How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees
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H
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"«l Why Wonder
T H E
H O W
A N D
W H Y
W O N D E R
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R O N A L D N. R O O D I l l u s t r a t e d by C Y N T H I A ILIFF K O E H L E R and A L V I N
KOEHLER
Editorial Production: D O N A L D D. W O L F
E d i t e d under the supervision of Dr. P a u l E. B l a c k w o o d W a s h i n g t o n , D. C .
T e x t a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p p r o v e d by O a k e s A. W h i t e Brooklyn Children's Museum Brooklyn, New Y o r k
GROSSET
&
DUNLAP* Publishers - N E W
YORK
Introduction A n y o n e w h o d o u b t s t h a t t r u t h is stranger t h a n fiction n e e d only study the habits of the social insects to have his opinion c h a n g e d . F o r the life patterns of these six-legged animals reveal events of sheer w o n d e r that could scarcely be imagined b y the best fiction writer. Scientists h a v e studied the social insects for centuries, a n d a fairly complete picture of the peculiar a n d fascinating b e h a v i o r of ithese insects is available. This How and Why Wonder Book accurately presents the essential characteristics of the four families of social insects — bees, wasps, ants a n d termites. T o a casual observer, m a n y of the actions of social insects m a y a p p e a r strange. A r e d a n c i n g bees really d a n c i n g ? A r e b u m b l e b e e s b e i n g mischievous when they walk u p to an i n t r u d e r a n d plaster it with a gluey mess of h o n e y ? W h a t e v e r the a p p e a r a n c e of such actions to a casual observer, close study shows t h a t they a r e i m p o r t a n t to the insects in b u i l d i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g their insect society. It is possible for a n y o n e to w a t c h social insects at close range. T h i s can be d o n e at h o m e or in school b y m a k i n g an observation nest. Directions for m a k i n g o n e are found in this b o o k . Such a project is fun as well as instructive for individuals o r class g r o u p s . T h e study of social insects is a p a r t of the science course in m a n y schools. F o r this reason, The How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees will b e a useful addition to both h o m e a n d school libraries. Paul E. Dr. Blackwood is a professional employee in the U. S. Office of Education. This book was edited by him in his private capacity and no official support or endorsement by the Office of Education is intended or should be inferred. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-9677 © 1962, 1971. Grosset & Dunlap. Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published simultaneously in Canada. Printed in the United States of America. 1972 PRINTING
Blackwood
Contents Where can wasp nests be found? What is a hornet? How do baby wasps live? How do the new wasps help in the nest? How are queen wasps produced? What happens to the wasps in the fall?
Page 27 27 28 28 29 30
ANTS THE FOREST OF GRASS When do the winged ants fly? Who are their enemies? What does the queen do with her wings? What do the new larvae eat? What are "minims"?
31 31 31 32 32 33 33
HOW ANTS FIND FOOD Do ants lay down a trail? What is pheromone?
34 34 34
ARMIES ON THE MARCH How do the army ants live? How many kinds of ants are known? What ants have slaves? How are some ants useful? What are ant farmers? How do ants keep "cows"? What are honey ants? How do ants protect their nests? How large are ant hills?
36 36 37 38 38 38 38 39 39 39
TERMITES THE WOODEN CAVERN What are newborn termites like? What food does it eat? How is a termite's food digested? Why are termite nests closed? How long do termites live? What is a termite "flight day"? How long do royal termites live? Why is the queen called an egg-machine? How large are termite houses? What are soldier termites? What is a "nasute"? How many kinds of termites are there? INSECT INTRUDERS How can a moth destroy a honeycomb? What are some of the other hive-robbers? What insects invade nests of wasps? What is the "paralyzer"? What are some other ant visitors? What creatures live in termite homes? What is a Jerrymunglum? YOUR INSECT ZOO How can you watch bees at home? How can you watch wasps? How can you make a nest for ants? How can termites be kept? What is the best insect zoo of all?
41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48
Page SOCIAL INSECTS
4
BEES THE CASTLE OF WAX What is inside the wax castle? How many rooms does it have? What d6 the nurse bees do? Why do bees evaporate their honey? How many bees live in a hive? What is the job of the drone bee? What causes the "song of the hive"? How do bees keep their hive clean?
6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 9 9
THE MAGIC OF BEES How does a new bee get its food? How does the baby bee grow? What does a new worker do? How is beeswax made? What is the bee's tool kit? THE DANCE OF THE BEES How do bees tell direction? How do bees communicate? Why does a bee die when it stings? THE CAPTIVE QUEEN What does the new queen look like? Why does she kill her sister queens? What happens to the old queen mother? What is a "swarm day"? How is the queen like a prisoner? What happens to the drones after mating? How many eggs does the new queen produce? What happens if the queen is taken away? How long does the queen live? BEES WITHOUT A HIVE How do stingless bees fight enemies? How is a queen bumblebee like a mother bird? What are the bumblebee's enemies? What are "callows"? How is honey used by bees for defense? What is a carpenter bee? How do mason bees build their homes? How many kinds of bees are known?
10 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 19
WASPS THE HELPFUL WASPS What is a fig wasp? How many kinds of wasps are there? How do wasps help farmers? Why do some wasps drill into trees? What asp is a hitchhiker? How do hunter wasps feed their young? What do gall wasps do? THE PAPER PALACE When was paper originally made? How do wasps make paper?
24 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27
" i
w
^^^0m\ff*'\^^"'
19 19 19 20 20 20 22 22 22 23 23 23
'
^
^
^
^
^
B
The female of the Citheronia Regalis moth lays her eggs on the bark of a sumac tree and moves on, spending no time in caring for the young.
B
The wasp, like the moth, is a member of the insect world and takes care of its young. Here you see some of the many workers feeding the babies in the wasp's nest.
S O C I A L
I N S E C T S
T h e female m o t h creeps slowly along
M o s t other insects d o the same thing.
a tree limb. Finally she stops a n d lays
T h e m o s q u i t o sets h e r eggs afloat o n a
a few eggs. T h e y stick to t h e
little
bark.
T h e n she crawls away. m a k e their w a y by themselves. find
their enemies.
food
insects
just
must
place their eggs where their young m a y
There
find f o o d a n d s h e l t e r . T h e n t h e y l e a v e
are n o parents to protect them. Alone, must
Walking-stick
d r o p theirs on the ground. O t h e r insects
W h e n her babies hatch, they
they
raft.
and
hide
from
t h e m forever. H o w s t r a n g e it is, t h e n , t o s e e a w a s p caring for her babies! She brings food,
c h e w s i t u p u n t i l i t is soft a n d p l a c e s it in their little m o u t h s . S h e licks t h e m , strokes
them
with
her
antennae,
or
"feelers," a n d builds a shelter to k e e p out the sun and
t h e r a i n . If
danger
s t r i k e s , s h e flies t o w a r d it, e v e n if i t is a n a n i m a l a t h o u s a n d t i m e s h e r size. Of all t h e insects, o n l y bees, w a s p s , ants and
t e r m i t e s t a k e c a r e of
their
families. T h e family, in t u r n , helps t h e mother to care for her later
offspring.
B e c a u s e of t h i s , a n d a l s o b e c a u s e t h e s e insects live in little g r o u p s o r societies, they are called "social insects." N o b o d y is s u r e h o w t h e s o c i a l h a b i t
Ants, like bees, are social insects. The fire ants above carry a larva and a cocoon to a safer place. Below are two termites licking each other. This is a process that, according to scientists, helps to keep the insect family together.
developed. B u t scientists h a v e noticed an interesting thing. Often, as soon as the young insects are given food, they p r o d u c e l i t t l e b u b b l e s of
saliva.
The
A bee will defend the hive against a larger enemy.
a d u l t insects lick u p the saliva quickly. T h e n the adults produce more
saliva,
w h i c h o t h e r a d u l t insects lick up. D o e s this special substance
in
the
bubbles help to k e e p the insect family together?
Many
scientists .think
T h e y c a l l t h e p r o c e s s trophallaxis "nursing
together."
As
one
so. or
scientist
said, " T o others in the nest, e a c h insect m u s t b e a living lollipop." W h a t k i n d s of h o m e s d o t h e s e i n s e c t s h a v e in their hollow trees a n d nests? W h a t h a p p e n s after they
paper have
g o n e t h r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e h o l e a n d disa p p e a r e d from sight? T h i s b o o k helps t o tell t h e i r w o n d e r f u l
story.
B E E S A worker bee on a honeycomb.
Nurse bees are walking (actual size)
Castle
of
the
b r o o d comb. Some.. . , ... t i m e s t h e Jy pr u t t h e i r
w h a t do the . . „ nurse b e e s d o ? T h e
all o v e r
feet
W a x
right
on
the
h e a d s of t h e b a b i e s . O n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r , T h e h o n e y b e e s c o m e f r o m e v e r y di-
they bend d o w n a n d p o k e their heads
r e c t i o n . E a c h o n e finds t h e t a r g e t — a n
i n s i d e t h e cells. T h e y f e e d a n d l i c k t h e i r
o p e n i n g o n l y a n i n c h w i d e . O u t of t h i s
little sisters in their cradles.
opening stream other honeybees,
cir-
T h e r e is a n o t h e r k i n d of cell o n t h e
dart
e d g e of t h e c o m b . I t is m u c h l a r g e r t h a n
a w a y . T h e w a x c a s t l e of t h e b e e s is h u m -
t h e others. It looks almost like a p e a n u t
m i n g w i t h life.
s h e l l m a d e o u t of w a x . I n s i d e it i s a
cling for a m o m e n t
before they
l a r v a j u s t l i k e t h e t h o u s a n d s of o t h e r s I n s i d e t h e o p e n i n g is a n a m a z i n g s c e n e .
— o n l y a l i t t l e l a r g e r . T h i s s t r a n g e cell
N o factory ever ran
m u s t b e s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l t o b e off o n
with
bustle
t h e s i d e of t h e c o m b w h e r e it c a n h a v e
a n d activity. H a n g -
p l e n t y of r o o m . I n d e e d i t is, f o r i t is t h e
i n g f r o m t h e r o o f a r e h e a v y c u r t a i n s of
r o y a l n u r s e r y of t h e l a r v a t h a t will s o o n
wax. T h e y m a y be larger t h a n this b o o k
become the new queen.
What is inside the wax castle?
more
a n d four times as thick. O n b o t h sides of t h e c u r t a i n s a r e c o u n t l e s s h o n e y b e e s , poking their heads into
hundreds
of
little cells o r c h a m b e r s .
O v e r o n the true " h o n e y c o m b , " somet h i n g s t r a n g e is t a k i n g Why do bees p l a c g B e e § a f e w a l k . evaporate , , ., their h o n e y ?
T h i s is t h e c a s t l e of t e n t h o u s a n d r o o m s . How m a n y r o o m s ,A, „ d o e s it h a v e ?
E a c h c e l l of t h e . ,..., c u r t a i n s is a l i t t l e . r o o m b y itself. A l -
m
S
f™^
°™
t h e
half-filled cells, b e a t i n g t h e i r w i n g s a s if t h e y w e r e t r y i n g t o fly. A s t h e b r e e z e f r o m t h e i r w i n g s f a n s a c r o s s t h e cells, it m a k e s t h e s w e e t liquid
t h o u g h w e o f t e n s p e a k of t h e c u r t a i n s
e v a p o r a t e . A cell t h a t w a s
filled
a s " h o n e y c o m b , " a g r e a t m a n y of t h e m
honey m a y be only three-quarters
d o n o t c o n t a i n h o n e y a t all. T h e c e l l s
t h e n e x t d a y a s a r e s u l t of t h e a i r f r o m
of t h e b r o o d c o m b e a c h h a v e a s m a l l
their wings. T h i s seems like a waste —
i n h a b i t a n t — a g r u b l i k e l a r v a t h a t will
to bring in n e c t a r from the
soon turn into a new honeybee. F o r the
t h e n e v a p o r a t e it s o t h e r e is n o t m u c h
l a r v a , t h e cell is a c r a d l e , l i v i n g r o o m
left. B u t o n e t a s t e of t h e l i q u i d will tell
a n d b e d r o o m combined. T h e larva stays
w h y it is d o n e . T h e s u g a r t h a t s t a y s b e -
in it f r o m t h e d a y it h a t c h e s until t h e
hind as the water evaporates gets thicker
d a y it is fully g r o w n .
a n d sweeter.
flowers
with full
and
The wild beehive in a hollow tree clearly shows the various combs, hanging down like curtains and drapes in a home.
p 1" 1 iS% i
t f i,.*
,
f
n
.
J
i
IrJ',,
/ W O R K E R
There
are "pantry
cells," too,
for
s t o r a g e of p o l l e n a s f o o d . B u t i n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e h i v e is a c o m b t h a t
seems
ANTENNA OCELLI
PROBOSCIS HEAD COMPOUND EYE
THORAX
d e s e r t e d . E a c h of t h e c e l l s h a s b e e n c o v ered with a wax cap. T h e y hang heavy a n d still, a s if t h e y h a v e b e e n f o r g o t t e n . B u t t h e y a r e filled w i t h g o l d e n t r e a s u r e — the nectar brought from
the
POLLEN-COLLECTING HAIRS ON LEG
fields
a n d c h a n g e d i n t h e b o d i e s of t h e b e e s i n t o t h i c k , r i c h h o n e y . E a c h p o u n d of it is t h e w o r k of m a n y b e e s . S o m e t i m e s
STING The form, structure and vital parts of a bee (worker).
r.j * '••& "•• >•*"< '
- V MP I M P ^BP7
•
The building of queen cells gets special attention. They are larger than the other cells and are built at the edge of the comb so that they get more air. Some of the cells above are under construction. The one at the right is ready to receive an egg. • M r
work
without
being
told.
There
are
e n o u g h w o r k e r s of e a c h k i n d — n u r s e s , honey-fanners, pollen-gatherers
and
w a x - m a k e r s . If t h e h i v e g e t s t o o h o t , s o m e of t h e b e e s set u p a n a i r c u r r e n t with their wings as a ventilation system. If m o r e w a x is n e e d e d , e x t r a b e e s set a b o u t m a k i n g it. S u d d e n l y o n e b e e a p p e a r s t h a t l o o k s different from the others. W h a t is t h e I t s h e a d s e e m s tQ b e job of the , , , '
.
9
completely with
two
covered
huge
eyes,
l i k e a h e l m e t . I t s l e g s a r e s h a p e d differe n t l y ; i t s b o d y is l o n g e r . I t w a l k s u p t o A living fan to condition air and condense honey. t h e y h a v e t o m a k e m o r e t h a n thirty-five t h o u s a n d t r i p s i n t o t h e fields t o p r o d u c e a s i n g l e p o u n d of h o n e y .
many live .. 0 hive?
the hive, a n d e a c h o n e h a § & -Qb tQ d o T h e r e , c r^, are n o loafers. T h e r e a r e no
supervisors
to
see
t h a t all a r e w o r k i n g . E v e r y b e e d o e s i t s 8
T h e w o r k e r s t o p s w o r k a n d g i v e s it a b i t of h o n e y . T h e n i t g o e s t o a n o t h e r f o r m o r e food, a n d so on. H o w strange to s e e t h i s k i n d of b e e i n a b u s t l i n g h i v e w h e r e all t h e o t h e r s a r e w o r k i n g !
T h e r e m a y b e thirty t h o u s a n d bees in How bees in a
a w o r k e r bee a n d seems to ask for food.
Y e t t h i s b e e h a s a j o b , t o o . I t is o n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t of t h e b e e s . I t is a d r o n e , o r m a l e b e e , o n e of a f e w d o z e n brothers
among
the
thousands
of
w o r k e r sisters. I t s j o b will b e g i n w h e n that
peanut-shaped
queen
cell
has
opened and the new queen has made her
If there is not enough food available, a worker might evict a drone from the hive.
The drone, unable to eat by itself, is fed by workers or it starves.
w a y i n t o t h e w o r l d . F o r it m u s t p r o v i d e m i l l i o n s of t i n y s p e r m c e l l s t h a t
the
q u e e n b e e stores in a special p o u c h in her body. T h e n , just before she places n e w e g g s i n t h e b r o o d c o m b , s h e fertil i z e s e a c h o n e w i t h a s p e r m cell, s o t h a t it c a n d e v e l o p i n t o a n e w w o r k e r . O n c e it w a s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e d r o n e s were lazy because they didn't help with the hive duties. B u t n o w w e k n o w that they couldn't help, no matter h o w m u c h t h e y w a n t e d to. T h e i r legs, h e a d s a n d bodies are n o t s h a p e d right for fashion-
a t t a c k t h e m o u s e a n d d r i v e it a w a y f r o m
ing t h e w a x i n t o t h e perfect little c h a m -
their nest.
bers. T h e y don't even h a v e a sting with
S o m e t i m e s t h e i r a t t a c k i s so
fierce
which they can help t o drive a w a y ene-
t h a t t h e y kill t h e m o u s e . T h e n t h e y h a v e
mies. T h e y just h a v e those
important
a real p r o b l e m . It's almost like having
l i t t l e s p e r m cells, r e a d y t o b e g i v e n t o
a d e a d e l e p h a n t i n t h e l i v i n g r o o m . If
the q u e e n in m a t i n g .
they don't do something quickly,
the
o d o r of t h e m o u s e w i l l s p o i l t h e h o n e y . T h e " s o n g of t h e h i v e " is a s t e a d y , h i g h What causes the "song of the hive"?
pitched hum. is m a d e b y
It
B u t h o w can they get such a big creat u r e o u t of t h e h i v e ?
the
w i n g s of t h e b e e s
The
answer
lies i n
as they go a b o u t their w o r k . S u d d e n l y the song becomes louder. T h e n scratchings a n d s q u e a k i n g c a n b e h e a r d .
A
m o u s e h a s tried to steal the honey. B u t the bees are always on their guard. T h e y
another
kind
of
building material used How do bees keep their hive clean?
by bees—propolis "bee-glue." they
get
or
Quickly the
material from certain buds and
sticky twigs.
T h e n t h e y w o r k it i n t o a l i q u i d w h i c h
big, h u m m i n g m a c h i n e . S o m e t i m e s the
they use to cover the dead mouse. W h e n
" m a c h i n e " is l o c a t e d i n a h o l l o w t r e e .
it d r i e s , it l o o k s l i k e t o u g h b r o w n p a i n t .
O t h e r t i m e s i t is i n a s p e c i a l l y - b u i l t b e e -
T h e m o u s e is s e a l e d i n i t s o w n
hive. T h e B i b l e tells us t h a t
little
Samson
f o u n d b e e s i n t h e b o d y of a d e a d l i o n .
t o m b , right inside the hive. garbage
B u t n o m a t t e r w h e r e t h e i r h o m e is lo-
disposal. T h e bees keep their hive clean
cated, the bees always build the same
a t all t i m e s . A n y t h i n g t h a t d o e s n ' t be-
w a x c u r t a i n - c o m b s w i t h t h e s a m e six-
long there gets d u m p e d outside. Some-
sided cells, half a n i n c h l o n g a n d a q u a r -
t i m e s a w o r k e r will d r a g o u t a p r o t e s t i n g
ter-inch wide.
T h i s is j u s t o n e m e t h o d of
d r o n e a s if h e w e r e a p i e c e of r u b b i s h .
T h e c e l l s a r e so p e r f e c t a n d r e g u l a r
T h e n the d r o n e crawls b a c k in again,
t h a t the F r e n c h scientist R e a u m u r o n c e
a n d five m i n u t e s l a t e r t h e s a m e w o r k e r
suggested they could be used as a unit
m a y be giving him some honey.
of m e a s u r e m e n t .
N o o n e is s u r e h o w t h e b e e s k n o w
How
can the honeybee do
all
her
w h a t job they are supposed to do. B u t
m a n y jobs and m a k e such perfect wax
e a c h o n e of t h e m , d o i n g its l i t t l e t a s k ,
c e l l s ? S o m e of t h e a n s w e r s w i l l b e f o u n d
helps the w h o l e hive to o p e r a t e like a
in t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .
HEAD OF A WORKER
EGG IN CELL > T h e
M a g i c
of
B e e s
F r o m a blind, helpless b a b y n o larger t h a n a g r a i n of s u g a r t o a
full-fledged
i n s e c t w i t h a w h o l e set of t o o l s — t h a t is t h e s t o r y of t h e h o n e y b e e . I t b e g i n s The gray, comma-shaped egg is attached to the bottom of the cell with an adhesive secretion.
A blind and legless grub hatches from the egg. It is fed continuously until it starts spinning a cocoon after a few days.
life a s a t i n y c o m m a - s h a p e d e g g . I t c a n
f o r t h e first t w o d a y s a n d " b e e b r e a d , "
h a r d l y b e s e e n in t h e cell t h a t
seems
o r flower p o l l e n m i x e d w i t h h o n e y , f o r
so h u g e i n c o m p a r i s o n . I t h a t c h e s t h r e e
f o u r m o r e . N o w i t is a s b i g a s t h e e r a s e r
days
the
o n t h e e n d of a n e w p e n c i l — m o r e t h a n
q u e e n m o t h e r . B u t it d o e s n ' t l o o k l i k e
a t h o u s a n d t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n it w a s a
a b e e a t a l l . I t is j u s t a w h i t e , l e g l e s s ,
week ago.
after
it is p l a c e d
there
by
b l i n d g r u b t h a t s e e m s t o b e all a p p e t i t e .
I t b e g i n s t o p r o d u c e a s t i c k y silk f r o m g l a n d s n e a r its m o u t h . W e a v i n g
F o o d is n e a r a t h a n d . A f e w after How does a new bee get its food?
the
minutes
grub
has
h a t c h e d , t h e h e a d of a full-grown bee
ap-
back
a n d f o r t h , it s p i n s t h e silk i n t o a l a c y c o c o o n . T h e n it lies still, l i k e a m u m m y w r a p p e d in cloth. All over the brood comb,
hundreds
pears at the
grub's
of o t h e r b e e l a r v a e a r e d o i n g t h e s a m e
cell. P o k i n g d o w n t o t h e n e w
arrival,
thing. T h e q u e e n m o t h e r that laid the
t h e a d u l t b e e s u p p l i e s it w i t h
"royal
eggs m a y have p r o d u c e d
a thousand
M
jelly" — a p a s t e m a d e in special g l a n d s
that
each
C.-
i n t h e b e e ' s h e a d . N o s o o n e r h a s it f e d
o w n s i x - s i d e d cell. J u s t b e f o r e t h e l a r v a e
t h e little l a r v a a n d g o n e o n t o t h e n e x t
start to form cocoons, the nurse
bees
cell t h a n a n o t h e r l o a d of f o o d a r r i v e s .
seal their r o o m s with wax. T h e n
they
Then another comes, and another, and
g o o n t o t h e c a r e of o t h e r b a b i e s .
another — about once every minute.
same day — placing
Inside the cocoon change.
I n s t e a d of c h o k i n g o n all t h i s f o o d , t h e How does the baby bee grow?
larva
begins
to
The
soft,
in its
t h e r e is a
legless
g r e a t WORKERS (ACTUAL SIZE) body
grub
stiffens. O u t l i n e s of l e g s , w i n g s , e y e s , antennae, or "feelers," begin to
form.
swell like a b a l l o o n .
T h e l a r v a is a l a r v a n o l o n g e r , b u t a
Its skin gets tighter,
p u p a — d a r k e n i n g , h a r d e n i n g , full
l i k e a j a c k e t t h a t is t o o s m a l l . S o o n i t s p l i t s a n d t h e g r u b w r i g g l e s free.
of
p r o m i s e of t h e h o n e y b e e t o c o m e .
The
Twelve days later, a sharp new pair
n e x t d a y i t m o l t s , o r s h e d s its j a c k e t ,
of j a w s b e g i n s t o c u t a w a y a t t h e w a x
again. Finally, t h e larva h a s b e c o m e so
c a p of t h e cell. N o w c o m e s t h e g r e a t e s t
l a r g e t h a t it fills i t s cell. I t h a s b e e n f e d
m a r v e l of a l l . T h e cell o p e n s a n d
a b o u t ten t h o u s a n d t i m e s — r o y a l jelly
comes
PUPA OAWDRKERS
a
clean
new
out
honeybee — her Here, in the cocoon, the great change takes place: from grub to milk-white nymph or pupa, until one day the adult bee emerges. If the egg is fertilized, the bee will become a worker. If not fertilized, it will become a drone. 11
The wax can be seen in this close-up view of the underside of a worker bee.
To make wax for building new cells, bees hang in chains from combs. Thin slips of wax come from their abdominal plates as they stretch themselves.
four shining wings thinner than paper,
their own.
h e r six l e g s r e a d y t o c l i n g t o t h e p e t a l s
g l a n d s in her h e a d begin to m a k e royal
of t h e flowers s h e h a s n e v e r s e e n . S c i e n -
jelly for t h e n e w b o r n b a b i e s . O n e
tists say t h a t s u c h a c h a n g e , f r o m a g r u b
t h e m m a y b e g r o w i n g i n t h e s a m e cell
t o a b e e , is a s w o n d e r f u l a s p u t t i n g a
she occupied just a few days before.
truck into a garage, closing the
in
a
few
days,
the of
door
and taking out a beautiful new airplane
N e w w a x is n e e d e d f o r t h e c o m b . T h e
twelve days later.
young worker takes great
A l l a r o u n d h e r a r e h u n d r e d s of o t h e r What does a new worker do?
Then
workers, their
busy
tasks.
buzzing
at
After
d r i n k s of h o n e y a n d t h e n " h a n g s herself u p " in
a
s h e e t of l i v i n g b o d i e s w i t h
h e r sisters. E a c h o n e h a n g s w i t h
her
new
f r o n t f e e t a t t a c h e d t o t h e h i n d l e g s of
wings a n d stretching her n e w legs for a
t h e o n e a b o v e . A f t e r a few h o u r s little
d a y o r so, s h e g o e s t o w o r k h e r s e l f . S h e
p l a t e s of w a x a p p e a r o n e a c h a b d o m e n .
feeds pollen a n d h o n e y to her y o u n g e r
W a x oozes o u t t h r o u g h special glands.
s i s t e r s , all r e a d y t o b u i l d c o c o o n s
S h a p i n g t h e w a x w i t h t h e j a w s a n d feet,
12
her
How is beeswax made?
of
t h e bees b u i l d n e w cells like t h e t h o u -
until a d a y or two later. T h e n she be-
sands already there.
g i n s t h e j o b t h a t w i l l l a s t t h e r e s t of
A b e e c a n n o t always p r o d u c e bees-
h e r life. BEE (ACTUAL SIZE)
w a x . N o r c a n it a l w a y s p r o d u c e r o y a l j e l l y . T h e life of b e e s r u n s i n a s e r i e s of stages. O n c e t h e b e e h a s p a s s e d a cert a i n p o i n t , it d o e s n o t g o b a c k
again.
Y o u n g w o r k e r s c a n m a k e r o y a l jelly for
She carries her tool kit right with her. I t is i n t h e f o r m
What is the bee's tool kit?
of
bristles a n d spines on her
legs. S h e
has
a
a few days. T h e n they c a n m a k e wax.
p a i r of " p o l l e n b a s k e t s " o n h e r h i n d l e g s
T h e n , when they are older, they go out
t o stuff full of t h e g o l d e n p o w d e r f r o m
i n t o t h e fields t o g a t h e r n e c t a r a n d p o l -
flowers.
l e n . S o if w e k n o w w h a t k i n d of w o r k
brushes
a b e e i s d o i n g , w e h a v e s o m e i d e a of h o w
Spines
o l d i t is.
p o l l e n o u t of t h e p o l l e n b a s k e t s . O t h e r
W h e n she leaves the hive, the w o r k e r is a l m o s t l i k e a p u p p y i n a s t r a n g e n e w yard.
She
flies
around
and
around,
never straying far from the hive.
H e r front for on
the
the
legs h a v e delicate
middle
cleaning antennae.
legs
help
pry
spines help her trim a n d shape the w a x for the c o m b . W h e n she goes from one
flower
to
Her
another, she pokes her h e a d deep into
great c o m p o u n d eyes t a k e in the form
its c e n t e r to get t h e sweet n e c t a r . H a i r s
of r o c k s a n d t r e e s n e a r b y . T h e six t h o u -
on her body brush the powdery pollen
sand
antennae
a r o u n d . S h e stuffs i t i n h e r p o l l e n b a s -
the
k e t s . T h e n s o m e of it r u b s off a s s h e
"smell-plates"
receive
strange
world, but
on
odors
her from
she doesn't venture
new away
b r u s h e s a r o u n d in t h e next
flower.
The bees collect pollen on their hind legs. Pollen is held in place by long leg hairs, which form the so-called "pollen baskets" (right). With its long proboscis, the bee sucks the nectar that is produced in the bottom of the flower. In doing so, the bee pollinates the flower, making it possible to produce seeds (below).
FILLED POLLEN BASKET
13
X
FLOWERS \ \ \ V
T h e The
D a n c e mystery
of
How do bees . „ .. .. „ tell direction?
o f
the
how
bees
HIVE
B e e s tell
other
b e e s w h e r e f o o d is t o , , , , , be found has long ° p u z z l e d scientists. I n
DANCE
1945, an Austrian zoologist by the n a m e of K a r l v o n F r i s c h set t o w o r k t o s o l v e the puzzle. Dr. von Frisch knew that worker bees
v . J •'
o f t e n j o u r n e y e d s e v e r a l m i l e s t o find a field of
flowers.
SUN
Yet they always found
their w a y b a c k h o m e easily. D r .
m
von
Frisch wanted to discover h o w the bees k e p t f r o m getting lost in their trip t o a n d from
flowers.
Dr. von Frisch knew that long before compasses were invented, sailors w e r e a b l e t o find t h e i r w a y a c r o s s u n c h a r t e d seas. H o w ? T h e y n a v i g a t e d b y following the sun during the day a n d the stars at
T h e next morning the sun rose bright in t h e east. D r . v o n F r i s c h c o u n t e d the w o r k e r bees as they w i n g e d from
the
hive. T h e r e were twenty-nine. H e also c o u n t e d t h e n u m b e r of b e e s t h a t r e a c h e d e a c h dish. T w e n t y f o u n d their w a y to
night. D i d bees do the same? T o find o u t , D r . v o n F r i s c h c o n t r i v e d
t h e d i s h t h a t w a s w e s t of t h e h i v e .
taught
W h a t d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t tell D r . v o n
w o r k e r b e e s t o e a t f r o m a d i s h of s u g a r -
Frisch? It told him that the bees had
w a t e r t h a t w a s p l a c e d w e s t of t h e i r h i v e .
l e a r n e d t o fly away
T h e bees w e r e t a u g h t t o d o this in t h e
food.
a clever experiment.
First, he
from the sun to reach
m o r n i n g , w h e n t h e sun w a s in t h e eastern sky. T h e n
o n e night — after
the
bees h a d learned to feed at t h e dish — D r . von Frisch m o v e d the hive while the
B u t one puzzle r e m a i n e d for D r . von How do bees . . „ communicate?
bees were asleep. A n d he turned the hive
F r i s c h t o solve. H o w ,. , , , d i d w o r k e r b e e s , returning
to the
hive,
a r o u n d so t h a t its e n t r a n c e p o i n t e d i n a
"tell" other w o r k e r bees w h e r e the sugar-
di'fferent d i r e c t i o n . N e x t , D r . v o n F r i s c h
water dish was located? Dr. von Frisch
set o u t f o u r dishes
had
filled
with
sugar-
observed
that
very
soon
after
w a t e r — o n e t o t h e n o r t h of t h e h i v e ,
w o r k e r bees r e t u r n e d to the hive, others
one to the east, one to the south a n d one
flew
to the west.
been to the sugar dish, s o m e h o w were
14
out. T h e s e bees, w h o h a d
never
t e n n a e o n t h e b o d y of t h e s c o u t b e e . T h e s c o u t t h e n d o e s its " d a n c e " o n t h e w a l l of t h e h o n e y c o m b . D r . v o n F r i s c h f o u n d that when the scout "waggles" straight u p t h e s i d e of t h e c o m b , t h e o t h e r b e e s w i l l fly off i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e s u n — t o t h e east in t h e m o r n i n g , t o t h e west in t h e a f t e r n o o n . B u t if t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s " straight
down
the comb,
the
other
w o r k e r b e e s w i n g o u t of t h e h i v e i n a
X
d i r e c t i o n opposite
t o t h a t of t h e s u n —
w e s t in t h e m o r n i n g a n d east in t h e aftern o o n . W h a t ' s m o r e , if t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s " i n a l i n e t h a t is s l a n t e d — n o t s t r a i g h t u p o r s t r a i g h t d o w n — it is
•>
"telling" the other worker bees that food is t o b e f o u n d a l i t t l e s o u t h o r n o r t h of east or west. N o t all b e e s a r e a b l e t o " t e l l " o t h e r
Dance of the bee shows other bees in hive the distance and direction of nearest flowers. Center line of bee's dance pattern tells direction of feeding place according to angle of sun. Dancing bee performs on wall of comb.
b e e s w h e r e t o find f o o d . O n l y " h i g h e r " bees c a n d o this. A n d t h e highest f o r m s of b e e s u s e a " s o u n d " l a n g u a g e , a s w e l l as a " d a n c i n g " l a n g u a g e , t o tell w h e r e f o o d is. T h i s s o u n d l a n g u a g e w a s d i s c o v ered in 1965 b y scientists studying bees in Brazil. T h e scientists r e c o r d e d
a b l e t o find it w i t h o u t b e i n g l e d b y t h e bees w h o h a d f o u n d t h e dish in t h e
first
place! After
the
b u z z i n g " s o n g s of w o r k e r b e e s o n t h e i r w a y b a c k f r o m f o o d " s t a t i o n s . " T h e stat i o n s w e r e d i s h e s of f o o d t h a t t h e s c i e n -
carefully
watching
bees
for
m a n y days, D r . von Frisch observed that returning bees did a strange
"dance."
A n d the dance was not always the same. C o u l d t h e d a n c e b e a w a y of " t e l l i n g " where food was to be found? M o r e days passed as D r . von F r i s c h n o t e d
the
songs were played
speaker.
What
over
happened?
a
loud-
When
the
b e e s h e a r d t h e s o n g , t h e y flew o u t of t h e hive toward the very station where the song h a d been recorded!
each
k i n d of d a n c e a n d t h e effect it h a d o n bees that were a b o u t to leave the hive. Dr. von Frisch discovered that when a w o r k e r bee returns t o the hive, other w o r k e r s c r o w d a r o u n d it. T h e " s t a y - a t h o m e " workers put their delicate
tists h a d set o u t n e a r t h e hive. L a t e r ,
an-
If a n e n e m y s t r i k e s , t h e w o r k e r b e e flies to the attack, driving Why does a bee die when it stings?
its s t i n g e r d e e p i n t o i t s v i c t i m ' s flesh. B u t the
bee
pulls
as
away,
t h e little b a r b s o n t h e stinger h o l d fast.
T h e s t i n g e r is p u l l e d o u t of t h e b e e ' s b o d y , l e a v i n g it t o r n
and
dying.
T h e
C a p t i v e
Q u e e n
Al-
t h o u g h a b e e sting m e a n s p a i n for t h e
T h e n e w q u e e n is o n e t h i r d l a r g e r t h a n
v i c t i m , it m e a n s d e a t h f o r t h e h o n e y b e e . N o matter what happens to the work-
What does the new queen look like?
the
workers.
Her
legs
lack
e r s , life in t h e h i v e g o e s o n . T h e n e w
their tools a n d
b a b i e s r e c e i v e t h e i r t w o d a y s of r o y a l
combs. H e r wings are folded a n d d a m p
jelly followed b y pollen a n d h o n e y . B u t
against her body, but they are vibrating
t h e l a r v a i n t h e q u e e n cell c o n t i n u e s t o
with a high-pitched h u m
get r o y a l jelly every d a y . T h i s m a k e s a
t h e w a l l s of t h e h i v e . Q u i c k l y s h e b i t e s
w o n d e r f u l c h a n g e . I n s t e a d of a r e g u l a r -
a t t h e t o p of h e r c o c o o n a n d t h e c a p of
sized w o r k e r , u n a b l e to lay eggs,
h e r q u e e n cell.
the
d i e t of r o y a l j e l l y w i l l p r o d u c e a s l e e k new queen.
that
pierces
A t l a s t s h e is f r e e . S c a r c e l y w a i t i n g for h e r wings to dry, she rushes
over
E v e n t h o u g h the q u e e n h a s n o t yet
the brood comb. T h e workers m a k e way
left h e r c o c o o n , a s t r a n g e s o u n d is c o m -
f o r h e r . F i n a l l y , s h e finds w h a t s h e is
i n g f r o m h e r cell. I t c a n b e h e a r d a b o v e
s e e k i n g . A n o t h e r q u e e n cell is w a i t i n g .
t h e s o n g of t h e h i v e .
F r o m it, t o o , c o m e s t h e s t r a n g e s o n g .
A n e w p r i n c e s s is a b o u t t o b e b o r n .
T h e workers stand b y as she tears at t h e c a p u n t i l s h e h a s o p e n e d it. T h e n she thrusts her sting deep, again
A queen honeybee emerges from the irregular wax cell in which she has developed.
and
again. U n l i k e the workers, she can use h e r long, curved sting m a n y times. B u t s h e u s e s it o n l y a g a i n s t o t h e r q u e e n s . If t w o q u e e n s e m e r g e f r o m
cocoons
a t t h e s a m e i n s t a n t , t h e r e is a d u e l . T h e insects thrust at e a c h other with their s h a r p s t i n g s u n t i l o n l y o n e of t h e q u e e n s is left a l i v e . She can n o m o r e stop from stinging her Why does she kill her sister queens?
sister q u e e n s t h a n the
workers
can
s t o p g a t h e r i n g in t h e fields. " O n e q u e e n p e r h i v e " is t h e rule t h a t she m u s t follow. She m a y h a v e six o r e i g h t o t h e r q u e e n s s e e k i n g
to
d e s t r o y h e r if s h e a l l o w s t h e m t o live. O n l y after she h a s m a d e sure t h a t she is t h e o n l y q u e e n b e e i n t h e h i v e d o e s s h e finally s t o p t o r e s t .
QUEEN BEE (ACTUAL SIZE)
"One queen per hive" is the rule she must follow. If two queens emerge from their cocoons at the same instant, a battle to the death develops. Here two queens duel it out.
If t h e r e i s o n l y a s i n g l e q u e e n f o r e a c h
T h e q u e e n m o t h e r a n d several t h o u s a n d
hive, w h a t will h a p -
of h e r f a m i l y w i l l l e a v e t h e h i v e f o r e v e r
What happens to t h e old ., , queen mother?
w h e n
f her To
§ h e
queen J1 find t h e
m e e t §
, n mother? answer
t o find a n e w h o m e . T h e w o r k e r s a r e so full t h a t s o m e of t h e m c a n h a r d l y fly. M a n y , l i k e t h e f a t
we have to go b a c k a few days.
The
m a n w h o couldn't b e n d over to tie his
queen mother put a normal egg
into
own
shoe, are unable to curve
their
e a c h s p e c i a l cell a s s h e c a m e t o it. F e d
a b d o m e n s e n o u g h to u s e their stings. I n
only royal jelly b y t h e w o r k e r s ,
fact,
each
they
seem too
good-natured
to
one developed into a queen larva. Then,
s t i n g . T h e s o n g of t h e h i v e r i s e s t o a
as the time c a m e n e a r for their emer-
n e w p i t c h . E v e r y t h i n g is i n p r e p a r a t i o n
gence as n e w queens, a change
for a great adventure.
came
over the entire hive. G o n e is t h e o l d n e e d t o s p e n d e v e r y m o m e n t w o r k i n g i n t h e fields. E v e n t h e q u e e n m o t h e r ' s c o n s t a n t j o b of l a y i n g eggs is f o r g o t t e n . T e a r i n g o p e n t h e c a p s so
deeply
that
they
What is a "swarm day"?
is
shining
and
sun the
w e a t h e r is f a i r — t h e b e e k e e p e r s call it a
bees
" s w a r m d a y . " T h e b e e s fly o u t b y t h e
become
hundreds and thousands. A w a y they go
of t h e h o n e y c o m b , t h o u s a n d s of drink
Finally the great day comes. T h e
stuffed. T h i s is p r o b a b l y a w i s e p r o v i -
to a nearby tree or bush where
they
sion b y n a t u r e f o r t h e t i m e a h e a d . F o r
cluster in a close mass. T h e ones on the
t h i s is k n o w n a s t h e t i m e of t h e s w a r m .
o u t s i d e of t h e m a s s o p e n l i t t l e s c e n t 17
hollow tree or e m p t y hive. T h e
swarm
follows them to the new home. Sometimes the beekeeper wishes to find t h e q u e e n . T h e n h e m a y s h a k e t h e s w a r m i n t o a t u b of w a t e r . A s t h e b e e s b e g i n t o s w i m t o w a r d t h e sides, h e c a n u s u a l l y find h e r b y h e r l a r g e size. O c c a sionally,
he
discovers
that
the
bees
h a v e s w a r m e d w i t h o u t h e r . T h i s is like h a v i n g a b i r t h d a y p a r t y for
someone
w h o didn't get invited. T h e s w a r m cann o t live m o r e t h a n a few d a y s w i t h o u t its q u e e n . O n l y s h e c a n l a y t h e e g g s t o produce new workers. The
queen,
whether
it
is
the
new
q u e e n b a c k in the hive, How is the queen like a prisoner?
o r t h e q u e e n m o t h e r in t h e s w a r m , is n o t r e a l l y a r u l e r . S h e is m o r e l i k e
a prisoner than a queen. She must be fed a n d c a r e d for b y her w o r k e r s . Except flights,
for
her
swarming
and
mating
she n e v e r sees t h e outside w o r l d .
T h e o l d q u e e n h a s left. N o w t h e n e w q u e e n p u s h e s t o w a r d t h e o p e n i n g of t h e
Bees are easily irritated, but they will often allow themselves to be handled this way on swarm days. glands on their a b d o m e n a n d fan
the
scent out into the air with their wings. T h e y d o this to guide others to the spot, j u s t a s t h e y o f t e n d o w h e n t h e y find a r i c h s o u r c e of n e c t a r o r a c l u s t e r of flowers. The
clustered
swarm
is t h i c k
and
heavy. It can often be shaken from the b u s h into a n e m p t y hive like a h
b u n c h of o v e r r i p e g r a p e s .
huge
Somewhere
in t h e c e n t e r of t h e s w a r m is t h e q u e e n mother. Soon some bees have found a 18
hive. A m o s t i m p o r t a n t j o b w a i t s
for
her. A t last t h e d r o n e s will g e t a c h a n c e
ers almost constantly. T h e y feed
her
a n d lick her, caring for h e r every need.
t o d o t h e i r p a r t . S h e t a k e s off o n h e r n e w wings, circling a r o u n d a n d a r o u n d .
P e r h a p s this licking a n d passing a r o u n d
T h e d r o n e s follow. S o m e t i m e s she goes o u t of s i g h t . Finally
she
mates
with
one
drones. What happens to the drones ,. ,, _ after m a t i n g ?
of
She
c h o o g e Q n e f r o m
the may an_
material What happens if the queen is t a k e n a w a y ?
b o d
from
her
s e r y e s
t Q
,
, , . P the ^ S0ing s m o o t h l y . If t h e
k e e
q u e e n is t a k e n a w a y o r d i e s , t h e w o r k ers create a n e w queen by enlarging a
^ , . r other hive as tar as
c e l l a n d k e e p i n g o n e of t h e
nine miles away. T h e
b a b i e s o n a s t e a d y r o y a l j e l l y d i e t . If
m i l l i o n s of t i n y s p e r m c e l l s f r o m
the
newborn
this doesn't w o r k , the w o r k e r s
them-
d r o n e ' s b o d y a r e p l a c e d in a p o u c h in
selves m a n a g e t o l a y a few eggs,
the queen's abdomen. His work done at
these develop only into drones.
Then
last, t h e d r o n e s o o n dies. T h e
the hive, without a queen, soon
dies.
other
but
drones are driven from the hive when t h e f o o d s u p p l y g e t s l o w i n t h e fall. B a c k in the hive, she b e c o m e s the n e w queen mother. Day How m a n y eggs does the new queen produce? ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
a f t e r
d a y
thousands
§ h e
of
Jays
eggs
— o f t e n f o u r o r five
t h o u s a n d a d a y . S u c h e g g p r o d u c t i o n is a g r e a t t a s k . S o s h e is fed b y t h e w o r k A queen laying eggs.
If n o t h i n g h a p p e n s t o t h e q u e e n , H o w long d o e s .. i. o t h e q u e e n live?
she
m a y live with h e r , « . . , * * huge family for four b
J
o r five y e a r s . D u r i n g this time she m a y lay a million
eggs.
W h a t a difference b e t w e e n the
queen
m o t h e r a n d the single m o t h w h o leaves a few eggs o n a t w i g in t h e fall! B u t there are m a n y other bees, too. T h e y live in interesting places — m o u s e n e s t s , h o l l o w c h u n k s of
old
wood,
e v e n tin cans. T h e i r story will b e told in the next chapter. Attendants constantly surround the queen. When she pauses in her egg-laying, they clean and feed her.
B e e s
W i t h o u t
a
H i v e
A b e e t h a t d o e s n ' t s t i n g ! I t is h a r d to believe, b u t there a r e bees in S o u t h A m e r i c a t h a t n e v e r s t i n g a t all. T h e y
for a little h o l e for t h e b e e s to enter.
live i n c o l o n i e s , o r l a r g e f a m i l i e s , j u s t
When
l i k e t h e h o n e y b e e s . I n s t e a d of l i v i n g i n
t h e y j u s t b r e a k o p e n t h e e n d of a d r u m .
a
man-made
hive,
they
make
their
h o m e s in h o l l o w trees o r caves.
Here
the natives want
Often
this honey
some
honey,
is d e l i c i o u s .
But
s o m e t i m e s it is n o t . T h e s t i n g l e s s b e e s
t h e y b u i l d c o m b s o u t of w a x a n d c l a y
visit all k i n d s of
o r f r o m t h e s t i c k y r e s i n of t r e e s .
enough
flowers
flowers.
If t h e r e a r e n ' t
available, they take the
next best thing. This m a y be a molasses S i n c e t h e y d o n ' t s t i n g , t h e y h a v e a difHow do stingless bees fight enemies?
ferent
way
c a n or a n old grapefruit peel, with a
of
d r o p o r t w o of m o t o r oil f o r v a r i e t y . A
protecting their
South American meal with native honey
little
m u s t b e full of s u r p r i s e s !
honey-
p o t s a n d t h e l a r v a e i n t h e cells. W h e n a n e n e m y c o m e s , t h e y fly a l l o v e r it,
T h e h o n e y b e e a n d t h e stingless
b i t i n g a n d s c r a t c h i n g . S t r o n g fluid f r o m their m o u t h s a n d bodies causes a burning
sensation.
It
feels
almost
s p a t t e r i n g g r e a s e . B u t e v e n so,
like South
A m e r i c a n natives often k e e p t h e m
in
H o w is a q u e e n bumblebee like a mother bird?
take
care
e g g §
]aid
of b y
bees the ^
q u e e n . B u t m a n y of t h e o t h e r k i n d s of
q u e e n s t a k e c a r e of t h e i r o w n e g g s . O n e
l i t t l e " d r u m s . " T h e s e a r e m a d e of a h o l -
of t h e s t r a n g e s t is t h e q u e e n
low log with b o t h e n d s sealed,
b e e . S h e sits o n h e r e g g s in t h e s p r i n g
20
except
bumble-
An apiary (a place where bees are kept) set in a landscape with fruit trees is always an interesting sight. The large "boxes" are actually modern beehives. They have replaced the less practical straw skeps (inset at right) that were used for a long time throughout the whole world. The movable frames of the modern hive (cross section on page 20) is much more convenient for the beekeeper and for the bees as well. The queen and the young can get only to section "B," leaving the honey in the top combs undisturbed for the keeper.
spring
flowers.
T h e o t h e r is h e r b r o o d
cell. A b o u t e i g h t e g g s g o i n t o it, o f t e n o n a l i t t l e p a d of p o l l e n t h a t w i l l s e r v e a s f o o d . T h e n s h e c a p s it o v e r w i t h w a x a n d s e t t l e s d o w n o n t o p of it. F o r the queen bumblebee, t i n g is n o p r o b l e m . W h e n
the
babysitlarvae
h a t c h in three or four days, she opens t h e i r cell t o f e e d t h e m . B u t w h e n t h e y she
a r e f e d , s h e c l o s e s it u p a g a i n . S h e m a y
r e m a i n s in a sheltered spot, h i d d e n from
d o t h i s s e v e r a l t i m e s a d a y , flying a w a y
the cold a n d storm. W h e n spring comes
for m o r e food in b e t w e e n .
like a little bird. A l l w i n t e r l o n g
at last, flies
she
goes
house-hunting.
She
over the m e a d o w , looking for
little h o l l o w in t h e g r o u n d .
a
Sometimes
she even uses a n old m o u s e nest or a half-hidden tin c a n . She makes two wax
cells. O n e
of
t h e m is h e r h o n e y p o t . S h e fills it w i t h honey
she has
made
Close-up of the head of a stingless bee and the log shed in which Mexican Indians of Yucatan keep them.
from
the
early
A queen bumblebee helps the young workers out of their cells. Creeping to the honeypots, they help themselves.
When
she leaves h o m e ,
she m a y
get
i n t o all k i n d s of t r o u Whatarethe bumblebee's . _ enemies?
b l e
S o m e
k i n d s
LARVAE IN SHELLS
of
, . , ... . . birds like to eat b u m blebees —
sting
and
all. A h u g e r o b b e r fly, l o o k i n g l i k e a b u m b l e b e e itself, m a y lie w a i t i n g i n a flower,
ready to catch her. Sometimes
s h e c o m e s a c r o s s t h e n e s t of
another
b u m b l e b e e . I n s h e g o e s , j u s t a s if it w e r e her own home. She m a y even drive out the rightful q u e e n a n d settle d o w n
on
t h e e g g s h e r s e l f . T h i s is h a r d o n
the
babies back at her o w n home.
Only the bumblebee, which can reach the nectar, is able to pollinate red clover.
Some-
t i m e s t h e h o m e l e s s q u e e n finds t h e u n o c c u p i e d n e s t a n d b e g i n s t o t a k e c a r e of it. T h u s the two "mothers" have switched nests. M o r e often, a n u n p r o t e c t e d nest is f o u n d b y a m o u s e t h a t h e l p s itself t o
n e c e s s a r y . T h e y a t t a c k b y c l a w i n g , biting
the tender baby bees and honey.
and
scratching.
Although
there
m a y b e only a few h u n d r e d b u m b l e b e e s T h e queen helps the new workers, called What are "callows"?
" c a l l o w s , " o u t of cells.
Now
their
they
are
about three weeks
old.
T h e y are wet a n d silver-looking at
first
— h a r d l y l i k e t h e f u z z y b l a c k a n d yellow queen. Creeping to the flying
over the
fields.
Some-
times they are c a u g h t in a shower, b u t they just go inside a hanging It shelters t h e m
like a
sweet-scented
B u m b l e b e e s seldom sting. T h e y a r e hard-working
creatures,
they c a n sting again a n d again 22
a n effort t o s t e a l t h e h o n e y f r o m
but when
the
little w a x e n pots. S t r a n g e a s it s e e m s , e v e n t h e h o n e y is used for How is honey used by bees for defense?
flower.
umbrella. peaceful,
at h o m e at a time, few c r e a t u r e s m a k e
honeypot,
they help themselves. In a day or two, they are
in a c o l o n y , w i t h o n l y fifteen o r t w e n t y
defense
s o m e k i n d s of b l e b e e s . If a n
by
bumenemy
attacks, a bumblebee q u i e t l y w a l k s u p t o it,
a d r o p of h o n e y o n i t s t o n g u e .
Then
the bee plasters the intruder with
the
g l u e y stuff.
the
Messy
and
dripping,
e n e m y r e t r e a t s a s f a s t a s its s t i c k y feet w i l l l e t it.
care for themselves. Finally, w h e n they are ready to emerge,
each one
bites
t h r o u g h t h e h a r d w a l l s of i t s h o m e a n d comes into the world. Sometimes African
explorers
come
a c r o s s t h e r u i n s of a n a n c i e n t c i t y . T h e walls are covered with the h a r d plaster of t h e m a s o n b e e s . T h e e x p l o r e r s c h i p a w a y a t it, s c r a p i n g c a r e f u l l y .
Some-
t i m e s , a f t e r t h e y h a v e r e m o v e d it, t h e y c o m e to n o t h i n g b u t a b l a n k wall. O t h e r times, they c o m e to ancient writings or stone-pictures. T h e s e important
findings
h a v e b e e n h i d d e n for m a n y centuries b y t h e w o r k of t h e s e l i t t l e c e m e n t - m a k e r s , the m a s o n bees.
T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s of T h e j a w s of t h e c a r p e n t e r b e e a r e s t r o n g
How many kinds of bees are known?
itself
looks
like
in
the world
to-
day.
little tools. T h e b e e . 0 carpenter bee?
bees known Only
a
a
f e w of t h e m a r e s o c i a l k i n d s l i v i n g i n
but
families. T h e r e a r e " c u c k o o " bees t h a t
m a k e s its h o m e in w o o d . H o l l o w i n g o u t
s n e a k i n t o n e s t s of o t h e r b e e s a n d l a y
a t u n n e l in a b e a m o r b o a r d w i t h its
their eggs. O t h e r s steal h o n e y to feed
j a w s , it b u i l d s a l i t t l e c h a m b e r f o r i t s
their o w n young. B u r r o w i n g bees m a k e
eggs.
holes in the g r o u n d . S w e a t bees cling to
bumblebee,
Sometimes
these
tunnels
may
twist a n d t u r n t h r o u g h l u m b e r for eight
m e n a n d a n i m a l s in s u m m e r ,
or ten feet. S o m e c a r p e n t e r b e e s
save
the sweat from
t h e m s e l v e s a l o t of w o r k . T h e y
build
their nests in h o l l o w b a m b o o
stems.
T h u s t h e t u n n e l is a l r e a d y m a d e
for
their bodies.
lapping Leafcut-
t i n g b e e s t r i m s l i c e s of l e a v e s t h a t t h e y paste together for their homes. To
t e l l t h e s t o r i e s of a l l t h e
bees
would take m a n y books. But there are
t h e m t o live i n .
m a n y m o r e k i n d s of s o c i a l i n s e c t s . T h e T h e j a w s of m a s o n b e e s b i t e
through
sand a n d clay. How do mason bees build their homes?
CARPEMTER , BEE
mother
builds
The her
MASON BEE
n e x t c h a p t e r w i l l tell a b o u t t h e w o n d e r ful w o r l d of w a s p s , r e g a r d e d a s a m o n g t h e m o s t i n t e l l i g e n t of i n s e c t s .
n e s t o u t of m u d a n d fills
it
with
pollen BURROWING BEE
a n d n e c t a r . T h e m u d h a r d e n s until it is l i k e s t o n e . T h e l a r v a e i n s i d e f e e d a n d
LEAFCUTTER NEST
LEAFCUTTING BEE 23
NEST OF POTTER WASP
W A S P S T h e
Helpful
N e a r l y e v e r y b o d y l i k e s fig b a r s . T h e r e What is a fig wasp? around
on
unseen.
Some
of
their
relatives,
the
h o r n t a i l s a n d sawflies, a t t a c k t r e e s a n d
if it w e r e n ' t f o r t h e t i n y
f r u i t , b u t a g r e a t m a n y of t h e t r u e w a s p s
fig
a r e as useful as honeybees.
wasp.
She
blossom
of
wanders the
fig,
s p r e a d i n g t h e p o l l e n a n d m a k i n g it p o s sible for t h e fruit t o develop. H e r y o u n g h a t c h o u t a n d seek n e w blossoms. T h i s valuable insect was actually Smyrna
W a s p s
w o u l d n ' t b e a single o n e
the
into California
POTTER WASP CARRYING MUD TO BUILDING JUG
>'
T h e t o m a t o h o r n w o r m c a t e r p i l l a r is a How do wasps help farmers?
of
feeds on the
leaves
of t o m a t o v i n e s a n d
imported
for the p r o d u c t i o n
b a d g a r d e n pest. It
damages the blossoms. A tiny wasp, the
figs. CATERPILLAR WASP DRAGGING CATERPILLAR
T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s of How many kinds of wasps are there?
wasps. Only few are
of
a
them
social.
M o s t of t h e m live t h e i r l i v e s q u i e t l y a n d
BRACONID (ENLARG HORNTAIL
ICHNEUMON FLY
braconid,
pokes
her
sharp
abdomen
into the caterpillar several times. E a c h t h r u s t m a y release a d o z e n eggs. y o u n g feed on the pest, outside to m a k e
their
finally little
The
coming cocoons.
T h e caterpillar s o o n dies. Other braconid wasps can
produce
a w h o l e family w i t h just o n e egg. T h i s is d o n e w h e n a c e r t a i n w a s p At left, the nest of a mason wasp; above, the insect itself.
finds
the
c a t e r p i l l a r of h a r m f u l
fruit m o t h s
or
c o r n b o r e r s . A l t h o u g h s h e is t i n y , h e r a m a z i n g e g g m a k e s u p f o r h e r l a c k of size. A f t e r s h e l a y s it, it b e g i n s t o d i v i d e into m a n y little cell-groups. E a c h g r o u p produces a h u n g r y larva. It feeds
on
t h e b o d y of t h e c a t e r p i l l a r . T h e n j u s t a s the caterpillar dies, t h e n e w b o r n w a s p s fly a w a y .
HAWK WASP KILLING TARANTULA
A mud-dauber nest and wasps and two opened cells
w a s p drills until she c o m e s to t h e tunn e l of a w o o d b o r e r , t h e r e a l v i l l a i n . T h e w a s p ' s l a r v a , h a t c h i n g o u t , will des t r o y t h e w o o d b o r e r b e f o r e it c a n k i l l CICADA-KILLER DRAGGING CICADA
a n y m o r e trees. Some wasps are even hitchhikers. One,
A
s i n g l e e g g m a y p r o d u c e fifty
m o r e w a s p s . T h e n if e a c h w a s p
or pro-
W h a t w a s p is I.* LL-I i a hitchhiker?
d u c e s fifty m o r e , t h e r e w i l l b e t w e n t y -
k n o w n as Phanurus, . , , rides a r o u n d on a m o t h like a m a n o n
five h u n d r e d w a s p s i n a f e w w e e k s , a l l
a horse. T h e n , w h e n the m o t h
looking for fruit
lays its eggs, t h e little h i t c h h i k e r
moths.
finally gets
off. S h e l a y s h e r o w n e g g s o n t h e m o t h A
huge ichneumon Why do some . ... w a s p s drill into trees?
wasp
goes
flying
through
the air. It , . s t o rp s a t a dJ y i n g f m a P l e t r e e - S l o w l y lt crawls over the bark,
t a p p i n g w i t h its a n t e n n a e .
Finally
it
eggs. B o t h m a y start to develop,
but
i t is o n l y t h e l i t t l e w a s p s t h a t h a t c h o u t a n d fly a w a y . T h e B i b l e t e l l s of p l a g u e s of l o c u s t s , w h i c h still b o t h e r p e o p l e i n m a n y p a r t s of t h e w o r l d . W h e n t h e f e m a l e
locust
stops a n d a r c h e s its b a c k . A l o n g t h r e a d -
lays her eggs u n d e r g r o u n d , the Scelio
l i k e o r g a n , t h e ovipositor,
w a s p waits n e a r b y . A s fast as the locust
goes to work.
S h a r p - p o i n t e d a n d s t r o n g , it d r i l l s d e e p
buries n e w eggs, t h e w a s p p o k e s
into the wood.
ovipositor
down
into
them
and
her lays
e g g s of h e r o w n . T h e t w o m a y
work
t h e y s e e it d r i l l i n g i n t o a t r e e . B u t t h i s
side b y side — t h e locust laying
eggs
is j u s t w h a t s h o u l d n ' t b e d o n e . F o r t h e
and the wasp destroying
Often
people
kill
this w a s p
when
them.
25
Hunter
wasps
catch
and
paralyze
spiders with a careHow do hunter wasps feed their young?
fully-placed
the
p l a c e d i n t h e cell of t h e w a s p ' s more
spider
with t h e w a s p egg. Strange growths a p p e a r o n the leaves a n d s t e m s of
caterpil-
l a r s . T h e s p i d e r o r c a t e r p i l l a r is t h e n T h r e e or four
then buries this
sting.
Sand wasps do same with
tarantula and
nest.
victims m a y
be
wa h s a t s d d°o? a M
T h C y
plants.
m a y
brown
l 0 °k Hke apples, little
p o r c u p i n e s , b i t s of m o s s . M a n y of t h e s e
a d d e d . T h e n the w a s p lays a n egg. T h e
a r e m a d e b y gall wasps. T h e
female
n e w larva h a s fresh food
pokes her eggs into the plant,
which
until it be-
c o m e s fully g r o w n . Mud-dauber
t h e n f o r m s t h e gall. J u s t h o w it f o r m s
wasps m a k e
many
of
is n o t fully u n d e r s t o o d . T h e l a r v a e feed
t h e i r h o m e s o u t of m u d , a l m o s t l i k e t h e
on the material inside the h o m e
m a s o n bees. Often
the plant
they can be
seen
has helpfully
they
roofs.
s h e l t e r . E a c h k i n d of i n s e c t p r o d u c e s a
with
paralyzed
spiders,
e a c h cell of t h e h o m e s o o n o p e n s
to
release a n e w wasp. Potter wasps m a k e little m u d j u g s a n d
stock t h e m
with
caterpillars.
in
a wasp may hang by one
leg
from the w e b a n d sting t h e spider w h e n
d e f i n i t e k i n d of p l a n t g a l l . N o n e of t h e w a s p s i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e t r u e social insects. B u t a few w a s p s live Most
of
them
make
their
homes
T h e n e x t c h a p t e r will d e s c r i b e w h a t t a k e s p l a c e i n s i d e t h e w a l l s of
hawk"
paper palaces.
M b
stings
the
huge,
26
these
Some typical insect galls—swollen plant tissue — caused by the hatching of wasp eggs. BLACKBERRY GALL
Oak gall wasp on leaf.
hairy
in
p a p e r nests.
it r u s h e s o u t t o c a t c h it. T h e " t a r a n t u l a wasp
this
in families, like their cousins t h e bees.
H o w d o the wasps catch the spiders? Often
the entire winter
Often
a g a i n s t t h e s i d e s of b u i l d i n g s o r u n d e r Filled
spend
made.
that
. jLDENRODJI GALL
T h e
P a p e r
P a l a c e
HEAD OF POLISTES WASP (ENLARGED)
H o w l o n g a g o w a s t h e first p a p e r m a d e ? Was
When was paper originally made?
it o v e r
hundred
five
years
ago, when J o h a n n Gutenberg Two
printed a
thousand
Chinese
made
Bible in
years
ago,
paper
from
HEAD OF BALD-FACED HORNET (ENLARGED)
1455?
when
the
mulberry
chooses strange places. O n e w a s p nest was built high on a factory next
to
the
whistle.
chimney,
Everytime
the
w h i s t l e b l e w , h u n d r e d s of w a s p s b u z z e d
bark? F o u r thousand years ago, when
in
t h e E g y p t i a n s w r o t e o n flat s h e e t s f r o m
m a d e in a car t h a t h a d b e e n in a used-
the papyrus reed? T h e
c a r l o t a l l s u m m e r . Still a n o t h e r
truth
p a p e r w a s first m a d e millions
is
that
of y e a r s
ago. N o h u m a n h a n d t o u c h e d t h a t
all
directions.
Another
nest
built over a schoolhouse door.
was was
School
first
c o u l d n ' t b e o p e n e d in S e p t e m b e r until
s h e e t of p a p e r . I t w a s p r o b a b l y m a n u -
t h e w a s p n e s t w a s r e m o v e d f r o m its u n -
f a c t u r e d i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a s i t is
usual location.
today — by a queen wasp, making
a
shelter for h e r eggs a n d larvae.
W h a t is t h e difference b e t w e e n a w a s p
S h e g o e s t o a p i e c e of d r i e d w o o d o n a t r e e o r t h e s i d e of a . TT house. Her strong 6 . little j a w s w o r k like
How do w a s p s , 0 make paper?
s c i s s o r s . S h e c u t s c h u n k s of w o o d a n d mixes t h e m w i t h h e r saliva. G e t t i n g all she
can
carry,
she
sometimes
tucks
extra pieces " u n d e r her chin" between her head a n d
first
p a i r of l e g s .
Then
s h e flies b a c k t o h e r h o m e , c h e w i n g o n the pieces. W h e n she spreads o u t
the
m i x t u r e , it dries t o a t o u g h p a p e r . I t is a m y s t e r y Where can wasp nests be found?
and a hornet? Hornets
What is a hornet?
are short, active wasps t h a t live b y t h e
dreds
in
their
paper
nest.
hun-
"Yellow-
jackets" a n d "white-faced hornets" are a c t u a l l y s p e c i a l k i n d s of
wasps.
Just like the bees, there are workers, drones
and
queens.
But
most
wasp
p a p e r p a l a c e s last only a few m o n t h s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a beehive m a y last for years. T h e q u e e n c h e w s t h e w o o d u n t i l it m a k e s a sticky paste. T h e n she plasters it o n t h e u n d e r s i d e of a b r a n c h o r r o o f
how
she
determines
o r t h e i n t e r i o r of a n a n i m a l ' s d e n . E v e n
where
she
will
place
a f a m i l y of s k u n k s h a s t o m o v e
her new home.
Often
w h e n t h e w a s p s m o v e in.
it is o n t h e e n d of tree branch
or
a
under
t h e r o o f of a h o u s e . B u t s o m e t i m e s s h e
She makes
a little six-sided
cell. I t is s h a l l o w a t
first
and
out
paper hangs
d o w n w a r d . S h e places a single egg in 27
A Polistes queen scrapes wood to make paper. The first room of a Polistes' home looks upside down. It is a cuplike cell attached to a paper stem. As soon as it is completed, an egg is "cemented" into it. t h e cell, c o v e r e d w i t h a sticky m a t e r i a l
T h e new wasps help their mother. T h e y
so it w o n ' t fall o u t . A f e w m o r e c e l l s a n d eggs c o m p l e t e h e r little nest.
How do the n e w
build ^ ^
WC
bi
cells
h a y e
a
and
blind
§ ' flat l a y e r ° f J ° them. T h e n they
like t h e b e e
larvae.
add a second layer below that, separated
have
from the "floor" above. T h e r e m a y be
hold
a d o z e n layers in the c o m p l e t e d nests,
t h e m in their upside-down cradle. T h e i r
e a c h l a y e r h a v i n g s e v e r a l h u n d r e d cells.
m o t h e r c a t c h e s flies a n d o t h e r
W h e n they are
W h e n the larvae hatch out, they legless
How do baby wasps live? sticky
Often
"glue pads"
on
they them
to
are
insects
?u P S e £ » in t h e nest?
more t h e y
filled
with larvae, and
to feed them. She chews u p the insects
t h e w o r k e r s a r e h u n t i n g for food, all t h e
into a little ball. T h e n she h o l d s t h e ball
insects a r o u n d the nest a r e in danger.
d o w n w h e r e t h e b a b i e s c a n f e e d o n it.
S o m e t i m e s a c o w i n a p a s t u r e will
S h e p u t s it first i n t o o n e cell a n d t h e n
walk close to a h o r n e t nest. A s she goes
a n o t h e r u n t i l it is all g o n e . E a c h l a r v a
slowly by, eating the grass, the h o r n e t s
h a s a few bites. T h e n the m o t h e r
d i s c o v e r t h e flies b u z z i n g a r o u n d
flies
her.
a w a y for m o r e insect food with w h i c h
O n e b y o n e t h e y p i c k t h e m off, n e v e r
to feed h e r larvae.
h u r t i n g t h e c o w a t all. I n f a c t , t h e c o w
A s h e r larvae get bigger, she k e e p s a d d i n g t o t h e l e n g t h of t h e Finally, her half-dozen
cells.
youngsters
emerge as adult wasps. Sometimes the m o t h e r is k i l l e d b e f o r e t h e y
complete
their g r o w t h . T h e n a little e m p t y w a s p n e s t is a l l t h a t r e m a i n s t o s h o w w h e r e she h a d started
housekeeping.
doesn't even seem to notice them. A s the nest gets larger, the workers b u i l d a p a p e r b a g a r o u n d it. T h i s m a y b e of m a n y l a y e r s a n d it s e r v e s a s i n s u lation. It keeps out noontime heat and t h e c o l d of e v e n i n g . I t a l s o s e r v e s a s a " r a i n c o a t " f o r t h e n e s t . S o m e t i m e s , if the w o o d c a m e from a painted building, it m a y b e s t r e a k e d w i t h c o l o r s . S o m e
28
Strange-looking larvae, hanging upside down, hatch from the Polistes' eggs. They are fed with chewed caterpillars (above). At right, the finished "paper palace"; a Polistes' nest, showing many chambers, and adult wasps.
paper wasps m a y build nests three or four feet across, c o n t a i n i n g
VVORKER,
thousands
of i n s e c t s . T h e r e is o n e q u e s t i o n w h i c h still p u z z l e s How are queen wasps produced?
scientists. H o n e y bees
feed
royal
jelly to a l a r v a t o
produce a queen, but how are
queen
wasps produced? T h e y are not
grown
in o v e r s i z e
cells, n o r a r e t h e y
given
special food. Y e t a large colony h a v e several q u e e n s , all g e t t i n g together
and
all
Vj
laying
eggs
may along
in
the
e m p t y cells. S o m e scientists think they m a y h a v e the answer. W a s p s lick e a c h other, just as the o t h e r social insects do. P e r h a p s some
special
material
from
an
egg-
Hornets' nest with some adult insects. YELLOW JACKET
DROME
h e r o w n , so n o m o r e q u e e n s will g r o w
M
u n t i l t h e h i v e is m u c h l a r g e r . B u t this has not been proved. Autumn
is a p p r o a c h i n g . are
What happens to the wasps in the fall?
The
not
queens
laying
so
m a n y e g g s . S o m e of them are laid out
being
with-
fertilized
by the male sperm, which the queens h a v e s t o r e d in their bodies. T h e s e t u r n into drones. L i k e d r o n e bees, they cann o t s t i n g . T h e y v i s i t flowers a n d r i p e n e d fruit,
drinking
the
sweet
liquids.
As
with the d r o n e bees, they are waiting f o r t h e c o m i n g of n e w
queens.
N o w more queens hatch out. fly £*
into
the
air
and
mate
They
with
the
drones. T h e y circle a r o u n d t h e nest for a while a n d t h e n leave their p a p e r palace. T h e workers, too, spend m o r e time flying
a r o u n d a n d less t i m e in feeding
the babies. P e o p l e i n t h e c o u n t r y a s k i n t h e fall, Cutaway view of the nest of a tropical wasp.
"Where
are
all
the
wasps
coming
f r o m ? " Of c o u r s e , t h e y h a v e b e e n in the
their n e s t s all a l o n g , b u t n o w t h e y a r e
other
n o longer doing their household duties.
l a y i n g q u e e n is p a s s e d a r o u n d i n licking
process.
wasps from
This
prevents
on
T h e i r d a y s in t h e sun will b e c u t short
when
w i t h t h e first f r o s t . T h e n t h e y w i l l fall
laying eggs by acting
their systems in s o m e way. B u t
a nest gets t o o large, o n l y a little bit
lifeless t o e a r t h . O n l y t h e n e w
of t h e q u e e n ' s m a t e r i a l g o e s t o
each
will r e m a i n — safely h i d d e n u n d e r a bit
w o r k e r . F i n a l l y o n e is a b l e t o l a y e g g s .
of b a r k — t o s t a r t a n e w p a p e r p a l a c e
N o w s h e b e g i n s t o p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l of
in t h e spring.
a t ~
30
queens
A N T S We
have
learned
that
there
are
MANDIBLES
s p e c i e s of w a s p s a n d b e e s t h a t d o n o t
/
live i n s o c i e t i e s , b u t a r e s o l i t a r y i n s e c t s . T h e r e are, however, n o solitary
ants.
7] / A
ABDOMEN
SIMPLE EYES HEAD /
THORAX
j
E v e n t h e m o s t primitive k i n d s a r e organized into communities, and the ants a r e t h e m o s t h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d s p e c i e s of the insect world.
L/ \ / f 3V \M
L i k e t h e b e e s a n d w a s p s t h a t live in communities, t h e a n t s h a v e classes, or castes, a m o n g the adults. L i k e bees, the workers are females, mostly unable to lay eggs, b u t their o c c u p a t i o n s a r e m o r e
SANGUIN ANT
^v
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