How to Calculate KVAR

How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR for Power factor Improvement (Easiest way ever) How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR for Power factor Improvement (Easiest way ever) Hi there! With a very important tutorial.. I hope you will find it very useful because I have already spent two days to prepare this article. I think all of those who have sent messages and mails about the topic will never ask again if they follow these simple methods to calculate the proper Size of Capacitor bank in kVAR and micro-farads for power factor correction and improvement in both single phase and three phase circuits. I think it’s too much.. Now let’s begin... Consider the following Examples. Example: 1 A 3 Phase, 5 kW Induction Motor has a P.F (Power factor) of 0.75 lagging. What size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to improve the P.F (Power Factor) to 0.90? Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method) Motor Input = 5kW From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.75 to 0.90 is .398 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90 Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 0.75 and 0.90 = 5kW x .398 = 1.99 kVAR And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase 1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method) Motor input = P = 5 kW Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75 Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90 θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.75) = 41°.41; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.8819 θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90 Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2) = 5kW (0.8819 – 0.4843) = 1.99 kVAR And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase 1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR Example 2: An Alternator is supplying a load of 650 kW at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.65. What size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to raise the P.F (Power Factor) to unity (1)? And how many more kW can the alternator supply for the same kVA loading when P.F improved. Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method) Supplying kW = 650 kW From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.65 to unity (1) is 1.169 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.65 to unity (1)

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 65 and 100 = 650kW x 1.169 = 759.85 kVAR We know that P.F = Cosθ = kW/kVA . . .or kVA = kW / Cosθ = 650/0.65 = 1000 kVA When Power Factor is raised to unity (1) No of kW = kVA x Cosθ = 1000 x 1 = 1000kW Hence increased Power supplied by Alternator 1000kW – 650kW = 350kW Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method) Supplying kW = 650 kW Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.65 Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 1 θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.65) = 49°.45; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.24) = 1.169 θ2 = Cos-1 = (1) = 0°; Tan θ2 = Tan (0°) = 0 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90 Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2) = 650kW (1.169– 0) = 759.85 kVAR

How to Calculate the Required Capacitor bank value in both kVAR and Farads? (How to Convert Farads into kVAR and Vice Versa) Example: 3 A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.6. The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and Farads. Solution.:

(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods) Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method) Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ = 400V x 50A x 0.6 = 12kW From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90 Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90 = 12kW x 0.849 = 10.188 kVAR Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method) Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ = 400V x 50A x 0.6 = 12kW Actual P.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6

Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90 θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333 θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90 Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2) = 5kW (1.3333– 0.4843) = 10.188 kVAR

(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Farads to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods) Solution #1 (Using a Simple Formula) We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can easily convert it into Farads by using this simple formula Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad Putting the Values in the above formula = (10.188kVAR) / (2 x π x 50 x 4002) = 2.0268 x 10-4 = 202.7 x 10-6 = 202.7μF Solution # 2 (Simple Calculation Method) kVAR = 10.188 … (i) We know that; IC = V/ XC Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C) IC = V 2 F C = (400) x 2π x (50) x C IC = 125663.7 x C And, kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR =( V x I)/ 1000 ] = 400 x 125663.7 x C IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii) Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get, 50265.48 x C = 10.188C C = 10.188 / 50265.48 C = 2.0268 x 10-4 C = 202.7 x 10-6 C = 202.7μF Example 4 What value of Capacitance must be connected in parallel with a load drawing 1kW at 70% lagging power factor from a 208V, 60Hz Source in order to raise the overall power factor to 91%. Solution: You can use either Table method or Simple Calculation method to find the required value of Capacitance in Farads or kVAR to improve Power factor from 0.71 to 0.97. So I used table method in this case. P = 1000W Actual Power factor = Cosθ1 = 0.71 Desired Power factor = Cosθ2 = 0.97

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.71 to 0.97 is 0.783 Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.71 to 0.97 Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.71 and 0.97 = 1kW x 0.783 =783 VAR (required Capacitance Value in kVAR) Current in the Capacitor = IC = QC / V = 783 / 208 = 3.76A And XC = V / IC = 208 / 3.76 = 55.25Ω C = 1/ (2 π f XC) C = 1 (2 π x 60 x 55.25) C = 48 μF (required Capacitance Value in Farads)

Good to Know: Important formulas which is used for Power factor improvement calculation as well as used in the above calculation Power in Watts kW = kVA x Cosθ kW = HP x 0.746 or (HP x 0.746) / Efficiency … (HP = Motor Power) kW = √ ( kVA2- kVAR2) kW = P = VI Cosθ … (Single Phase) kW = P =√3x V x I Cosθ … (Three Phase) Apparent Power in VA kVA= √(kW2 + kVAR2) kVA = kW/ Cosθ Reactive Power in VA kVAR= √(kVA2- kW2) kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)

Power factor (from 0.1 to 1) Power Factor = Cosθ = P / V I … (Single Phase) Power Factor = Cosθ = P / (√3x V x I) … (Three Phase) Power Factor = Cosθ = kW / kVA … (Both Single Phase & Three Phase) Power Factor = Cosθ = R/Z … (Resistance / Impedance) XC = 1/ (2 π f C) … (XC = Capacitive reactance) IC = V/ XC … (I = V / R) Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)