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Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are measured in Newton-meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two commonly recognized forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.

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fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.

Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. The kinetic energy of a mass M having a velocity v is ½Mv2 . Since M = W/g,

Velocity Head of Circular Pipes The velocity head of circular pipe of diameter D flowing full can be found as follows.

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Elevation Energy and Elevation Head In connection to the action of gravity, elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.

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Pressure Energy and Pressure Head A mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having some

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form of energy. Pressure energy therefore is an energy transmitted to the fluid by another mass that possesses some energy.

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Total Energy of Flow The total energy or head in a fluid is the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Recall that potential energies are pressure energy and elevation energy. Total energy = Kinetic energy + Pressure energy + Elevation energy Total head = Velocity head + Pressure head + Elevation head

In symbol, the total head is

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Where: v = mean velocity of flow (m/sec in SI and ft/sec in English) p = fluid pressure (N/m 2 or Pa in SI and lb/ft 2 or psf in English) z = position of fluid above or below the datum plane (m in SI and ft in English) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec2 in SI and 32.2 ft/sec2 in English) γ = Unit weight of fluid (N/m 3 in SI and lb/ft 3 in English)

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Power and Efficiency

Re: Differential Calculus 6 days 3 hours ago

Power is the rate of doing work per unit of time. For a fluid of unit weight γ (N/m 3 ) flowing at

Re: Problem 001-mj | Method of Joints 1 week

the rate of Q (m 3 /sec) with a total energy of E (m), the power (Watt) is

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Note: 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts

Deflections Determined by Three-Moment Equation

1 horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec 1 Watt = 1 N-m/sec = 1 Joule/sec

Angle between two chords Problem 01 - Equation of a curve

Bernoulli's Energy Theorem and Equations

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Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

821 Rectangle minus semi-circle | Moment of

Applying the law of conservation of energy to fluids that may be

Inertia

considered incompressible, Bernoulli’s theorem may be stated as follows:

Partial Derivatives 01 Maximum area of triangle of given perimeter

Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit weight is constant at any point in the path of flow.

Bernoulli's Energy Equations Energy Equation Neglecting Head Loss

Problem 06 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Daniel Bernoulli (1700 - 1782)

Without head losses, the total energy at point (1) is equal to the total energy at point (2). No head lost is an ideal condition leading to theoretical values in the results.

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Energy Equation Considering Head Loss The actual values can be found by considering head losses in the computation of flow energy.

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Energy Equation with Pump In most cases, pump is used to raise water from lower elevation to higher elevation. In a more technical term, the use of pump is basically to increase the energy of flow. The pump consumes electrical energy (Pinput) and delivers flow energy (Poutput).

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Energy Equation with Turbine Turbines extract flow energy and converted it into mechanical energy which in turn converted into electrical energy.

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Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Hydraulic grade line, also called hydraulic gradient and pressure gradient, is the graphical representation of the potential head (pressure head + elevation head). It is the line to which liquid rises in successive piezometer tubes. The line is always at a distance (p/γ + z) above the datum plane.

Characteristics of HGL HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fall due to change in pressure. HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross section. For horizontal pipes with constant cross section, the drop in pressure gradient between two points is equivalent to the head lost between these points. Do you need professional PDFs? Try PDFmyURL!

Energy Grade Line (EGL) Energy grade line is always above the hydraulic grade line by an amount equal to the velocity head. Thus, the distance of energy gradient above the datum plane is always (v2 /2g + p/γ + z). Energy grade line therefore is the graphical representation of the total energy of flow.

Characteristics of EGL EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow and will only rise with the presence of pump. The vertical drop of EGL between two points is the head lost between those points. EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross section. EGL is always above the HGL by v2 /2g. Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

Illustration showing the behavior of EGL and HGL

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Tags: power pressure head velocity head elevation head total head efficiency horsepower Watt Bernoulli’s energy equation neglecting head loss considering head loss theoretical value ideal value actual value flow with turbine flow with pump energy equation input power output power Daniel Bernoulli Bernoulli’s theorem HGL EGL energy grade line energy gradient hydraulic grade line hydraulic gradient pressure gradient Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 02 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 03 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 04 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 05 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 06 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 07 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Do you need professional PDFs? Try PDFmyURL!

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up Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem › 17682 reads

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Principles of Hydrostatic Pressures Hydrostatic Pressure on Surfaces Relative Equilibrium of Liquids Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Discharge | Flow Rate Energy and Head Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 02 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 03 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 04 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 05 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 06 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 07 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 08 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 09 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 10 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 11 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 12 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 13 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 14 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 15 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 16 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 17 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 18 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 19 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem Problem 20 | Bernoulli's Energy Theorem

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