Hormones Table

Stimulus 1) Increased amino acid levels (blood) 2) Hypolipidemia 3) Hypoglycemia

Gland Anterior Pituitary (Somatotrope cells)

*Controlled by GHRH/GHIH (Somatostatin) 1) High levels of estrogen (blood) 2) Breast feeding 3) Birth control pills 4) Opiates *Controlled by PRH/PIH

Anterior Pituitary (Lactotrope cells)

Hormone

Target Organ

Growth Hormone (GH) 1) Muscle 2) Adipose Tissue 3) Cells in General 4) Cartilage/Bone

Prolactin (PRL)

Breasts (Lactiferous glands)

Response 1) Muscle build-up (anabolic) 2) Lipolysis (catabolic) 3) Hyperglycemia 4) Cartilage build-up (anabolic) 5) Growth of long bone Milk synthesis

Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition) 1) Low body temperature 2) Pregnancy *Controlled by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)/TIH

Anterior Pituitary (Thyrotrope cells)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid

Stimulation of the Thyroid Gland to release: 1) Thyroxin (T4) 2) Triiodothyronine (T3)

1) Long-term stress Anterior Pituitary 2) Fever (Corticotrope cells) 3) Hypoglycemia *Controlled by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)/CIH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal Gland 1) Zona glomerulosa 2) Zona fasiculata (MAIN) 3) Zona reticularis

Stimulation of the Adrenal Gland (cortex) to release: 1) aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) 2) cortisol (glucocorticoid MAIN) 3) testosterone (gonadocorticoid; androgen)

Negative Feedback Controls (Circulating levels of sex hormones) *Controlled by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)/GnIH

Anterior Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Gonads: (Gonadotrope cells) Hormone (FSH) Ovaries (female) Luteinizing Testes Hormone (LH)* (male) *Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH)

Stimulus

Gland

Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus: 1) Dehydration 2) Low plasma volume/BP

Posterior Pituitary

Stimulation of the Paraventricular Nucleus: 1) Breast feeding 2) Labor

Posterior Pituitary

Absence of light (input from the visual pathways)

Pineal gland (pinealocytes)

Activation of the renin-angiotensin Adrenal gland cortex pathway by lowered blood (zona pressure/blood volume, elevated K ion glomerulasa) and lowered Na ion blood levels, and ACTH release (minor influence)

Hormone

Target Organ

Antidiuretic Hormone Kidneys (Collecting (ADH) tubules)

Stimulation of the Gonads to release: 1) estrogen/progesterone (female) 2) testosterone (male) FSH: Sperm and egg production LH: maturation of egg and ovulation (female); testosterone production (male) Response 1) Water reabsorption 2) Concentrated urine 3) Decreased urine output

Oxytocin

1) Breasts (Myoepithelial cells) 2) Myometrium of uterus

1) "Milk letdown" 2) Contraction of uterus

Melatonin

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Influences the setting of day/night cycles influencing physiological process such as sleep, appetite, body temperature and hypothalamic activity in general

Aldosterone "Mineralocorticoid"

Kidneys (Distal convoluted 1) Increased blood levels of Na tubules) ions and increased excretion of K ions 2) Water reabsorption accompanies Na reabsorption causing increased blood volume and blood pressure

Stimulated by ACTH

Adrenal gland cortex (zona fasiculata)

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) "Glucocorticoid"

1) Body cells and tissues 2) Adipose tissue 3) Muscles

1) promotes gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia 2) moblizes fat for energy metabolism 3) stimulates protein catabolism 4) depresses the inflammatory and immune response

Stimulated by ACTH

Adrenal gland cortex (zona reticularis)

Androgens (Testosterone) "Gonadocorticoid" Hormone

Sex organs

May be responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause Response

Stimulus

Gland

Target Organ

1) Short term stress ("Fight or flight response') 2) Extreme emotion

Adrenal gland medulla (chromaffin cells)

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Organs/tissues around the Activation of sympathetic nervous body system target organs

Stimulated by TSH (anterior pituitary)

Thyroid glands (follicle cells)

Thyroxine (Thyroid Hormone or T4)

Body cells (Exceptions: 1) Major effects throughout the brain, spleen, testes, body - affects practically all body uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text) 2) Increases cellular metabolic rate

Same as thyroxine stimuli

Thyroid glands (follicle cells)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Body cells (Exceptions: 1) Major effects throughout the brain, spleen, testes, body - affects practically all body uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text) 2) Increases cellular metabolic rate

Hypercalcemia

Thyroid glands (parafollicular or C cells)

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)

1) Skeletal system/bones 2) Kidneys 3) Small intestine

1) Building up of bone 2) Antagonistic effect to parathyroid hormone 3) Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Parathyroid glands

Hypoglycemia

Pancreas (a cells) Islets of Langerhans

Stimulus

Gland

Parathyroid Hormone 1) Skeletal system/bones (PTH) 2) Kidneys 3) Small intestine

Glucagon

Hormone

Hyperglycemia

Pancreas (a cells) Islets of Langerhans

Insulin

Secreted in response to food Secreted in response to food, especially fats Secreted in response to food

Stomach Duodenum

Gastrin Intestinal gastrin

Duodenum

Secretin

Liver

1) Bone resorption 2) Decreased urinary excretion of calcium 3) Increased gastrointestinal absorption of calcium (vitamin D) 4) Hypercalcemia 1) Hyperglycemia 2) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) 3) Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from lactic acid, glycerol, and amino acids)

Target Organ

Response

1) Liver 2) Body tissues

1) Hypoglycemia (stimulates glucose uptake from the blood) 2) Stimulates glucose uptake from the blood

Stomach Stomach

Stimulates glands to release HCl Stimulates HCl secretion and gastrointestinal tract motility Stomach: inhibits secretory activity Pancreas and liver: stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich juice

Stomach and Pancreas

Secreted in response to food

Duodenum

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Pancreas, Gallbladder and Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Pancreas: stimulates release of enzyme-rich juice Gallbladder: stimulates expulsion of stored bile Hepatopancreatic sphinter: causes sphincter to relax, allowing bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum

Secreted in response to glucose in intestinal lumen

Ducodenum and other gut regions

Incretins Pancreas [glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucose-like peptide (GLP-1)]

Enhances insulin release and inhibits glucagon release caused by increased blood glucose

Comments Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion: Gigantism Acromegaly

Hyposecretion: Poor milk production Hypersecretion: Galactorrhea Cessation of menses Impotence in men Hyposecretion: Cretinism Myxedema Hypersecretion: Hyperthyroidism (similar to Graves' disease) Exopthalmos Hyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretion: Cushings symptoms

Hyposecretion: Failure to mature sexually Hypersecretion: N/A

Comments Hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus Hypersecretion: Retention of fluid (SIADH) Hyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretion: N/A

Hyposecretion: Addison's disease Potassium retention (blood) Hypersecretion: Hypertension Sodium retention (blood) Potassium excretion (urine)

Hyposecretion: Addison's disease Hypersecretion: Cushings disease

Comments

Hyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text) Hyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text) Therapy for Paget's disease

Hyposecretion: tetany Hyperparathyroidsim Weakness of bones Weakness of muscles Kidney stones

Comments Hyposecretion: diabetes mellitus Hypersecretion: hyperinsulinism (severe hypoglycemia)