How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees

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"«l Why Wonder

T H E

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R O N A L D N. R O O D I l l u s t r a t e d by C Y N T H I A ILIFF K O E H L E R and A L V I N

KOEHLER

Editorial Production: D O N A L D D. W O L F

E d i t e d under the supervision of Dr. P a u l E. B l a c k w o o d W a s h i n g t o n , D. C .

T e x t a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p p r o v e d by O a k e s A. W h i t e Brooklyn Children's Museum Brooklyn, New Y o r k

GROSSET

&

DUNLAP* Publishers - N E W

YORK

Introduction A n y o n e w h o d o u b t s t h a t t r u t h is stranger t h a n fiction n e e d only study the habits of the social insects to have his opinion c h a n g e d . F o r the life patterns of these six-legged animals reveal events of sheer w o n d e r that could scarcely be imagined b y the best fiction writer. Scientists h a v e studied the social insects for centuries, a n d a fairly complete picture of the peculiar a n d fascinating b e h a v i o r of ithese insects is available. This How and Why Wonder Book accurately presents the essential characteristics of the four families of social insects — bees, wasps, ants a n d termites. T o a casual observer, m a n y of the actions of social insects m a y a p p e a r strange. A r e d a n c i n g bees really d a n c i n g ? A r e b u m b l e b e e s b e i n g mischievous when they walk u p to an i n t r u d e r a n d plaster it with a gluey mess of h o n e y ? W h a t e v e r the a p p e a r a n c e of such actions to a casual observer, close study shows t h a t they a r e i m p o r t a n t to the insects in b u i l d i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g their insect society. It is possible for a n y o n e to w a t c h social insects at close range. T h i s can be d o n e at h o m e or in school b y m a k i n g an observation nest. Directions for m a k i n g o n e are found in this b o o k . Such a project is fun as well as instructive for individuals o r class g r o u p s . T h e study of social insects is a p a r t of the science course in m a n y schools. F o r this reason, The How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees will b e a useful addition to both h o m e a n d school libraries. Paul E. Dr. Blackwood is a professional employee in the U. S. Office of Education. This book was edited by him in his private capacity and no official support or endorsement by the Office of Education is intended or should be inferred. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-9677 © 1962, 1971. Grosset & Dunlap. Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published simultaneously in Canada. Printed in the United States of America. 1972 PRINTING

Blackwood

Contents Where can wasp nests be found? What is a hornet? How do baby wasps live? How do the new wasps help in the nest? How are queen wasps produced? What happens to the wasps in the fall?

Page 27 27 28 28 29 30

ANTS THE FOREST OF GRASS When do the winged ants fly? Who are their enemies? What does the queen do with her wings? What do the new larvae eat? What are "minims"?

31 31 31 32 32 33 33

HOW ANTS FIND FOOD Do ants lay down a trail? What is pheromone?

34 34 34

ARMIES ON THE MARCH How do the army ants live? How many kinds of ants are known? What ants have slaves? How are some ants useful? What are ant farmers? How do ants keep "cows"? What are honey ants? How do ants protect their nests? How large are ant hills?

36 36 37 38 38 38 38 39 39 39

TERMITES THE WOODEN CAVERN What are newborn termites like? What food does it eat? How is a termite's food digested? Why are termite nests closed? How long do termites live? What is a termite "flight day"? How long do royal termites live? Why is the queen called an egg-machine? How large are termite houses? What are soldier termites? What is a "nasute"? How many kinds of termites are there? INSECT INTRUDERS How can a moth destroy a honeycomb? What are some of the other hive-robbers? What insects invade nests of wasps? What is the "paralyzer"? What are some other ant visitors? What creatures live in termite homes? What is a Jerrymunglum? YOUR INSECT ZOO How can you watch bees at home? How can you watch wasps? How can you make a nest for ants? How can termites be kept? What is the best insect zoo of all?

41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48

Page SOCIAL INSECTS

4

BEES THE CASTLE OF WAX What is inside the wax castle? How many rooms does it have? What d6 the nurse bees do? Why do bees evaporate their honey? How many bees live in a hive? What is the job of the drone bee? What causes the "song of the hive"? How do bees keep their hive clean?

6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 9 9

THE MAGIC OF BEES How does a new bee get its food? How does the baby bee grow? What does a new worker do? How is beeswax made? What is the bee's tool kit? THE DANCE OF THE BEES How do bees tell direction? How do bees communicate? Why does a bee die when it stings? THE CAPTIVE QUEEN What does the new queen look like? Why does she kill her sister queens? What happens to the old queen mother? What is a "swarm day"? How is the queen like a prisoner? What happens to the drones after mating? How many eggs does the new queen produce? What happens if the queen is taken away? How long does the queen live? BEES WITHOUT A HIVE How do stingless bees fight enemies? How is a queen bumblebee like a mother bird? What are the bumblebee's enemies? What are "callows"? How is honey used by bees for defense? What is a carpenter bee? How do mason bees build their homes? How many kinds of bees are known?

10 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 19

WASPS THE HELPFUL WASPS What is a fig wasp? How many kinds of wasps are there? How do wasps help farmers? Why do some wasps drill into trees? What asp is a hitchhiker? How do hunter wasps feed their young? What do gall wasps do? THE PAPER PALACE When was paper originally made? How do wasps make paper?

24 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27

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19 19 19 20 20 20 22 22 22 23 23 23

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B

The female of the Citheronia Regalis moth lays her eggs on the bark of a sumac tree and moves on, spending no time in caring for the young.

B

The wasp, like the moth, is a member of the insect world and takes care of its young. Here you see some of the many workers feeding the babies in the wasp's nest.

S O C I A L

I N S E C T S

T h e female m o t h creeps slowly along

M o s t other insects d o the same thing.

a tree limb. Finally she stops a n d lays

T h e m o s q u i t o sets h e r eggs afloat o n a

a few eggs. T h e y stick to t h e

little

bark.

T h e n she crawls away. m a k e their w a y by themselves. find

their enemies.

food

insects

just

must

place their eggs where their young m a y

There

find f o o d a n d s h e l t e r . T h e n t h e y l e a v e

are n o parents to protect them. Alone, must

Walking-stick

d r o p theirs on the ground. O t h e r insects

W h e n her babies hatch, they

they

raft.

and

hide

from

t h e m forever. H o w s t r a n g e it is, t h e n , t o s e e a w a s p caring for her babies! She brings food,

c h e w s i t u p u n t i l i t is soft a n d p l a c e s it in their little m o u t h s . S h e licks t h e m , strokes

them

with

her

antennae,

or

"feelers," a n d builds a shelter to k e e p out the sun and

t h e r a i n . If

danger

s t r i k e s , s h e flies t o w a r d it, e v e n if i t is a n a n i m a l a t h o u s a n d t i m e s h e r size. Of all t h e insects, o n l y bees, w a s p s , ants and

t e r m i t e s t a k e c a r e of

their

families. T h e family, in t u r n , helps t h e mother to care for her later

offspring.

B e c a u s e of t h i s , a n d a l s o b e c a u s e t h e s e insects live in little g r o u p s o r societies, they are called "social insects." N o b o d y is s u r e h o w t h e s o c i a l h a b i t

Ants, like bees, are social insects. The fire ants above carry a larva and a cocoon to a safer place. Below are two termites licking each other. This is a process that, according to scientists, helps to keep the insect family together.

developed. B u t scientists h a v e noticed an interesting thing. Often, as soon as the young insects are given food, they p r o d u c e l i t t l e b u b b l e s of

saliva.

The

A bee will defend the hive against a larger enemy.

a d u l t insects lick u p the saliva quickly. T h e n the adults produce more

saliva,

w h i c h o t h e r a d u l t insects lick up. D o e s this special substance

in

the

bubbles help to k e e p the insect family together?

Many

scientists .think

T h e y c a l l t h e p r o c e s s trophallaxis "nursing

together."

As

one

so. or

scientist

said, " T o others in the nest, e a c h insect m u s t b e a living lollipop." W h a t k i n d s of h o m e s d o t h e s e i n s e c t s h a v e in their hollow trees a n d nests? W h a t h a p p e n s after they

paper have

g o n e t h r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e h o l e a n d disa p p e a r e d from sight? T h i s b o o k helps t o tell t h e i r w o n d e r f u l

story.

B E E S A worker bee on a honeycomb.

Nurse bees are walking (actual size)

Castle

of

the

b r o o d comb. Some.. . , ... t i m e s t h e Jy pr u t t h e i r

w h a t do the . . „ nurse b e e s d o ? T h e

all o v e r

feet

W a x

right

on

the

h e a d s of t h e b a b i e s . O n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r , T h e h o n e y b e e s c o m e f r o m e v e r y di-

they bend d o w n a n d p o k e their heads

r e c t i o n . E a c h o n e finds t h e t a r g e t — a n

i n s i d e t h e cells. T h e y f e e d a n d l i c k t h e i r

o p e n i n g o n l y a n i n c h w i d e . O u t of t h i s

little sisters in their cradles.

opening stream other honeybees,

cir-

T h e r e is a n o t h e r k i n d of cell o n t h e

dart

e d g e of t h e c o m b . I t is m u c h l a r g e r t h a n

a w a y . T h e w a x c a s t l e of t h e b e e s is h u m -

t h e others. It looks almost like a p e a n u t

m i n g w i t h life.

s h e l l m a d e o u t of w a x . I n s i d e it i s a

cling for a m o m e n t

before they

l a r v a j u s t l i k e t h e t h o u s a n d s of o t h e r s I n s i d e t h e o p e n i n g is a n a m a z i n g s c e n e .

— o n l y a l i t t l e l a r g e r . T h i s s t r a n g e cell

N o factory ever ran

m u s t b e s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l t o b e off o n

with

bustle

t h e s i d e of t h e c o m b w h e r e it c a n h a v e

a n d activity. H a n g -

p l e n t y of r o o m . I n d e e d i t is, f o r i t is t h e

i n g f r o m t h e r o o f a r e h e a v y c u r t a i n s of

r o y a l n u r s e r y of t h e l a r v a t h a t will s o o n

wax. T h e y m a y be larger t h a n this b o o k

become the new queen.

What is inside the wax castle?

more

a n d four times as thick. O n b o t h sides of t h e c u r t a i n s a r e c o u n t l e s s h o n e y b e e s , poking their heads into

hundreds

of

little cells o r c h a m b e r s .

O v e r o n the true " h o n e y c o m b , " somet h i n g s t r a n g e is t a k i n g Why do bees p l a c g B e e § a f e w a l k . evaporate , , ., their h o n e y ?

T h i s is t h e c a s t l e of t e n t h o u s a n d r o o m s . How m a n y r o o m s ,A, „ d o e s it h a v e ?

E a c h c e l l of t h e . ,..., c u r t a i n s is a l i t t l e . r o o m b y itself. A l -

m

S

f™^

°™

t h e

half-filled cells, b e a t i n g t h e i r w i n g s a s if t h e y w e r e t r y i n g t o fly. A s t h e b r e e z e f r o m t h e i r w i n g s f a n s a c r o s s t h e cells, it m a k e s t h e s w e e t liquid

t h o u g h w e o f t e n s p e a k of t h e c u r t a i n s

e v a p o r a t e . A cell t h a t w a s

filled

a s " h o n e y c o m b , " a g r e a t m a n y of t h e m

honey m a y be only three-quarters

d o n o t c o n t a i n h o n e y a t all. T h e c e l l s

t h e n e x t d a y a s a r e s u l t of t h e a i r f r o m

of t h e b r o o d c o m b e a c h h a v e a s m a l l

their wings. T h i s seems like a waste —

i n h a b i t a n t — a g r u b l i k e l a r v a t h a t will

to bring in n e c t a r from the

soon turn into a new honeybee. F o r the

t h e n e v a p o r a t e it s o t h e r e is n o t m u c h

l a r v a , t h e cell is a c r a d l e , l i v i n g r o o m

left. B u t o n e t a s t e of t h e l i q u i d will tell

a n d b e d r o o m combined. T h e larva stays

w h y it is d o n e . T h e s u g a r t h a t s t a y s b e -

in it f r o m t h e d a y it h a t c h e s until t h e

hind as the water evaporates gets thicker

d a y it is fully g r o w n .

a n d sweeter.

flowers

with full

and

The wild beehive in a hollow tree clearly shows the various combs, hanging down like curtains and drapes in a home.

p 1" 1 iS% i

t f i,.*

,

f

n

.

J

i

IrJ',,

/ W O R K E R

There

are "pantry

cells," too,

for

s t o r a g e of p o l l e n a s f o o d . B u t i n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e h i v e is a c o m b t h a t

seems

ANTENNA OCELLI

PROBOSCIS HEAD COMPOUND EYE

THORAX

d e s e r t e d . E a c h of t h e c e l l s h a s b e e n c o v ered with a wax cap. T h e y hang heavy a n d still, a s if t h e y h a v e b e e n f o r g o t t e n . B u t t h e y a r e filled w i t h g o l d e n t r e a s u r e — the nectar brought from

the

POLLEN-COLLECTING HAIRS ON LEG

fields

a n d c h a n g e d i n t h e b o d i e s of t h e b e e s i n t o t h i c k , r i c h h o n e y . E a c h p o u n d of it is t h e w o r k of m a n y b e e s . S o m e t i m e s

STING The form, structure and vital parts of a bee (worker).

r.j * '••& "•• >•*"< '

- V MP I M P ^BP7



The building of queen cells gets special attention. They are larger than the other cells and are built at the edge of the comb so that they get more air. Some of the cells above are under construction. The one at the right is ready to receive an egg. • M r

work

without

being

told.

There

are

e n o u g h w o r k e r s of e a c h k i n d — n u r s e s , honey-fanners, pollen-gatherers

and

w a x - m a k e r s . If t h e h i v e g e t s t o o h o t , s o m e of t h e b e e s set u p a n a i r c u r r e n t with their wings as a ventilation system. If m o r e w a x is n e e d e d , e x t r a b e e s set a b o u t m a k i n g it. S u d d e n l y o n e b e e a p p e a r s t h a t l o o k s different from the others. W h a t is t h e I t s h e a d s e e m s tQ b e job of the , , , '

.

9

completely with

two

covered

huge

eyes,

l i k e a h e l m e t . I t s l e g s a r e s h a p e d differe n t l y ; i t s b o d y is l o n g e r . I t w a l k s u p t o A living fan to condition air and condense honey. t h e y h a v e t o m a k e m o r e t h a n thirty-five t h o u s a n d t r i p s i n t o t h e fields t o p r o d u c e a s i n g l e p o u n d of h o n e y .

many live .. 0 hive?

the hive, a n d e a c h o n e h a § & -Qb tQ d o T h e r e , c r^, are n o loafers. T h e r e a r e no

supervisors

to

see

t h a t all a r e w o r k i n g . E v e r y b e e d o e s i t s 8

T h e w o r k e r s t o p s w o r k a n d g i v e s it a b i t of h o n e y . T h e n i t g o e s t o a n o t h e r f o r m o r e food, a n d so on. H o w strange to s e e t h i s k i n d of b e e i n a b u s t l i n g h i v e w h e r e all t h e o t h e r s a r e w o r k i n g !

T h e r e m a y b e thirty t h o u s a n d bees in How bees in a

a w o r k e r bee a n d seems to ask for food.

Y e t t h i s b e e h a s a j o b , t o o . I t is o n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t of t h e b e e s . I t is a d r o n e , o r m a l e b e e , o n e of a f e w d o z e n brothers

among

the

thousands

of

w o r k e r sisters. I t s j o b will b e g i n w h e n that

peanut-shaped

queen

cell

has

opened and the new queen has made her

If there is not enough food available, a worker might evict a drone from the hive.

The drone, unable to eat by itself, is fed by workers or it starves.

w a y i n t o t h e w o r l d . F o r it m u s t p r o v i d e m i l l i o n s of t i n y s p e r m c e l l s t h a t

the

q u e e n b e e stores in a special p o u c h in her body. T h e n , just before she places n e w e g g s i n t h e b r o o d c o m b , s h e fertil i z e s e a c h o n e w i t h a s p e r m cell, s o t h a t it c a n d e v e l o p i n t o a n e w w o r k e r . O n c e it w a s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e d r o n e s were lazy because they didn't help with the hive duties. B u t n o w w e k n o w that they couldn't help, no matter h o w m u c h t h e y w a n t e d to. T h e i r legs, h e a d s a n d bodies are n o t s h a p e d right for fashion-

a t t a c k t h e m o u s e a n d d r i v e it a w a y f r o m

ing t h e w a x i n t o t h e perfect little c h a m -

their nest.

bers. T h e y don't even h a v e a sting with

S o m e t i m e s t h e i r a t t a c k i s so

fierce

which they can help t o drive a w a y ene-

t h a t t h e y kill t h e m o u s e . T h e n t h e y h a v e

mies. T h e y just h a v e those

important

a real p r o b l e m . It's almost like having

l i t t l e s p e r m cells, r e a d y t o b e g i v e n t o

a d e a d e l e p h a n t i n t h e l i v i n g r o o m . If

the q u e e n in m a t i n g .

they don't do something quickly,

the

o d o r of t h e m o u s e w i l l s p o i l t h e h o n e y . T h e " s o n g of t h e h i v e " is a s t e a d y , h i g h What causes the "song of the hive"?

pitched hum. is m a d e b y

It

B u t h o w can they get such a big creat u r e o u t of t h e h i v e ?

the

w i n g s of t h e b e e s

The

answer

lies i n

as they go a b o u t their w o r k . S u d d e n l y the song becomes louder. T h e n scratchings a n d s q u e a k i n g c a n b e h e a r d .

A

m o u s e h a s tried to steal the honey. B u t the bees are always on their guard. T h e y

another

kind

of

building material used How do bees keep their hive clean?

by bees—propolis "bee-glue." they

get

or

Quickly the

material from certain buds and

sticky twigs.

T h e n t h e y w o r k it i n t o a l i q u i d w h i c h

big, h u m m i n g m a c h i n e . S o m e t i m e s the

they use to cover the dead mouse. W h e n

" m a c h i n e " is l o c a t e d i n a h o l l o w t r e e .

it d r i e s , it l o o k s l i k e t o u g h b r o w n p a i n t .

O t h e r t i m e s i t is i n a s p e c i a l l y - b u i l t b e e -

T h e m o u s e is s e a l e d i n i t s o w n

hive. T h e B i b l e tells us t h a t

little

Samson

f o u n d b e e s i n t h e b o d y of a d e a d l i o n .

t o m b , right inside the hive. garbage

B u t n o m a t t e r w h e r e t h e i r h o m e is lo-

disposal. T h e bees keep their hive clean

cated, the bees always build the same

a t all t i m e s . A n y t h i n g t h a t d o e s n ' t be-

w a x c u r t a i n - c o m b s w i t h t h e s a m e six-

long there gets d u m p e d outside. Some-

sided cells, half a n i n c h l o n g a n d a q u a r -

t i m e s a w o r k e r will d r a g o u t a p r o t e s t i n g

ter-inch wide.

T h i s is j u s t o n e m e t h o d of

d r o n e a s if h e w e r e a p i e c e of r u b b i s h .

T h e c e l l s a r e so p e r f e c t a n d r e g u l a r

T h e n the d r o n e crawls b a c k in again,

t h a t the F r e n c h scientist R e a u m u r o n c e

a n d five m i n u t e s l a t e r t h e s a m e w o r k e r

suggested they could be used as a unit

m a y be giving him some honey.

of m e a s u r e m e n t .

N o o n e is s u r e h o w t h e b e e s k n o w

How

can the honeybee do

all

her

w h a t job they are supposed to do. B u t

m a n y jobs and m a k e such perfect wax

e a c h o n e of t h e m , d o i n g its l i t t l e t a s k ,

c e l l s ? S o m e of t h e a n s w e r s w i l l b e f o u n d

helps the w h o l e hive to o p e r a t e like a

in t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .

HEAD OF A WORKER

EGG IN CELL > T h e

M a g i c

of

B e e s

F r o m a blind, helpless b a b y n o larger t h a n a g r a i n of s u g a r t o a

full-fledged

i n s e c t w i t h a w h o l e set of t o o l s — t h a t is t h e s t o r y of t h e h o n e y b e e . I t b e g i n s The gray, comma-shaped egg is attached to the bottom of the cell with an adhesive secretion.

A blind and legless grub hatches from the egg. It is fed continuously until it starts spinning a cocoon after a few days.

life a s a t i n y c o m m a - s h a p e d e g g . I t c a n

f o r t h e first t w o d a y s a n d " b e e b r e a d , "

h a r d l y b e s e e n in t h e cell t h a t

seems

o r flower p o l l e n m i x e d w i t h h o n e y , f o r

so h u g e i n c o m p a r i s o n . I t h a t c h e s t h r e e

f o u r m o r e . N o w i t is a s b i g a s t h e e r a s e r

days

the

o n t h e e n d of a n e w p e n c i l — m o r e t h a n

q u e e n m o t h e r . B u t it d o e s n ' t l o o k l i k e

a t h o u s a n d t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n it w a s a

a b e e a t a l l . I t is j u s t a w h i t e , l e g l e s s ,

week ago.

after

it is p l a c e d

there

by

b l i n d g r u b t h a t s e e m s t o b e all a p p e t i t e .

I t b e g i n s t o p r o d u c e a s t i c k y silk f r o m g l a n d s n e a r its m o u t h . W e a v i n g

F o o d is n e a r a t h a n d . A f e w after How does a new bee get its food?

the

minutes

grub

has

h a t c h e d , t h e h e a d of a full-grown bee

ap-

back

a n d f o r t h , it s p i n s t h e silk i n t o a l a c y c o c o o n . T h e n it lies still, l i k e a m u m m y w r a p p e d in cloth. All over the brood comb,

hundreds

pears at the

grub's

of o t h e r b e e l a r v a e a r e d o i n g t h e s a m e

cell. P o k i n g d o w n t o t h e n e w

arrival,

thing. T h e q u e e n m o t h e r that laid the

t h e a d u l t b e e s u p p l i e s it w i t h

"royal

eggs m a y have p r o d u c e d

a thousand

M

jelly" — a p a s t e m a d e in special g l a n d s

that

each

C.-

i n t h e b e e ' s h e a d . N o s o o n e r h a s it f e d

o w n s i x - s i d e d cell. J u s t b e f o r e t h e l a r v a e

t h e little l a r v a a n d g o n e o n t o t h e n e x t

start to form cocoons, the nurse

bees

cell t h a n a n o t h e r l o a d of f o o d a r r i v e s .

seal their r o o m s with wax. T h e n

they

Then another comes, and another, and

g o o n t o t h e c a r e of o t h e r b a b i e s .

another — about once every minute.

same day — placing

Inside the cocoon change.

I n s t e a d of c h o k i n g o n all t h i s f o o d , t h e How does the baby bee grow?

larva

begins

to

The

soft,

in its

t h e r e is a

legless

g r e a t WORKERS (ACTUAL SIZE) body

grub

stiffens. O u t l i n e s of l e g s , w i n g s , e y e s , antennae, or "feelers," begin to

form.

swell like a b a l l o o n .

T h e l a r v a is a l a r v a n o l o n g e r , b u t a

Its skin gets tighter,

p u p a — d a r k e n i n g , h a r d e n i n g , full

l i k e a j a c k e t t h a t is t o o s m a l l . S o o n i t s p l i t s a n d t h e g r u b w r i g g l e s free.

of

p r o m i s e of t h e h o n e y b e e t o c o m e .

The

Twelve days later, a sharp new pair

n e x t d a y i t m o l t s , o r s h e d s its j a c k e t ,

of j a w s b e g i n s t o c u t a w a y a t t h e w a x

again. Finally, t h e larva h a s b e c o m e so

c a p of t h e cell. N o w c o m e s t h e g r e a t e s t

l a r g e t h a t it fills i t s cell. I t h a s b e e n f e d

m a r v e l of a l l . T h e cell o p e n s a n d

a b o u t ten t h o u s a n d t i m e s — r o y a l jelly

comes

PUPA OAWDRKERS

a

clean

new

out

honeybee — her Here, in the cocoon, the great change takes place: from grub to milk-white nymph or pupa, until one day the adult bee emerges. If the egg is fertilized, the bee will become a worker. If not fertilized, it will become a drone. 11

The wax can be seen in this close-up view of the underside of a worker bee.

To make wax for building new cells, bees hang in chains from combs. Thin slips of wax come from their abdominal plates as they stretch themselves.

four shining wings thinner than paper,

their own.

h e r six l e g s r e a d y t o c l i n g t o t h e p e t a l s

g l a n d s in her h e a d begin to m a k e royal

of t h e flowers s h e h a s n e v e r s e e n . S c i e n -

jelly for t h e n e w b o r n b a b i e s . O n e

tists say t h a t s u c h a c h a n g e , f r o m a g r u b

t h e m m a y b e g r o w i n g i n t h e s a m e cell

t o a b e e , is a s w o n d e r f u l a s p u t t i n g a

she occupied just a few days before.

truck into a garage, closing the

in

a

few

days,

the of

door

and taking out a beautiful new airplane

N e w w a x is n e e d e d f o r t h e c o m b . T h e

twelve days later.

young worker takes great

A l l a r o u n d h e r a r e h u n d r e d s of o t h e r What does a new worker do?

Then

workers, their

busy

tasks.

buzzing

at

After

d r i n k s of h o n e y a n d t h e n " h a n g s herself u p " in

a

s h e e t of l i v i n g b o d i e s w i t h

h e r sisters. E a c h o n e h a n g s w i t h

her

new

f r o n t f e e t a t t a c h e d t o t h e h i n d l e g s of

wings a n d stretching her n e w legs for a

t h e o n e a b o v e . A f t e r a few h o u r s little

d a y o r so, s h e g o e s t o w o r k h e r s e l f . S h e

p l a t e s of w a x a p p e a r o n e a c h a b d o m e n .

feeds pollen a n d h o n e y to her y o u n g e r

W a x oozes o u t t h r o u g h special glands.

s i s t e r s , all r e a d y t o b u i l d c o c o o n s

S h a p i n g t h e w a x w i t h t h e j a w s a n d feet,

12

her

How is beeswax made?

of

t h e bees b u i l d n e w cells like t h e t h o u -

until a d a y or two later. T h e n she be-

sands already there.

g i n s t h e j o b t h a t w i l l l a s t t h e r e s t of

A b e e c a n n o t always p r o d u c e bees-

h e r life. BEE (ACTUAL SIZE)

w a x . N o r c a n it a l w a y s p r o d u c e r o y a l j e l l y . T h e life of b e e s r u n s i n a s e r i e s of stages. O n c e t h e b e e h a s p a s s e d a cert a i n p o i n t , it d o e s n o t g o b a c k

again.

Y o u n g w o r k e r s c a n m a k e r o y a l jelly for

She carries her tool kit right with her. I t is i n t h e f o r m

What is the bee's tool kit?

of

bristles a n d spines on her

legs. S h e

has

a

a few days. T h e n they c a n m a k e wax.

p a i r of " p o l l e n b a s k e t s " o n h e r h i n d l e g s

T h e n , when they are older, they go out

t o stuff full of t h e g o l d e n p o w d e r f r o m

i n t o t h e fields t o g a t h e r n e c t a r a n d p o l -

flowers.

l e n . S o if w e k n o w w h a t k i n d of w o r k

brushes

a b e e i s d o i n g , w e h a v e s o m e i d e a of h o w

Spines

o l d i t is.

p o l l e n o u t of t h e p o l l e n b a s k e t s . O t h e r

W h e n she leaves the hive, the w o r k e r is a l m o s t l i k e a p u p p y i n a s t r a n g e n e w yard.

She

flies

around

and

around,

never straying far from the hive.

H e r front for on

the

the

legs h a v e delicate

middle

cleaning antennae.

legs

help

pry

spines help her trim a n d shape the w a x for the c o m b . W h e n she goes from one

flower

to

Her

another, she pokes her h e a d deep into

great c o m p o u n d eyes t a k e in the form

its c e n t e r to get t h e sweet n e c t a r . H a i r s

of r o c k s a n d t r e e s n e a r b y . T h e six t h o u -

on her body brush the powdery pollen

sand

antennae

a r o u n d . S h e stuffs i t i n h e r p o l l e n b a s -

the

k e t s . T h e n s o m e of it r u b s off a s s h e

"smell-plates"

receive

strange

world, but

on

odors

her from

she doesn't venture

new away

b r u s h e s a r o u n d in t h e next

flower.

The bees collect pollen on their hind legs. Pollen is held in place by long leg hairs, which form the so-called "pollen baskets" (right). With its long proboscis, the bee sucks the nectar that is produced in the bottom of the flower. In doing so, the bee pollinates the flower, making it possible to produce seeds (below).

FILLED POLLEN BASKET

13

X

FLOWERS \ \ \ V

T h e The

D a n c e mystery

of

How do bees . „ .. .. „ tell direction?

o f

the

how

bees

HIVE

B e e s tell

other

b e e s w h e r e f o o d is t o , , , , , be found has long ° p u z z l e d scientists. I n

DANCE

1945, an Austrian zoologist by the n a m e of K a r l v o n F r i s c h set t o w o r k t o s o l v e the puzzle. Dr. von Frisch knew that worker bees

v . J •'

o f t e n j o u r n e y e d s e v e r a l m i l e s t o find a field of

flowers.

SUN

Yet they always found

their w a y b a c k h o m e easily. D r .

m

von

Frisch wanted to discover h o w the bees k e p t f r o m getting lost in their trip t o a n d from

flowers.

Dr. von Frisch knew that long before compasses were invented, sailors w e r e a b l e t o find t h e i r w a y a c r o s s u n c h a r t e d seas. H o w ? T h e y n a v i g a t e d b y following the sun during the day a n d the stars at

T h e next morning the sun rose bright in t h e east. D r . v o n F r i s c h c o u n t e d the w o r k e r bees as they w i n g e d from

the

hive. T h e r e were twenty-nine. H e also c o u n t e d t h e n u m b e r of b e e s t h a t r e a c h e d e a c h dish. T w e n t y f o u n d their w a y to

night. D i d bees do the same? T o find o u t , D r . v o n F r i s c h c o n t r i v e d

t h e d i s h t h a t w a s w e s t of t h e h i v e .

taught

W h a t d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t tell D r . v o n

w o r k e r b e e s t o e a t f r o m a d i s h of s u g a r -

Frisch? It told him that the bees had

w a t e r t h a t w a s p l a c e d w e s t of t h e i r h i v e .

l e a r n e d t o fly away

T h e bees w e r e t a u g h t t o d o this in t h e

food.

a clever experiment.

First, he

from the sun to reach

m o r n i n g , w h e n t h e sun w a s in t h e eastern sky. T h e n

o n e night — after

the

bees h a d learned to feed at t h e dish — D r . von Frisch m o v e d the hive while the

B u t one puzzle r e m a i n e d for D r . von How do bees . . „ communicate?

bees were asleep. A n d he turned the hive

F r i s c h t o solve. H o w ,. , , , d i d w o r k e r b e e s , returning

to the

hive,

a r o u n d so t h a t its e n t r a n c e p o i n t e d i n a

"tell" other w o r k e r bees w h e r e the sugar-

di'fferent d i r e c t i o n . N e x t , D r . v o n F r i s c h

water dish was located? Dr. von Frisch

set o u t f o u r dishes

had

filled

with

sugar-

observed

that

very

soon

after

w a t e r — o n e t o t h e n o r t h of t h e h i v e ,

w o r k e r bees r e t u r n e d to the hive, others

one to the east, one to the south a n d one

flew

to the west.

been to the sugar dish, s o m e h o w were

14

out. T h e s e bees, w h o h a d

never

t e n n a e o n t h e b o d y of t h e s c o u t b e e . T h e s c o u t t h e n d o e s its " d a n c e " o n t h e w a l l of t h e h o n e y c o m b . D r . v o n F r i s c h f o u n d that when the scout "waggles" straight u p t h e s i d e of t h e c o m b , t h e o t h e r b e e s w i l l fly off i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e s u n — t o t h e east in t h e m o r n i n g , t o t h e west in t h e a f t e r n o o n . B u t if t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s " straight

down

the comb,

the

other

w o r k e r b e e s w i n g o u t of t h e h i v e i n a

X

d i r e c t i o n opposite

t o t h a t of t h e s u n —

w e s t in t h e m o r n i n g a n d east in t h e aftern o o n . W h a t ' s m o r e , if t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s " i n a l i n e t h a t is s l a n t e d — n o t s t r a i g h t u p o r s t r a i g h t d o w n — it is

•>

"telling" the other worker bees that food is t o b e f o u n d a l i t t l e s o u t h o r n o r t h of east or west. N o t all b e e s a r e a b l e t o " t e l l " o t h e r

Dance of the bee shows other bees in hive the distance and direction of nearest flowers. Center line of bee's dance pattern tells direction of feeding place according to angle of sun. Dancing bee performs on wall of comb.

b e e s w h e r e t o find f o o d . O n l y " h i g h e r " bees c a n d o this. A n d t h e highest f o r m s of b e e s u s e a " s o u n d " l a n g u a g e , a s w e l l as a " d a n c i n g " l a n g u a g e , t o tell w h e r e f o o d is. T h i s s o u n d l a n g u a g e w a s d i s c o v ered in 1965 b y scientists studying bees in Brazil. T h e scientists r e c o r d e d

a b l e t o find it w i t h o u t b e i n g l e d b y t h e bees w h o h a d f o u n d t h e dish in t h e

first

place! After

the

b u z z i n g " s o n g s of w o r k e r b e e s o n t h e i r w a y b a c k f r o m f o o d " s t a t i o n s . " T h e stat i o n s w e r e d i s h e s of f o o d t h a t t h e s c i e n -

carefully

watching

bees

for

m a n y days, D r . von Frisch observed that returning bees did a strange

"dance."

A n d the dance was not always the same. C o u l d t h e d a n c e b e a w a y of " t e l l i n g " where food was to be found? M o r e days passed as D r . von F r i s c h n o t e d

the

songs were played

speaker.

What

over

happened?

a

loud-

When

the

b e e s h e a r d t h e s o n g , t h e y flew o u t of t h e hive toward the very station where the song h a d been recorded!

each

k i n d of d a n c e a n d t h e effect it h a d o n bees that were a b o u t to leave the hive. Dr. von Frisch discovered that when a w o r k e r bee returns t o the hive, other w o r k e r s c r o w d a r o u n d it. T h e " s t a y - a t h o m e " workers put their delicate

tists h a d set o u t n e a r t h e hive. L a t e r ,

an-

If a n e n e m y s t r i k e s , t h e w o r k e r b e e flies to the attack, driving Why does a bee die when it stings?

its s t i n g e r d e e p i n t o i t s v i c t i m ' s flesh. B u t the

bee

pulls

as

away,

t h e little b a r b s o n t h e stinger h o l d fast.

T h e s t i n g e r is p u l l e d o u t of t h e b e e ' s b o d y , l e a v i n g it t o r n

and

dying.

T h e

C a p t i v e

Q u e e n

Al-

t h o u g h a b e e sting m e a n s p a i n for t h e

T h e n e w q u e e n is o n e t h i r d l a r g e r t h a n

v i c t i m , it m e a n s d e a t h f o r t h e h o n e y b e e . N o matter what happens to the work-

What does the new queen look like?

the

workers.

Her

legs

lack

e r s , life in t h e h i v e g o e s o n . T h e n e w

their tools a n d

b a b i e s r e c e i v e t h e i r t w o d a y s of r o y a l

combs. H e r wings are folded a n d d a m p

jelly followed b y pollen a n d h o n e y . B u t

against her body, but they are vibrating

t h e l a r v a i n t h e q u e e n cell c o n t i n u e s t o

with a high-pitched h u m

get r o y a l jelly every d a y . T h i s m a k e s a

t h e w a l l s of t h e h i v e . Q u i c k l y s h e b i t e s

w o n d e r f u l c h a n g e . I n s t e a d of a r e g u l a r -

a t t h e t o p of h e r c o c o o n a n d t h e c a p of

sized w o r k e r , u n a b l e to lay eggs,

h e r q u e e n cell.

the

d i e t of r o y a l j e l l y w i l l p r o d u c e a s l e e k new queen.

that

pierces

A t l a s t s h e is f r e e . S c a r c e l y w a i t i n g for h e r wings to dry, she rushes

over

E v e n t h o u g h the q u e e n h a s n o t yet

the brood comb. T h e workers m a k e way

left h e r c o c o o n , a s t r a n g e s o u n d is c o m -

f o r h e r . F i n a l l y , s h e finds w h a t s h e is

i n g f r o m h e r cell. I t c a n b e h e a r d a b o v e

s e e k i n g . A n o t h e r q u e e n cell is w a i t i n g .

t h e s o n g of t h e h i v e .

F r o m it, t o o , c o m e s t h e s t r a n g e s o n g .

A n e w p r i n c e s s is a b o u t t o b e b o r n .

T h e workers stand b y as she tears at t h e c a p u n t i l s h e h a s o p e n e d it. T h e n she thrusts her sting deep, again

A queen honeybee emerges from the irregular wax cell in which she has developed.

and

again. U n l i k e the workers, she can use h e r long, curved sting m a n y times. B u t s h e u s e s it o n l y a g a i n s t o t h e r q u e e n s . If t w o q u e e n s e m e r g e f r o m

cocoons

a t t h e s a m e i n s t a n t , t h e r e is a d u e l . T h e insects thrust at e a c h other with their s h a r p s t i n g s u n t i l o n l y o n e of t h e q u e e n s is left a l i v e . She can n o m o r e stop from stinging her Why does she kill her sister queens?

sister q u e e n s t h a n the

workers

can

s t o p g a t h e r i n g in t h e fields. " O n e q u e e n p e r h i v e " is t h e rule t h a t she m u s t follow. She m a y h a v e six o r e i g h t o t h e r q u e e n s s e e k i n g

to

d e s t r o y h e r if s h e a l l o w s t h e m t o live. O n l y after she h a s m a d e sure t h a t she is t h e o n l y q u e e n b e e i n t h e h i v e d o e s s h e finally s t o p t o r e s t .

QUEEN BEE (ACTUAL SIZE)

"One queen per hive" is the rule she must follow. If two queens emerge from their cocoons at the same instant, a battle to the death develops. Here two queens duel it out.

If t h e r e i s o n l y a s i n g l e q u e e n f o r e a c h

T h e q u e e n m o t h e r a n d several t h o u s a n d

hive, w h a t will h a p -

of h e r f a m i l y w i l l l e a v e t h e h i v e f o r e v e r

What happens to t h e old ., , queen mother?

w h e n

f her To

§ h e

queen J1 find t h e

m e e t §

, n mother? answer

t o find a n e w h o m e . T h e w o r k e r s a r e so full t h a t s o m e of t h e m c a n h a r d l y fly. M a n y , l i k e t h e f a t

we have to go b a c k a few days.

The

m a n w h o couldn't b e n d over to tie his

queen mother put a normal egg

into

own

shoe, are unable to curve

their

e a c h s p e c i a l cell a s s h e c a m e t o it. F e d

a b d o m e n s e n o u g h to u s e their stings. I n

only royal jelly b y t h e w o r k e r s ,

fact,

each

they

seem too

good-natured

to

one developed into a queen larva. Then,

s t i n g . T h e s o n g of t h e h i v e r i s e s t o a

as the time c a m e n e a r for their emer-

n e w p i t c h . E v e r y t h i n g is i n p r e p a r a t i o n

gence as n e w queens, a change

for a great adventure.

came

over the entire hive. G o n e is t h e o l d n e e d t o s p e n d e v e r y m o m e n t w o r k i n g i n t h e fields. E v e n t h e q u e e n m o t h e r ' s c o n s t a n t j o b of l a y i n g eggs is f o r g o t t e n . T e a r i n g o p e n t h e c a p s so

deeply

that

they

What is a "swarm day"?

is

shining

and

sun the

w e a t h e r is f a i r — t h e b e e k e e p e r s call it a

bees

" s w a r m d a y . " T h e b e e s fly o u t b y t h e

become

hundreds and thousands. A w a y they go

of t h e h o n e y c o m b , t h o u s a n d s of drink

Finally the great day comes. T h e

stuffed. T h i s is p r o b a b l y a w i s e p r o v i -

to a nearby tree or bush where

they

sion b y n a t u r e f o r t h e t i m e a h e a d . F o r

cluster in a close mass. T h e ones on the

t h i s is k n o w n a s t h e t i m e of t h e s w a r m .

o u t s i d e of t h e m a s s o p e n l i t t l e s c e n t 17

hollow tree or e m p t y hive. T h e

swarm

follows them to the new home. Sometimes the beekeeper wishes to find t h e q u e e n . T h e n h e m a y s h a k e t h e s w a r m i n t o a t u b of w a t e r . A s t h e b e e s b e g i n t o s w i m t o w a r d t h e sides, h e c a n u s u a l l y find h e r b y h e r l a r g e size. O c c a sionally,

he

discovers

that

the

bees

h a v e s w a r m e d w i t h o u t h e r . T h i s is like h a v i n g a b i r t h d a y p a r t y for

someone

w h o didn't get invited. T h e s w a r m cann o t live m o r e t h a n a few d a y s w i t h o u t its q u e e n . O n l y s h e c a n l a y t h e e g g s t o produce new workers. The

queen,

whether

it

is

the

new

q u e e n b a c k in the hive, How is the queen like a prisoner?

o r t h e q u e e n m o t h e r in t h e s w a r m , is n o t r e a l l y a r u l e r . S h e is m o r e l i k e

a prisoner than a queen. She must be fed a n d c a r e d for b y her w o r k e r s . Except flights,

for

her

swarming

and

mating

she n e v e r sees t h e outside w o r l d .

T h e o l d q u e e n h a s left. N o w t h e n e w q u e e n p u s h e s t o w a r d t h e o p e n i n g of t h e

Bees are easily irritated, but they will often allow themselves to be handled this way on swarm days. glands on their a b d o m e n a n d fan

the

scent out into the air with their wings. T h e y d o this to guide others to the spot, j u s t a s t h e y o f t e n d o w h e n t h e y find a r i c h s o u r c e of n e c t a r o r a c l u s t e r of flowers. The

clustered

swarm

is t h i c k

and

heavy. It can often be shaken from the b u s h into a n e m p t y hive like a h

b u n c h of o v e r r i p e g r a p e s .

huge

Somewhere

in t h e c e n t e r of t h e s w a r m is t h e q u e e n mother. Soon some bees have found a 18

hive. A m o s t i m p o r t a n t j o b w a i t s

for

her. A t last t h e d r o n e s will g e t a c h a n c e

ers almost constantly. T h e y feed

her

a n d lick her, caring for h e r every need.

t o d o t h e i r p a r t . S h e t a k e s off o n h e r n e w wings, circling a r o u n d a n d a r o u n d .

P e r h a p s this licking a n d passing a r o u n d

T h e d r o n e s follow. S o m e t i m e s she goes o u t of s i g h t . Finally

she

mates

with

one

drones. What happens to the drones ,. ,, _ after m a t i n g ?

of

She

c h o o g e Q n e f r o m

the may an_

material What happens if the queen is t a k e n a w a y ?

b o d

from

her

s e r y e s

t Q

,

, , . P the ^ S0ing s m o o t h l y . If t h e

k e e

q u e e n is t a k e n a w a y o r d i e s , t h e w o r k ers create a n e w queen by enlarging a

^ , . r other hive as tar as

c e l l a n d k e e p i n g o n e of t h e

nine miles away. T h e

b a b i e s o n a s t e a d y r o y a l j e l l y d i e t . If

m i l l i o n s of t i n y s p e r m c e l l s f r o m

the

newborn

this doesn't w o r k , the w o r k e r s

them-

d r o n e ' s b o d y a r e p l a c e d in a p o u c h in

selves m a n a g e t o l a y a few eggs,

the queen's abdomen. His work done at

these develop only into drones.

Then

last, t h e d r o n e s o o n dies. T h e

the hive, without a queen, soon

dies.

other

but

drones are driven from the hive when t h e f o o d s u p p l y g e t s l o w i n t h e fall. B a c k in the hive, she b e c o m e s the n e w queen mother. Day How m a n y eggs does the new queen produce? ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

a f t e r

d a y

thousands

§ h e

of

Jays

eggs

— o f t e n f o u r o r five

t h o u s a n d a d a y . S u c h e g g p r o d u c t i o n is a g r e a t t a s k . S o s h e is fed b y t h e w o r k A queen laying eggs.

If n o t h i n g h a p p e n s t o t h e q u e e n , H o w long d o e s .. i. o t h e q u e e n live?

she

m a y live with h e r , « . . , * * huge family for four b

J

o r five y e a r s . D u r i n g this time she m a y lay a million

eggs.

W h a t a difference b e t w e e n the

queen

m o t h e r a n d the single m o t h w h o leaves a few eggs o n a t w i g in t h e fall! B u t there are m a n y other bees, too. T h e y live in interesting places — m o u s e n e s t s , h o l l o w c h u n k s of

old

wood,

e v e n tin cans. T h e i r story will b e told in the next chapter. Attendants constantly surround the queen. When she pauses in her egg-laying, they clean and feed her.

B e e s

W i t h o u t

a

H i v e

A b e e t h a t d o e s n ' t s t i n g ! I t is h a r d to believe, b u t there a r e bees in S o u t h A m e r i c a t h a t n e v e r s t i n g a t all. T h e y

for a little h o l e for t h e b e e s to enter.

live i n c o l o n i e s , o r l a r g e f a m i l i e s , j u s t

When

l i k e t h e h o n e y b e e s . I n s t e a d of l i v i n g i n

t h e y j u s t b r e a k o p e n t h e e n d of a d r u m .

a

man-made

hive,

they

make

their

h o m e s in h o l l o w trees o r caves.

Here

the natives want

Often

this honey

some

honey,

is d e l i c i o u s .

But

s o m e t i m e s it is n o t . T h e s t i n g l e s s b e e s

t h e y b u i l d c o m b s o u t of w a x a n d c l a y

visit all k i n d s of

o r f r o m t h e s t i c k y r e s i n of t r e e s .

enough

flowers

flowers.

If t h e r e a r e n ' t

available, they take the

next best thing. This m a y be a molasses S i n c e t h e y d o n ' t s t i n g , t h e y h a v e a difHow do stingless bees fight enemies?

ferent

way

c a n or a n old grapefruit peel, with a

of

d r o p o r t w o of m o t o r oil f o r v a r i e t y . A

protecting their

South American meal with native honey

little

m u s t b e full of s u r p r i s e s !

honey-

p o t s a n d t h e l a r v a e i n t h e cells. W h e n a n e n e m y c o m e s , t h e y fly a l l o v e r it,

T h e h o n e y b e e a n d t h e stingless

b i t i n g a n d s c r a t c h i n g . S t r o n g fluid f r o m their m o u t h s a n d bodies causes a burning

sensation.

It

feels

almost

s p a t t e r i n g g r e a s e . B u t e v e n so,

like South

A m e r i c a n natives often k e e p t h e m

in

H o w is a q u e e n bumblebee like a mother bird?

take

care

e g g §

]aid

of b y

bees the ^

q u e e n . B u t m a n y of t h e o t h e r k i n d s of

q u e e n s t a k e c a r e of t h e i r o w n e g g s . O n e

l i t t l e " d r u m s . " T h e s e a r e m a d e of a h o l -

of t h e s t r a n g e s t is t h e q u e e n

low log with b o t h e n d s sealed,

b e e . S h e sits o n h e r e g g s in t h e s p r i n g

20

except

bumble-

An apiary (a place where bees are kept) set in a landscape with fruit trees is always an interesting sight. The large "boxes" are actually modern beehives. They have replaced the less practical straw skeps (inset at right) that were used for a long time throughout the whole world. The movable frames of the modern hive (cross section on page 20) is much more convenient for the beekeeper and for the bees as well. The queen and the young can get only to section "B," leaving the honey in the top combs undisturbed for the keeper.

spring

flowers.

T h e o t h e r is h e r b r o o d

cell. A b o u t e i g h t e g g s g o i n t o it, o f t e n o n a l i t t l e p a d of p o l l e n t h a t w i l l s e r v e a s f o o d . T h e n s h e c a p s it o v e r w i t h w a x a n d s e t t l e s d o w n o n t o p of it. F o r the queen bumblebee, t i n g is n o p r o b l e m . W h e n

the

babysitlarvae

h a t c h in three or four days, she opens t h e i r cell t o f e e d t h e m . B u t w h e n t h e y she

a r e f e d , s h e c l o s e s it u p a g a i n . S h e m a y

r e m a i n s in a sheltered spot, h i d d e n from

d o t h i s s e v e r a l t i m e s a d a y , flying a w a y

the cold a n d storm. W h e n spring comes

for m o r e food in b e t w e e n .

like a little bird. A l l w i n t e r l o n g

at last, flies

she

goes

house-hunting.

She

over the m e a d o w , looking for

little h o l l o w in t h e g r o u n d .

a

Sometimes

she even uses a n old m o u s e nest or a half-hidden tin c a n . She makes two wax

cells. O n e

of

t h e m is h e r h o n e y p o t . S h e fills it w i t h honey

she has

made

Close-up of the head of a stingless bee and the log shed in which Mexican Indians of Yucatan keep them.

from

the

early

A queen bumblebee helps the young workers out of their cells. Creeping to the honeypots, they help themselves.

When

she leaves h o m e ,

she m a y

get

i n t o all k i n d s of t r o u Whatarethe bumblebee's . _ enemies?

b l e

S o m e

k i n d s

LARVAE IN SHELLS

of

, . , ... . . birds like to eat b u m blebees —

sting

and

all. A h u g e r o b b e r fly, l o o k i n g l i k e a b u m b l e b e e itself, m a y lie w a i t i n g i n a flower,

ready to catch her. Sometimes

s h e c o m e s a c r o s s t h e n e s t of

another

b u m b l e b e e . I n s h e g o e s , j u s t a s if it w e r e her own home. She m a y even drive out the rightful q u e e n a n d settle d o w n

on

t h e e g g s h e r s e l f . T h i s is h a r d o n

the

babies back at her o w n home.

Only the bumblebee, which can reach the nectar, is able to pollinate red clover.

Some-

t i m e s t h e h o m e l e s s q u e e n finds t h e u n o c c u p i e d n e s t a n d b e g i n s t o t a k e c a r e of it. T h u s the two "mothers" have switched nests. M o r e often, a n u n p r o t e c t e d nest is f o u n d b y a m o u s e t h a t h e l p s itself t o

n e c e s s a r y . T h e y a t t a c k b y c l a w i n g , biting

the tender baby bees and honey.

and

scratching.

Although

there

m a y b e only a few h u n d r e d b u m b l e b e e s T h e queen helps the new workers, called What are "callows"?

" c a l l o w s , " o u t of cells.

Now

their

they

are

about three weeks

old.

T h e y are wet a n d silver-looking at

first

— h a r d l y l i k e t h e f u z z y b l a c k a n d yellow queen. Creeping to the flying

over the

fields.

Some-

times they are c a u g h t in a shower, b u t they just go inside a hanging It shelters t h e m

like a

sweet-scented

B u m b l e b e e s seldom sting. T h e y a r e hard-working

creatures,

they c a n sting again a n d again 22

a n effort t o s t e a l t h e h o n e y f r o m

but when

the

little w a x e n pots. S t r a n g e a s it s e e m s , e v e n t h e h o n e y is used for How is honey used by bees for defense?

flower.

umbrella. peaceful,

at h o m e at a time, few c r e a t u r e s m a k e

honeypot,

they help themselves. In a day or two, they are

in a c o l o n y , w i t h o n l y fifteen o r t w e n t y

defense

s o m e k i n d s of b l e b e e s . If a n

by

bumenemy

attacks, a bumblebee q u i e t l y w a l k s u p t o it,

a d r o p of h o n e y o n i t s t o n g u e .

Then

the bee plasters the intruder with

the

g l u e y stuff.

the

Messy

and

dripping,

e n e m y r e t r e a t s a s f a s t a s its s t i c k y feet w i l l l e t it.

care for themselves. Finally, w h e n they are ready to emerge,

each one

bites

t h r o u g h t h e h a r d w a l l s of i t s h o m e a n d comes into the world. Sometimes African

explorers

come

a c r o s s t h e r u i n s of a n a n c i e n t c i t y . T h e walls are covered with the h a r d plaster of t h e m a s o n b e e s . T h e e x p l o r e r s c h i p a w a y a t it, s c r a p i n g c a r e f u l l y .

Some-

t i m e s , a f t e r t h e y h a v e r e m o v e d it, t h e y c o m e to n o t h i n g b u t a b l a n k wall. O t h e r times, they c o m e to ancient writings or stone-pictures. T h e s e important

findings

h a v e b e e n h i d d e n for m a n y centuries b y t h e w o r k of t h e s e l i t t l e c e m e n t - m a k e r s , the m a s o n bees.

T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s of T h e j a w s of t h e c a r p e n t e r b e e a r e s t r o n g

How many kinds of bees are known?

itself

looks

like

in

the world

to-

day.

little tools. T h e b e e . 0 carpenter bee?

bees known Only

a

a

f e w of t h e m a r e s o c i a l k i n d s l i v i n g i n

but

families. T h e r e a r e " c u c k o o " bees t h a t

m a k e s its h o m e in w o o d . H o l l o w i n g o u t

s n e a k i n t o n e s t s of o t h e r b e e s a n d l a y

a t u n n e l in a b e a m o r b o a r d w i t h its

their eggs. O t h e r s steal h o n e y to feed

j a w s , it b u i l d s a l i t t l e c h a m b e r f o r i t s

their o w n young. B u r r o w i n g bees m a k e

eggs.

holes in the g r o u n d . S w e a t bees cling to

bumblebee,

Sometimes

these

tunnels

may

twist a n d t u r n t h r o u g h l u m b e r for eight

m e n a n d a n i m a l s in s u m m e r ,

or ten feet. S o m e c a r p e n t e r b e e s

save

the sweat from

t h e m s e l v e s a l o t of w o r k . T h e y

build

their nests in h o l l o w b a m b o o

stems.

T h u s t h e t u n n e l is a l r e a d y m a d e

for

their bodies.

lapping Leafcut-

t i n g b e e s t r i m s l i c e s of l e a v e s t h a t t h e y paste together for their homes. To

t e l l t h e s t o r i e s of a l l t h e

bees

would take m a n y books. But there are

t h e m t o live i n .

m a n y m o r e k i n d s of s o c i a l i n s e c t s . T h e T h e j a w s of m a s o n b e e s b i t e

through

sand a n d clay. How do mason bees build their homes?

CARPEMTER , BEE

mother

builds

The her

MASON BEE

n e x t c h a p t e r w i l l tell a b o u t t h e w o n d e r ful w o r l d of w a s p s , r e g a r d e d a s a m o n g t h e m o s t i n t e l l i g e n t of i n s e c t s .

n e s t o u t of m u d a n d fills

it

with

pollen BURROWING BEE

a n d n e c t a r . T h e m u d h a r d e n s until it is l i k e s t o n e . T h e l a r v a e i n s i d e f e e d a n d

LEAFCUTTER NEST

LEAFCUTTING BEE 23

NEST OF POTTER WASP

W A S P S T h e

Helpful

N e a r l y e v e r y b o d y l i k e s fig b a r s . T h e r e What is a fig wasp? around

on

unseen.

Some

of

their

relatives,

the

h o r n t a i l s a n d sawflies, a t t a c k t r e e s a n d

if it w e r e n ' t f o r t h e t i n y

f r u i t , b u t a g r e a t m a n y of t h e t r u e w a s p s

fig

a r e as useful as honeybees.

wasp.

She

blossom

of

wanders the

fig,

s p r e a d i n g t h e p o l l e n a n d m a k i n g it p o s sible for t h e fruit t o develop. H e r y o u n g h a t c h o u t a n d seek n e w blossoms. T h i s valuable insect was actually Smyrna

W a s p s

w o u l d n ' t b e a single o n e

the

into California

POTTER WASP CARRYING MUD TO BUILDING JUG

>'

T h e t o m a t o h o r n w o r m c a t e r p i l l a r is a How do wasps help farmers?

of

feeds on the

leaves

of t o m a t o v i n e s a n d

imported

for the p r o d u c t i o n

b a d g a r d e n pest. It

damages the blossoms. A tiny wasp, the

figs. CATERPILLAR WASP DRAGGING CATERPILLAR

T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s of How many kinds of wasps are there?

wasps. Only few are

of

a

them

social.

M o s t of t h e m live t h e i r l i v e s q u i e t l y a n d

BRACONID (ENLARG HORNTAIL

ICHNEUMON FLY

braconid,

pokes

her

sharp

abdomen

into the caterpillar several times. E a c h t h r u s t m a y release a d o z e n eggs. y o u n g feed on the pest, outside to m a k e

their

finally little

The

coming cocoons.

T h e caterpillar s o o n dies. Other braconid wasps can

produce

a w h o l e family w i t h just o n e egg. T h i s is d o n e w h e n a c e r t a i n w a s p At left, the nest of a mason wasp; above, the insect itself.

finds

the

c a t e r p i l l a r of h a r m f u l

fruit m o t h s

or

c o r n b o r e r s . A l t h o u g h s h e is t i n y , h e r a m a z i n g e g g m a k e s u p f o r h e r l a c k of size. A f t e r s h e l a y s it, it b e g i n s t o d i v i d e into m a n y little cell-groups. E a c h g r o u p produces a h u n g r y larva. It feeds

on

t h e b o d y of t h e c a t e r p i l l a r . T h e n j u s t a s the caterpillar dies, t h e n e w b o r n w a s p s fly a w a y .

HAWK WASP KILLING TARANTULA

A mud-dauber nest and wasps and two opened cells

w a s p drills until she c o m e s to t h e tunn e l of a w o o d b o r e r , t h e r e a l v i l l a i n . T h e w a s p ' s l a r v a , h a t c h i n g o u t , will des t r o y t h e w o o d b o r e r b e f o r e it c a n k i l l CICADA-KILLER DRAGGING CICADA

a n y m o r e trees. Some wasps are even hitchhikers. One,

A

s i n g l e e g g m a y p r o d u c e fifty

m o r e w a s p s . T h e n if e a c h w a s p

or pro-

W h a t w a s p is I.* LL-I i a hitchhiker?

d u c e s fifty m o r e , t h e r e w i l l b e t w e n t y -

k n o w n as Phanurus, . , , rides a r o u n d on a m o t h like a m a n o n

five h u n d r e d w a s p s i n a f e w w e e k s , a l l

a horse. T h e n , w h e n the m o t h

looking for fruit

lays its eggs, t h e little h i t c h h i k e r

moths.

finally gets

off. S h e l a y s h e r o w n e g g s o n t h e m o t h A

huge ichneumon Why do some . ... w a s p s drill into trees?

wasp

goes

flying

through

the air. It , . s t o rp s a t a dJ y i n g f m a P l e t r e e - S l o w l y lt crawls over the bark,

t a p p i n g w i t h its a n t e n n a e .

Finally

it

eggs. B o t h m a y start to develop,

but

i t is o n l y t h e l i t t l e w a s p s t h a t h a t c h o u t a n d fly a w a y . T h e B i b l e t e l l s of p l a g u e s of l o c u s t s , w h i c h still b o t h e r p e o p l e i n m a n y p a r t s of t h e w o r l d . W h e n t h e f e m a l e

locust

stops a n d a r c h e s its b a c k . A l o n g t h r e a d -

lays her eggs u n d e r g r o u n d , the Scelio

l i k e o r g a n , t h e ovipositor,

w a s p waits n e a r b y . A s fast as the locust

goes to work.

S h a r p - p o i n t e d a n d s t r o n g , it d r i l l s d e e p

buries n e w eggs, t h e w a s p p o k e s

into the wood.

ovipositor

down

into

them

and

her lays

e g g s of h e r o w n . T h e t w o m a y

work

t h e y s e e it d r i l l i n g i n t o a t r e e . B u t t h i s

side b y side — t h e locust laying

eggs

is j u s t w h a t s h o u l d n ' t b e d o n e . F o r t h e

and the wasp destroying

Often

people

kill

this w a s p

when

them.

25

Hunter

wasps

catch

and

paralyze

spiders with a careHow do hunter wasps feed their young?

fully-placed

the

p l a c e d i n t h e cell of t h e w a s p ' s more

spider

with t h e w a s p egg. Strange growths a p p e a r o n the leaves a n d s t e m s of

caterpil-

l a r s . T h e s p i d e r o r c a t e r p i l l a r is t h e n T h r e e or four

then buries this

sting.

Sand wasps do same with

tarantula and

nest.

victims m a y

be

wa h s a t s d d°o? a M

T h C y

plants.

m a y

brown

l 0 °k Hke apples, little

p o r c u p i n e s , b i t s of m o s s . M a n y of t h e s e

a d d e d . T h e n the w a s p lays a n egg. T h e

a r e m a d e b y gall wasps. T h e

female

n e w larva h a s fresh food

pokes her eggs into the plant,

which

until it be-

c o m e s fully g r o w n . Mud-dauber

t h e n f o r m s t h e gall. J u s t h o w it f o r m s

wasps m a k e

many

of

is n o t fully u n d e r s t o o d . T h e l a r v a e feed

t h e i r h o m e s o u t of m u d , a l m o s t l i k e t h e

on the material inside the h o m e

m a s o n bees. Often

the plant

they can be

seen

has helpfully

they

roofs.

s h e l t e r . E a c h k i n d of i n s e c t p r o d u c e s a

with

paralyzed

spiders,

e a c h cell of t h e h o m e s o o n o p e n s

to

release a n e w wasp. Potter wasps m a k e little m u d j u g s a n d

stock t h e m

with

caterpillars.

in

a wasp may hang by one

leg

from the w e b a n d sting t h e spider w h e n

d e f i n i t e k i n d of p l a n t g a l l . N o n e of t h e w a s p s i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e t r u e social insects. B u t a few w a s p s live Most

of

them

make

their

homes

T h e n e x t c h a p t e r will d e s c r i b e w h a t t a k e s p l a c e i n s i d e t h e w a l l s of

hawk"

paper palaces.

M b

stings

the

huge,

26

these

Some typical insect galls—swollen plant tissue — caused by the hatching of wasp eggs. BLACKBERRY GALL

Oak gall wasp on leaf.

hairy

in

p a p e r nests.

it r u s h e s o u t t o c a t c h it. T h e " t a r a n t u l a wasp

this

in families, like their cousins t h e bees.

H o w d o the wasps catch the spiders? Often

the entire winter

Often

a g a i n s t t h e s i d e s of b u i l d i n g s o r u n d e r Filled

spend

made.

that

. jLDENRODJI GALL

T h e

P a p e r

P a l a c e

HEAD OF POLISTES WASP (ENLARGED)

H o w l o n g a g o w a s t h e first p a p e r m a d e ? Was

When was paper originally made?

it o v e r

hundred

five

years

ago, when J o h a n n Gutenberg Two

printed a

thousand

Chinese

made

Bible in

years

ago,

paper

from

HEAD OF BALD-FACED HORNET (ENLARGED)

1455?

when

the

mulberry

chooses strange places. O n e w a s p nest was built high on a factory next

to

the

whistle.

chimney,

Everytime

the

w h i s t l e b l e w , h u n d r e d s of w a s p s b u z z e d

bark? F o u r thousand years ago, when

in

t h e E g y p t i a n s w r o t e o n flat s h e e t s f r o m

m a d e in a car t h a t h a d b e e n in a used-

the papyrus reed? T h e

c a r l o t a l l s u m m e r . Still a n o t h e r

truth

p a p e r w a s first m a d e millions

is

that

of y e a r s

ago. N o h u m a n h a n d t o u c h e d t h a t

all

directions.

Another

nest

built over a schoolhouse door.

was was

School

first

c o u l d n ' t b e o p e n e d in S e p t e m b e r until

s h e e t of p a p e r . I t w a s p r o b a b l y m a n u -

t h e w a s p n e s t w a s r e m o v e d f r o m its u n -

f a c t u r e d i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a s i t is

usual location.

today — by a queen wasp, making

a

shelter for h e r eggs a n d larvae.

W h a t is t h e difference b e t w e e n a w a s p

S h e g o e s t o a p i e c e of d r i e d w o o d o n a t r e e o r t h e s i d e of a . TT house. Her strong 6 . little j a w s w o r k like

How do w a s p s , 0 make paper?

s c i s s o r s . S h e c u t s c h u n k s of w o o d a n d mixes t h e m w i t h h e r saliva. G e t t i n g all she

can

carry,

she

sometimes

tucks

extra pieces " u n d e r her chin" between her head a n d

first

p a i r of l e g s .

Then

s h e flies b a c k t o h e r h o m e , c h e w i n g o n the pieces. W h e n she spreads o u t

the

m i x t u r e , it dries t o a t o u g h p a p e r . I t is a m y s t e r y Where can wasp nests be found?

and a hornet? Hornets

What is a hornet?

are short, active wasps t h a t live b y t h e

dreds

in

their

paper

nest.

hun-

"Yellow-

jackets" a n d "white-faced hornets" are a c t u a l l y s p e c i a l k i n d s of

wasps.

Just like the bees, there are workers, drones

and

queens.

But

most

wasp

p a p e r p a l a c e s last only a few m o n t h s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a beehive m a y last for years. T h e q u e e n c h e w s t h e w o o d u n t i l it m a k e s a sticky paste. T h e n she plasters it o n t h e u n d e r s i d e of a b r a n c h o r r o o f

how

she

determines

o r t h e i n t e r i o r of a n a n i m a l ' s d e n . E v e n

where

she

will

place

a f a m i l y of s k u n k s h a s t o m o v e

her new home.

Often

w h e n t h e w a s p s m o v e in.

it is o n t h e e n d of tree branch

or

a

under

t h e r o o f of a h o u s e . B u t s o m e t i m e s s h e

She makes

a little six-sided

cell. I t is s h a l l o w a t

first

and

out

paper hangs

d o w n w a r d . S h e places a single egg in 27

A Polistes queen scrapes wood to make paper. The first room of a Polistes' home looks upside down. It is a cuplike cell attached to a paper stem. As soon as it is completed, an egg is "cemented" into it. t h e cell, c o v e r e d w i t h a sticky m a t e r i a l

T h e new wasps help their mother. T h e y

so it w o n ' t fall o u t . A f e w m o r e c e l l s a n d eggs c o m p l e t e h e r little nest.

How do the n e w

build ^ ^

WC

bi

cells

h a y e

a

and

blind

§ ' flat l a y e r ° f J ° them. T h e n they

like t h e b e e

larvae.

add a second layer below that, separated

have

from the "floor" above. T h e r e m a y be

hold

a d o z e n layers in the c o m p l e t e d nests,

t h e m in their upside-down cradle. T h e i r

e a c h l a y e r h a v i n g s e v e r a l h u n d r e d cells.

m o t h e r c a t c h e s flies a n d o t h e r

W h e n they are

W h e n the larvae hatch out, they legless

How do baby wasps live? sticky

Often

"glue pads"

on

they them

to

are

insects

?u P S e £ » in t h e nest?

more t h e y

filled

with larvae, and

to feed them. She chews u p the insects

t h e w o r k e r s a r e h u n t i n g for food, all t h e

into a little ball. T h e n she h o l d s t h e ball

insects a r o u n d the nest a r e in danger.

d o w n w h e r e t h e b a b i e s c a n f e e d o n it.

S o m e t i m e s a c o w i n a p a s t u r e will

S h e p u t s it first i n t o o n e cell a n d t h e n

walk close to a h o r n e t nest. A s she goes

a n o t h e r u n t i l it is all g o n e . E a c h l a r v a

slowly by, eating the grass, the h o r n e t s

h a s a few bites. T h e n the m o t h e r

d i s c o v e r t h e flies b u z z i n g a r o u n d

flies

her.

a w a y for m o r e insect food with w h i c h

O n e b y o n e t h e y p i c k t h e m off, n e v e r

to feed h e r larvae.

h u r t i n g t h e c o w a t all. I n f a c t , t h e c o w

A s h e r larvae get bigger, she k e e p s a d d i n g t o t h e l e n g t h of t h e Finally, her half-dozen

cells.

youngsters

emerge as adult wasps. Sometimes the m o t h e r is k i l l e d b e f o r e t h e y

complete

their g r o w t h . T h e n a little e m p t y w a s p n e s t is a l l t h a t r e m a i n s t o s h o w w h e r e she h a d started

housekeeping.

doesn't even seem to notice them. A s the nest gets larger, the workers b u i l d a p a p e r b a g a r o u n d it. T h i s m a y b e of m a n y l a y e r s a n d it s e r v e s a s i n s u lation. It keeps out noontime heat and t h e c o l d of e v e n i n g . I t a l s o s e r v e s a s a " r a i n c o a t " f o r t h e n e s t . S o m e t i m e s , if the w o o d c a m e from a painted building, it m a y b e s t r e a k e d w i t h c o l o r s . S o m e

28

Strange-looking larvae, hanging upside down, hatch from the Polistes' eggs. They are fed with chewed caterpillars (above). At right, the finished "paper palace"; a Polistes' nest, showing many chambers, and adult wasps.

paper wasps m a y build nests three or four feet across, c o n t a i n i n g

VVORKER,

thousands

of i n s e c t s . T h e r e is o n e q u e s t i o n w h i c h still p u z z l e s How are queen wasps produced?

scientists. H o n e y bees

feed

royal

jelly to a l a r v a t o

produce a queen, but how are

queen

wasps produced? T h e y are not

grown

in o v e r s i z e

cells, n o r a r e t h e y

given

special food. Y e t a large colony h a v e several q u e e n s , all g e t t i n g together

and

all

Vj

laying

eggs

may along

in

the

e m p t y cells. S o m e scientists think they m a y h a v e the answer. W a s p s lick e a c h other, just as the o t h e r social insects do. P e r h a p s some

special

material

from

an

egg-

Hornets' nest with some adult insects. YELLOW JACKET

DROME

h e r o w n , so n o m o r e q u e e n s will g r o w

M

u n t i l t h e h i v e is m u c h l a r g e r . B u t this has not been proved. Autumn

is a p p r o a c h i n g . are

What happens to the wasps in the fall?

The

not

queens

laying

so

m a n y e g g s . S o m e of them are laid out

being

with-

fertilized

by the male sperm, which the queens h a v e s t o r e d in their bodies. T h e s e t u r n into drones. L i k e d r o n e bees, they cann o t s t i n g . T h e y v i s i t flowers a n d r i p e n e d fruit,

drinking

the

sweet

liquids.

As

with the d r o n e bees, they are waiting f o r t h e c o m i n g of n e w

queens.

N o w more queens hatch out. fly £*

into

the

air

and

mate

They

with

the

drones. T h e y circle a r o u n d t h e nest for a while a n d t h e n leave their p a p e r palace. T h e workers, too, spend m o r e time flying

a r o u n d a n d less t i m e in feeding

the babies. P e o p l e i n t h e c o u n t r y a s k i n t h e fall, Cutaway view of the nest of a tropical wasp.

"Where

are

all

the

wasps

coming

f r o m ? " Of c o u r s e , t h e y h a v e b e e n in the

their n e s t s all a l o n g , b u t n o w t h e y a r e

other

n o longer doing their household duties.

l a y i n g q u e e n is p a s s e d a r o u n d i n licking

process.

wasps from

This

prevents

on

T h e i r d a y s in t h e sun will b e c u t short

when

w i t h t h e first f r o s t . T h e n t h e y w i l l fall

laying eggs by acting

their systems in s o m e way. B u t

a nest gets t o o large, o n l y a little bit

lifeless t o e a r t h . O n l y t h e n e w

of t h e q u e e n ' s m a t e r i a l g o e s t o

each

will r e m a i n — safely h i d d e n u n d e r a bit

w o r k e r . F i n a l l y o n e is a b l e t o l a y e g g s .

of b a r k — t o s t a r t a n e w p a p e r p a l a c e

N o w s h e b e g i n s t o p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l of

in t h e spring.

a t ~

30

queens

A N T S We

have

learned

that

there

are

MANDIBLES

s p e c i e s of w a s p s a n d b e e s t h a t d o n o t

/

live i n s o c i e t i e s , b u t a r e s o l i t a r y i n s e c t s . T h e r e are, however, n o solitary

ants.

7] / A

ABDOMEN

SIMPLE EYES HEAD /

THORAX

j

E v e n t h e m o s t primitive k i n d s a r e organized into communities, and the ants a r e t h e m o s t h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d s p e c i e s of the insect world.

L/ \ / f 3V \M

L i k e t h e b e e s a n d w a s p s t h a t live in communities, t h e a n t s h a v e classes, or castes, a m o n g the adults. L i k e bees, the workers are females, mostly unable to lay eggs, b u t their o c c u p a t i o n s a r e m o r e

SANGUIN ANT

^v
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