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March-April 2013
Making Development Work in India
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TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY MOVE CLOSER TO COMMERCIAL GENERATING RIVER DATA TO AID PLANT OPERATIONS
24-26 September, 2013, São Paulo • details pg. 37
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RADAR: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MEASURING RESERVOIR LEVEL
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In India, demand for electricity is skyrocketing. Before the hydropower plant in Omkareshwar on the Narmada River was connected to the grid, the local population sometimes had just 15 minutes of electricity per day. Since then, a continuous supply of electricity has been ensured.
With more than 140 years experience in the field of hydropower and high annual spending for research and development, Voith is well equipped to continue delivering excellence in hydropower in the years to come.
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Renewable Energy for India.
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MARCH-APRIL 2013 INDIAN HYDROPOWER 12 Koteshwar: Case Study of
Efficient Development in India
By R.S.T. Sai and D.V. Singh
To conform to a tight schedule, the owner of the 400 MW Koteshwar project on the Bhagirathi River in India scrapped many previous plans and used a hands-on managerial approach. This enabled the plant to be commissioned ahead of schedule.
®
ARTICLES 20 The Path to Commercialization for Wave and Tidal Power By Tildy Bayar
As more ocean energy technologies emerge as commercially viable generation propositions, we explore which technologies are likely to succeed and why.
24 Determining Monthly Discharge on the
Tapajos River Using a Rainfall-Runoff Model
●
By Eurico de Carvalho-Filho, Iara P.G. Machado, Humberto Jacobsen Teixeira, Gabriel S.C. Rocha and Maria Tereza F.R. Campos
To develop a historical flow profi le for projects in the Tapajos River Basin, a mathematical model was used. Data from this model fi lled gaps in data available from rainflow gauging stations.
30 Using Radar to Improve Level Measurement By Christiano Dalosto Pase and Edson Leandro Tomaselli
To better measure the water level in the reservoir behind Machadinho Dam, plant owner Tractebel Energia installed radar level transmitters. Their use has increased reliability and eliminated the need for corrective interventions.
24
● Peer Reviewed
DEPARTMENTS 2 Viewpoint: Hydropower’s Positive European Outlook
4 Briefings
33 New Hydro
32 Tech Notes
34 Small Hydro
36 Index to Advertisers
ADVISORY BOARD H. Irfan Aker Dolsar Engineering Limited, Turkey
Ian M. Cook ICCL, United Kingdom
Chris Head Chris Head & Associates United Kingdom
Leonard B. Kassana East African Tea Trade Association Kenya
Peter Thomas Mulvihill Pioneer Generation, Ltd. New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal (R.G.) Vartak AFCONS Infrastructure Limited, India
Emmanuel Antwi-Darkwa Volta River Authority Ghana
Arturo Gil Garcia Iberdrola Generation Spain
Liu Heng International Network on Small Hydropower (IN-SHP), People's Republic of China
Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz Itaipu Binacional Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri, PhD Dr. Montris & Associates Thailand
Luis C. Vintimilla Consulting Engineer Ecuador
Zhang Boting Chinese Society for Hydropower Engineering People's Republic of China
Roger Gill Hydro Focus Pty. Ltd. Australia
Zhang Jinsheng China Yangtze Three Gorges Project People's Republic of China
Dr. Terry Moss Eskom Generation South Africa
C.V.J. Varma Council of Power Utilities and The Dams Society India
James Yang, PhD Vattenfall Research and Development AB Sweden
www.hydroworld.com
March-April 2013 / HRW 1
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Viewpoint
Hydropower’s Positive European Outlook
®
Vol. 21, No. 2, March-April 2013
European electricity generator trade group Eurelectric, together with the Hydro Equipment Association (HEA) and European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), have issued a new fact sheet on hydropower because, they believe, its key role as an enabler of the transition to clean renewable power remains insufficiently understood among Brussels-based policy makers. The trade groups argue that hydropower in Europe not only creates economic value, but at the same time it also increases energy security and local energy supply and supports both the speed and volume of variable output renewable power entering the European energy system. “Hydropower is a highly efficient and competitive electricity generation technology that lies at the heart of the renewable energy family and currently provides 11% of Europe’s electricity. With its flexible capability to ease imbalances between demand and supply, it is already important to our electricity system today. It will become even more important as the share of variable generation from renewables such as wind and sun increases,” the Eurelectric paper asserts. The group also makes much of hydropower’s storage capabilities, noting that the total installed storage capacity in Europe already amounts to more than 180 TWh. Nonetheless, continued hydropower deployment in the region faces several challenges, Eurelectric argues. Capital costs are high and there are long permit granting procedures and construction times. Such a long lead time increases future regulatory framework uncertainty and investment risk. Moreover, Eurelectric says, administrative barriers and regulatory changes during operation represent additional challenges. For example, grid fees can disadvantage pumped-storage plants compared with other competing flexibility options, the trade group says. In its outlook, Eurelectric finds that hydropower can and should play a key role in achieving the EU 20-20-20 climate and renewable energy goals, and it makes a number of policy recommendations to ensure this happens. Among the demands is a call to establish appropriate and consistent framework conditions and for European legislators to create a level playing field for power generation from domestic water resources, compared with other electricity production and storage technologies. Perhaps most telling, Eurelectric adds that a special focus should be placed on the value of providing flexibility to the electricity system. It is perhaps this more than any other attribute that sets hydro apart from other renewable energy sectors and that could have a significant economic value with the right balancing market structures in place. And, with the right structures, the possibility of using far more of Europe’s hydropower potential becomes all but a certainty.
PennWell Global Energy Group The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK Telephone: +44 1992 656 600 Fax: +44 1992 656 700 E-mail:
[email protected] World Wide Web: http://www.hydroworld.com CHIEF EDITOR — David Appleyard +44 1992 656659
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[email protected] CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS — PennWell Corp. 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, USA Telephone: +1 918 835 3161 CHAIRMAN — Frank T. Lauinger PRESIDENT/CEO — Robert F. Biolchini CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER /SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT — Mark C. Wilmoth AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER — Emily Martha Martin SR. VP, AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT & BOOK PUBLISHING — June Griffin PRODUCTION DIRECTOR — Charlie Cole The views expressed by contributing authors are those of the individuals concerned and do not necessarily reflect those of HRW or the publishers. HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in January, March, May, July, September, and November by PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK; phone +44 1992 656 600. Printed in the U.K. Canadian GST Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001. Canada Post International Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agreement No. 40029359. @Copyright 2013 by PennWell Corp. (Registered in U.S. Patent Trademark Office). No part of this periodical may be reproduced without the consent of the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by HRW, ISSN 1072-9542, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400. Prior to photocopying items for educational classroom use, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400. Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa, OK and additional mailing offices. Annual subscription rate: US$44 per year. Single copies: US$20. Payments accepted in U.S. funds only. HRW is a subscriber to Business News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in its news columns. POSTMASTER: Send change of address, other circulation information to HRW, PO Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264. “HRW” is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to P.O. Box 122, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6S4.
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®
Progress at two hydro plants in Vietnam
Alstom also previously supplied two 130 MW reversible
Vinacomin Power Holding Corp. has awarded a US$26.6 million
pump-turbine units for the fi rst phase of the Alqueva project,
contract to a consortium of Alstom and Hydrochina Huadong
which has been operating since 2004.
Engineering Corp. to supply turbines and electromechanical equipment for the 154 MW Dong Nai 5 project in Vietnam. Alstom said it will design, manufacture, deliver and supervise the erection of two 77 MW turbine-generator units and related mechanical and electrical auxiliaries.
Hydro activity continues strong in India Development work is ongoing in several locations in India. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) recently upheld India’s right to divert water from a Neelum River tributary
The $302 million Dong Nai 5 complex, on the Dong Nai
for National Hydroelectric Power Corporation’s 330 MW
River, is part of Vietnam’s Power Development Master Plan VII
Kishanganga project, being built by HCC-Halcrow Consortium.
and will begin operation in August 2015, Alstom said.
At the same time, Pakistan’s Water and Power Development
In other news, a consortium of Alstom and Hydrochina
Authority has progressed in its plans to develop the 969 MW
Zhongnan Engineering Corporation signed a $144.76 million
Neelum-Jhelum plant, which would be located downstream from
contract with Electricity of Viet Nam in January to provide elec-
Kishanganga on the same river system. Fearing that Kishanganga
tromechanical equipment for the 1,200 MW Lai Chau project.
might reduce the capacity of its Neelum-Jhelum plant by divert-
Alstom is to supply three 400 MW Francis turbine and genera-
ing water, Pakistan asked the neutral PCA to resolve the confl ict
tor sets, as well as mechanical and electrical auxiliaries.
under provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty in 2010. The court — located in The Hague — ruled that India was
Portugal inaugurates Alqueva pumped-storage
adhering to the treaty, which stipulates that the fi rst country to
project expansion
complete its project will have priority rights to the river’s waters.
An extension of Portugal’s Alqueva pumped-storage plant has doubled its capacity to 520 MW. The addition — called
Advancing work on other Indian plants
Alqueva 2 — was announced by Energia de Portugal (EDP) in
India’s West Bengal state hopes to use hydroelectric projects to
October 2007 as a means of storing power produced by south-
increase its supply of water and energy, according to a master
ern Portugal’s booming wind sector.
plan that details potential development along the North and
In September 2008, EDP awarded a contract worth
South Bengal rivers.
US$138.3 million to a consortium consisting of Alstom,
The plan, released by the West Bengal State Electricity
EFACEC Engenharia S.A. and SMM of Portugal to equip the
Distribution Company (WBSEDCL), said new conventional
Alqueva 2 expansion. Alstom said the group supplied, delivered
and pumped-storage hydro projects in the state could provide
and installed two 130 MW reversible pump-turbine units and
capacity of 6,300 MW. WBSEDCL is in the preliminary stages
other mechanical equipment, which were officially inaugurated
of identifying hydropower potential in existing canals and irri-
during a ceremony in January.
gation systems, is preparing feasibility reports for conventional hydro schemes in Darjeeling, and has identified potential sites for a 1,000 MW pumped-storage facility in Purulia district. In addition, development of hydropower projects in several Indian states could benefit from the Forest Advisory Committee’s (FAC) reversal of a recommendation in February requiring cumulative impact assessments for three new hydroelectric plants. Affected by the committee’s decision are 800 MW Tawang 2 in Arunachal Pradesh, 520 MW Teesta 4 in Sikkim and 775 MW Luhri in Himachal Pradesh. FAC said last year that it could not consider giving the projects Stage 1 environmental clearance until comprehensive hydrology, ecology, wildlife, sociology and disaster management studies were
Alqueva Dam is the location of the 520 MW Alqueva 2 pumped-storage facility, which was recently expanded through the addition of two reversible pump-turbine units.
4 HRW / March-April 2013
complete, although the requirements were relaxed in an effort to help meet India’s growing demands for power, sources said. www.hydroworld.com
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Georgia, USAID agreement to increase
that we were committed to settling that debt and to demonstrate
private sector development
that we are bona-fide partners before they could actually enter
A new partnership between the United States Agency for
into the Batoka project,” Chifamba said. “Because we have done
International Development and the Georgian government is
so, that has unlocked the project.”
intended to help spur private development of hydro projects. USAID and Georgia’s Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources signed a letter in January declaring their intent
Development of Batoka Gorge is seen as crucial for Zimbabwe, whose industries have been crippled by a lack of available power and load shedding.
to implement the program — called the Georgian Electricity Market Model 2015 (GEMM 2015) — as a “core strategy”
Update on hydro development in Nepal
for the country’s energy sector. According to Georgia officials,
Production at Nepal’s 60 MW Kulekhani 1 project was cut in
GEMM 2015 will promote private development of new hydro-
half by a short circuit in a cable that occurred in February. The
power construction by giving energy producers easier means of
project — on the Kulekhani River — is the only reservoir-type
selling their power to Turkey and other regional markets.
hydroelectric plant in the country, according to owner the Nepal
USAID has a history of supporting hydro projects in Georgia
Electricity Authority (NEA).
and said GEMM 2015 grew from the response it received dur-
Kulekhani 1 is intended to provide power for peak demand and
ing previous projects. “The hydro electrical power development
emergencies, although NEA said recent rainfall in the area should
project initially started with a series of studies to help identify
allow other run-of-river facilities to keep pace with demand.
potential investors for one of the hydroelectric facilities,”
NEA said repairs would take about a week, although a more
USAID Mission Director Stephen Haykin said. “In the course
permanent replacement cable would be installed as soon as pos-
of doing this, we were trying to attract investors to Georgia. We
sible. That process, NEA said, might take months.
got feedback and saw Georgia is in need of changes in policy structures and institutions.”
In other Nepal hydro news, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Georgia’s Ministry of Energy will seek further input from
have agreed to fi nance two-thirds of Nepal’s 140 MW Tanahun
the country’s National Energy and Water Supply Regulatory
project. JICA and ADB said they will provide $150 million each
Commission (GENRC) and local and foreign experts. The
after negotiations completed in February. The JICA loan will
ministry said it hopes to have the new market model formed by
carry 0.01% interest with a 40 year payback period, while the
the end of 2014, with implementation to begin in 2015.
ADB loan has a 1.5% interest rate over 30 years. Official loan documents have not yet been signed.
Zimbabwe making Batoka Gorge debt repayments
Sources report the European Investment Bank (EIB) has
Debts being paid to Zambia from state-owned Zimbabwe
expressed interest in fi nancing at least part of the Tanahun proj-
Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) should help pave the way
ect’s remaining costs, although officials said negotiations have
toward construction of the 1,600 MW Batoka Gorge project.
not taken place yet.
The US$3 billion plant is being developed by the Zambezi River Authority, which is jointly owned by Zimbabwe and Zambia. ZESA Chief Executive Elijah Chifamba told a parliamentary
The run-of-river project will be built on the Seti River and could be generating power by 2020, assuming NEA can begin construction in 2014 as proposed.
committee in February that the utility will have paid Zambia $40 million of its $70 million in debt by the end of March,
RusHydro announces consolidations, objectives for 2013
allowing development to proceed. “Zambians needed to see fi rst
Russian hydropower project operator JSC RusHydro has announced it will reorganize the company’s hydro engineering operations by consolidating its three subsidiaries. As per an in absentia meeting of the RusHydro board of directors in February, the consolidation “aims to improve project complex efficiency and increase the total economic effect through better usage and planning of hydro engineering resources.” Included in the consolidation are JSC Institute Hydroproject, JSC Lenhydroproject and JSC Mosoblhydroproject. The three will now operate under the “JSC Incorporation Hydroproject” banner, which will be wholly owned by RusHydro. According to RusHydro, the three groups have “similar capabilities and functions that often overlap,” although Institute
Batoka Gorge on the Zambezi River will be the site of a 1,600 MW hydro project jointly owned by Zimbabwe and Zambia.
6 HRW / March-April 2013
Hydroproject and Lenhydroproject have more “expertise in developing comprehensive and complex hydro engineering www.hydroworld.com
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Investing in the future of hydro power
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projects,” while Mosoblhydroproject specialized in small and medium hydro project developments.
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When completed in 2019, officials said about 90% of the power generated will be exported to Thailand.
The board also identified several hydropower-related prior-
In January, governments and organizations used the 19th
ity objectives for 2013, including reliability and modernization
Mekong River Commission (MRC) Council Meeting to voice
of operating plants, operations and maintenance efficiency
displeasure with Laos’ 1,285 MW Xayaburi project. Although
improvements, and increased capacity through implementation
Poyry Energy Business Group was selected in November 2012 to
of investment projects.
supervise construction of the US$3.5 billion run-of-river plant, some members of MRC and their international partners have
Syrian rebels take control of 824 MW Tabqa project
expressed concern that the prior consultation process was not
A group of rebels took control of the 824 MW Tabqa project and
adequately completed. “It is our consensus that building dams on
the lake it impounds on the Euphrates River in February. Tabqa
the mainstream of the Mekong may irrevocably change the river
and Lake Assad — Syria’s largest hydropower plant and biggest
and hence constitute a challenge for food security, sustainable
reservoir — are in the northeastern Raqqa Province and help
development and biodiversity conservation,” a statement from
power the contested city of Aleppo.
MRC’s international partners said. These partners — which
Sources said the dam seizure comes after Syrian President
include the European Union, USA, Australia, New Zealand,
Bashar al-Assad has been denying power to rebel-held areas as
World Bank and Asian Development Bank — are concerned that
a means of turning the population against the insurgent forces.
Laos has not addressed the concerns of other MRC members.
Syria’s government has not confi rmed that Tabqa is in rebel
MRC was founded in 1995 and consists of Laos, Cambodia,
hands, although the United Kingdom-based Syrian Observatory
Thailand and Vietnam. The council is intended to provide a forum
for Human Rights said the insurgent group had captured both
for cooperative use of the Mekong River, but the Cambodian,
the powerhouse and areas in the nearby town of Al Tabqa.
Thai and Vietnamese representatives said Laos did not complete its due diligence before moving forward with Xayaburi. At a Special Joint Committee Meeting in April 2011, Vietnam proposed a 10-year moratorium on decisions regarding mainstream dams on the Mekong. The Laotian government appeared to accept Vietnam’s proposal and announced it would suspend development of Xayaburi during the 18th MRC Council Meeting in December 2011, pending further impact studies. However, in October 2012, the Andritz Group announced it was awarded a $322 million contract by CH. Karchang Public Co. Ltd. to supply electromechanical equipment for the plant. Laos now says a cofferdam will be complete in May, with construction of Xayaburi to begin in full shortly after.
Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates River in Syria was reportedly taken over by rebels in February, along with the 824 MW powerhouse and the lake the dam impounds.
WAPDA moves forward on several projects in Pakistan Pakistan’s Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
Laos: Land lease advances development,
began mechanical runs of its 121 MW Allai Khwar project in
update on Xayaburi
February and anticipated power generation by the end of the
A 32-year land lease will allow investors to continue develop-
month. WAPDA said Allai Khwar was expected to begin com-
ment of the 390 MW Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy project in Laos’
mercial operation the fi rst week of March.
Champassak and Attapeu provinces.
Allai Khwar — built on an Indus River tributary of the same
The US$830 million plant is a venture of the Laotian govern-
name — includes an 88 meter-long by 51 meter-tall concrete
ment (24%), Korea’s SK Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd.
dam, a 2.3 km-long steel-lined tunnel and two 61.5 MW turbines.
(26%), Korean Western Power Co. Ltd. (25%) and Thailand’s
The project is the second of three WAPDA high-head hydro-
Ratchaburi Electric Generating Holding PLC (25%). The group signed a project development agreement with the Laotian government in November 2008. Now with a land lease worth about $1 million, construction
electric complexes that have been developed in recent years. Also included are 72 MW Khan Khwar, which went online in November 2010, and 130 MW Duber Khwar, which WAPDA said will be commissioned soon.
of Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy (also spelled Xae Pien-Xae Nam Noi)
In related news, WAPDA expects to begin construction of its
is expected to begin in July. The project will create a reservoir
122 MW Keyal Khwar plant in April. WAPDA said engineer-
that will cover about 238 hectares in the Xe Kong River Valley
ing design and prequalification of fi rms for civil and electrome-
and reflects Laos’ efforts to become the “battery of the region.”
chanical works must be completed before work can begin, but
8 HRW / March-April 2013
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that it expects those prerequisites to be completed “very soon.” The US$242.6 million Keyal Khwar plant will be located on
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IEC’s rehabilitations will raise the facilities to modern technical standards and restore their lost capacity.
Keyal Khwar River, which is a tributary to the Indus River in Brazil: Continuing to be a hotbed for hydro
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. These projects are being developed as part of WAPDA’s “least-
Significant new hydroelectric development work is ongoing
cost energy generation and water storage plan” that could include
in Brazil, although the current drought raises questions as to
as many as 26 hydro plants with 21 GW of installed capacity.
whether consumer demand can be met by these facilities.
Pakistan sees Indus Water Treaty from Pakal Dul plant
Rousseff in September 2012 will force power distributers to
Pakistan’s Punjab Irrigation Department has objected to Indian
slash tariffs by 18% for residential customers and more than
plans for a new 1,500 MW plant at Pakal Dul Dam.
30% for industries. The new policy is expected to have a marked
Energy tax reform announced by Brazilian President Dilma
India’s proposed Pakal Dul project — to be located on the
effect on utility company and hydro project operator Eletrobras’
Marusdar River in Jammu and Kashmir — is subject to terms
budget, with profits projected by some analysts to drop at least
of the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 because the Marusdar is a
30% through the next year.
tributary to the Chenab River. Sources said India submitted the
To respond, Eletrobras is in the midst of a restructuring plan
proposal to the Pakistan Commission for Indus Waters, which
it expected to be complete in March. The company says it will
forwarded it to the Punjab Irrigation Department for analysis.
utilize “synergies between subsidiaries and propose a framework
According to India’s plan, the Pakal Dul complex would 3
include a 87,500 m reservoir that would be impounded by a concrete-faced rockfi ll dam 1,708 meters high.
for management of generation assets, transmission and distribution compatible with the new regulatory landscape” to cut costs. In early February, Alstom shipped the fi rst stay ring to the
The Irrigation Department is concerned that Pakal Dul Dam
373.4 MW Santo Antonio do Jari plant. The company is also sup-
could decrease the flow of water into Pakistan, which violates the
plying Kaplan turbines, generators, hydromechanical and lifting
treaty. The department has also questioned several design aspects
equipment, a distributed control system and engineering works,
that, according to Pakistan, are cause not to endorse the project.
along with erection, supervision and commissioning services. Santo Antonio do Jari is being built on the Jari River in Brazil’s
Armenia developing, rehabilitating hydro projects
Amazon region. Commissioning is expected for late 2014.
An agreement signed in February at the Armenian National
Voith Hydro received a contract for work on this plant in
Assembly will allow for construction of two hydro projects along
January, and the company will supply and install a Kaplan S tur-
the Aras River on the Armenia/Iran border.
bine, a generator, automation systems, and related electrical and
The two governments signed agreements in 2007 and 2008
mechanical parts. This will expand capacity by about 3.4 MW.
allowing for construction of the 130 MW Meghri and 130 MW
Speaking of new development, in January ANEEL autho-
Karachilare (also spelled Gharachilar or Ghare Chiler) plants.
rized the start of commercial operation for the 10th turbine at
Meghri — under construction as of November 2012 — will be on
the 3,150 MW Santo Antonio plant. The Santo Antonio com-
the Armenian side, with Karachilare on the Iranian side.
plex is on the Madeira River in the Amazon basin. The plant is
As per draft laws adopted by the Armenian National Assembly,
part of the 3,750 MW Jirau project, which received an operating
Iran will fund construction of the US$400 million Meghri proj-
license from Brazil’s Institute of the Environment and Natural
ect in exchange for the electricity produced until Armenia’s debt
Resources (IBAMA) in October 2012.
is repaid. Sources said repayment will likely take 15 years, at which point Armenia will assume control of the plant.
Santo Antonio’s newest turbine unit adds 69.6 MW to the plant’s existing 713.5 MW of capacity. The turbine is the sec-
Construction of the plants is being undertaken by the Farab
ond in Santo Antonio’s Power House II, which is located on the
Sepasad Co. Each powerhouse will include two 65 MW hydro
left bank of the Madeira River. According to operator Santo
turbines. Completion is expected within the next five years.
Antonio Energia, another 17 turbines will enter commercial operation in 2013, totaling 27 generating units in production.
EBRD loans to finance Armenian rehabilitation projects The
European
Bank
for
Reconstruction
Sources report that Brazil’s dry summer is depriving hydro
Development
plants of water, straining the available power supply and causing
(EBRD) has provided a US$25 million loan that will help fund
fear that the country will face energy rationing. Brazil’s national
International Energy Corporation (IEC) rehabilitations of
electrical system operator, ONS, said reservoirs are at 31.61%
seven hydro projects in Armenia’s Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade.
capacity in the northeast and 41.24% in the north region.
The stations are located along the Hrazdan River and have a
Meanwhile, the Brazilian Association of Independent Power
total combined capacity of 565 MW, or about 10% of Armenia’s
Producers said reservoirs for hydro plants in the southeast and
annual production. The plants were constructed between 1936
midwest are at 28.9% — just 0.8% above the minimum levels
and 1961 and have received little investment since, EBRD said.
required to meet demand at full load.
10 HRW / March-April 2013
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India n Hydropower
Koteshwar: Case Study of To conform to a tight construction schedule, the owner of the 400 MW Koteshwar project on the Bhagirathi River (a tributary of the Ganges River) in India scrapped many of its previous plans and used a hands-on managerial approach. This innovation enabled the plant to be commissioned ahead of schedule.
By R.S.T. Sai and D.V. Singh
I
n an industry often marked by slow progress
Completing side-by-side construction activities
and long struggles for project authorization, the
simultaneously with the help of innovative orga-
400 MW Koteshwar Hydroelectric Project in India
nization was one method used to fi nish the project
can provide a model of effective and efficient con-
ahead of schedule. Many of these innovations and
struction and operation. First proposed in 2000, the
managerial strategies could be applied to other
project was under construction in early 2007. Two
hydropower projects.
R.S.T. Sai is chairman and
of the four generating units were commissioned
managing director and
just four years later. The progress of the facility can
Project summary
D.V. Singh is technical
be credited in large part to hands-on management
The Koteshwar project is a vital component of the
director and former chief
practices and construction methodology used by
larger 2,400 MW Tehri Hydropower Complex,
the plant’s owner, THDC India Limited.
the fi rst major attempt to harness the potential of
project officer of the
the Ganges River.
400 MW Koteshwar project
To overcome a construction delay and fi nish
with THDC India Limited.
the Koteshwar project in a timely manner, THDC
Koteshwar is the most quickly-implemented
implemented a unique management methodology
hydro project of its type in the nation, according to
that placed decision-making ability in the hands
sources within the Ministry of Power, which com-
of a small committee and those working directly
mended the project and its owners and contractors.
on the project. This eliminated much of the red
Contractor PCL-Intertech LenHydro Consortium
tape that often halts hydropower development.
began construction work in April 2007, the fi rst
Additionally, innovative construction techniques
two units were commissioned in March 2011, and
were used to shorten building time and make more
the third and fourth units were commissioned in
efficient use of available resoures and manpower.
January 2012 and March 2012, respectively.
Photo (above): The reservoir for the Koteshwar project is a vital component of the larger Tehri Hydropower Complex, which will have a capacity of 2,400 MW when complete in 2017.
12 HRW / March-April 2013
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The Koteshwar project is comprised of a 97.5 meter-high concrete gravity dam on the Bhagirathi River, a tributary of the Ganges River, and a powerhouse at the toe of the dam on the right bank that houses four 100 MW turbine-generating units. Each generator is a vertical shaft, semi-umbrella type and is coupled to a Francis turbine. The turbines, generators, transformers and balance of plant equipment were provided by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. of New Delhi, India. Power generated at this plant contributes considerably to the ability of the Tehri Hydro Complex to provide a combined peak capacity of 2,400 MW to the local grid once the fi nal phase is completed. The complex is operating
The powerhouse at the 400 MW Koteshwar hydropower project is located on the toe of the dam on the right bank and was fully operational in March 2012.
at a capacity of 1,400 MW. The third component of the project, the 1,000 MW
was sluggish, largely due to the resettle-
team. As a result, work progressed very
Tehri Pumped Storage Plant, is under
ment of families affected and repeated
slowly up to February 2007, delaying all
construction and is expected to be com-
geological failures on both river banks.
other development work past the initially scheduled completion date.
missioned by2017. Annual energy genera-
The village Pendaras, where all the
tion from Koteshwar is 1,155 GWh based
major structures were to be constructed,
THDC management had two options:
on 90% water availability.
was to be completely vacated in March
terminate the work and seek a fresh ten-
Tehri
2005. However, those vacating the land
der, or take some innovative management
Reservoir, situated 20 km upstream of
disturbed the construction activities by
action to streamline the fi nances and
Koteshwar Dam, is being regulated by the
organizing sporadic agitations with vari-
resources of the contractor and get the
Koteshwar powerhouse for irrigation pur-
ous motivations, such as seeking employ-
work done through this company.
poses. Also, the reservoir impounded by
ment with the contracting company.
Termination was not an ideal option,
Koteshwar Dam functions as a balancing
Officers and contractors were often man-
as the owner would have to terminate a
reservoir for the pumped storage plant.
handled and physically attacked.
signed contract and risk a stay order,
Water
released
from
the
Apart from this, two of the quarries
and progress up to that point would be
Complex prevailing
being used to supply materials for the
lost through demobilization of the site.
conditions and issues
dam were in the villages of Mulani and
The project would essentially have to be
Despite its considerably fast construction
Gairogisera. The state government relin-
restarted from scratch, creating an addi-
and implementation time (3.5 years as
quished control of the last one in 2007,
tional delay in completion of 18 months to
opposed to the nation’s average of six to
substantially delaying construction work.
two years. In addition, THDC would face
10 years), the Koteshwar project faced a
Further, soaring prices of raw materi-
a revenue loss of US$80 million per year.
number of complex issues that temporar-
als also created a problem. For example,
Moreover, delay in completing this
ily impeded progress. The innovations
the price of steel started increasing, from
project would jeopardize development
that enabled the project to be completed
US$547 per unit in 2007 to US$948 in
of the pumped-storage project, as the
early were developed and implemented as
2008. As the prices increased, the proj-
Koteshwar Reservoir was designed to
a response to the issues faced.
ect contractors did not receive adequate
be the lower reservoir. In addition, the
Major work on the project began on
compensation as per the price adjust-
delay would result in lost revenue from
August 31, 2002, when a US$66 million
ment formula in the contract agreement.
the Tehri plant, as it would not be able to
contract was awarded to PCL-Intertech
The resulting cash-flow problem made
function as a peaking station in the true
LenHydro, with a scheduled completion
it difficult for the contractor to procure
sense. Currently, the Koteshwar plant
date of May 31, 2006. The fi rst river
materials. Additionally, payments to sup-
fulfi lls the needed water requirement
diversion milestone was achieved on
pliers and for salaries were not made on
in the river by running one unit in base
December 28, 2003, only 28 days behind
time, promoting an attitude of distrust
mode. If Koteshwar had not been imple-
schedule. Thereafter, the pace of work
toward the project and its development
mented, Tehri would have to meet this
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March-April 2013 / HRW 13
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need by running one unit in base mode
were deemed to have standing approval
around the clock. This means instead of
of the CMD (Chairman Managing
getting peaking revenue, THDC would
Director). Such vast powers were vested
receive normal revenue. With all these
with the committee to make administra-
factors considered, THDC management
tive, technical and fi nancial decisions
chose the second option.
required for bringing the project on track
Erection of turbines using a crawler crane
and to develop infrastructure so the proj-
Conventionally, the erection of turbine
Implementation of
ect could be commissioned. The actions
parts is achieved with the assistance of
effective management
of the empowered committee drastically
an electrical overhead traveling crane,
The value of work completed by the civil
reduced the procedural and regulatory
which travels on the crane beam cast on
works contractor up to March 2007 was
hang-ups that could slow progress.
the walls on either side of the machine
encouraged more unique developments. Some of the innovations used at the site are described below:
about US$20 million, as compared to a
Work proceeded quickly. The organiza-
hall. The same methodology was planned
total contract price of US$66 million. At
tional set-up of the work site was restruc-
for Koteshwar. However, based on the
this stage, THDC felt that if the avail-
tured to increase efficiency. Executives
project requirements, a hydraulic crawler
ability of required equipment, material
with proven track records with the Tehri
crane with a maximum lifting capacity of
and workforce could be ensured, the
project were inducted into the new man-
250 MT was used. The crane was kept on
project could be completed within a
agement team. Four independent sections
the downstream side of the powerhouse
minimal time frame by taking advantage
were created within the civil works team,
in the tailrace channel area.
of the resources/equipment already mobi-
divided by the section each team would
Erection of such turbine parts as the
lized by the contractor. Accordingly, the
work on (dam, powerhouse, power intake
draft tube, stay rings and spiral casings
THDC management board decided to
and switchyard), each headed by an expe-
was achieved using a mobile crane while
carry out work at the project by “risk and
rienced senior manager.
the other parts were being constructed
cost” methodology. This meant making
All of the construction activities at site
simultaneously. Use of this mobile tower
decisions at the site and making payments
were planned and handled by THDC
crane enabled the project to engage in
to manufacturers, suppliers, transporters
engineers. Incentives were distributed to
both civil and electromechanical activi-
and piece rate workers directly at the
the laborers directly by THDC as they
ties, saving time and setting a new prec-
behest of the contractor and on that con-
achieved locally set targets. This ignited
edent for efficient development.
tractor’s written requests.
stiff competition between labor groups
THDC’s management team empow-
deployed at different locations on site,
Using trusses to support the powerhouse
ered the project team with the decision-
thus stimulating the pace of work. The
The above-ground powerhouse was con-
making abilities to cut short the proce-
uninterrupted cash flow and timely pay-
structed using roller-compacted-concrete
dural delays. The managing engineer for
ment also boosted morale and confidence
columns, walls and beam structures.
civil works was redesignated chief project
among contractors, workmen and suppli-
Conventionally, in a surface powerhouse,
officer (CPO) and was authorized to
ers and resulted in accelerated progress.
the roof slab is cast after raising the walls
procure material, manpower, specialized
The hands-on management strategy
and columns to roof level. Thereafter,
work force and spares for maintenance
adopted at Koteshwar was an unprec-
scaffolding erected from ground to roof
of tools and equipment. He was also
edented move in the history of Indian
level provides support and shuttering for
authorized to induct labor gangs/piece
hydro. When the plant was commis-
the slab. In such a case, erection of elec-
rate workers and fi x their rates, if the con-
sioned, the efforts were lauded by the
tromechanical equipment is delayed until
tractor failed to do so. Finally, the CPO
government of India.
the scaffolding and shuttering material can be cleared from around the units.
was authorized to set targets and directly distribute incentives to work gangs to
Innovative construction
accelerate the pace of work.
The unusual delay and later innovative
install the units simultaneously, steel
methodology
managing
trusses of 21 meter span were constructed
whole, an “empowered committee” was
the project required a shift in approach
to support the shuttering of the slab. This
established in March 2007 to ensure there
toward innovative construction tech-
made the entire unit area accessible, sav-
were plentiful resources available. The
niques to catch up on the tight schedule.
ing four months of construction time.
committee was comprised of the CPO
The engineers at the project site dared to
and one member each from the design and
think out of the box and adopt innovative
Alternative approach during excavation
engineering and corporate fi nance depart-
techniques to replace conventional con-
Excavation for the penstocks was origi-
ments. Decisions made by the committee
struction methods. The empowered com-
nally planned from the downstream side
were recorded as meeting minutes and
mittee stood behind these innovations and
of the dam near the powerhouse. The
To speed progress of the project as a
14 HRW / March-April 2013
adopted
for
To construct the powerhouse and
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essential. http://hrw.hotims.com RS #7
MarelliMotori
®
www.marellimotori.com
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excavated muck would be dumped into
of the concreting, which would shave 15
completion of the civil works up to the
the powerhouse pit for disposal. To work
to 20 days off the schedule.
top level.
on both tasks simultaneously, a meth-
For this to happen, a temporary gallery
odology was developed to forego the
nearly 1 meter wide was left around the
interdependence of both the structures.
stay ring pedestals below the spiral cas-
Accelerated reservoir filling and commissioning of Units 1 and 2
Initially, construction of a partition wall
ing. Once the discharge ring was lowered,
A geological event occurred on December
between the powerhouse and stilling
concrete work around it was completed
17, 2010, above the underground diver-
basin was suspended in this area to enable
from this gallery. Meanwhile, the turbine
sion tunnel of the project. As a result,
access from the stilling basin side. Later,
was erected alongside this work.
the excavated muck found its way into
the partition wall was raised, leaving an
As a result, concreting of the Unit
the diversion tunnel, blocking the flow
opening 8 meters wide by 8 meters tall at
1 generator barrel was completed on
of water. As soon as the blockade was
an elevation of 529 meters for carrying
September 26, 2009, in only 57 days as
noticed, all four units of the Tehri plant
out activities in the powerhouse.
compared to the planned 75. This was
located upstream were immediately shut
a great achievement because this activ-
down to avoid sending any more water
Alternative approach to service bay area
ity conventionally takes as much as five
into the Koteshwar powerhouse.
months. Nearly one month was saved as
The balance of the civil and hydro-
The only approach to the service bay
per the schedule and nearly 2.5 months if
mechanial works that were pre-requisites
and powerhouse area was through a 376
it had been completed conventionally.
to reservoir impoundment had to be
meter-long main access tunnel, with an
completed so that water could be passed
inlet at Elevation 570 meters on the right
Arrangement for erection of steel liners
downstream through the spillway. The
bank. This area of the right bank had very
Construction of the steel liners for the
diversion tunnel gate at Koteshwar was
unsteady geology, marked by repeated
penstocks was to be carried out through
lowered on January 23, 2011, and water
slope failures. Consequently, excavation
the lower horizontal penstocks, but due to
passed through the spillway on the 27th.
of the tunnel was delayed until June 2007.
rock ledge failure and further delay in exca-
At the time of reservoir impound-
To move forward with work despite
vation of the lower horizontal penstocks,
ment, the penstocks of Units 1 and 2
this delay, THDC chose to take an alter-
this could not be achieved. To facilitate
were complete; however, the penstocks of
native approach from the downstream
the erection of penstocks from the upper
Units 3 and 4 were not connected to their
side, through the tailrace channel up to
side, the contractor built cement concrete
spiral casings and were expected to take
the service bay area of the powerhouse.
buttresses between all four penstocks.
more time. This would delay fi lling the
Excavation of the tailrace channel would
The contractor also installed a track-
reservoir and, consequently, could have
be connected with the downstream main
mounted gantry crane with the rail track
delayed commissioning of Units 1 and 2.
approach of the stilling basin.
at Elevation 590 meters up to Penstock 4.
To allow for fi lling the reservoir, the
Although the main access tunnel was
The steel liners were constructed with the
water flowing through the incomplete
not fully operational until July 2009
help of this arrangement, which prevented
inlet pipes of Units 3 and 4 would have to
because of the slope failures, service bay
a possible construction delay.
be rerouted. Leakage water was routed to
work began in early 2008. This approach
a draft tube by erecting a barrier of steel plates with stiffeners inside the penstock,
of schedule and provided access for both
Arrangement of canopy for simultaneous work
men and materials, it also provided a
C onvent ion a l ly, hyd rome ch a n ic a l /
the accumulated water behind the plate.
means for an electrical overhead traveling
electromechanical construction work is
This arrangement made it possible to fi ll
crane to be transported to the service bay,
completed once the civil works have been
the reservoir even though the Unit 3 and 4
where it was erected in early 2009.
completely fi nished, which takes a con-
penstocks were not entirely complete.
not only helped keep the project ahead
with pipes and gate valves to discharge
siderable amount of time. To save time,
Concreting of generator barrel
erection work of the electromechanical/
Conclusion
Concreting of the generator barrel of Unit
hydromechanical equipment began after
Fully operational since March 2012, the
1 was a challenge because there was not
completing the civil works up to mid-level
Koteshwar project can be seen as a model
sufficient time to complete the task con-
only. To do this, workers created a canopy
for hydro plant development in India due
ventionally. To shorten the length of time
of steel to facilitate simultaneous working.
to the effective management techniques
required, THDC decided the discharge
Substantial time was saved in the con-
that were put into practice. However, suc-
ring, which was to be placed in the turbine
struction of the power intake and draft
cess could not have been achieved without
pit after hydraulic testing of the spiral
tube gates of the powerhouse, which
the innovation in construction techniques
casing, would be placed after completion
were ready to house gates even before
mentioned above.
16 HRW / March-April 2013
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O c e a n/ T i d a l/S t r e a m
Tidal Technologies Drive Commercialization in the UK Tidal technologies in the UK are closer to commercialization than wave technologies because of the similarities of tidal unit designs between companies. Together, tidal and wave resources offer the potential to generate up to 20% of the UK’s electricity needs.
By Tildy Bayar
T
hese are heady times for tidal energy, says
9 MW deployed in UK waters and generating
Matthew Reed, engineering director at
power — more than the rest of the world com-
Marine Current Turbines (MCT). “It’s all kick-
bined. The Crown Estate has awarded leases for
ing off now,” he said in mid-March. “There’s a
more than 1.8 GW of capacity at nearly 40 sites in
sense of excitement.”
UK waters.
Reed has a lot to be excited about. The Welsh government has given consent for his Siemens-
Advancing technology
owned company to build the 10 MW Skerries Tidal
Of the main marine energy technologies, the tidal
Stream Array. This is Wales’ fi rst commercial tidal
sector is seen as further toward commercializa-
farm and one of the largest to be consented in the
tion than wave energy because tidal technology is
UK, which leads the global wave and tidal market.
increasingly similar across companies. Growing
Once it is commissioned, the array will consist of
standardization is lowering risks for these tech-
five 2 MW SeaGen tidal stream turbines in an area
nologies as propositions for investors and driving
about 1 km off the northwest coast of Anglesey in
down costs. Wave energy technologies, on the
North Wales, close to the port of Holyhead, in
other hand, are still fairly diverse, leading to inves-
water depth of about 20 to 40 meters.
tor nervousness.
“The entire industry is rooting for this project
Ed Gill, head of external affairs at renewable
because it will prove the potential” of tidal arrays,
energy development fi rm Good Energy, termed
said Reed, who has worked on the SeaGen turbine
tidal energy a “potential game-changer” for
for four years, from design through production.
renewables due to its predictability, in contrast with
SeaGen is the first proven full-scale commercial tidal
variable wind and solar. And, according to Reed,
turbine developed by MCT. A previous project has
SeaGen’s capacity factor at Strangford Lough is
been operational in Northern Ireland’s Strangford
67%, while that of a typical wind turbine is 30%.
Lough since 2008, using 1.2 MW turbines.
Attendees at RenewableUK’s Wave & Tidal
Another project developer, MeyGen, which
2013 event in mid-March said they expect tidal
is working with Andritz Hydro Hammerfest on
energy to make a big commercial leap fairly soon.
1.4 MW turbines, has secured a lease agreement
For example, Ben Child, an engineer in GL
from the Crown Estate for the area that lies in
Garrad Hassan’s Wave Energy Group, predicted
the channel (Inner Sound) between the island of
that it could happen as early as next year. And
Stroma and the north-easterly tip of the Scottish
RenewableUK predicts that commercialization
2
mainland, encompassing about 3.5 km of fast-
of the tidal sector is “just around the corner” and
flowing water. The company’s goal is to deliver a
confidently expects an increase to 100 MW to 200
fully operational 398 MW tidal energy plant by
MW of wave and tidal capacity installed by 2020.
2020. In 2012, MeyGen secured 253 MW of grid
Tildy Bayar is associate editor of Renewable
capacity and began upgrading transmission lines
Challenges and risks
to provide a 15 MW grid connection point in a new
Many challenges remain for the sector. For exam-
substation at Gills Bay, scheduled for commission-
ple, one Wave & Tidal 2013 conference session
ing in July 2014.
was focused on the specialized installation vessels
Energy World magazine,
A study by trade body RenewableUK identi-
that many companies want to develop as soon as
a PennWell publication.
fies 12 full-scale single devices with a capacity of
they have the money. But for the moment none
20 HRW / March-April 2013
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exist, even though installation accounts
electricity in real conditions for the fi rst
leader at insurer JLT Speciality Limited,
for one-third of projected project costs.
time with its 1 MW tidal turbine, said
said investors require 8,000 operating
MCT’s Reed agrees that the industry
that although tidal technology has none
hours for proof of the technology, which
needs to reduce costs, of which instal-
of the variability of solar and wind, policy
requires significant investment. Insurers
lation is “a good part.” Reed says the
uncertainty is a key risk. It has defi nitely
will cover accidental damage for a proto-
SeaGen turbine uses off-the-shelf parts
hurt the sector, although the latest policy
type, he said, but not an electrical fault, i.e.
wherever possible, because “avoiding
is “more stable,” he added.
a problem in the technology itself. Only
clever technology avoids extra risk.”
Nick Murphy, head of wave and tidal
And making structures lighter will make
projects at Searoc, identified a number of
installation easier and cheaper.
when the technology is commercialized will insurers cover technology problems.
risks to marine projects, including risks
Developers tend to concentrate on the
The Carbon Trust has predicted that
related to weather, mechanical failure,
big contracts, Fairley said, but he has seen
marine energy could make a meaningful
reputation, and health and safety, as well
examples of projects gearing up for fi nan-
contribution to the UK’s energy mix from
as human error. These risks are shared
cial close only to discover that “the basics
about 2025. But the cost of the energy
between the developer, turbine supplier,
that were put in place years ago aren’t here
generated will need to be reduced by 50%
supply chain services (subsea cabling
or are wrong. How many projects get held
to 75%, to about £100 (US$149)/MWh,
fi rms, for an example) and investors, and
up because of property rights — you’d be
within this timeline if marine energy
Murphy said each must be prepared to
amazed.” His advice was to “get the con-
is to compete with offshore wind and
shoulder some of the risk.
sents right. Make sure you have the rights
other technologies, the Trust cautions.
Ross Fairley, partner and head of renew-
to put in a grid connection. In the early
RenewableUK highlights challenges such
able energy at Burges Salmon, agreed. In
stages, focus on getting the technology
as delays in getting grid connections for
developing “complicated” projects with a
right, then look up and see the big picture.”
wave and tidal projects and the high cost
number of different contracts, “it’s about
Some companies focus on the technology
of transmission charges.
everyone accepting that they have to take a
and assume everything else will fall into
share of the risk,” he says.
place, but they do this to the detriment of
Rob Stevenson, vice president of Alstom Ocean, which has recently produced
James Green, renewable energy practice
the project, Fairley cautioned.
𰀵𰀲𰀹𰀃𰀬𰁑𰁖𰁓𰁈𰁆𰁗𰁌𰁒𰁑𰀃𰁄𰁑𰁇𰀃𰀰𰁄𰁌𰁑𰁗𰁈𰁑𰁄𰁑𰁆𰁈 𰁒𰁉𰀃𰀸𰁑𰁇𰁈𰁕𰁚𰁄𰁗𰁈𰁕𰀃𰀶𰁗𰁕𰁘𰁆𰁗𰁘𰁕𰁈𰁖 " # # # $ $ $ %& ' & #$ % ' # ' # %#( #)$ *
$ ' $ $ # '
# ' %
+,-.,.-/+ 0+1/,/2
𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺 ! "#$$ 𰁺 ! "#$$ 𰁺 𰁺 𰁺% &
'$( 𰁺% &
'$( 𰁺)"')" *! 𰁺)"')" *! 𰁺"!" 𰁺"!" 𰁺 + !$ 𰁺 + !$
0+1/, 30/4. 1"/0,
𰁺, '+ *" 𰁺, '+ *" 𰁺 " 𰁺 " 𰁺. 𰁺. 𰁺/ " " " 𰁺/ " " " 𰁺 %" 𰁺 %" 𰁺0!" " ' " $ 𰁺0!" " ' " $ 𰁺𰀃 *%" 2349" 𰁺 * " 234 " 36444, %7 : 36444 7 𰁺 "" 6 " '+" *" 𰁺 "" 6 " '+" *"
-35.02/-67,/- -35.02/-67,/30+,-., 30+/-5 /+ 0+1/, 30+/-5 /+ 𰁺 " " /" 𰁺 " " /" 𰁺# " 𰁺# " 𰁺 8 𰁺 8 !7 !7 𰁺/+" 𰁺/+" 𰁺+" 𰁺+" 𰁺 "" 𰁺 ""
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #12
___________________
!
www.hydroworld.com
March-April 2013 / HRW 21
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The 10 MW Skerries Tidal Stream Array, Wales’ first commercial tidal farm, recently received consent from the Welsh government. It will feature five 2 MW SeaGen tidal stream turbines supplied by Marine Current Turbines.
Slow and steady
significant chunk of this resource is in the
energy industry, leading to economies of
The sector’s excitement is tempered by
Severn estuary (which has 8 GW to 12
scale and learning through experience,
caution. “Slow and steady wins the race”
GW), with the estuaries and bays of the
which will lower the strike price for the
seems to be the dominant viewpoint.
northwest representing a similar amount
second generation of arrays in 2018. Also,
When asked in a conference session about
and the east coast a further 5 GW to 6
under EMR, contracts would last for 15
prospects for speeding up project delivery,
GW.
The Carbon Trust’s 2011 Tidal
years, but RenewableUK argues that this
Barry Carruthers, marine development
Current Resource and Economics report
must be extended to 20 years to give inves-
engineer at ScottishPower Renewables,
suggests a total of 20.6 TWh/year could
tors an adequate return, otherwise it says
seemed to speak for the sector when he
practically be extracted from the 30 key
the strike price would have to be higher.
replied, “We’re in this for 20 to 30 years.
tidal stream sites in the UK.
“There are significant hurdles that
We’re in it not just to do it, but to do it
need to be overcome to ensure the sus-
right. I’d rather be talking about when we
Reforms could help or hinder
tained growth of the industry. Wave tech-
can do it than talking about ‘Oops, we
RenewableUK says that, depending on
nology in particular will need tailored
didn’t do it right’.”
how it plays out, the biggest shakeup of
capital support in the coming years if
And Michael Betschart, engineering
the UK’s energy sector for decades, the
we are to maintain pole position in this
manager at Andritz Hydro Hammerfest,
Electricity Market Reform (EMR) bill
promising and strategically important
asked whether speeding up project deliv-
that is due this summer, could act as a
sector,” the trade body said.
ery is actually desirable. “We’re closer
springboard for the growth of wave and
than we’ve ever been to commercial
tidal energy, or it could undermine inves-
Investors are taking note
projects,” he said, “but you don’t want
tor confidence in marine power at a cru-
In more good news for the sector’s
to push your supply chain. The delivery
cial stage of the industry’s development.
imminent boom, the UK’s Crown Estate
date isn’t the most important aspect.”
EMR is meant to help the UK power
recently granted an operating license to
network upgrade to cope with renewable
the Solent Ocean Energy Centre (SOEC),
energy sources.
a tidal energy testing facility to be built off
Abundant resources The British Isles have 50% of the total
The
most
crucial
factor,
says
the southernmost tip of the Isle of Wight.
European wave energy resource and
RenewableUK, is the level of fi nancial sup-
The center will feature 20 berths for
25% of tidal energy resource, and
port technologies will receive. The trade
use by every kind of tidal technology, said
RenewableUK says these technologies
body recommends setting an initial strike
local councillor David Pugh, and will be
could generate up to 20% of the UK’s
price (also known as the exercise price of
grid-connected. It is planned to feature a
electricity needs, as well as being worth
an option) for the fi rst generation of tidal
generic anchor that can anchor any device.
£1.6 billion ($2.38 billion) by 2035.
arrays at £280-£300 ($416-446)/MWh.
When asked whether the island had
Studies have estimated the UK’s total
For wave technology, the initial strike
decided to invest now because of tidal
tidal range resource at 25 GW to 30
price should be £300-£320 ($446-476)/
energy’s current momentum toward
GW, enough to supply about 12% of the
MWh. RenewableUK believes that this
commercialization, Pugh answered sim-
nation’s current electricity demand. A
level of support will catalyze the marine
ply, “Yes.”
22 HRW / March-April 2013
■ www.hydroworld.com
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Hydrology
Determining Monthly Discharge on the Tapajos River Using a Rainfall-Runoff Model To develop a historical flow profile for hydro projects in Brazil’s Tapajos River Basin, a mathematical model was used. Data from this model filled gaps in measurements available from rainflow gauging stations, and data generated correlated well with available rainflow measurements.
B
razil has more than 110 GW of installed
independent reservoirs: evapotranspiration of the
electric capacity, 77% of which comes from
superficial flow soil, infi ltration phenomena of the
Filho, Iara P.G.
hydroelectric sources, according to the 2010
superficial flow soil, and groundwater flow. For
Machado, Humberto
National Energy Balance. The country has
each time step, measurements are performed as a
By Eurico de Carvalho-
Jacobsen Teixeira,
unexploited hydro potential of 160 GW, meaning
mass balance process, in which total precipitation
Gabriel S.C. Rocha
Brazil has implemented only 35% of the available
is partially intercepted by the vegetation and then
and Maria Tereza F.R.
total. This makes the Brazilian hydroelectric
evaporates,1 while the remaining precipitation is
market very attractive.
shared between superficial soil reservoirs depend-
Campos
To perform inventory studies of Brazilian
ing on the soil moisture rate. The infi ltrated part
rivers, it is imperative to follow the Electrobras/
of the precipitation goes into the mass balance on
MME Inventory Manual, published in 2007. This
the soil reservoir, while evapotranspiration and
manual provides guidelines for these studies to
groundwater recharge are derived from another
Eurico de Carvalho-Filho
determine the best alternative for exploring the
balance considering the groundwater-soil mois-
and Iara P.G. Machado,
hydropower potential of a river basin, maximiz-
ture saturation process.
junior engineers with
ing the energy generated with minimum cost and
CNEC WorleyParsons,
environmental impact.
A Newtonian exponential decay is used to draw down the superficial and subterranean flow that
develop inventory and
One of the main outputs of this inventory study
could be combined to generate the discharge from
technical feasibility studies.
is a monthly discharge serial for each dam site
every gauging station. This allows a comparison
Humberto Jacobsen
inventories from 1931 until two years before the
between the calculated and observed discharge.
Teixeira, a civil engineer
study began. This period was defi ned based on
The parameters could then be calibrated to pro-
at the Polytechnic School
regulations from the Brazilian Electrical Agency
vide more adherence to the mathematical model,
of the Sao Paulo University,
(ANEEL). These series cannot necessarily be
as well as preserve statistical factors such as long-
specializes in developing
determined using level or discharge measure-
term average and standard deviation.
studies and projects in
ments from gauging stations because early data
hydrology, hydraulics
may not be available, there may be failures in data
River basin characterization
and the environment.
capture during certain periods of time because of
The Tapajos River basin is in the north central
Gabriel S.C. Rocha is a
the absence of observers or damage to the equip-
region of Brazil, east of the Madeira River basin
project manager and
ment, or some of the data may be inaccurate. The
and west of the Xingu River basin. Its surface
Maria Tereza F.R. Campos,
alternative to deal with this situation is to use a
covers an area of 492,481 km² in the states of
rainfall-runoff model to provide the missing data.
Mato Grosso, Para, Amazonas and Rondonia.
with CNEC WorleyParsons
This method was applied for the Tapajos River
According to the regulation adopted by Agencia
Rocha focuses on hydro
Basin’s Inventory Study, which was delivered
Nacional de Energia Eletrica (ANEEL), the
plant studies and Campos
in 2010, because there were no gauging stations
Tapajos River basin belongs to Basin 1 (called the
focuses on power projects.
installed for this river basin from 1931 to 1972.
Amazonas River Basin). The Amazonas River
MBA, is superintendent
The model involves reproducing the physical This article has been evaluated and edited in accordance with reviews conducted by two or more professionals who have relevant expertise. These peer reviewers judge manuscripts for technical accuracy, usefulness, and overall importance within the hydroelectric industry.
process of the hydrological cycle using math-
Basin is divided into 10 sub-basins numbered 10 to 19, with Tapajos identified as sub-basin 17.
ematical expressions and algorithms, in situations
The Tapajos River is formed by the confluence
where the physical characteristics are represented
of Juruena and Teles Pires rivers, which together are
as unknown factors. Simply speaking, this model
responsible for almost 70% of its discharge. From
considers the river basin as three hypothetical and
the point where these two rivers meet, the river
24 HRW / March-April 2013
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stretches 825 km before draining into the right bank of the Amazonas River. Water levels and flooding in the final stretch of the Tapajos River are affected by the backwater of the Amazonas River and the tidal influence. The main tributaries of the Tapajos River are the Crepori and Jamanxim rivers. Figure 1 shows the Tapajos River basin and its tributaries. The Juruena River has a drainage area of 190.931 km² and originates in the slopes of Serra dos Parecis at Elevation about 700 meters. It receives many tributaries along the 850 km-long stretch to its confluence with the Arinos River. The Arinos River originates in Serra Azul at Elevation about 400 meters. It travels 760 km to join the Juruena River. Its slope is stressed in the first 50 km, softening in the remainder. Arinos and Juruena Rivers are not considered navigable because of many obstacles in the riverbeds. The Teles Pires River originates in Serra Azul at Elevation about 800 meters, growing as it flows northwest to its confluence with the Juruena River, where it forms the Tapajos River at Elevation about 95 meters. The Teles Pires River runs a total length of 1.638 km and has a total area of 141.718 km². The Tapajos River presents an asymmetrical shape, with larger tributaries along the right bank, such as the Jamanxim River, which has a basin area of 58.633 km². The Arapiuns River is the largest tributary feeding into the left bank of the Tapajos River, near its drainage into the Amazonas River. The last 100 km of the river before it flows into the Amazonas River is an estuary, with the distance between the two banks being more than 20 km. Flow into the Amazonas River drains through a channel 1.12 meters wide. This phenomenon is related to the backwater effect from the Amazonas River. The influence at the mouth of the Tapajos River results in a _________________
river level oscillation of about 0.4 meters. All the drainage area of the Tapajos River presents geomorphologic characteristics of soils of crystalline basement covered by exuberant vegetation. In this www.hydroworld.com http://hrw.hotims.com RS #15
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FIGURE 1
Tapajos River Basin
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the phases of the hydrological cycle in a very detailed manner, while others consider only portions of the phenomenon, presenting limited applications. CNEC WorleyParsons developed a simulation rainfall-runoff model to be used to translate the monthly precipitation data into the monthly flow data, using for that expressions and functions that represent physical processes in the hydrological cycle. The transformation process of the total monthly rainfall into runoff is represented in the model by 11 physical parameters. Eight of these represent the physical characteristics of the basin, and three represent the conditions in the first moment of the simulation. The physical
The Tapajos River Basin covers an area of 492,481 km 2. The river is formed by the confluence of the Juruena and Teles Pires rivers and eventually drains into the right bank of the Amazonas River.
parameters are: evapotranspiration, the recession value of runoff and underground flow, water content of soil, field
wet climate with large amounts of precip-
the beginning of the 1970s. To perform
factor, soil’s nominal capacity, runoff
itation, this leads to an extremely dense
this modeling, some precedent stages
regulation and groundwater recharge.
drainage. These climate factors lead to
are necessary. These include preparing
a very positive water balance, with high
the database for the model, consolidat-
specific yield, emphasizing its aptitude
ing drainage areas near the project and
— Superficial (Rsup), which repre-
for multiple uses.
the gauging stations installed in the river
sents the portions of runoff and superfi-
basin before 1971, and consolidating the
cial discharge;
Periods to be generated
average monthly precipitation series for
using hydrological simulation
the period of study.
To fill in the missing data for the Tapajos
The model is represented by three hypothetical reservoirs:
—
Sub-superficial
(Rsoil),
which
represents the water content in the soil influenced by the roots; and
River basin, mathematical modeling of
Simulation model adopted
rain-flow was performed for the time
There are many hydrological simulation
period ranging from January 1931 to
models available. Some of them present
— Subterranean (Rsub), which represents the underground aquifer. During each precipitation event, a mass balance is done. Initially, a portion of the
FIGURE 2
Average Monthly Flow Hydrographs
35.000
rain is intercepted by the vegetal coverage and lost by evaporation. Remnant
Simulated Flow
Observed Inflow
30.000
precipitated volumes are divided between runoff and infiltration, whose division of flow is regulated by the water content in
Discharge (m3/s)
25.000
the soil. This implicates that the greater the water content of the soil, the greater
20.000
the portion directed to runoff. The infiltrated portion in the ground
15.000
is added to the reservoir to represent the water content in the soil. In this reser-
10.000
voir, water content is updated over time through the contributions of infiltration
5.000
and loss of water due to evapotranspiration
0 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 During the period for which inflow measurements were available, a comparison to simulated flow using the rainfall-runoff model shows good correlation.
26 HRW / March-April 2013
and
groundwater
recharge.
Groundwater recharge is limited by the soil’s field capacity, which is the water www.hydroworld.com
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #16
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__________
_______________
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Monthly Flow Hydrographs
Vazão (m3/s)
25.000 20.000
Simulated Inflow
15.000
Observed Inflow
10.000 5.000 0
FIGURE 4
Average Monthly Inflow (m3/s)
FIGURE 3
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Flow Duration Curves of Average Monthly Flows
35.000 30.000
Simulated Inflow
Observed Inflow
25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0 0
10
20
30
40 50 60 70 Incidence (%)
80
90
100
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Another method of comparing the simulated versus observed inflow, on a monthly basis, also shows good correlation.
content in the soil below which water does not flow toward
Flow duration curves charged using data from the rainfall-runoff model and gauging stations vary slightly more than the comparison of monthly flow hydrographics shown in Figure 3 but are still close.
gauging stations are at an acceptable level of error.
the subterranean reservoir. Both subterranean and superficial
Calibration for the period being studied (1975 to 2008)
reservoirs suffer a drawdown in an exponential rate, resulting,
was established based on research of the common data serial
respectively, in basic and superficial flows.
available for precipitation and flow, resulting in definition of
The storage capacity of these reservoirs adheres to the hierarchic order described above, where the water content rate in the soil is the common denominator that governs the portions of remnant rain to be add in each reservoir.
the period from January 1931 to December 2008. For model calibration, the following inputs were considered: — Average monthly precipitation in the basin. Because of the lack of large periods of observation, precipitation series considered in the modeler were composed by three points around the
Simulation model calibration
river basin: Diamantino, Vilhena and Alto Tapajos.
The model is calibrated through a process of successive tries,
— Average monthly evaporation (Class A) data. The values
until the differences between the flow hydrographs generated
of climatological normals were obtained from the climatologic
by the model and the hydrographs observed at the chosen flow
station of Itaituba, which represents the climatic conditions of the Tapajos River. Table 1 presents patterns of evaporation considered in the model; and — Input parameters of the model. These values were presented according to the flow gauging station used in the modeler of the Tapajos River. The portion of the rain intercepted by the vegetation (leaves, bushes, etc.) is also an important input parameter for the calibration. In the simulation model, this is calculated through an equation generated from a parametric study for values of interception ranging from 3 to 5 mm. Calculations were run to provide a monthly accounting of the precipitation with values
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similar or inferior to daily precipitation values, which represent the amount of precipitation that remains in foliage and is lost by evapotranspiration. For each initial value of interception, a monthly data series was obtained and correlated with the correspondent value of monthly precipitation. This correlation originated the adjustment equation between interception and monthly precipitation for each studied station. From the five equations, the average of coefficients a and b were calculated, generating one equation for determining the daily interception for each initial interception value. The calibration was realized by comparing values of observed and simulated flows from 1930 to 2008 to the aver-
www.koncar-gim.hr
age monthly flow hydrographs and flow duration of the average monthly flow. Average, standard deviation and coefficient of
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #19
28 HRW / March-April 2013
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determination of the observed series were
Conclusion
drainage area (catchment area) of both
considered as well.
The use of mathematical modeling
places. In this case, the series was used
enabled generation of a monthly flow
to generate the average monthly flow
Jatoba flow gauging station
serial covering January 1931 to December
at the Sao Luiz do Tapajos and Jabota
The calibration was completed at the
2008. Data for the more recent period
hydroelectric plants, two projects on the
Jatoba station in the Tapajos River, which
(1975 to 2008) was replaced by data
Tapajos River that together will have
covers a drainage area of 387,634 km².
generated through correlation between
installed capacity of 8,500 MW and
Parameters and graphs related to the
the three stations previously mentioned,
generate about 40,800 MWh.
period of calibration, January 1975 to
resulting in a fi nal series of monthly flows.
■
Note
December 2008, also are presented. This
The full series can be transferred
permits evaluation of the performance of
to an axis of hydroelectric develop-
the rainfall-runoff modeler against this
ments placed next to this gauging sta-
de Informacoes Hidrologicas HidroWeb,
station. Figure 2 provides a comparison
tion through the relation between the
http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br
between
monthly
flow
1
ANA - Agencia Nacional de Aguas, Sistema
hydrographs
observed and simulated. Figure 3 provides a comparison between monthly hydrographs observed and simulated. Finally, Figure 4 shows a comparison between flow duration curves observed and simulated.
Expert Engineering. Proven Results.
As it is possible to see, the completed series has the same behavior, temporal and statistical, as the previous one. This shows that the model preserves not only the seasonality of the data series (an intrinsic characteristic of the regional climate) but also some statistical parameters, thus making them part of the same statistical universe.
Table 1: Monthly Evaporation Data of Itaituba Climatologic Station Evaporation (mm) January
69.8
February
42.6
March
61.1
April
53.1
May
55.4
June
62.9
July
76.2
August
97.2
September
110.6
October
104.7
November
93.8
December
72.8
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Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology http://hrw.hotims.com RS #20
www.hydroworld.com
March-April 2013 / HRW 29
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Ideas in Action
Using Radar to Improve Level Measurement at the Machadinho Plant become operational at the plant, which enabled the reservoir to be fi lled August 28, 2001. Level monitoring was needed to allow the project owner to measure the tailrace, intake, and reservoir levels, as well as determining hydraulic losses at the trashracks covering the three turbine intakes, specifically those caused by accumulation of wood. Correct measurements are invaluable, as they are needed to detect the amount of waste accumulated on the trashracks. When preset levels of waste accumulation are reached, an alert is sent to the control center so that the operator can reduce the power dispatched to the generating units, reducing the flow and decreasing the head loss until the alert in the control center turns off. The operator also can convert the unit to synchronous compensating mode, which makes the waste trapped in the trashracks float away. The fi nal action is to remove the wood using a giant claw mechanicsm. This is vital to avoid a system Installing a new monitoring system that utilizes radar to measure water levels in the reservoir significantly increased the accuracy of the measurement.
overload, which could cause severe damage to the power plant. The original level measuring system made use of submersible pressure-resistant hydrostatic probes, manufacturered by
Measurements of the level of water in the reservoir behind
Brazil-based Hytronic, as a primary sensor. This type of sensor-
Machadinho Dam have been problematic since the hydropower
ing is regularly used at hydropower plants in Brazil.
plant for which it impounds water began operating in 2002. At
However, several problems arose, the most critical one being
this plant, called Machadinho Carlos Ermirio de Moraes, the
inaccuracies in calculation of head loss at the trashracks. These
level measuring system that was used until 2011 consisted of
racks, placed at the entry to the penstock for each unit, pre-
submersible pressure-resistant hydrostatic probes: one each
vent the passage of solid materials, such as branches and wood
for reservoir level, upstream level, the generating units after
trunks, through the turbines. Passing these materials could
the trashracks and the tailrace level. Constant accumulation
result in damage to the turbines and wicket gates that would be
of residues, mostly wood, in the reservoir interfered with the
costly to repair and result in extensive downtime for the unit.
measurements and resulted in errors and constant corrective
The continuous accumulation of wood and other waste mate-
interventions, such as removing the probe for cleaning, reset-
rial on the trashracks results in partial or complete obstruc-
ting the sensor positioning, or replacing the probe. To correct
tion, which increases the pressure over the rack and results in
this ongoing problem, radar level transmitters were installed
greater head loss. Head loss is calculated by comparing the res-
in 2011. Use of these transmitters has corrected the previously
ervoir water level with the level past the trashracks of each unit.
stated problems, increasing reliability of the measurements and
The difference in elevation between these two measurements,
eliminating corrective interventions.
minus the portion corresponding to the dynamic pressure, demonstrates the head loss.
Understanding the situation at Machadinho This facility is on the Uruguai River between Piratuba (Santa
Defining the problem
Catarina) and Maximiliano de Almeida (Rio Grande do Sul) in
The more waste accumulates on the surface of the trashrack, the
Brazil. The plant, which is owned by Consorcio Machadinho
larger the head loss here. At Machadinho, the admissible maxi-
and operated by Tractebel Energia S.A., contains three
mum value for head loss based on the design of the trashracks is
380 MW turbine-generating units, for total installed capacity of
3.5 mca (meters in water column). Once this limit is surpassed,
1,140 MW. The project was commissioned in 2002 is controlled
the trashrack can suffer structural damage and may even by
via a digital system operated from the central control room.
pulled into the penstock.
The level measuring system was one of the fi rst systems to 30 HRW / March-April 2013
To prevent head loss, the water column between the trashrack www.hydroworld.com
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and reservoir must be reduced, and this can only be accom-
distance, defined as the distance from the radar sensor to the
plished by reducing power demands on the generating unit.
surface of the water.
This situation leads to a less-than-optimal utilization of the available hydraulic resource.
The output is a miliampere signal that gives a distance in meters from the sensor to the water surface. In the control
The operations and maintenance team evaluated the situation
system used, we configure the lowest possible level (the largest
to determine why measured head loss values with the existing
distance in meters from the radar) and the highest possible level
system were inconsistent. To find that, the maintenance team
(the smallest distance in meters from the radar).
had to perform a simple procedure that consisted of determin-
For example, the minimum level in cote (comparison to sea
ing with a measuring tape the difference in the level in the res-
level, or zero meters) at the tail race is 372.90 meters. The radar
ervoir and the level past the trashracks of each unit. Comparing
sensor shows that there is a 40 meter distance between the sen-
these measures with the value displayed in the control room
sor and the water surface.
revealed the errors.
We do the same thing with the maximum level, which is
They determined that several conditions provided the incor-
397.15 meters. As the tailrace level cannot be increased to this,
rect information, including level variation and water quality by
the sensor installation cote is set at the maximum level. With
mud impregnation. However, it was determined that the varying
this information, the distance in meters from the radar to the
level in the reservoir as a result of the drawdown was the main
surface level can be translated in the right cote.
contributing factor to measuring errors and the resulting need for system intervention. In addition, water quality further worsened the measuring errors because the mud suspended in the water obstructed the
Because these waves do not propagate mechanically, they are immune to temperature variations. In addition, the radar sensors allow an application over a wide range of distances, reaching more than 50 meters.
holes in the submersible probes where the pressure measurements were taken. The structures to which the submersible
Significant results
probes were installed were also often obstructed by wood, which
The hydrostatic sensor installed after each unit trashrack,
changed the water column’s level by creating level variations.
upstream sensors and tailrace water level sensors were replaced with new radar transmitters. A number of infrastructure
Developing a solution
improvements were required to allow installation of the new
Because of the lack of system reliability and the constant need
sensors. According to operational requirements, the radar trans-
for corrective interventions that could vary depending the con-
mitter must be installed at least 60 cm from any walls, avoiding
dition of the reservoir, occurring more than once per week in the
interference in the radar beam.
worst situations, Consorcio Machadinho undertook a search for
In total, five radar transmitters were installed: one to measure
alternative technologies available for level measurement. Given
tailrace level, another to measure reservoir level, and one for
the history of failures of the existing system, one of the require-
each generating unit to measure the level past the trashracks. It
ments for the solution at Machadinho was a technology that
took us one week to prepare the civil and supports structures,
does not have to stay in direct contact with the water.
and after that, one afternoon to start up and configure the radar
Ultrasound, radar and guided radar options were all consid-
transmitter. The units were not taken offline for the installation.
ered. Ultrasound sensors did not appear to be workable because
The radar transmitter measuring system has been operating
most of the available options did not have the range needed
for two years at Machadinho. During this time, the plant opera-
(40 meters) for this application, and external temperatures are
tors have observed a significant improvement in the precision
known to interfere with ultrasound signals, thus affecting the
and reliability of measurements. The hydrostatic sensors pre-
measurement accuracy.
sented a scale accuracy rate of ±0.25% and resolution of 0.015%;
To use a guided radar system at Machadinho, a wave guide, which is a metal guide that links the sensor to the water level,
the new system provided a significant gain in full-scale accuracy of ±0.01% and resolution of 0.003%.
would have to be installed. In addition, this guide would be
This improvement has added great value to the plant’s opera-
in constant contact with the water, a factor the operators were
tions, as it provides precise and reliable information for each unit
hoping to avoid.
and prevents unnecessary waste of resources otherwise avail-
Given the limitations of these methods, radar was chosen
able for power generation. The new system has also positively
as the most suitable measurement option for the needs of the
impacted the maintenance schedule for the plant. Before the
project. A radar level transmitter operates according to the
improvements, 260 hours were dedicated to corrective main-
microwave irradiation principle: by propagating electromag-
tenance and system adjustments in a five-year span. Once the
netic waves. The instrument receives a portion of the energy
system was adopted, corrective interventions dropped to zero.
reflected off the surface of the environment being measured. The time it takes the signal to travel from is the wave’s reflection www.hydroworld.com
— By Christiano Dalosto Pase, electrical engineer, and Edson Leandro Tomaselli, electrical engineer, Tractebel Energia S.A. March-April 2013 / HRW 31
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Tech Notes For more technical news, check out the Technology and Equipment tab at
110 GW; Brazil, 21 GW; OECD Europe, 19 GW; Africa, 14 GW; and India 13 GW.
Users also can click on a specific country and get data on all of the topics.
IEA says this new annual publication
REN21 connects governments, inter-
provides a key benchmark, assessing the
national organizations, industry associa-
current state of play of renewable energy,
tions, and science and academia. Its goal
identifying the main drivers and barriers
is to facilitate knowledge exchange, policy
IEA report predicts status of
to deployment, and projecting renew-
development and joint action toward a
renewables through 2017
able electricity capacity and generation
rapid global transition to renewable energy.
Renewable electricity growth should
through 2017. IHA partners with China Society
accelerate from 2011 to 2017, expanding
— The report can be purchased for prices
by 1,840 TW, compared with growth of
starting at €80 (US$105), depending on
for Hydropower Engineering
1,160 TWh from 2005 to 2011. Global
format and number of people accessing, at
The International Hydropower Assoc-
renewable electricity production was
www.iea.org/w/bookshop/add.aspx?id=432.
iation and China Society for Hydropower Engineering (CSHE) have announced a
4,540 TWh in 2011 and should reach almost 6,400 TWh in 2017. These are
Online worldwide renewable
collaboration that will lead to establish-
just some findings in Medium-Term
energy map available
ment of an IHA National Office in China.
Renewable Energy Market 2012 released
An interactive map of renewable energy
IHA said CSHE is China’s leading
by the International Energy Agency.
throughout the world is available from
hydropower organization, with 40,000
the REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy
individual members, 203 corporate mem-
Network for the 21st Century).
bers and 22 provincial hydroelectric engi-
Non-hydro renewable development is becoming increasingly widespread, with growth shifting beyond traditional support markets in Europe, the report indicates.
The map, at www.map.ren21.net,
neering societies. CHSE will work to pro-
allows user to search by technology,
mote IHA’s Hydropower Sustainability
Of the 710 GW of global renewable
including hydropower and ocean energy.
Protocol, which has been adopted by
electricity capacity additions expected
Once a technology is chosen, users can
organizations in 28 countries.
from 2011 to 2017, China accounts for
refine the search by topic:
270 GW, the USA 56 GW, India 39 GW,
— Policies, which covers financial
Vietnam to investigate dam
Germany and Brazil 32 GW each. In 2017,
incentives, public financing and regula-
safety after recent incidents
non-OECD countries should account for
tory policies;
Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan
65% of hydropower generation and almost 40% of non-hydro generation. Hydro production has grown by 630 TWh since 2005, and in 2011 it accounted for 80% of total renewable
— Targets, which are primary energy,
Dung has called for improvements to the
final energy, electricity, heating/cooling
country’s dam safety protocol, partially
consumption, heating/cooling, transport,
in response to incidents and concerns
rural energy and not specified;
associated with hydro plants in 2012.
— Shares, which are primary energy,
If a new piece of legislation is approved,
generation. Hydropower will remain the
electricity
energy,
project owners and operators will be sub-
largest contributor, but its share should
electricity consumption, heating/cooling
ject to dam safety standards established
diminish, dropping to an anticipated
production, heating/cooling consumption
by Vietnam’s Ministry of Industry and
70% in 2017. From 2011 to 2017, hydro-
and heating/cooling;
Trade. Penalties include fines of up to
production,
final
power generation is expected to grow
— Installed capacity;
about US$10,000, with the potential for
120 TWh per year, pushing total capacity
— Energy production; and
operating licenses to be revoked if safety
to 1,200 GW from 1,070 GW in 2011.
— Renewable energy economy, which
checks and repairs are not completed.
Hydropower
represents
an
eco-
covers jobs and manufacturing.
This and other measures are expected to be submitted for approval in the second
nomically attractive source of renewable
Selecting installed capacity provides
energy in countries with good resource
results in 89 countries, from Argentina
potential. Hydropower deployment can
to Zambia. Choosing Mozambique pro-
Operations may be suspended at
scale up renewable generation and meet
vides information on all the above topics
plants operating in violation of safety
power needs in emerging and developed
and indicates total installed renewable
regulations,
countries while providing the flexibility
electricity capacity in 2009 (most recent
will be checked to assess living condi-
needed to integrate a projected large
data available) of 2.179 GW and total
tions. Dung’s declaration also included
amount of variable renewable electricity.
installed hydropower capacity in 2010 of
measures for a more stringent project
Growth is expected to occur in: China,
2,308 MW.
approval process.
32 HRW / March-April 2013
quarter of this year.
and
resettlement
zones
www.hydroworld.com
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New Hydro For more ocean/tidal/stream news, see the Hydro Project Activity tab at
electricity-generating Halfren
Tocardo, Repsol form partnership for marine power development
barrage
placed
across the Severn Estuary. Power’s
proposed
The project — referred to as the “ring island” or “energy atoll” plan by officials
Severn
— would be built off Belgium’s northern
Estuary tidal power project could pro-
coast near Zeebrugge, and includes the
duce as much as 5% of the UK’s energy,
construction of a 3 km-long, horseshoe-
according to a scheme that was previously
shaped island that would have a 30 meter-
rejected by Parliament in October 2010.
deep reservoir in its center.
The government has since said, how-
Pumped-storage turbines would be
manufacturer
ever, that the Severn River is open for
installed in the open end of the horseshoe,
Tocardo International and oil and gas
private tidal power development to help
giving the hydro project a total generating
conglomerate Repsol have formed a part-
the UK meet its 15% renewable energy
capacity of about 300 MW.
nership intended to help further offshore
by 2020 goal, leading some to push for
tidal energy development.
reconsideration of the scheme now.
Hydrokinetic
turbine
The project would mainly be used to help store the country’s vast amount of
Repsol reported that it has about
Halfren’s proposal — modified slightly
wind capacity, which, as of 2011, equated
1,200 MW of offshore wind concessions
from the one rejected in 2010 — would
to more than 1 GW. The excess wind
in the UK and sees its new partner-
create an 11 mile-long (18 km) barrage
power will be used to pump water from
ship with Tocardo as an opportunity to
between the Vale of Galmorgan and
the interior of the horseshoe into the sea.
expand its New Energy Ventures unit,
Somerset. The barrage would be dotted
That water will then pass back into the
which focuses on initiatives in renewables
with more than 1,000 tidal turbines.
reservoir by running through the hydro
and bioenergy.
The plan was rejected in 2010 largely
turbine units when needed, allowing the
due to environmental concerns, although
island to serve as a battery much like con-
Expansion of Cherbourg
developer Hafren says its new scheme is
ventional pumped-storage facilities.
testing site announced
more fish-friendly and would reduce the
Belgium’s federal energy regulator,
The Raz Blanchard tidal power test site
amount of inter-tidal mudflats that would
Elia, said the project is still undergoing
near Cherbourg in northwestern France
be lost for feeding birds.
feasibility studies but could be completed
will receive a 35 hectare expansion,
Sources said a special Act of Parliament
within seven years if approved.
thanks to a US$96.2 million plan unveiled by the Ports of
Crown Estate to invest in
Normandy Authority.
wave, tidal development The Crown Estate is consid-
PNA, which owns the ports and
ering an investment of up to
Cherbourg, said the decision to
US$32 million in wave energy
increase Raz Blanchard’s size
and tidal energy projects in
came after Electricite de France
the UK. The decision to invest
and Alstom moved their off-
followed analysis of a report
shore wind turbine operations to
issued in 2012 that suggested a
Cherbourg in 2012.
large potential for wave and tidal
of
Caen-Ouistreham
energy development in the UK.
PNA said the development
The Crown Estate’s invest-
will use reclaimed land to the port’s east and north, extending
Belgium’s “ring island” energy storage scheme will have pumped-storage turbines at the open end of the horseshoe, with a capacity of 300 MW.
other development companies
the port into the outer harbor in the process. Work on the project is expected to be
ment will be in cooperation with
would have to be passed for the plan to
and government grants and will help fund
become a reality.
development of two projects with a capacity of more than 3 MW.
complete in 2016. Belgium considers “ring island”
To be eligible, potential projects must
UK might reconsider Severn
energy storage scheme
have gained or be in the process of get-
Estuary tidal power proposal
Belgian officials are considering the
ting the proper consents and grid con-
Parliament’s Energy and Climate Change
construction of an offshore hydroelectric
nection agreements, as well as a Crown
committee is taking another look at a
energy storage project to help the country
Estate lease agreement. A final decision
plan that would result in a US$40 billion
wean off nuclear power by 2025.
on investment will be made by early 2014.
www.hydroworld.com
March-April 2013 / HRW 33
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Small Hydro For more small hydro news, see the Hydro Project Activity tab at
BHEL inaugurates second of two turbines at Tajikistan’s Varjob Indian
manufacturer
Electricals
Limited
Bharat
Heavy
(BHEL)
has
completed the rehabilitation and modernization
of
Tajikistan’s
9.5
MW
Varjob plant. The Varjob project — owned by Tajikistan’s national power company, Barqi Tojik — previously included a pair of 3.67 MW turbine-generator units. BHEL replaced those with two 4.75 MW
Renovation work on the 2.4 MW Storr Loch hydro plant in Scotland will include refurbishing the generators, control gear and switchgear.
units as part of a renovation, modernization and upgrade contract that was
capacity of less than 50 MW on the
partnership in December 2008. Barra do Rio Chapeu is on the Braco
funded by the Indian government.
Philippines’ Panay Island.
Varjob’s first new unit was commis-
do Norte River and is one part of the Sao
Included in Suweco’s plans are the
sioned in November 2012, with the sec-
Bernardo complex. Also included are the
15 MW Main Klan, 8 MW Villasiga 1,
ond being officially inaugurated in early
Itarare, Joao Borges and Pinheiros hydro
9.4 MW Villasiga 2, 3 MW Upper Aklan
January 2013.
facilities, which, along with Barra do
West Tributary, 3 MW Lower East
Rio Chapeu, will have a total combined
Aklan Tributary, 2.4 MW Middle West
capacity of more than 50 MW.
Tributary, 2 MW Guiamon San Ramon,
Cubujuqui project in Costa Rica now online
3 MW Dalanas and 2.1 MW Tibiao
Costa Rican utility Coopelesca has
Albanian government approves
begun
construction of three projects
commercial
operation
of
its
Albania’s
22.8 MW Cubujuqui project.
territorial
regulation
hydroelectric stations. The run-of-river plants will be con-
body
structed along the Paliuan River in
Located in Horquetas de Sarapiqui, the
granted licenses in January for the con-
Filipino states Antique and Aklan, with
hydropower project is a turnkey operation
struction of three small hydroelectric
work expected to be completed within the
jointly supplied by Voith Hydro Brazil
projects: 6 MW Stavec, 3.6 MW Strava
next five years.
and Voith Hydro India and features two
and 400 kW Qafezeze. The
11.4 MW Francis turbines.
Stavec
scheme
will
cost
SSE to renovate
The project was constructed to help
US$4.8 million and be constructed by
2.4 MW Storr Loch plant
meet Costa Rica’s growing demand for
Stravaj Energy in Albania’s Librazhd
Scotland’s Storr Lochs project will
energy resources.
region. The $11.32 million Strava will be
receive a US$2.41 million refurbish-
developed by investment company Koka
ment that will extend the plant’s life by
Brazil’s 15.5 MW Barra do Rio
in the Bulqiza region, and Qafezeze will
renovating its generators, switchgear and
Chapeu project commissioned
be constructed by Caushi K. in Librazhd
control gear.
An Eletrobras-owned small hydroelectric
at a cost of about $500,000.
project in Brazil’s Santa Catarina state came online in January. The 15.5 MW Barra do Rio Chapeu
Storr Lochs was constructed in the early 1950s and is served by a cable-
Suweco announces development
powered railway because the steepness
of nine projects in Philippines
of the location made a road unfeasible.
between
Renewable energy developer Sunwest
The project is owned by Scottish and
subsidiary Eletrosul and
Water and Electric Co. (Suweco) has
Southern Energy.
German development bank Kreditanstalt
announced a US$220.3 million plan to
fur Wiederaufbau, which announced the
build nine small projects with a combined
plant
is
Eletrobras
a
joint
venture
34 HRW / March-April 2013
Work on the project is expected to begin and end in 2014. www.hydroworld.com
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Professional Listings (continued)
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FOR SALE Belyea Company offers used hydro turbinegenerator set for sale. Hydro West vertical francis, 234 ft, 120 cfs, 2800 hp, 86 psi, 6.2 psi. Ideal generator, v21320-17, 1600 kW, 1778 kVa, 900 rpm, 2300 v/3/60 hz, 0.9, 1983, stock # 12103at. Price $180,000 as removed to Colorado storage site. For any additional information, please contact Michael Edwards (1) 610-515-8775, x-242, Bill Spinney, x-241 or Ron Cless, x-238.
Place your company among other professionals on this page
GLOBAL HYDRO ENERGY GmbH 4085 Niederranna 41 - Austria Phone: +43 7285 514 - 0 //
[email protected]
www.hydro-energy.com
(1) 913-402-7119
___________
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #412
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #414
Ad Index RS#
COMPANY
PG#
RS#
COMPANY
PG#
22
Andritz Hydro www.andritz.com
OBC
7
Marelli Motori www.marellimotori.com
15
15
CONCOOL, LLC www.concool.com
25
9
Mavel www.mavel.cz
17
16
Fugesco www.fugesco.com
27
11
Montanhydraulik GmbH www.montanhydraulik.com
1819
2
GGB Bearing Technology www.ggbearings.com
3
10
Muhr GmbH www.muhr.com
17
17
Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon, Ltd. www.gilkes.com
27
8
Oiles Corporation www.oiles.co.jp
17
12
Hibbard Inshore, LLC www.hibbardinshore.com
21
13
Sotek and Belrix Industries, Inc. www.sotek.com
23
6
Hydro Component Systems, LLC www.hydrocomponentsystems.com
11
1
Voith Hydro www.voithhydro.com
IFC
21
Hydro Events 2013 www.hydroworld.com
IBC
20
Waukesha Bearings www.waukeshabearings.com
29
5
Ingeteam S.A. www.ingeteam.com
9
4
Weir American Hydro www.weirpowerindustrial.com
7
14
J.P. Sauer & Sohn Maschinebau GmbH www.sauersohn.de
23
3
Worthington Products Inc. www.tuffboom.com, www.tuffbuoy.com
5
19
Koncar Generators and Motors, Inc. www.koncar-gim.hr
28
18
Yooil Engineering Co www.rubberdam.co.kr
27
*IFC=Inside Front Cover, IBC=Inside Back Cover, and OBC=Outside Back Cover Advertisers and advertising agencies assume liability for all contents (including text representation and illustrations) of advertisements printed, and also assume responsibility for any claims arising therefrom made against the publisher. It is the advertiser’s or agency’s responsibility to obtain appropriate releases on any items or individuals pictured in the advertisement.
36 HRW / March-April 2013
www.hydroworld.com
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BRINGING THE WORLD TOGETHER FOR HYDROPOWER.
LITERALLY.
JULY 23–26, 2013 | DENVER, CO | USA
September 24-26, 2013, São Paulo, Brasil www.hydrovisionbrasil.com
www.hydroevent.com QUICK FACTS: •
•
•
QUICK FACTS:
The largest dedicated event for the global hydropower market. 3,000 Attendees 328 Exhibitors
•
•
•
Latin America’s premier event focused on the hydropower industry. 650 Attendees 85 Exhibitors
MAY 6-8, 2013, MUMBAI, INDIA
MARCH 5-6, 2013, MOSCOW, RUSSIA
www.hydrovision-russia.com QUICK FACTS: •
•
•
Russia’s premier event dedicated to the hydropower industry. 5,851* Attendees 43 Exhibitors
www.hydrovisionindia.com QUICK FACTS: •
•
•
Part of India’s most important power-related event. 9,000** Attendees 285** Exhibitors
* Combined with Co-Located Russia Power. ** Combined with Co-Located POWER-GEN India & Central Asia AND Renewable Energy World India.
Owned & Produced by:
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #21
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Pumped storage Flexible energy linked to grid regulation
Water is generally a source of fasci-
ANDRITZ HYDRO, as one of the main
nation and inspiration. But to us at
global suppliers for “water to wire” pumped
ANDRITZ HYDRO, it means even more
storage solutions, has followed up those
because it represents a constant chal-
trends and has the solutions for pumped
lenge to create up-to-date technolog-
storage plants up to highest heads and
ical innovations. Storing energy at off-
for fixed or variable speed technology.
peak periods and grid regulating tasks
We focus on the best solution – from
are becoming more and more important.
water to wire.
ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH Eibesbrunnergasse 20, 1120 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 50805 5, Fax: +43 50805 51015
[email protected]
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #22
www.andritz.com
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