How to Measure False Air

How to measure false air Pyroprocessing

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Introduction ƒ

False air is any unwanted air entering the system between two points (see figure below). The exact amount of false air is difficult to measure. An indicator of false air amount can be the oxygen increase between two points (usable for gas stream containing less than 21% of oxygen). point 1

point 2

gas

false air entering

Objectives ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Increase capacity of system (when the fan is pneumatically limited) Decrease power consumption of the fan (less gas for transport) Decrease risk for coal mill shop Increase gas drying efficiency O2 after pre-heater and in stack Note that each 1% increase of oxygen means approximately 5% increase of gas volume (also nitrogen is introduced from air)

Results ƒ ƒ

Prepare an action plan for reducing false air together with production and maintenance departments Do measurement on a regular basis and follow-up on progress.

Safety aspects ƒ ƒ

Measuring of false air is only possible during kiln line in operation.

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Never make any measurement alone and without contact to the central control room operators.

Personal Protective Equipment is a requirement with special precaution in high temperature areas in the lower pre-heater tower.

Prerequisites ƒ ƒ ƒ

Constant kiln operation at nominal capacity.

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Additional equipment: Sampling probes, coarse dust filter, fine dust filter and silica gel package for drying.

Calibrated portable oxygen analyzer. Ensure that the pump of the portable gas analyzer is strong enough to extract the gases from the measurement location: e.g: after raw mills: ~90 [mbar] / after pre-heater tower ~110 [mbar]

Procedure Template developed by

How to measure false air Pyroprocessing

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Sampling probes

ƒ < 800 [°C]: heat resistant steel pipe (simple) ƒ > 800 [°C]: Water cooled or ceramic probe (simple, see picture in tools) to avoid oxidation of the carbon in the steel (O2 Æ 0,0% / CO > max. Val)

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Depending on the scope also installed oxygen analyzers can be used. (Æ take care about calibration) Openings for measuring located with reference to false air critical parts (existing, accessible and open)

Time frame ƒ ƒ

Depending on measurement scope. Never forget to add some spare time for blocked measurement locations.

Tools ƒ

Calculation formula:

VFalseAir = VPo int 2 ×

(%O2 Po int 2 − %O2 Po int 1 ) (% O2 Air − %O2 Po int 1 )

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Requirement: all values must be used on same basis, dry or wet. Recommendation is to do it on dry basis. Be aware this is also valid for flow measurement.

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Typical equipment set up:

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Water cooled probe:

Procedure Template developed by

How to measure false air Pyroprocessing

PR-PYR P06-10 V1

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Action Steps 1.

Make sure the oxygen analyzer is calibrated properly

2.

Measure the oxygen content ƒ

at the beginning (point 1) and at the end (point 2) of the inspected section (the shorter the section, the easier it is to find leaks)

3.

At point 2 additional measurement or calculation of volume flow

4.

Simplified approach ƒ

5.

Measure always on dry basis! ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

6.

can be the calculation of the percentage false air

Avoiding influences of evaporation effects. In sampling probe part of the water is immediately condensing Æ influencing result. Modern gas analyzers measure with electrochemical cells which are sensitive against condensation. Comparison with installed gas analyzers Æ all are on dry basis. Final preparation step: drying with silica gel.

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Make sure the oxygen analyzer is calibrated properly

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Make sure that no chemical reaction influencing O2 content is taking place between point 1 and point 2 (decarbonisation, combustion)

Make sure that your measurement is not distorted by false air entering a measuring opening (tighten free space around a measuring probe) Excel spreadsheet (check-list, calculation sheet…)

Reporting the false air ƒ

Reporting of false air on a wet basis is preferable. This requires the measurement or estimation of the moisture content of the gases to make the conversion from dry to wet basis.

Procedure Template developed by