number: Question:3968 The symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin following a decompression are called: 1. leans 2. bends 3. chokes

4. creeps

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Question 356 of 573 Number: 3969

Question: Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompression are called: 1. bends 2. leans

3. chokes 4. creeps

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Question 357 of 573 Number: 3970

Question: Some hours after a rapid decompression at FL 300 you experience pain in the joints. Which of

following answers is correct? 1. This phenomenon is treated by breathing 100% nitrogen. 2. This phenomenon is treated by physiotherapy. 3. This symptom indicates decompression sickness and will disappear when you take some exercise. 4. You should ask for medical advice (flight surgeon) since this is a symptom of decompression sickness.

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Question 358 of 573 Number: 3971

Question: Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by: 1. SCUBA diving 2. Obesity 3. Age 4.

Body height 1. 1, 3 and 4 are correct 2. 2 and 4 are correct 3. only 4 is correct

4. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

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Question 359 of 573 Number: 3972

Question: Decompression symptoms are caused by: 1. low carbon dioxide pressure of inhaled air 2. release of locked gases from joints 3. low oxygen pressure of inhaled air

4. dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body

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Question 360 of 573 Number: 3973

Question: In the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight deck crew is: 1. transmit mayday call 2. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA 3. carry out check for structural damage

4. don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow

5. dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body

Question 360 of 573 Number: 3973

Question: In the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight deck crew is: 5. transmit mayday call 6. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA 7. carry out check for structural damage

8. don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow

Question 361 of 573 Number: 3975

Question: The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of decompression sickness: 1.

climb to higher level 2. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA and land as soon as possible 3. breathe 100 % oxygen 4. get medical advice about recompression after landing 1. 1 and 4 are correct 2. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

3. 2, 3 and 4 are correct 4. 1 and 3 are correct

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Question 362 of 573 Number: 3976

Question: Decompression sickness can be prevented by: 1. avoiding cabin altitudes above 18 000 FT 2.

maintaining cabin pressure below 8 000FT when flying at high altitudes 3. performing physical exercises before and during the flight 4. breathing 100 % oxygen for 30 min prior and during the flight

1. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 2. only 3 is correct

3. 1, 2 and 4 are correct 4. 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

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Question 363 of 573 Number: 3978

Question: Following a rapid decompression at 30.000 feet, the time of useful consciousness would be

about: 1. 5 to 10 minutes 2. 3 to 5 minutes 3. 10 to 12 minutes

4. between 45 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds

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Question 364 of 573 Number: 3979

Question: After a rapid decompression at 35 000 feet, the time of useful consciousness is about: 1. 15 seconds or less 2. 10 minutes. 3. 5 minutes.

4. 30 to 60 seconds Flag this question

Question 365 of 573 Number: 3980

Question: After SCUBA diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you have to wait a period of time before flying

again. This period is at least: 1. 6 hours 2. 48 hours

3. 24 hours 4. 12 hours

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Question 366 of 573 Number: 3981

Question: Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk of getting: 1. stress 2. hypoxia 3. hyperventilation

4. decompression sickness without having a decompression

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Question 367 of 573 Number: 3982

Question: Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human body? 1. An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of alcohol.

2. Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a small amount of alcohol. 3. When drinking coffee, the human body metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate than normal. 4. A small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity.

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Question 368 of 573 Number: 3983

Question: Which statement is correct? 1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart

disease 2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during flight 3. Smokers have a greater chance of contracting lung cancer 1. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false 2. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false 3. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

4. 1,2 and 3 are correct

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Question 369 of 573 Number: 3984

Question: Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because: 1. carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli 2. the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract 3. carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

4. haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen

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Question 370 of 573 Number: 3985

Question: CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of cigarettes can lead to: 1. reduction of time of

useful consciousness 2. hypoxia at a lower altitude than normal 1. 1 and 2 are both false

2. 1 and 2 are both correct 3. 1 is correct, 2 is false 4. 1 is false, 2 is correct

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Question 371 of 573 Number: 3986

Question: Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to: 1. loss of muscular power 2. headache 3.

impaired judgement 4. pain in the joints 5. loss of consciousness 1. 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct 2. 1, 2 and 4 are correct

3. 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct 4. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

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Question 372 of 573 Number: 3987

Question: Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as: 1. altitude decreases

2. altitude increases 3. relative humidity decreases 4. air pressure increases Flag this question

Question 373 of 573 Number: 3988

Question: The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about: 1. 48 hours 2. 1.5 hours 3. 12 hours

4. 25 hours

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Question 374 of 573 Number: 3989

Question: Disturbance of the biological clock is most likely to appear after a: 1. bad night's sleep 2. day

flight Amsterdam - New York 3. day flight Amsterdam - Johannesburg 4. night flight New York Amsterdam

1. 2. 3. 4.

2 and 4 are correct 1,2 and 3 are correct 1,2,3 and 4 are correct 1 and 3 are correct

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Question 375 of 573 Number: 3991

Question: Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns 1. can lead to symptoms of drowsiness,

irritability and lack of concentration 2. will make an individual more prone to make errors 1. 1 is not correct, 2 is correct 2. 1 is correct, 2 is not correct 3. 1 and 2 are both not correct

4. 1 and 2 are both correct

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Question 376 of 573 Number: 3992

Question: Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely

to be aware of personal performance degradation 2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap) 1. 2 are both false 2. 1 1 and is correct, 2 is false

3. 1 and 2 are both correct 4. 1 is false, 2 is correct

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Question 377 of 573 Number: 3993

Question: The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night's sleep. 1. Each succeeding cycle contains a

greater amount of REM-sleep. 2. Frequent interruption of the REM-sleep may be harmful. 1. 1 isfalse, 2 is correct 2. 1 is correct, 2 is false 3. 1 and 2 are both false

4. 1 and 2 are both correct

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Question 378 of 573 Number: 4017

Question: If someone hyperventilates due to stress his/her blood will become: 1. more saturated with carbon dioxide 2. more acid

3. more alkaline 4. less saturated with oxygen

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Question 379 of 573 Number: 4019

Question: What can be said concerning the following two statements? 1. Euphoria can be a symptom of

hypoxia. 2. Someone in an euphoric condition is more prone to error.

1. 2. 3. 4.

1 and 2 are both correct 1 and 2 are both false 1 is correct, 2 is false 1 is false, 2 is correct

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Question 380 of 573 Number: 3643

Question: Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by 1. white blood cells 2. blood plasma

3. red blood cells 4. platelets

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Question 381 of 573 Number: 3644

Question: Haemoglobin is: 1. in the platelets 2. in the white blood cells

3. in the red blood cells 4. dissolved in the plasma

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Question 382 of 573 Number: 3758

Question: Which of the following systems are involved in motion sickness ? -1: Hearing -2: The vestibular

system -3: Vision -4 The proprioceptive senses "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense") -5: The gastrointestinal system

1. 2. 3. 4.

2,3,4,5 1,2,5 1,2,3 2,3,4

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Question 383 of 573 Number: 3761

Question: Which of the following illusions are brought about by conflicts between the visual system and the

vestibular system ? -1: Illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft -2: Autokinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving) -3: Illusions when estimating the size and distance of objects -4 : Illusions of rotation 1. 2 2. 3,4

3. 1,4 4. 2,3,4

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Question 384 of 573 Number: 3762

Question: The vestibular system is composed of -1: two ventricles -2: a saccule -3: a utricle -4: three

semicircular channels 1. 1,3,4

2. 2,3,4 3. 2,3 4. 1,4

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Question 385 of 573 Number: 3763

Question: Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? - 1: The retina has rods on its peripheral zone

and cones on its central zone - 2: The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has rods - 3: The rods allow for night-vision - 4: The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the retina

1. 2. 3. 4.

1,3 2,3 4 1

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Question 386 of 573 Number: 3764

Question: In order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: 1. for there to be a sufficient amount of light

(ambient luminosity) 2. at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15° 3. to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light 4. to avoid white light. 1. 3 2. 1, 2, 3 3. 2,4

4. 1

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Question 387 of 573 Number: 3765

Question: The retina allows for colour perception as a result of the: 1. rods located in its peripheral zone 2. rods located in its central part 3. crystalline lens

4. cones located in its central part

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Question 388 of 573 Number: 3766

Question: Accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of the

following?

1. 2. 3. 4.

The crystalline lens The cones The retina The rods

Question 389 of 573

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Number: 3772

Question: Which of the following mechanisms regulate body temperature when exposed to extreme high

environmental temperatures? -1: Shivering -2: Vaso-constriction of peripheral blood vessels -3: Sweating -4: Vaso-dilation of peripheral blood vessels 1. 2,3 2. 1

3. 3,4 4. 1,3,4

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Question 390 of 573 Number: 3773

Question: The following can be observed when the internal body temperature falls below 35°C: 1. profuse sweating 2. the appearance of intense shivering 3. mental disorders, and even coma

4. shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of apathy

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Question 391 of 573 Number: 3774

Question: We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia: 1. greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere 2. widespread pain in the joints

3. reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°C 4. a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas peripheral temperature at the skin is stable

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Question 392 of 573 Number: 3777

Question: With regard to decompression sickness associated with flight, we know that:

1. 2. 3. 4.

age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors physical activity after decompression reduces the risks of decompression sickness symptoms gender is the prime risk factor, with two out of every three women being sensitive to it SCUBA diving does not pose any problem for a subsequent flight

Question 393 of 573

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Number: 3778

Question: The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10,000 ft must: 1. make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes

2. allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia 3. allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent disorders due to hypoxia 4. make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100 % oxygen

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Question 394 of 573 Number: 3779

Question: What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid decompression at 25,000 ft ? 1. About 18 seconds 2. About 30 seconds 3. Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds

4. Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot

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Question 395 of 573 Number: 3780

Question: The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according to: 1: physical activity of the subjected

crew 2: the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in question 3: the strength and time of decompression 4: the time of day 1. 1,2 2. 3,4 3. 4

4. 1,3

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Question 396 of 573 Number: 3789

Question: What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz) accelerations?

1. 2. 3. 4.

A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and hence less blood available An improvement of peripheral vision Hyperoxygenation of the blood which may lead to sensory disorders An increase in blood pressure in the upper part of the body (above heart-level)

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Question 397 of 573 Number: 3791

Question: Which of the following statements are correct ? 1 Hypothermia affects physical and mental

abilities. 2 Man has effective natural protection against intense cold. 3 Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a certain extent, but uses up a lot of energy 4 Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a body temperature of less than 35°C.

1. 2. 3. 4.

1,3,4 2,4 2,3,4 1,2,3

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Question 398 of 573 Number: 3793

Question: Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for: 1. good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision) 2. red vision, both during the day and at night

3. good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)

4. precise vision of contours and colours

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Question 399 of 573 Number: 3794

Question: Of the following alternatives, which effects are due to positive acceleration (+ Gz)? - 1: Decrease

in heart rate - 2: Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body - 3: Drop in blood pressure above heart-level 4: Downward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs 1. 1 2. 1,2,3

3. 2,3,4 4. 1,3,4

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Question 400 of 573 Number: 3795

Question: What is hypoxia ? 1. The total absence of oxygen in the blood of the body 2. A state characterised by an excessive supply of oxygen which may be due to maladjustment of the mask 3. Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below normal limits or where the

oxygen available to the body cannot be used due to some pathological condition 4. The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sickness

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Question 401 of 573 Number: 3796

Question: To optimise one's night-vision performance, it is necessary: - 1: to spend some time getting

adapted to low levels of illumination - 2: to increase the instrument panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting - 3: not to focus on the point to be observed - 4: to avoid blinding sources of light 1. 1,2,4 2. 2,3,4 3. 2

4. 1,3,4

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Question 402 of 573 Number: 3797

Question: Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to

1. 2. 3. 4.

binocular vision peripheral vision the high sensitivity of the retina interactions between cones and rods

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Question 403 of 573 Number: 3798

Question: What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying without oxygen) above 12,000 ft? 1. Headache, thirst, somnolence, collapse 2. Euphoria, headache, improvement in judgement, loss of consciousness 3. Trembling, increase in body temperature, convulsions, slowing of the rate of breathing

4. Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination

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Question 404 of 573 Number: 3801

Question: Autokinetic illusion is: 1. poor interpretation of the surrounding world 2. a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations 3. the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed reference point moving into the opposite direction of the acceleration 4. an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the dark, may -

without a frame of reference - appear to move

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Question 405 of 573 Number: 3802

Question: Which of the following statements are correct: -1: Scuba diving may be practiced without

restriction -2: Many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety -3: An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying -4: Alcohol has no effect on the inner ear. 1. 1, 3 and 4 are correct 2. 2, 3 and 4 are correct 3. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

4. 2 and 3 are correct

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Question 406 of 573

Number: 3806

Question: The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information: 1. is limited to daytime using the rod cells 2. is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle

3. is limited to the foveal area of the retina 4. is almost equally shared by the entire retina

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Question Number: 3808407

of 573

Question: Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is correct ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Complete adaptation to the heat in a hot country takes about a fortnight. Performance is not impaired by an increase in body temperature to 40°C or more. Vasodilatation is the only mechanism which is capable of reducing body temperature. Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high.

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Question 408 of 573 Number: 3809

Question: The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea level. In

accordance with this statement, 1. the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level

2. the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled 3. the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by 50 % too 4. the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by one half also

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Question 409 of 573 Number: 3810

Question: You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per 5.000 ft. The absolute

difference in barometric pressure is greatest between:

1. 2. 3. 4.

0 and 5.000 feet 5.000 and 10.000 feet 45.000 and 50.000 feet 10.000 and 15.000 feet

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Question 410 of 573

Number: 3812

Question: The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30.000 feet remains at 21 %; but the

partial pressure of oxygen:

1. 2. 3. 4.

decreases with decreasing barometric pressure increases by expansion decreases significantly with lower temperatures remains constant, independent from altitude

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Question 411 of 573 Number: 3813

Question: Air at an altitude of 18.000 feet contains, approximately: 1. 10% oxygen 2. 5% oxygen

3. 21% oxygen 4. 15% oxygen

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Question 412 of 573 Number: 3814

Question: Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their volume percentage is about:

1. 2. 3. 4.

21% oxygen,78% nitrogen, 1% other gases 25% oxygen, 74% nitrogen, 1% other gases 19% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 1% other gases 18% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 2% other gases

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Question 413 of 573 Number: 3816

Question: Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the expansion of trapped gasses in the human body with increasing altitude the occurrence of hypoxia with increasing altitude hyperventilation with increasing altitude the occurrence of decompression sickness at high altitude

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Question 414 of 573 Number: 3817

Question: Dalton's law explains the occurrence of: 1. bends

2. altitude hypoxia 3. creeps 4. decompression sickness

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Question 415 of 573 Number: 3818

Question: Henry's Law explains the occurrence of:

1. 2. 3. 4.

decompression sickness hypoxia hyperventilation diffusion

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Question 416 of 573 Number: 3820

Question: Our body takes its energy from: 1: minerals 2: protein 3: carbonhydrates 4: vitamins 1. 1,3 2. 1,4 3. 1,2,3,4

4. 2,3

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Question 417 of 573 Number: 3821

Question: What is meant by metabolism? 1. Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood 2. Information exchange 3. Transfer of chemical messages

4. The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues

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Question 418 of 573 Number: 3822

Question: One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is: 1. fat

2. carbon dioxide 3. sugar 4. protein

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Question 419 of 573 Number: 3823

Question: The body loses water via: 1. the skin and the lungs 2. the kidneys Which of the following lists all

the answers 1. correct 1 is correct and ?2 is not correct 2. 1 is not correct and 2 is correct 3. both are false

4. 1 and 2 are correct

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Question 420 of 573 Number: 3824

Question: Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the blood to the alveoli: 1. oxygen 2. nitrogen

3. carbon dioxide 4. carbon monoxide

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Question 421 of 573 Number: 3826

Question: The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for: 1. platelets 2. protein 3. red blood cells

4. gases

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Question 422 of 573 Number: 3827

Question: The circulatory system, amongst other things, allows for: 1. transportation of oxygen and carbon

dioxide 2. transportation of information by chemical substances Which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1. 1 is false and 2 is correct 2. both are false 3. 1 is correct and 2 is false

4. 1 and 2 are correct

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Question 423 of 573 Number: 11048

Question: Caffeine may cause an increase in cardiac rate, restlessness/nervousness, insomnia, anxiety and

intestinal irritability. Excessive consumption is considered to be in excess of: 1. 150 mg/day 2. 3 mg/day

3. 250 mg/day 4. 40-65 mg/day

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Question 424 of 573 Number: 11049

Question: Carbon monoxide poisoning can be treated by: 1. decreasing the amount of oxygen being combined with the haemoglobin in the blood 2. increasing the amount of nitrogen being physically dissolved in the blood 3. breathing into a paper bag

4. increasing the amount of oxygen being physically dissolved in the blood

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Question 425 of 573 Number: 11052

Question: Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by: 1. climbing to a high altitude without using additional

oxygen 2. malfunction in the oxygen supply system 3. loss of cabin pressurization at high altitude Which of the following lists all the correct answers? 1. 2 and 3 2. 1 and 2 3. 1 and 3

4. 1, 2 and 3

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Question 426 of 573 Number: 11053

Question: In order to avoid hypoglycaemia: 1. a pilot should not take snacks between meals 2. peanuts are recommended because of their high energy value

3. a pilot should eat regularly and ensure he/she has a balanced diet 4. a pilot should never eat sugar or sweets

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Question 427 of 573 Number: 11054

Question: In the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the readjustment to a new time zone:

1. 2. 3. 4.

is most rapid when flying westbound is the same in both westbound and eastbound flights occurs immediately, as circadian rhythms do not change depending on direction of flying is most rapid when flying eastbound

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Question 428 of 573 Number: 11055

Question: In tropical zones, it is recommended that: 1. one eats fruit without peeling them, to ensure a supply of vitamins 2. one eats raw vegetables 3. one uses ice cubes in cold drinks

4. cold drinks be taken from sealed containers

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Question 429 of 573 Number: 11056

Question: Night vision: 1. is insensitive to lightning flashes in storms 2. requires 5 minutes to reach its best performance

3. requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance 4. is insensitive to short duration light sources

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Question 429 of 573 Number: 11056

Question: Night vision: 1. is insensitive to lightning flashes in storms

2. requires 5 minutes to reach its best performance 3. requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance 4. is insensitive to short duration light sources

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Question 429 of 573 Number: 11056

Question: Night vision: 1. is insensitive to lightning flashes in storms 2. requires 5 minutes to reach its best performance

3. requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance 4. is insensitive to short duration light sources

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Question 430 of 573 Number: 11057

Question: On approach, by day, in snowy conditions, without reference to glideslope information: 1. estimation of height and distance is not a problem for a well-trained pilot

2. judgement of height is extremely difficult 3. there is a risk of you entering a spin 4. there is a risk of you underestimating your speed

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Question 431 of 573 Number: 11061

Question: The circulation of blood: 1. transports oxygen to the body cells 2. withdraws waste products from

the cells 3. conveys nutrients to the cells Which of the following lists all the correct answers? 1. 1 and 3 2. 1 and 2

3. 1, 2 and 3 4. 2 and 3

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Question 432 of 573 Number: 11063

Question: The dry atmosphere of the flight deck may cause dehydration, which may lead to a reduction in

the ability to pay attention. To prevent this, it is appropriate to: 1. drink cool cola drinks 2. drink tea 3. drink plenty of coffee

4. drink sufficient non-carbonated liquids

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Question 433 of 573 Number: 11064

Question: The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood is due to: 1. changes in atmospheric pressure 2. physical exercise 3. inspiration

4. diffusion

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Question 434 of 573 Number: 11066

Question: The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of: 1. tidal volume 2. inspiratory reserve volume 3.

expiratory reserve volume 4. residual volume Which of the following lists the correct combination?

1. 1, 2, 3 and 4 2. 2 and 3 3. 1, 2 and 3 4. 1 and 2

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Question 435 of 573 Number: 11067

Question: To avoid incapacity due to gastro-intestinal problems, it is recommended that a simple, easily

digested meal before boarding the aircraft should be accompanied by: 1. wine or beer

2. non-carbonated water 3. no drinks, as fluids are not important 4. carbonated water.

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Question 436 of 573 Number: 11068

Question: To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes:

1. it is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans, or periodically focuses on a distant object such

as a wingtip or cloud edge 2. it is recommended that a pilot focuses on an object known to be approximately one metre away 3. one should book an appointment with an opthalmologist as soon as possible 4. one should concentrate only on instruments

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Question 437 of 573 Number: 11070

Question: What human function is most sensitive to lack of oxygen? 1. Touch.

2. Night vision. 3. Motor co-ordination. 4. Hearing.

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Question 438 of 573 Number: 11071

Question: What is the name of the functional connection between neurones?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Synapse. Occlusion. By-pass. Interconnnection.

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Question 439 of 573 Number: 11072

Question: Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression sickness? 1. Oxygen. 2. Sodium. 3. Carbon dioxide.

4. Nitrogen.

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Question 440 of 573 Number: 12216

Question: You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness

symptoms. What should you do before flying ?

1. seek aeromedical advice only if the symptoms become apparent 2. nothing, you may fly immediately 3. delay your next flight for 6 hours

4. seek prompt aeromedical advice

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Question 441 of 573 Number: 12423

Question: Which of the following statements is correct?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Rods. Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Cones. Photopic Vision is the same as Peripheral Vision. Scotopic Vision is the same as Photopic Vision.

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Question 442 of 573 Number: 12424

Question: Which of the following statements is correct concerning flight in an environment of low contrast

(fog, snow, darkness, haze)? 1. There is no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects.

2. It is difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects. 3. It is unlikely that visual illusions occur. 4. It is impossible to detect objects.

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Question 443 of 573 Number: 12425

Question: Which of the following is correct?

1. 2. 3. 4.

70% - 80% of information processed by man enters the The Kinestatic channel is the most important channel invisual flying.channel. 40% of information processed by man enters the visual channel. Hearing is the most important sense for man.

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Question 444 of 573 Number: 12426

Question: Which of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct ? 1. Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload

2. Tiredness always effect people of the same age in a similar way 3. Tiredness is the consequence of poor performance

4. Tiredness is a subjective sensation which may result in hypovigilance

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Question 445 of 573 Number: 12427

Question: When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will 1. give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the aircraft going down)

2. give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the a/c going up) 3. give the illusion of straight and level flight 4. give the illusion of banking

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Question 446 of 573 Number: 12429

Question: Which of the following statements concerning barotrauma are correct? 1. It is caused by pressure differentials between gases in hollow cavities of the body and the ambient

pressure 2. It is more likely to occur during ascent then during a rapid descent 3. It is mainly associated with a sink rate which exceeds the ability of the body to balance its internal pressures 4. It is caused by an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen associated with a decrease in altitude

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Question 447 of 573 Number: 12431

Question: Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is correct ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Complete adaptation to the heat a hot country takes about a fortnight. Performance is not impaired by aninincrease in body temperature to 40°C or more. Vasodilatation is the only mechanism which is capable of reducing body temperature. Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high.

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Question 448 of 573 Number: 12432

Question: Which of the following occurs in man if the internal body temperature increases to 39°C? 1. Apathy

2. Considerable dehydration 3. Nothing significant happens at this temperature. The first clinical signs only start to appear at 39°C

4. Impairment of physical and mental performance

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Question 449 of 573 Number: 12437

Question: TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is: 1. the time between the start of hypoxia and death 2. the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency;

measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia 3. the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in 4. the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss

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Question 450 of 573 Number: 12438

Question: When considering the eating-habits of pilots:

1. 2. 3. 4.

breakfast should bring about 25% of the daily calorie intake high intake of chocolate is recommended before flight to prevent reactional hypoglycemia a heavy supper is best low fibre and low protein/carbohydratediet is ideal

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Question 451 of 573 Number: 12439

Question: What are the main sources of radiation at height? 1. Solar radiation caused by solar flares and Nuclear radiation caused by the earth's natural radiation. 2. Galactic (Cosmic) and Nuclear radiation which are both caused by the earth's natural radiation. 3. Ionisation of the layers in the atmosphere due to the bombardment of Galactic (Cosmic) radiation.

4. Galactic (Cosmic) caused by galactic particles and Solar radiation caused by solar flares.

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Question 452 of 573 Number: 12440

Question: What are the main parts of the Central Nervous System and where is vision processed?

1. The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the cortex.

2. The brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the cerebellum. 3. The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the retina. 4. The brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the optic nerve centre.

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Question 453 of 573 Number: 12446

Question: Up to what altitude is blood oxygen saturation reduction unlikely to affect a pilot's judgement? 1. 25,000 FT 2. 30,000 FT

3. 10,000 FT 4. 20,000 FT

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Question 454 of 573 Number: 12447

Question: What can cause spatial disorientation? 1. Flying in clear daylight conditions.

2. False perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references. 3. Reference to well-defined external visual references, such as the horizon. 4. Damage to the receptor cells in the eyes.

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Question 455 of 573 Number: 12448

Question: Trace elements should be obtained through: 1. Dairy products and vegetables 2. Eating plenty of meat and vegetables 3. Vitamin pills

4. A balanced diet

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Question 456 of 573 Number: 12451

Question: The Vestibular Apparatus consists of the: 1. Eustachian tube and the semi-circular canals

2. Semi-circular canals and the otoliths 3. Eustachian tube and the pinna 4. Cochlea and the auditory nerve

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Question 457 of 573 Number: 12455

Question: Cataract is caused by: 1. A mis-shapened cornea 2. Lack of mobility of the cornea

3. A clouding of the lens 4. A lack of accommodation at the cornea

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Question 458 of 573 Number: 12456

Question: Vision of terrain relief (e.g. hills, valleys, etc.): 1. is possible at only at distances over 200 m due to binocular vision 2. is impossible with only one eye 3. is impossible if a pilot wears sunglasses 4. is based on binocular vision at short distances and the rules of proportion and perspective for objects

that are further away

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Question 459 of 573 Number: 12457

Question: What is the correct action to counteract vertigo? 1. Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then breathe again normally 2. Rely on the information from the semicircular canals, since these will be transmitting correct information 3. Concentrate on the vertical speed indicator

4. Believe the instruments

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Question 460 of 573 Number: 12458

Question: When a pilot suffers from hypothermia (e.g. after loss of cabin heating) his/her demand for

oxygen will be:

1. unaffected

2. initially increased 3. raised leading to an increased tolerance to hypoxia 4. reduced giving a better tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes

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Question 461 of 573 Number: 12459

Question: What would be the effect if, in a tight turn, one bends down to pick up a pencil? 1. Vertigo. 2. Barotrauma. 3. Inversion Illusion.

4. Coriolis effect.

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Question 462 of 573 Number: 12463

Question: What law(s) governs the oxygen transfer at the alveoli?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Gas Diffusion Laws Henry's Boyle's Charles's

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Question 463 of 573 Number: 12468

Question: What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid

decompression at 35,000 ft ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

45 12 seconds seconds 3 seconds 5 minutes

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Question 464 of 573 Number: 12471

Question: What is meant by presbycusis? 1. Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease.

2. Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age. 3. Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.

4. Gradual loss of hearing with age.

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Question 463 of 573 Number: 12468

Question: What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid

decompression at 35,000 ft ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

45 seconds 12 seconds 3 seconds 5 minutes

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Question 464 of 573 Number: 12471

Question: What is meant by presbycusis? 1. Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease. 2. Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age.

3. Gradual loss of hearing with age. 4. Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.

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Question 465 of 573 Number: 12472

Question: What is hypoxia ? 1. The total absence of oxygen in the blood of the body 2. The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sickness 3. A state characterised by an excessive supply of oxygen which may be due to maladjustment of the mask 4. Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below the limits to meet the needs of

the body tissues

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Question 466 of 573 Number: 12474

Question: What factors can lead to a deterioration in vision? 1. Hypoxia 2. Smoking 3. Poor diet, lacking

Vitamin A 4. Exposure to bright lights. Which of the following lists all the correct statements? 1. 1 and 3 2. 1, 3 and 4 3. 2 and 4

4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Question 467 of 573 Number: 12475 Question: What diseases can be associated with contaminated water? 1. Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery. 2. Hydrophobia, Cholera, Dysentery. 3. Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera.

4. Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery.

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Question 468 of 573 Number: 12476

Question: What is the effect of increasing altitude on the total pressure and partial pressure of the main

gases in the atmosphere? 1. The total pressure remains constant and the partial pressures will decrease. 2. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will increase. 3. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will remain constant.

4. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will decrease.

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Question 469 of 573 Number: 12481

Question: Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, coronary problems and diabetes are associated

with: 1. anorexia nervosa

2. obesity 3. hypoxia 4. cholera

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Question 470 of 573

Number: 12482

Question: Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in: 1. astigmatism 2. hypermetropia 3. myopia

4. presbyopia

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Question 471 Number: 12483

of 573

Question: List the constituent parts of the blood and state their function.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets coagulate blood. Red cells are involved in immunity, white cells carry oxygen and platelets coagulate blood. Red cells coagulate blood, white cells are involved in immunity, and platelets carry oxygen. Red cells carry oxygen, white cells coagulate blood and platelets are involved in immunity.

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Question 472 of 573 Number: 12486

Question: Is it possible to survive depressurized flight at 40 000 feet for more than 10 minutes? 1. No - because the brain can never receive sufficient oxygen at 40000 feet even with an oxygen mask. 2. No - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung alveoles at 40000 feet is lower than in the blood, causing oxygen to flow backwards from blood to lungs depleting the brain of its oxygen. 3. Yes - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is independent of that in the lungs.

4. Yes -provided 100% oxygen is immediately available from masks.

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Question 473 of 573 Number: 12487

Question: Physical exercise in high temperatures (tropical climates) may: 1. cause the pilot to collapse, due to an excess of fluid in the body

2. cause painful muscle and abdominal cramps 3. cause dysentery 4. increase a pilot's resistance to decompression sickness

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Question 474 of 573 Number: 12488

Question: Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of the following

statements is correct? 1. Carbon monoxide has no affinity to haemoglobin.

2. Carbon monoxide is odourless and colourless. 3. With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning can be compensated for. 4. Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.

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Question 475 of 573 Number: 12490 Question: In-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by: 1. cardio-vascular disorders 2. chronic pulmonary disorders 3. behavioural disorders

4. acute gastrointestinal disorders

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Question 476 of 573 Number: 12497

Question: Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by: 1. reducing the contents of carbon dioxide by filtering the cabin air. 2. pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 90%.

3. hyperventilating to increase the intake of oxygen, trading oxygen for carbondioxide. 4. pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to maintain oxygen saturation in blood of 30%.

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Question 477 of 573 Number: 12498

Question: Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called: 1. Sensory filter 2. Sensory strength 3. Sensory volume

4. Sensory threshold

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Question 478 of 573 Number: 12499

Question: By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced?

1. 2. 3. 4.

By aaswallowing. By breathing in. By coughing. By breathing out.

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Question 478 of 573 Number: 12499

Question: By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced?

1. By aswallowing. 2. By breathing in. 3. By coughing. 4. By breathing out.

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Question 479 of 573 Number: 12318

Question: The cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye: 1. allow for the regulation of the amount of light admitted into the eye

2. cause the convergence of light rays onto the retina 3. permit the reception and conversion of visual stimuli to images interpreted by the brain 4. keep the retina clean and healthy

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Question 480 of 573 Number: 12319

Question: The following three conditions will decrease your G-tolerance: 1. old age, short body (short stature), an empty stomach. 2. loss of body fluids, full stomach, 20 degrees backward tilted sitting position.

3. obesity, alcohol, sleep deprivation. 4. cold, 30 degrees backward tilted sitting position, short body (short stature).

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Question 481 of 573 Number: 12321

Question: The eye can fully adjust to:

1. 2. 3. 4.

high levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes. high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 seconds. high levels of illumination in 10 minutes and darkness in 30 minutes. high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 minutes.

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Question 482 of 573 Number: 12323

Question: The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the 1. nose, throat and inner ear 2. sinuses and the throat 3. nose, throat and the external auditory canal

4. throat and the middle ear

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Question 483 of 573 Number: 12324

Question: The Eustachian tube connects the:

1. 2. 3. 4.

middle ear and the throat semi circular canals middle ear and the inner ear auditory duct and the inner ear

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Question 484 of 573 Number: 12326

Question: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in flight: 1. presents an extremely dangerous situation as the blood may not be able carry sufficient amounts of

2. 3. 4.

oxygen to vital cells andhyperventilating tissues of the body. is a complication when and requires its own special and individual treatment. can be cured by breathing into a plastic bag to retain the carbon monoxide. is usually harmless because oxygen is more easily attached to haemoglobin than carbon monoxide to a magnitude of 200 times.

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Question 485 of 573 Number: 12327

Question: The damaging effects of noise on the pilot depends on: 1. The intensity of the noise 2. The

frequency of the noise 3. The exposure time to noise 4. Proper use of the headset in the cockpit Which of the following lists all the correct statements 1. 3 only

2. 1, 2, 3 and 4 3. 2, 3 and 4 4. 1 and 4

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Question 486 of 573 Number: 12328

Question: The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about: 1. 1.5 hours 2. 12 hours 3. 48 hours

4. 25 hours

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Question 487 of 573 Number: 12331

Question: The cabin pressure in airline operation is 1. normally between 2 000 to 3 000 feet 2. always equivalent to sea level

3. normally between 6 000 to 8 000 feet 4. normally between 4 000 to 5 000 feet

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Question 488 of 573 Number: 12333

Question: With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress: 1. more oxygen will reach the brain 2. peripheral and scotopic vision will be improved 3. finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis") 4. an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even unconsciousness

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Question 489 of 573 Number: 12334

Question: With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the cardiac output is about: 1. 6 litres/min 2. 8 litres/min 3. 7 litres/min

4. 5 litres/min

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Question 490 of 573 Number: 12335

Question: Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo? 1. Hypoxia improves night vision therefore the pilot will have no indication of danger.

2. Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect. 3. Only a solo pilot is more prone to illusions. 4. In a multi-crew cockpit hypoxia will always be detectable.

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Question 491 of 573 Number: 12336

Question: The effects of Galactic radiation:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Increases with altitude Is unaffected by altitude Remains steady up to 49,000 ft and thereafter increases Decreases with altitude

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Question 492 of 573 Number: 12337

Question: The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft cabin:

1. oneor gets 2. should should be be compensated compensated for for by by drinking a regularwater supplybefore of coffee teathirsty 3. requires a regular supply of water only for those who are in poor health. Healthy people compensate for this naturally. 4. should be compensated for by breathing in to a paper bag

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Question 493 of 573 Number: 12338

Question: The percentage of oxygen in the troposphere in dry air:

1. is variable because oxygen replaces water vapour.

2. is independent of altitude. 3. increases with longitude. 4. is dependent of the partial pressure which is constant above sea level.

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Question 494 of 573 Number: 12339

Question: The ossicles (the malleus, incus and stapes) are: 1. located in the inner ear.

2. located in the middle ear. 3. are not located in the ear. 4. located in the outer ear.

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Question 495 of 573 Number: 12340

Question: The organ which metabolises alcohol from the body is the: 1. kidneys. 2. spleen.

3. liver. 4. pancreas.

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Question 496 of 573 Number: 12341

Question: The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ................minutes 1. 120 2. 60 3. 180

4. 90

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Question 497 of 573 Number: 12342

Question: The normal rate of breathing when at rest is 1. 60 to 100 cycles a minute 2. 32 to 40 cycles a minute

3. 12 to 20 cycles a minute 4. 25 to 30 cycles a minute

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Question 498 of 573 Number: 12343

Question: The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that: 1. occurs very quickly.

2. develops slowly and gradually (insidious). 3. is temporary. 4. is not severe in its effect.

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Question 499 of 573 Number: 12344

Question: The main reason why it is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold is that:

1. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents 2. swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss 3. gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum 4. swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic membrane

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Question 500 of 573 Number: 12345

Question: The function of the Eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure between the:

1. middle ear and the external atmosphere 2. sinuses 3. sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere 4. nose, throat and the external atmosphere Flag this question

Question 501 of 573 Number: 12352

Question: The changes in atmospheric gas pressure with altitude are: 1. rises with altitude

2. non-linear, with a higher rate of change at lower levels

3. decreases more slowly at lower altitudes compared with at higher levels 4. decreases in a linear manner with altitude

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Question 502 of 573 Number: 12353

Question: The human vestibular system performs spatial orientation by: 1. comparing the body's position to gravity over the tympanic membrane. 2. measuring fluid movements in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear.

3. measuring linear and radial acceleration within the inner ear. 4. comparing linear and radial speeds of the body to the attitude of the aircraft.

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Question 503 of 573 Number: 12355

Question: Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight ? 1. Lack of adaptation. 2. Dizziness. 3. Lack of accommodation.

4. The degradation of reasoning and perceptive functions.

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Question 504 of 573 Number: 12363

Question: Define Hypoxia and explain why living tissues require oxygen. 1. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require carbon dioxide for metabolism. 2. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require oxygen

for oxidation of carbohydrates from food to produce energy. 3. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require oxygen to coagulate the blood in case of infection. 4. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require oxygen to fight infection or invading bacteria.

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Question 505 of 573 Number: 12364

Question: Decompression sickness/illness is characterized by: 1. headache and dizziness caused by oxygen bubbles due to the low partial pressure of oxygen.

2. over-saturated nitrogen gas molecules in the body tissues. 3. negligible symptoms that need no attention or therapy. 4. muscle pains in small muscles such as the finger and toe muscles, which are also known as the "chokes".

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Question 506 of 573 Number: 12367

Question: Even at normal cabin altitudes (i.e. around 8000 ft) you can get severe abdominal pain and

flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fizzy drinks. The correct counter-measure is: 1. use supplemental oxygen

2. descend to a lower altitude 3. perform "valsalva manoeuvre" 4. climb to a higher altitude

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Question 507 of 573 Number: 12372

Question: Conductive hearing loss can be caused by: 1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by

infection or trauma 2. a damage of the auditory nerve 3. an obstruction in the outer ear 4. a ruptured tympanic membrane

1. 2. 3. 4.

1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

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Question 508 of 573 Number: 12373

Question: Carbon monoxide poisoning 1. only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes 2. occurs only above 15 degrees OAT 3. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heating is supplied by passing cabin air over the

exhaust manifold(s) 4. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency

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Question 509 of 573

Number: 12374

Question: Carbon Monoxide is particularly dangerous because: 1. Its initial symptoms are not alarming 2. It

is colourless 3. It is odourless 4. It is highly toxic 5. Its effects are cumulative 1. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

2. all of the above 3. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only 4. 2, 3, and 4 only

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Question 510 of 573 Number: 12375

Question: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to hypoxia because:

1. 2. 3. 4.

CO in blood displaces oxygen from the blood corpuscles impairing oxygen transport. the increasing amounts of CO in the lung alveoles gradually reverses oxygen diffusion. CO is far less easily attached (200 times) to haemoglobin than oxygen. accumulation of CO in blood leads to hyperventilation and thus to hypoxia.

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Question 511 of 573 Number: 12380

Question: Which statement is correct ? 1. Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure. 2. Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on the partial oxygen pressure gradient.

3. The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level. 4. Oxygen is mainly transported in plasma.

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Question 512 of 573 Number: 12383

Question: The body obtains its energy from: 1. minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins.

2. carbohydrates, protein and fats. 3. protein and vitamins. 4. minerals and vitamins.

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Question 513 of 573 Number: 12384

Question: The blood in the pulmonary artery is: 1. rich in both oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. lacking in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide 3. lacking in both oxygen and carbon dioxide 4. rich in oxygen and lacking in carbon dioxide

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Question 514 of 573 Number: 12385

Question: Equalization of air pressure between the outer and the middle ear is: 1. impossible during descent because the pressure within the middle ear is higher than in the ambient air. 2. difficult to achieve when pressure changes are at a low rate.

3. important to prevent pain and loss of hearing during flight. 4. more important during climb because the lower pressure within the middle air can damage the tympanic membrane.

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Question 515 of 573 Number: 12388

Question: The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is about: 1. 30 to 50 beats/min 2. 110 to 150 beats/min 3. 90 to 100 beats/min

4. 60 to 80 beats/min

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Question 516 of 573 Number: 12389

Question: The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates:

1. 2. 3. 4.

sweating, arterial pressure, body temperature and the General Adaption Syndrome. motor programmes and reflexes. reflexes, body temperature and reasoning. reflexes only.

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Question 517 of 573 Number: 12390

Question: The atmosphere contains the following gases:

1. 2. 3. 4.

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases

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Question 518 of 573 Number: 12391

Question: The ability to withstand g forces is reduced by a number of factors, among these factors are: 1. Physical fitness, heat and hypotension 2. Smoking, obesity and vibrations

3. Low blood sugar, obesity and hypoxia 4. Hypoxia, fatigue and vibrations

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Question 519 of 573 Number: 12392

Question: The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information is: 1. almost equally shared by the entire retina

2. limited to the foveal area of the retina 3. governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle 4. limited to daytime using the rod cells

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Question 520 of 573 Number: 12393

Question: The 5 human senses tend to adapt. 1. This statement is untrue. Touch is the exception. 2. This statement is untrue. None adapt. 3. This statement is untrue. Only sight adapts (ie night flying).

4. This statement is true.

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Question 521 of 573 Number: 12394

Question: Expanded abdominal air following rapid decompression at 30 000 feet: 1. is usually not dangerous because only the partial pressure of the oxygen affects the nervous system.

2. can be reduced if you take drinks with high contents of carbondioxide before take-off. 3. will not cause pain if you evacuate the air via the mouth.

4. may be dangerous causing great pain.

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Question 522 of 573 Number: 12395

Question: Excessive intake of aspirin can cause:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Gastric bleeding Fits Memory impairment Sensory loss

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Question 523 of 573 Number: 12397

Question: Which counter-measure can a pilot use against a barotrauma of the middle ear? 1. Use drugs against a cold 2. Stop chewing and swallowing movements 3. Increase the rate of descent

4. Stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate

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Question 524 of 573 Number: 12406

Question: Which is correct? 1. Paradoxic (REM) sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body. 2. Paradoxic

(REM) sleep decreases during the night. 1. 1 & 2 2. 1 only

3. Neither 4. 2 only

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Question 525 of 573 Number: 12407

Question: Which of the following is most true? 1. Regular exercise and reduction in calorie consumption are both essential in order to lose weight 2. Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it increases the metabolic rate

3. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the only effective way to lose weight 4. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most efficient way to lose weight is by

reducing calorie consumption

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Question 526 of 573 Number: 12409

Question: When the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of: 1. aircraft altitude being lower than it actually is 2. his/her eyes focusing on infinity

3. the airfield being further away than actually is 4. his/her visual field shrinking (i.e. tunnel vision)

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Question 527 of 573 Number: 12410

Question: When suffering from Hypoxia short-term memory impairment starts at approximately at: 1. 25,000 ft 2. 18,000 ft 3. 10,000 ft

4. 12,000 ft

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Question 528 of 573 Number: 12411

Question: When scanning, how does the eye move and how is smooth vision achieved? 1. The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for several seconds. Smooth vision is achieved by the cerebellum. 2. The eyes move in short jerky movements called sarades. Smooth vision is created by the cerebellum. 3. The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for approximately 1/3 of a second. Smooth vision is achieved by the optic nerve centre. 4. The eyes move in short jerky movements called saccades. Smooth vision is achieved in the visual

cortex.

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Question 529 of 573 Number: 12413

Question: When might a pilot have the sensation of a nose-low attitude?

1. 2. 3. 4.

When decelerating in straight, horizontal flight. When climbing at greater than 2000 FT / min When turning (angular acceleration). During linear acceleration.

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Question 530 of 573 Number: 12414

Question: When faced with sustained cold temperature, how does the body resist this physical stress? 1. By increasing cardiac frequency.

2. By intense vasoconstriction. 3. By speeding up the metabolic rate in the Autonomic Nervous System. 4. By vasodilatation which permits a greater flow of blood to the periphery.

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Question 531 of 573 Number: 12416

Question: Which is the audible range to human hearing? 1. Between 20 Hz and 20 MHz 2. Between 20 KHz and 20 KHz

3. Between 20 Hz and 20 KHz 4. Between 20 MHz and 20 000MHz

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Question 532 of 573 Number: 12243

Question: Ozone in the air of a pressurized cabin can be eliminated by: 1. avoiding flights along the equator 2. climbing to altitudes above 45,000 ft 3. spraying detergents

4. ozone-converters

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Question 533 of 573 Number: 12245

Question: One of the earliest and most significant features of Hypothermia (extreme cold) is: 1. aggression 2. anxiety

3. aggression and anxiety

4. apathy

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Question 534 of 573 Number: 12250

Question: Night vision is significantly reduced (i.e. a loss of more than 25%) at 15,000 FT in which stage of

hypoxia? 1. Indifferent

2. Compensatory 3. Anaemic phase 4. Clinical manifestation phase

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Question 535 of 573 Number: 12257

Question: One of the dangers of extreme cold is that: 1. it degrades the fatty tissues of the body. 2. sleepiness occurs very quickly with a feeling of agitation. 3. sleepiness occurs very slowly with a feeling of altertness.

4. sleepiness occurs associated with a feeling of contentment or apathy.

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Question 536 of 573 Number: 14526

Question: How is yellow fever contracted? 1. By contact with the saliva of infected animals. 2. Excessive use of alcohol. 3. Contaminated food or water.

4. A virus transmitted by an infected mosquito.

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Question 537 of 573 Number: 14527

Question: Otic Barotrauma is worse during the descent than climb because:

1. the air in the middle ear is at a lower pressure than the cabin, this closes the eustation tube so that

the pressure cannot be equalised. 2. during the climb the humidity in the middle ear is greater than the cabin. 3. during the descent the cabin altitude increases faster than the eustation can open. 4. the air pressure in the inner ear increases more slowly than the cabin.

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Question 538 of 573 Number: 14528

Question: Flying with a "common cold": 1. increases the risk of hypertension.

2. may lead to incapacitation due to severe sinus or ear pain. 3. will cause infection in other crew members if you are flying in a pressurised aircraft. 4. is permitted as long as you are on treatment with antibiotics.

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Question 539 of 573 Number: 14529

Question: Sound is measured in: 1. milliamps 2. mmHg 3. milliceverts

4. dB

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Question 540 of 573 Number: 14530

Question: Hearing Tests are carried out during pilot medicals to: 1. detect early presbyopia.

2. detect early signs of deafness. 3. detect vestibular dysfunction. 4. detect reversible NIHL.

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Question 541 of 573 Number: 14531

Question: Noise Induced Hearing Loss: 1. causes Eustationary Tube dysfunction.

2. is not a permanent hearing loss, the nerve cells frequently recover. 3. is also known as presbyacusis and is associated with pressure damage to the middle ear.

4. is a condition resulting in permanent hearing loss of selected frequencies.

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Question 542 of 573 Number: 14532

Question: Presbyopia: 1. is caused by long-termed exposure to stimuli over 90dB. 2. surgical replacement of the lens the usual treatment and is compatible with flying.

3. is common over the age of 50. 4. is partial visual loss due to pressure changes in the eye.

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Question 543 of 573 Number: 14533

Question: Colour Blindness: 1. affects acuity. 2. is more common in first born males. 3. may be treated by laser surgery.

4. may be subtle and only detected using specialised tests.

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Question 544 of 573 Number: 14534

Question: Concerning the light sensitive cells of the eye: 1. cones are centrally located in the lens.

2. the cones detect colour vision and are highly sensitive to hypoxia. 3. flow to the rods andand cones is maintained even during high g forces. 4. blood rods are centrally located increase visual acuity.

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Question 545 of 573 Number: 14535

Question: Pilots should not fly immediately following giving a donation of blood: 1. pilots should not give blood because of the risk of infection.

2. because there is a small increased risk of low blood pressure due to loss of blood volume. 3. the haemoglobin level is too low. 4. there is a risk of bleeding from the needle site during flight.

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Question 546 of 573 Number: 14536

Question: Which of the following statements is true concerning regular physical exercise: 1. it increases

pulse rate the andhuman stroke volume short term 2. it reduces blood pressure and heart rate in the long term 3. it reduces toleranceintothe hypoxia. 1. 1, 3

2. 1, 2, 3. 3. 1, 2 4. 1

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Question 547 of 573 Number: 14537

Question: Heart Attack (myocardial infarction): 1. an individual''s risk of this can not be significantly influenced.

2. is a total blockage of a coronary artery leading to the death of a piece of heart muscle. 3. is not treatable once symptoms develop. 4. is a partial blockage of a coronary artery leading to chest pain on exercise or stress.

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Question 548 of 573 Number: 14538

Question: Hypertension: 1. usually leads to loss of licence. 2. is only treated when symptoms develop. 3. is otherwise known as "white coat syndrome".

4. increases the risk of a heart attack and stroke.

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Question 549 of 573 Number: 14539

Question: Blood pressure is normally measured in:

1. 2. 3. 4.

mmHg Millibars Hectopascals inHg

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Question 550 of 573 Number: 14540

Question: Internal respiration: 1. is the term for respiration inside the pressure cabin. 2. is the process of inflating the lungs during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 3. is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lung. 4. is a metabolic process that takes place inside the cells during which oxygen is used and carbon dioxide

produced.

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Question 551 of 573 Number: 14541

Question: During a rapid decompression in a 2 crew aircraft, the other pilot becomes incapacitated, your

first action is to: 1. administer oxygen to the other pilot.

2. don your own oxygen mask. 3. call for immediate assistance from cabin crew. 4. commence an emergency descent.

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Question 552 of 573 Number: 14380

Question: How many stages of sleep are there including REM sleep? 1. 2 stages 2. 3 stages 3. 4 stages

4. 5 stages

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Question 553 of 573 Number: 14373

Question: The noise induced damage to a pilot depends on: 1. The intensity of the noise. 2. The frequency

of the noise. 3. The duration of the noise 4. Proper usage of the headset.

1. 2. 3. 4.

1,2,3,4 3 2,3,4 1,4

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Question 554 of 573 Number: 14227 Question: Can you suffer from aerodontalgia in the descent? 1. Only above 10.000 ft

2. No 3. Only in pressurised aircraft 4. Yes

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Question 555 of 573 Number: 14244

Question: A pilot, height 1.7m and weighing 57kg. She is: 1. obese 2. overweight

3. normal 4. underweight

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Question 556 of 573 Number: 14245

Question: When using the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula - when is a pilot considered as obese ? 1. Over 10 for males; 9 for females 2. Over 20 for males; 19 for females 3. Over 26 for males; 25 for females

4. Over 30 for males; 29 for females

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Question 557 of 573 Number: 14289

Question: Glaucoma:

1. 2. 3. 4.

is a condition detected by pressure testing the eye ball. low pressure in the eye ball leads to decreased blood flow to the retina which can cause visual loss. glaucoma causes red / green colour blindness. visual field loss due to glaucoma can be significantly improved by giving oxygen.

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Question 558 of 573 Number: 14290

Question: The partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air: 1. remains constant at all altitudes. 2. can not be varied when using an oxygen mask.

3. is a highly significant factor in ensuring that oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood. 4. is independent of the proportion of oxygen in the ambient air.

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Question 559 of 573 Number: 14291

Question: Oxygen transport to the tissues:

1. 2. 3. 4.

depends on haemoglobin level and blood flow. will be maintained even during severe hypoxia. is not affected by carbon monoxide. does not depend on haemoglobin levels as oxygen is mainly dissolved in the plasma.

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Question 560 of 573 Number: 14165

Question: During a steady climb above Flight Level 100 if cabin pressurization fails:

1. The effects of hypoxia may be gradual and difficult to recognise. 2. of anaemia causes hyperventilation. 3. The The onset cabin will cool rapidly. 4. The cabin altitude will descend.

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Question 561 of 573 Number: 14167

Question: Heart attack (myocardial infarction) : 1. Is becoming less common because fewer people smoke 2. Is not treatable

3. Is the commonest cause of death in men over the age of 40 4. Is always preceded by chest pains

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Question 562 of 573 Number: 14168

Question: Which of the following statements is true concerning the pulse rate: 1. It is the only indicator of hypoxia 2. When multiplied by the blood pressure gives the cardiac output 3. It is not affected by emotion

4. It has a normal range of 60-100 beats per minute

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Question 563 of 573 Number: 14169

Question: Carbon dioxide:

1. Is a normal product of internal respiration. 2. Is approximately 13% of ambient air at Flight Level 180. 3. Is increased in the blood and the brain during hyperventilation 4. May reach toxic levels in the flight deck due to incomplete fuel combustion.

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Question 564 of 573 Number: 15100

Question: Which of the following is true with regards to sleep? 1 - metabolic rate falls 2 - arterial blood

pressure falls 3 - the pulse rate decreases 4 - the sensitivity level of the senses is increased 1. 1 and 4 only are correct 2. 1, 3 and 4 only are correct 3. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all correct

4. 1, 2 and 3 only are correct

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Question 565 of 573 Number: 15087

Question: Is it possible to suffer from Aerodontalgia in the descent? 1. Yes. 2. Only in pressurized aircraft.

3. No. 4. Only above 10 000 ft AMSL.

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Question 566 of 573 Number: 14542

Question: The percentage of oxygen in cabin air:

1. 2. 3. 4.

is the same as at sea level. will reduce during a rapid decompression. is proportional to the cabin pressure. varies with cabin altitude.

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Question 567 of 573 Number: 14732

Question: Which counter-measure can a pilot can use against a barotrauma of the middle ear? 1. Use drugs against a cold 2. Stop chewing and swallowing movements 3. Increase the rate of descent

4. Stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate

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Question 568 of 573 Number: 14733

Question: The approximate time required for complete adaptation of the eye when moving from darkness to

light is:

1. 10 seconds 2. 7 minutes 3. 4. 30 10 minutes minutes

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Question 569 of 573 Number: 15234

Question: What is the maximum JAA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew? 1. 10 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

2. 20 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood. 3. 80 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood. 4. 40 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

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Question 570 of 573 Number: 15300

Question: When travelling in developing and tropical areas of the world, aircrew should avoid : 1. ice cubes

in drinksshort 2. swimming in the local lakes or rivers 3. eating unpeeled fruit 4. local ice cream and salads 5. wearing clothing in evenings 1. 2, 3, 4 & 5 only. 2. 1, 2, 3, & 4 only. 3. 3 & 4 only.

4. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5.

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Question 571 of 573 Number: 6527

Question: The retina allows for the acquisition of colours as a result of the: 1. Rods located in its peripheral zone. 2. Crystalline lens. 3. Rods located in its central part.

4. Cones located in its central part.

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Question 572 of 573 Number: 6528

Question: Which of the following statements is correct? 1. 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel. 2. Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man.

3. 70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel. 4. The kinesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying.

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Question 573 of 573 Number: 6529

Question: Noise induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is: 1. Governed by the intensity of noise above the 103 dB level.

2. Caused by damage to the eardrum or ossicles by noise above 90 dB. 3. Caused by hearing deterioration as part of the process of ageing.

4. Governed by intensity and duration of noise in excess of 90 dB. 03-PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1 of 354 Number: 16789

Question: During the decision making process in the cockpit: 1. habits and routines play no role. 2. the crew should always decide on more than one alternative. 3. a detailed analysis can only be made once, at the moment the problem occurs.

4. the amount of time available has a large influence on the analysis of the situation.

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Question 2 of 354 Number: 16357

Question: Non-verbal communication: 1. is cross-culturally understood. 2. is always clearly interpretable. 3. is used only if verbal clarity is not possible.

4. can serve as a substitute for oral speech.

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Question 3 of 354 Number: 16346

Question: Perception is based upon: 1. solely upon technical ability.

2. information received as well as past experience and knowledge. 3. past experience and knowledge only. 4. information received only.

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Question 4 of 354 Number: 16680

Question: High arousal leads to: 1. faster and more accurate responses. 2. slower and less accurate responses. 3. slower but more accurate responses.

4. faster but less accurate responses.

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Question 5 of 354 Number: 16557

Question: What is the relationship between the perceived level of arousal and the difficulty of a task to be

completed? 1. The arousal level should co-incide with the individual's "Break Point" where the task is particularly 2. difficult. All tasks should be completed at the highest arousal regardless of difficulty. 3. At the outset, the level of arousal should be within the optimum range and therefore at a level where

performance does not suffer. 4. Over-arousal is required to complete difficult tasks.

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Question 6 of 354 Number: 16462

Question: With reference to the relationship between arousal and performance, the highest level of

performance is achieved when the arousal level is: 1. half way up the arousal curve. 2. half way down the arousal curve.

3. optimum. 4. lowest.

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Question 7 of 354 Number: 16387

Question: The individual's personality: 1. is the tendency to evaluate things in a positive or negative way. 2. changes with a different emotional mood.

3. refers to unique psychological characteristics. 4. is variable and easily changeable.

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Question 8 of 354 Number: 16515

Question: What are the two main categories of fatigue? 1. Normal and Chronic.

2. Normal and Severe.

3. Acute and Chronic. 4. Acute and Sympathetic.

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Question 9 of 354 Number: 11

Question: In his/her behaviour, the "ideal professional pilot" is: 1. neither "person" nor "goal" oriented 2. "goal" rather than "person" oriented

3. both "person" and "goal" oriented 4. "person" rather than "goal" oriented

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Question 10 of 354 Number: 346

Question: The maximum number of unrelated items that can be stored in working memory is: 1. very limited - only 3 items 2. unlimited

3. about 7 items 4. about 30 items

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Question 11 of 354 Number: 350

Question: Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay-over of 4 days. What time measure is

relevant for your circadian rhythm on the 3rd day?

1. LT (local time). 2. (universal 3. UTC ZT (zonal time).time coordinated). 4. MEZ (middle european time).

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Question 12 of 354 Number: 354

Question: Signs of stress include:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing. Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart. Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart. Lowering of the blood pressure.

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Question 13 of 354 Number: 683

Question: Stress management programmes usually involve:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the prevention and/or the removal of stress the use of psychoactive drugs only the prevention of stress only the removal of stress

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Question 14 of 354 Number: 688

Question: In order to completely resynchronise with local time after zone crossing, circadian rhythms

require 1. about one day per 2.5 hours of time shift 2. about one week per 2.5 hours of time shift

3. less time when flying from east to west 4. more time when flying from east to west

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Question 15 of 354 Number: 1108

Question: Working memory: 1. is unlimited in duration 2. varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a novice pilot

3. is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of its contents 4. is unlimited in size

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Question 16 of 354 Number: 1109

Question: Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety. Which of the following

statements is correct with regards to motivation?

1. A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete safety 2. A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance 3. Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions

4. Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance

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Question 17 of 354 Number: 1110

Question: Which of the following statements is correct regarding decision making? 1. Deciding means being able to come up with srcinal solutions.

2. Deciding means choosing between alternatives. 3. Deciding means applying an automatic procedure. 4. Deciding means imposing one's point of view.

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Question 18 of 354 Number: 1111

Question: Human errors are frequent and may take several forms: 1. representational errors in which the pilot has properly identified the situation and is familiar with the procedure 2. all errors are avoidable through continuous and thorough training 3. a violation is an error which is always involuntary 4. an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the result of his/her

actions

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Question 19 of 354 Number: 1113

Question: The quality of learning: 1. depends on long-term memory capacity 2. is independent of the level of motivation 3. is dependent on age and professional role

4. is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own performance

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Question 20 of 354 Number: 1117

Question: Less experienced pilots differ from experienced pilots in the following way: 1. experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots because they know that routine causes mistakes 2. flight planning performance decreases with age, and experience is unable to mask this deficiency 3. task for task, an expert's workload is greater than a novice's one 4. inexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts when carrying out the same task

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Question 21 of 354 Number: 1118

Question: Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that: 1. only front-line operators are involved 2. failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns 3. only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation

4. there is hardly ever a single cause responsible

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Question 22 of 354 Number: 1119

Question: What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome ? 1. alarm, resistance, performance,

2. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 3. alert, resistance, exhaustion 4. Alert, resistance, performance.

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Question 23 of 354 Number: 1122

Question: Stress occurs: 1 : only in a situation of imminent danger. 2 : only when faced with real, existing

and palpable phenomenon. 3 : sometimes via imagination, the anticipation of a situation or its outcome. 4 : because of the similarity with a formerly experienced stressful situation. The correct statement(s) is (are):

1. 2. 3. 4.

3,4 1,2,4 2, 3 1,2

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Question 24 of 354

Number: 1123

Question: Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of capabilities to cope with it the capabilities of the individual and the solutions provided by the environment the evaluation of the capabilities of the individual and the time available the evaluation of the situation and the state of fatigue of the individual

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Question Number: 112425

of 354

Question: Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions? -1: noise. -2: conflict. -3:

temperature. -4: an administrative problem. -5: hunger. The combination of correct statements is: 1. 3,4,5 2. 2,3,5

3. 1,3,5 4. 1,3,4

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Question 26 of 354 Number: 1126

Question: Acute stress quickly leads to 1. a state of overactivation beyond the control of willpower 2. a permanent state of incapacitation 3. a decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the situation

4. the mobilization of resources required to cope with the stressor

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Question 27 of 354 Number: 1127

Question: The resistance phase of stress: 1. is very short duration and is unlikely to give a pilot the opportunity to resolve a problem 2. allows fats to be transformed into sugars, thereby prolonging the mobilization of energy in the body

3. may cause a person to die by stopping the defence mechanisms of the body 4. is characterised by the secretion of adrenalin, increased heart rate and blood pressure

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Question 28 of 354 Number: 1131

Question: Human behaviour is determined by: 1. cultural influences only

2. biological characteristics, social environment and cultural influences 3. biological characteristics only 4. the social environment only

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Question 29 of 354 Number: 1134

Question: Pilots are more easily inclined to take greater risks when: 1. making decisions independently of others 2. they are not constrained by time 3. making a flight over unfamiliar territory 4. they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are being observed and admired (e.g. air

shows)

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Question 30 of 354 Number: 1135

Question: Judgement is based upon: 1. the ability to interpret the flight instruments 2. the development of skills through constant practice of flight manoeuvres 3. a process involving a pilot´s attitude to take and to evaluate risks by assessing the situation and

making decisions based upon knowledge, skill and experience 4. a decision-making process involving the 5 physical senses and their use to manually operate the aircraft controls

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Question 31 of 354 Number: 1136

Question: The relevance of check procedures during flight becomes even more important when: 1. flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before 2. conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform

3. flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure 4. flying an aircraft which you have flown recently

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Question 32 of 354

Number: 1137

Question: Which of the following responses is an example of "habit reversion" (negative habit transfer): 1. Incorrect anticipation of an air traffic controller´s instructions 2. habitually missing an item on the checklist or missing the second item when two items are on the same line 3. Turning the aircraft to the left when intending to turn it to the right 4. A pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the fuel lever points forward for the ON position, may unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position, when flying a different

aircraft, where the fuel lever has to point aft to be in the ON position.

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Question 33 of 354 Number: 1138

Question: Although the anticipation of possible events is a good attitude for pilots to acquire, it can

sometimes lead to hazardous situations. With this statement in mind, select the response below which could lead to such a hazard: 1. mishearing the contents of a reply from an air traffic controller when a non-standard procedure was

given but a standard procedure was anticipated 2. anticipating the sequence of items on a check list. 3. anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned 4. anticipating that the weather may deteriorate

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Question 34 of 354 Number: 1139

Question: With regards to stress, as it affects human beings, which of the folowing statements is correct? 1. All forms of stress should be avoided. 2. Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot´s physical condition. 3. Self imposed obligations will not create stress.

4. ´Stress´is a term used to describe how a person reacts to demands placed upon him/her.

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Question 35 of 354 Number: 1142

Question: If during flight a pilot is in a mental condition of "optimum arousal" he/she will be: 1. in a confused mental state 2. unprepared to handle a difficult situation 3. approaching a condition of complacency or fatigue

4. prepared best to cope with a difficult task

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Question 36 of 354 Number: 1330

Question: Which of the following statements summarises the impact that motivation may have on attention? 1. Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it facilitates alertness 2. It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death) 3. It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal

4. It increases alertness and attention

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Question 37 of 354 Number: 1331

Question: What are the effects of excesive stress? 1. It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention 2. It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention inappropriately

3. It reduces vigilance and focusses attention 4. It activates resources stored in memory

Question 38 of 354

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Number: 1332

Question: The level of automation helps to conserve resources. On the other hand, it may result in: 1. errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

2. routine errors (slips) 3. mistakes 4. decision-making errors

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Question 39 of 354 Number: 1333

Question: What is the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception? 1. Expectation is a tool that allows capture of all relevant information 2. Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates

are neglected 3. The attention area is enlarged by expectation, however it will therefore lead to uncertainties when a pilot is looking for a decision 4. Expectations always lead to routine errors

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Question 40 of 354 Number: 1334

Question: The acquisition of a motor programme (skill) will mean that: 1. the less behaviour is automated, the less it requires attention and the more it frees resources 2. the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the more it frees resources 3. the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the less it frees resources 4. the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires conscious attention and thus the more it frees

mental resources

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Question 41 of 354 Number: 1340

Question: What are the main characteristics of active errors ? They: 1. are detectable only with difficulty by

first-line operators 2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in progress 3. occur at the human/machine interface 4. lie dormant and are undetected at first

1. 2. 3. 4.

2,3 1,4 3,4 1,2

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Question 42 of 354 Number: 1341

Question: The maintenance of man's internal equilibrium is called:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Homeostasis Homeothermy Poikilothermy Heterostasis

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Question 43 of 354 Number: 1318

Question: What strategies can be used to combat human error? -1: Reducing error-prone mechanisms. -2:

Improving the way in which error is taken into account in training. -3: Sanctions against the initiators of error. -4: Improving recovery from errors and its consequences. The correct statements are: 1. 2, 3 and 4 2. 1 and 2 3. 3 and 4

4. 1, 2 and 4

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Question 44 of 354 Number: 1319

Question: Concerning the relationship between performance and stress, which of the following statements is

correct? 1. A student will learn faster and better under severe stress. 2. A well trained pilot is able to eliminate any kind of stress completely when he is scheduled to fly.

3. A moderate level of stress may improve performance. 4. Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance because he is able to leave this type of stress on the ground.

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Question 45 of 354 Number: 1320

Question: Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's job. Under which of the following circumstances does it

occur? 1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution 2. Stress occurs with inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capabilities 3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be able to find a solution for the problem he/she faces. 1. 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

2. 1, 2 and 3 are correct 3. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false 4. Only 1 is false

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Question 46 of 354 Number: 1321

Question: Divided attention is the ability: 1. to execute several mental activities at almost the same time (i.e.

when switching attention from outside the aircraft to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel) 2. to monitor the progress of a motor programme (i.e. flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively subconscious level, while making a radio call at the same time (requiring a rather conscious level) 3 .to select information and check if it is relevant to the task in hand. At the same time no other operation can be performed. 4. to delegate tasks to the copilot while concentrating on the procedures 1. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

2. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 3. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false 4. Only 3 is false

Question 47 of 354

Number: 2921

Question: Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), adjustment to destination time: 1. Takes longer

when travelling west rather than travelling east 2. Takes longer when travelling east rather than travelling west 3. Varies little between individuals 4. Varies substantially among individuals. Which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

2,4 1,3 1,4 2,3

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Question 48 of 354 Number: 2922

Question: What seems to be the main role of Orthodox sleep? 1. It includes physical and mental recuperation associate with fatigue

2. It essentially allows for physical recovery 3. Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical phases 4. Its main role is associated with activities of memory activities and restoration of attention capabilities

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Question 49 of 354 Number: 3183

Question: Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by people than by automatic

systems ? 1. Qualitative decision-making 2. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon 3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded 4. Detections of of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc.) 1. 2,3,4 2. 3,4 3. 1,2

4. 1,4

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Question Number: 318450

of 354

Question: Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by automatic systems than by

people ? 1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon 2. Long term controlling of a set value (e.g holding of trajectory) 3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded (e.g holding of flight path) 4. Qualitative decision-making

1. 1,2,3 2. 3,4 3. 2,3,4

4. 2,4

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Question 51 of 354 Number: 3185

Question: As a result of automation in cockpits, 1. communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations 2. the need for communication between crew members has been decreased 3. communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members

4. it is easier for the captain to monitor the work of the first officer and vice versa

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Question 52 of 354 Number: 3187

Question: Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation ? 1. Reduced competence in

manually controlling the aircraft 2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems 3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick 4. General decrease in technical reliability 1. 1,4

2. 1,2 3. 1,3 4. 2,3,4

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Question 53 of 354 Number: 3188

Question: Which of the following are the most favourable solutions to manage phases of reduced or low

vigilance (hypovigilance)? 1. Healthy living 2. Use of amphetamines 3. Reducing the intensity of the light 4. Organising periods of rest during the flight

1. 1,4 2. 1,3 3. 4. 3,4 1,2

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Question 54 of 354 Number: 3189

Question: What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance ? 1. Decrease in sensory perception 2.

Increase in selective attention 3. Sensation of muscular heaviness 4. Decrease in complacency Which of the following lists all the correct statements ? 1. 1 and 4

2. 2 and 4 3. 2 and 3

4. 1 and 3

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Question 55 of 354 Number: 3190

Question: What is "divided attention"? 1. The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed 2. Ease of concentrating on a particular objective 3. Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective

4. The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other

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Question 56 of 354 Number: 3191

Question: Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct ? Hypovigilance : 1. essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off phase

2. may occur at any moment of the flight 3. only affects certain personality types 4. tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a relaxation in the operators' attention

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Question 57 of 354 Number: 3192

Question: What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance) ? 1. The

monotony of the task 2. Tiredness and the need for sleep 3. A lack of stimulation 4. Excessive stress

1. 1,2,3 2. 3. 2,4 3,4 4. 1,3

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Question 58 of 354 Number: 3193

Question: Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct? 1. Motivation will reduce the task automation process 2. Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention

3. Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities 4. Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management

capabilities

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Question 59 of 354 Number: 3194

Question: Which of the following describes an autocratic cockpit? 1. The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the synergy

and cohesion of the crew 2. Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling the others and in the belief that everyone is aware of what he is doing 3. The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves complete freedom to the various members of the crew 4. Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything functions correctly owing to his natural leadership

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Question 60 of 354 Number: 3195

Question: What optimises crew co-operation ? 1. Sharing and common task 2. Confidence in each others

capability 3. Precise definition of functions associated with each crew members role 1. 1, 2

2. 1, 2, 3 3. 2, 3 4. 1 only

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Question 61 of 354 Number: 3196

Question: What distinguishes status from role ? 1. While role defines the enjoyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition by the group, status defines - via behaviour- the functions that must be performed by individuals 2. While role defines- via behaviour- the functions that must be performed by individuals, status defines

the hierarchical position and its recognition by the group 3. Unlike status, role is fixed and is modified either by the situation in flight or by the interactions of a new crew 4. Unlike status, role is fixed and is not modified either by the situation in flight or by the interactions of a new crew

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Question 62 of 354 Number: 3200

Question: Which of the following elements make up the personality of an individual ? 1. Heredity 2.

Childhood environment 3. Upbringing 4. Past experience 1. 2,3 2. 2,3,4

3. 4. 1,2,3,4 1,2,4

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Question 63 of 354 Number: 3201

Question: What is synergy in a crew ? 1. The uncoordinated action of the crewmembers towards a common objective 2. The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving a non-standard task 3. A behavioural expedient associated with the desynchronisation of the coordinated actions 4. The coordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective performance

is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances

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Question 64 of 354 Number: 3202

Question: Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct ? 1. The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into question the general abilities of one of the involved parties 2. Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable

collective solution 3. Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a general detachment of involved parties 4. Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must necessarily involve an additional party if it is to be effective

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Question 65 of 354 Number: 3204

Question: In terms of decision-making, the intention to become integrated into the team, to be recognised as

the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to: 1. an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own ability to lead

2. the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members 3. a fast and decisive option 4. the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities

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Question 66 of 354 Number: 3205

Question: What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of stress? 1. A strategy of no commitment 2. A Laissez-faire strategy

3. A strategy of preparing decisions 4. A non-sequenced strategy

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Question 67 of 354 Number: 3206

Question: Which biases relate to human decision making? 1. Personal experience tends to alter the

perception of the risk of an event occurring 2. There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it 3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to influence the particular decision 4. There is natural tendancy to select only objective facts for decision-making purposes 1. 1,2,4 2. 3,4

3. 1,2,3 4. 1,2

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Question 68 of 354 Number: 3208

Question: Decision-making can be influenced by the following factors: 1. people tend to conform to

opinions expressed by a majority within the group they belong to 2. people always keep the future decisions in line with those their superiors have made in the past 3. people more easily tend to select data which meet their expectations 4. people rarely base decisions on their personal preferences but rather on rational information Which of the following lists all the correct answers ? 1. 2,3

2. 1,3 3. 1,4 4. 2,4

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Question 69 of 354 Number: 3210

Question: Decision-making is a concept which represents: 1. a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given problem

2. an automated or automation-like act of applying defined procedures 3. a spontaneous act of seeking the most effective solution in a given situation when faced with a defined problem 4. an automatic process of selection from among the various solutions to a given problem

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Question 70 of 354 Number: 3212

Question: In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends on: 1. objective and subjective criteria 2.

the objective to be achieved 3. the risks associated with each solution 4. the personality of the decisionmaker 1. 4 2. 1, 3 3. 1, 2, 4

4. 1, 2, 3, 4 Flag this question

Question 71 of 354 Number: 3213

Question: Decision-making results in: 1. a subjective choice between options to achieve a goal 2. a choice always based on the experience of the Pilot in Command 3. a totally objective choice between options to achieve a goal proposed by the Pilot in Command

4. a choice between different options to achieve a goal

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Question 72 of 354 Number: 3218

Question: In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rule-based activities to a knowledge-

based activity? 1. Attentional capture 2. The unsuitability of the automated actions 3. Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed

4. The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed

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Question 73 of 354 Number: 2944

Question: What is the effect of tiredness on attention ? 1. It has no specific effects on attention

2. It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters 3. It increases the ability to manage multiple matters 4. It leads to one's attention being shared between different centres of interest

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Question 74 of 354 Number: 2945

Question: Which of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct ? 1. Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload

2. Tiredness is a subjective sensation which may result in hypovigilance 3. Tiredness always effect people of the same age in a similar way 4. Tiredness is the consequence of poor performance

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Question 75 of 354 Number: 2946

Question: Which of the following are strategies for resolving conflict? 1. Seeking arbitration 2. Actively

listening to other people 3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level 4. Becoming aware of cultural influences 1. 1,2,3

2. 1,2,4 3. 2,4 4. 2,3,4

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Question 76 of 354 Number: 2947

Question: What elements establish synergy within the crew ? 1. Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right through from briefing to debriefing 2. It is only the captain's status which allows the establishment of synergy within the crew

3. Synergy is independent of the natural individual characteristics of the group members (communication, mutual confidence, sharing of tasks, etc.) 4. Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission (briefing) and be maintained until it comes to

an end (debriefing)

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Question 77 of 354 Number: 2948

Question: Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit? 1. Decisions are taken

by the captain, but prepared by the crew 2. There is little delegating of tasks 3. Communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to the flight 4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and laissez-faire 1. 2,4 2. 2,3

3. 1,4 4. 1,3,4

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Question 78 of 354 Number: 2949

Question: Which of the following statements best characterise a self-centered cockpit ? 1. Without taking note of what the other members are doing, each one does his own thing while at the

same time assuming that everyone is aware of what is being done or what is going on 2. While decreasing communication, the independence of each member bolsters the crew's synergy 3. The communication between crew members always increases when the captain takes charge of a situation 4. The egoistic and self-centered personality of the captain often leads to a synergetic cockpit

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Question 79 of 354 Number: 2950

Question: What may become the main risk of a "laissez-faire" cockpit ? 1. Increased captain's authority

2. Inversion of authority 3. Disengagement of the co-pilot 4. Appearance of aggressiveness

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Question 80 of 354 Number: 2951

Question: What is characterized by a "laissez-faire" cockpit ? 1. A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members

2. Each member carries out actions and makes choices informing the other members about them 3. The high level of independence granted to each member by the captain quickly leads to tension between the various crew members 4. The captain's authority rules all the actions or decisions associated with the situation

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Question 81 of 354 Number: 2953

Question: What are the most frequent results of an self-centred captain on the flight deck ? 1. A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is unassertive 2. Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and efficiency 3. High group performance despite the strained relations 4. In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed

responses or aggression

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Question 82 of 354 Number: 2464

Question: The trend in aeroplane hull-loss rate over the last three decades seems to be related to:

1. 2. 3. 4.

the crew the manufacturer the year of manufacture the number of engines

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Question 83 of 354 Number: 2466

Question: Pilot stress reactions: 1. do not change with the environment or different situations but mainly with the characters themselves

2. differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors 3. are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors where the top-ten items should be avoided by every means 4. seem to be the same for most pilots

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Question 84 of 354 Number: 2469

Question: One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in: 1. less experienced crews because of more transparent system details 2. constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring tasks

3. complacency among the crewmembers 4. pilots disregarding the automatic equipment

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Question 85 of 354 Number: 2476

Question: Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions? 1. The separation of figure and background. 2. The aural or visual significance attributed in short term memory.

3. The intensity of the stimuli. 4. The aural or visual significance attributed in long term memory.

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Question 86 of 354 Number: 2478

Question: The effect of experience and repetition on performance: 1. is always negative 2. is always beneficial

3. can both be beneficial and negative 4. is never negative

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Question 87 of 354 Number: 2479

Question: Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern" are: 1. when

concentration on a particular task is relaxed 2. when situations are characterised by medium workload 3. when situations are characterised by stress 1. 3 only. 2. 1. and 2. 3. 2. and 3.

4. 1. and 3.

Question 88 of 354 Number: 2480

Question: The most dangerous characteristic of perception is, that it 1. will only occur under conditions of stress 2. can easily be changed 3. will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation

4. is frequently extremely resistant to correction

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Question 89 of 354 Number: 2481

Question: Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when: 1. stress is medium 2. stress and motivation are low 3. stress and motivation are medium

4. stress is high

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Question Number: 228990 of 354 Question: The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages (Anderson model): 1. associative, autonomous and expert 2. cognitive, associative and knowledge 3. automatic, cognitive and knowledge

4. cognitive, associative and automatic

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Question 91 of 354 Number: 2290

Question: A pilot can be described as being proficient, when he/she: 1. is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the entire flight 2. is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a great bulk of the flight 3. has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free his/her

cognitive resources 4. knows how to off-load all his/her resources to the automation of tasks

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Question 92 of 354 Number: 2291

Question: With regard to the practice of English, which of the following statements is correct? 1. It is necessary and sufficient to have a command of any of the official languages of the ICAO. 2. Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this allows for effective management of any flight's communication. 3. The composition of every crew should be geared to a command of the official aeronautical language of the destination country.

4. All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language.

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Question 93 of 354 Number: 2292

Question: Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error? Active error is: 1. essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by aeroplane designers 2. rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations

3. produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected 4. produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or latent consequence at a specific moment of the action

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Question 94 of 354 Number: 2293

Question: What are the main consequences of latent errors? They: -1: remain undetected in the system for a

certain length of time. -2: may only manifest themselves under certain conditions. -3: are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal errors. -4: lull pilots into a false sense of security The correct statement(s) is (are): 1. 1 and 3

2. 1,2 and 4 3. 1 and 2 4. 2, 3 and 4 Flag this question

Question 95 of 354 Number: 2294

Question: Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error? Latent errors: 1. rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences on the action in progress 2. are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only detected after advanced problem-solving

3. are rarely made by front-line operators, and are consequently readily identified and detected by the monitoring, detection and warning links 4. have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to identify as a result of

the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error

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Question 96 of 354 Number: 12518

Question: In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should: 1. maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences

2. avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload 3. drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better 4. forget about bad past experiences

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Question 97 of 354 Number: 12519

Question: Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two, good synergy is:

1. 2. 3. 4.

1+1=>2 1-1=>2 1+1=