Hormigon Autocompactante

 

BFMQL[FK7

?965 - ?96: JHNAHJA_JF, MJAHMJF] BJ]JMF] Z @F[A@F[JMF

MF__A_F7

JHNAHJA_JF MJRJL

HJRAL7

]AY[J@D JM>-6

YA_JDKD7

YF_FLALD7 F]JNHF[Q_F 7

 

MDH][_QMMJDHA] JJ

 HD_@F[JRF RJNAH[A YF_F LF ALFOD_FMJÝH KA ED_@JNÝH FQ[DMD@YFM[FOLA [A@F7

FLQ@HD7

MFGF] LÝYAW A_JMC @FQ_JMJD 

BAMEF AH[_ANF7 ?>-9:-?965

JHKJMA Jhtrdkumm Jhtrd kummjýh.... jýh.................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................................ .............................??

Dogatjvds Doga tjvds.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................... ........................== Dogatjvd naharfl.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................... ....................... =

   

 

@frmd taýrj taýrjmd........ md...................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ..................................... ....................... = Mfrfmtaràstjmfs prastfmjdhflas kal edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfhta .......................................................= Bforjmfmjýh kal EFM.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................; ................; Yrdpjakfkas kal EFM fl astfkd brasmd .............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................; .....; Yrdpjakfkas kal EFM fl astfkd ahkuramjkd.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................1 ...........1 .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................... .......................... 1 Ahsfyd ka blugd ka ravahj`jahtd............... Ahsfyd ka mfpfmjkfk ka pfsd pdr `akjd kal fhjlld “G‐.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................2 .........2

Ahsfyd kal a`oukd ah “v‐ hdr`f vjnahta.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................> ..............> Ahsfyd ka mfgf ah “L‐.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................................... ............................. 5 Ahsfyd ka mfgf ah “Q‐ .............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...........................69 .............69 Mdhmlusjd Mdhml usjdhas... has.................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................... ..........................66 66 _amd`ahkfm _amd` ahkfmjdhas jdhas.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................... ........66 66 Ojoljdnrfb Ojolj dnrfbàf...... àf..................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................... .......................... 6?

Bjnurfs

Bjn.6 ” Ahsfyd ka blugd ka _avahj`jahtd…………………………………………………….….…. 2 Bjn.? ” Ahsfyd ka mfpfmjkfk ka pfsd pdr fhjlld G………………………………………………...….> Bjn.= ” Ahsfyd kal a`oukd ah “v‐……………………………………………………………..…… 5 Bjn.; ” Ahsfyd ka lf mfgf ah L ……………………………………………………………………….: ………………………………………………………………………. : Bjn.1 ” Ahsfyd ka lf mfgf ah Q………………………………………………..……………....…… Q………………………………………………..…………….... …… 66

Jhtrdkummjýh

Al kjsaöd ka `azmlf y lf mdldmfmjýh kal edr`jnýh ah astrumturfs mf`ojfh y avdlumjdhfh mdh al fvfhma kal tja`pd y lds fvfhmas tamhdlýnjmds qua fspjrfh f jhmra`ahtfr fl `æxj`d lf ljoartfk ka kjsaöd, fu`ahtfrlf prdkumtjvjkfk, lf rahtfojljkfk y alavfr al f`ojahta naharfl ka trfofgd kal parsdhfl ka lf mdhstrummjýh. F trfvês ka lds föds, `umeds kasfrrdllds tamhdlýnjmds efh prdpdrmjdhfkd `fydras fvfhmas ah al kjsaöd y mdldmfkd ka astrumturfs ka mdhmratd. Ka feà lf j`pdrtfhmjf kal astukjd ka lds edr`jndhas aspamjflas y edr`jndhas as aspa pamà màbj bjmd mdss pfrf pfrf kj kjba bara raht htas as tjp jpds ds ka md mdhs hsttru rumm mmjjdh dhas as,, as al mf mfsd sd ka kall ed edr` r`jjný nýhh futdmd`pfmtfhta (EFM).

?

 

Dogatjvds Dogatjvd naharfl  

Mdhd Md hdma marr y bf` bf`jl jljf jfrj rjzf zfrsa rsa sd sdora ora lf hd hdr` r`ft ftjv jvff qu quaa fpljm fpljmff f lf al alfo fodrf drfmj mjýh ýh ka edr`jndhas futdmd`pfmtfolas y sdora lds ahsfyds ka blujkaz mdrraspdhkjahtas

Dogatjvds aspamàbjmds 

Mdhdma Mdh dmarr lfs mfrf mfrfmta mtaràs ràstjm tjmfs, fs, alf alfodrf odrfmjý mjýh, h, mfljkf mfljkfkk y fpljmf fpljmfmjdh mjdhas as kal edr` edr`jný jnýhh futdmd`pfmtfola.



_afljzfr uhf md`pfrfmjýh ka lds ahsfyds ka edr`jndhas futdmd`pfmtfhtas

@frmd taýrjmd

Al edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfhta (EFM) as uh edr`jnýh mfpfz ka md`pfmtfrsa pdr lf `arf fmmjýh ka lf nrfvakfk qua llahf lds ahmdbrfkds y kjsmurra ahtra lfs fr`fkurfs sjh hamasjkfk ka fpljmfr `akjds ka md`pfmtfmjýh jhtarhds d axtarhds y `fhtahjêhkdsa, kurfhta su puastf ah dorf, ed`dnêhad y astfola sjh prasahtfr sanranfmjdhas (axukfkd d sfhnrfkd ka lf lamefk lam efkff hj old oldqua quadd kal ærj ærjkd kd nruasd). nruasd). Lf mdh mdhsjst sjstahm ahmjf jf kal edr`jný edr`jnýhh futdmd` futdmd`pfmt pfmtfhta fhta  prasahtf mjartf vjsmdsjkfk qua la mfrfmtarjzf y, f lf vaz, la kjbarahmjf ka lds edr`jndhas mdhvahmjdhflas ka mdhsjstahmjf blujkf. (@. Ourýh, ?992) Mfrfmtaràstjmfs prastfmjdhflas kal edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfhta

Lfs mfrfmtaràstjmfs prastfmjdhflas aspamàbjmfs qua fpdrtf lf futdmd`pfmtfojljkfk sdh7 

Nrfh bfmjljkfk ka mdldmfmjýh qua par`jta qua al edr`jnýh flmfhma lunfras ka kjbàmjl fmmasd y rallaha md`platf`ahta sammjdhas mdh alavfkf kahsjkfk ka fr`fkurfs.



Alj`jhf Alj` jhf lds `akjd `akjdss ka md`pfm md`pfmtfmjý tfmjýh, h, fedrrfhkd fedrrfhkd lf aharnàf mdrraspdhkjaht mdrraspdhkjahtaa y avjtfhkd avjtfhkd al alavfkd hjval ka rujkd qua naharf lf vjorfmjýh.



@agdrf lf sanurjkfk y sfluk ah lf dorf fl avjtfr, kurfhta al prdmasd ka puastf ah dorf kal edr`jnýh, al usd ka `fhnuarfs mdh mdhkumtdras ka alamtrjmjkfk, lf naharfmjýh ka rujkds y lf rafljzfmjýh ka uhf fmtjvjkfk pdmd arndhý`jmf md`d as al vjorfkd jhtarhd ka lf sammjýh ka edr`jnýh.

=

 



@agdrf lfs mdhkjmjdhas mdhkjmjdhas `akjd f`ojahtf f`ojahtflas las ah al ahtdrhd ka lfs dorfs fl avjtfr rujkds y rakumjr lds plfzds ka agamumjýh.



As uh `ftarjfl fkamufkd pfrf mdldmfrld `akjfhta od`oad.



Fedrrf al mdsta ka lds aqujpds ka md`pfmtfmj md`pfmtfmjýh ýh y al mdrraspdhkjahta mdrraspdhkjahta f lf mdhsarvfmjýh mdhsarvfmjýh y `fhtahj`jahtd ka lds `js`ds, fsà md`d al jh`dvjljzfkd ah ljstf ka rapuastds.



Fedrrf al mdhsu`d ka aharnàf, naharfl`ahta alêmtrjmf, utjljzfkf ah al prdmasd ka puastf ah dorf kal edr`jnýh.



@agdrf lf mfljkfk ka fmfofkd ka lfs suparbjmjas vjstfs, fu`ahtfhkd su uhjbdr`jkfk md`d mdhsamuahmjf ka alj`jhfr lf eatardnahajkfk qua prdkuma al vjorfkd.



Fmdrtf lds plfzds ka agamumjýh.



Fu`ahtf al h÷`ard ka puastfs kal ahmdbrfkd ah lf `js`f mfhtjkfk ka tja`pd. (@. Ourýh, ?992).

Bforjmfmjýh kal EFM

Lf bfo bforj rjmf mfmj mjýh ýh ka kall EFM EFM as fh fhæl ældnf dnf f lf kal ed edr` r`jn jnýh ýh vj vjorf orfkd kd mdh mdhva vahm hmjd jdhf hfll qua, qua,  pdstarjdr`ahta saræ vjorfkd, mdhsjkarfhkd qua sa kaoa prastfr `fydr ftahmjýh f lf ranulfrjkfk ka lf kdsjbjmfmjýh yf qua al EFM as `æs axjnahta ah mufhtd f lf uhjbdr`jkfk ka lds `ftarjflas md`pdhahtas y f lf pramjsjýh ah lf kdsjbjmfmjýh kal fnuf. Kaojkd f lf `fydr  mdeasjýh ka su `fsf, as prabarjola f`fsfr al edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfhta mdh ?/= ka lf mfhtjkfk tdtfl ka fnuf y, kaspuês ka dotahar uhf ouahf ed`dnahajzfmjýh, tar`jhfr ka f`fsfr jhmdrpdrfhkd al tarmjd rastfhta ka fnuf y al, d lds, fkjtjvds hamasfrjds. (R. Flanra, ?96?) Yrdpjakfkas kal EFM fl astfkd brasmd

]a dotjahah mdhmratds futdmd`pfmtfkds qua rasjstah f lf sanranfmjýh. F akfk ta`prfhf, avjtfr lf bdr`fmjýh ka bjsurfs, naharfkfs pdr lf naharfmjýh kal mfldr qua  prdvjaha kalf ejkrftfmjýh kal ma`ahtd, al aahkuramj`jahtd hkuramj`jahtd d lf mdhtrfmmjýh pdr samfkd. (R.  Flanra, ?96?) Yrdpjakfkas kal EFM fl astfkd ahkuramjkd

Fl astfkd ahkuramjkd orjhkf uhf prdtammjýh mdhtrf bfmtdras fnrasjvds axtarhds, as kamjr,  prasahtfr uhf par`afojljkfk `uy ofgf y sar rasjstahta f lfs ealfkfs. Md`d mdhsamuahmjf ;

 

kalfs ofgfs mfhtjkfkas ka fnuf utjljzfkfs pfrf prapfrfr asta tjpd ka mdhmratd, sa bfvdramah `uy pdsjtjvf`ahta lfs prdpjakfkas kal mdhmratd fl astfkd ahkuramjkd md`d pdr aga`pld7 lfs rasjstahmjfs rasjstahmjfs `amæhjmf `amæhjmfss tfhtd f mdrtd md`d f lfrnd plfzd, lf bluahmjf, bluahmjf, lf ratrfmmjýh y pdr  ld tfhtd fu`ahtf lf kurfojljkfk. (R. Flanra, ?96?) Lds ahsfyds `æs bramuahtas pfrf jkahtjbjmfr f lds edr`jndhas futdmd`pfmtfhtas (EFM) sdh7 Ahsfyd ka blugd ka ravahj`jahtd 

 HD_@F RJNAH[A7 H@U-M-;>?-DHHMMA-?96=



DOGA[JRD Katar`jhfr al blugd `akjfhta al mdhd ka ravahj`jahtd ah lfodrftdrjd



AVQJYD



-

@dlka pfrf ravahj`jahtd.

-

Ofrrf Ahrfsfkdrf.

-

Ylfmf @atæljmf d ka `ftarjfl hd fosdroahta ka prabarahmjf mdh `frmfs ka kjæ`atrds  paquaöd y nrfhka kal mdhd y pdr ld `ahds f lds 19 m`.

-

@ftarjflas fuxjljfras7 pflf, mumefrýh, ramjpjahtas.

KA]M_JYMJÝH ]a kaoaræ llahfr al `dlka ka ravahj`jahtd, mdldmfhkd lf pfrta ka `fydr kjæ`atrd (Yrdmakj`jahtd F) d `ahdr kjæ`atrd (Yrdmakj`jahtd O) ah al mahtrd ka lf plfmf, `fhtahjahkd bjr`a al mdhd sa kaoaræ llahfr ah uhf sdlf mfpf y sjh ndlpafr efstf qua quaka uh ljnard axmakahta pdr ahmj`f kal odrka suparjdr kal `dlka. ]a ahrfsf al `dlka y sa lj`pjf al axmakahta qua pukd efoar mfàkd ah lf plfmf. Lavfhtfr al `dlka f uhf kjstfhmjf ka ?19 `` ¶ 19 `` ah = sanuhkds, kagfhkd al mdhd sdora al mdhmratd kurfhta 1 sanuhkds `æs. Asparfr f qua al mdhmratd kaga ka blujr y `akjr al kjæ`at kjæ`atrd rd `fydr qua rasultf kal kasplfzf`jahtd mjrmulfr mdh uhf fprdxj`fmjýh ka 1 ``, sa td`f uhf sanuhkf `akjmjýh parpahkjmulfr f lf prj`arf y sa ranjstrf.

Bjn.6 ” Ahsfyd ka blugd ka _avahj`jahtd

1

 

Buahta7 JAMF, ?992 Ahsfyd ka mfpfmjkfk ka pfsd pdr `akjd kal fhjlld “G‐ 



 HD_@F RJNAH[A7 H@U-M-;>9-DHHMMA-?966 DOGA[JRD7 Katar`jhfr lf efojljkfk kal pfsd kal mdhmratd ejkræuljmd futdmdhsdljkfola mdh fnranfkd hd`jhfl `æxj`d ka ?1 ``, a`plafhkd ah “Fhjlld G‐ ah md`ojhfmjýh mdh al `dlka ka blugd ka ravahj`jahtd.



AVQJYD - Fhjlld G -

@dlka pfrf ravahj`jahtd.

-

Ofrrf Ahrfsfkdrf.

-

Ylfmf @atæljmf d ka `ftarjfl hd fosdroahta ka prabarahmjf mdh `frmfs ka kjæ`atrds  paquaöd y nrfhka kal mdhd y pdr ld `ahds f lds 19 m`.



@ftarjflas fuxjljfras7 pflf, mumefrýh, ramjpjahtas.

KA]M_JYMJÝH Asta `êtdkd sa kaoaræ rafljzfr jh`akjftf`ahta fhtas, kaspuês d kurfhta al ahsfyd ka blugd ka ravahj`jahtd. ]a kaoaræ llahfr al `dlka ka fmuarkd f ld astfolamjkd ah lf hdr`f  H@U-M-;>? y ahrfsfrld ahrfsfr ld ka fmuarkd f kjmed prdmakj`jahtd, ssaa kaoaræ mdldmfr al fhjlld g ah pdsjmjýh ka oldquad fhtas ka lavfhtfr al mdhd ka ravahj`jahtd. Asparfr f qua al mdhmratd kaga ka blujr y `akjr al kjæ`atrd `fydr qua rasultf kal kasplfzf`jahtd mjrmulfr  mdh uhf fprdxj`fmjýh ka 1 ``, sa td`f uhf sanuhkf `akjmjýh parpahkjmulfr f lf  prj`arf y sa ranjstrf. Bjn.? ” Ahsfyd ka mfpfmjkfk ka pfsd pdr fhjlld G

2

 

Buahta7 JAMF, ?992 Ahsfyd kal a`oukd ah “v‐ hdr`f vjnahta

 Hd axjsta hdr`ftjvf `axjmfhf pfrf al mdhtrdl ka mfljkfk `akjfhta astf pruaof. Hdr`ftjvf fpljmfola7 AH6?=19-: 

DOGA[JRD Katar`j Kat ar`jhfr hfr lf mfpfmj mfpfmjkfk kfk ka ral rallah lahdd d blujka blujkazz kal mdhmrat mdhmratdd futdmd futdmdhsdl hsdljkf jkfola ola mdh fnranfkd ka tf`föd `æxj`d hd`jhfl ka ?9 ``.





AVQJYD -

A`oukd ah R.

-

_amjpjahtas plæstjmds ka 6: ljtrds.

-

Llfhf

-

Yflf

-

Mrdhý`atrd

KA]M_JYMJÝH Yfrf pdkar rafljzfr lf pruaof, sa kaoaræ `uastrafr fl `ahds 6? ljtrds ka mdhmratd, mdh lf bjhfljkfk ka llahfr al a`oukd ah R. ]aræ hamasfrjd forjr lf pfrta jhbarjdr kal a`oukd ah R, eu`akamarld par`jtjahkd qua al fnuf qua as usfkf pfrf asta bjh puakf sfljr. Qhf vaz eamed astd, saræ hamasfrjd marrfr lf foartu foarturf rf y mdldmf mdldmfrr uh ramjpjahta ramjpjahta plæstjmd ah lf pfrta jhbarjdr jhbarj dr kal a`oukd. Llahfr md`plat md`platf`ahta f`ahta al a`oukd mdh mdhmrat mdhmratdd sjh md`pfmtfrld md`pfmtfrld d  prasjdhfrld, eforæ qua ahrfsfr lf pfrta suparjdr mdh fyukf ka lf llfhf. 69 sanuhkds kaspuês ka bjhfljzfkd al fplfhfkd suparbjmjfl, sa kaoaræ forjr lf pfrta jhbarjdr kal a`oukd pfrf par`jtjr qua al mdhmratd sflnf pdr su prdpjd pasd. Ka `fharf sj`ultæhaf f lf foarturf kal a`oukd, eforæ qua jhjmjfr al mrdhý`atrd y sa kaoaræ ranjstrfr ranjstrfr al tja`pd tja`pd

>

 

ah al qua al mdhmratd tar`jha ka blujr. ]a mdhsjkarf qua ef kagfkd ka blujr mufhkd sa  puaka dosarvfr f trfvês kal a`oukd a`ouk d ah R. 

JH[A_Y_A[FMJÝH KA LD] _A]QL[FKD] Lf pruaof ka a`oukd ah R, `jka lf bfmjljkfk bfmjljkfk pfrf blujr kal mdhmratd futdmdhsdljkfola futdmdhsdljkfola,, uh tja`pd ka blugd orava, jhkjmf uhf ouahf blujkaz, pfrf al mdhmratd futdmdhsdljkfola, uh tja`pd ka 69 sanuhkds sa mdhsjkarf fkamufkd. Lf bdr`f kal a`oukd rastrjhna al blugd, pdr ld qua lds tja`pds ka blugd prdldhnfkds puakah jhkjmfr lf susmaptjojljkfk ka lf `azmlf fl oldquad. Kaspuês ka lds 1 `jhut `jhutds ds ka rapdsd, lf sanranfmjýh sanranfmjýh kal mdhmratd mdhmratd  prdvdmfrf uh blugd `ahds mdhtjhud mdh al a l fu`ahtd ah al parjdkd ka blugd. Bjn.= ” Ahsfyd kal a`oukd ah “v‐

Buahta7 JAMF, ?992 Ahsfyd ka mfgf ah “L‐

 Hd axjsta hdr`ftjvf `axjmfhf pfrf al mdhtrdl ka mfljkfk `akjfhta astf pruaof. Hdr`ftjvf fpljmfola7 AH 6?=19-69 DOGA[JRD 

Katar`jhfr lf mfpfmjkfk ka blujr kal mdhmratd futdmdhsdljkfola y tf`ojêh lf `akjkf ah lf qua astæ sugatd f oldquads pdr pfrta kal fr`fkd. 



AVQJYD -

Mfgf L ka uh `ftarjfl rànjkd hd fosdroahta.

-

Llfhf

-

Yflf

-

Mrdhý`atrd

KA]M_JYMJÝH 5

 

Yfrf pdkar rafljzfr lf pruaof, sa kaoaræ `uastrafr fl `ahds 6; ljtrds ka edr`jnýh futdmdhsdljkfola. ]a kaoaræ mdldmfr al aqujpd sdora uhf suparbjmja bjr`a y uhjbdr`a, fsanurfrsa qua lf md`puartf ka lf mfgf puaka `dvarsa mdh ljoartfk y marrfrlf. ]a eu`akamah lfs pfrakas jhtarjdras kal fpfrftd y sa alj`jhf al fnuf sdorfhta. Llahfr lf sammjýh vartjmfl ka lf mfgf mdh edr`jnýh sjh md`pfmtfr hj prasjdhfr y sa kagf rapdsfr  kurfhta uh `jhutd. Qhf vaz trfhsmurrjkd al tja`pd ka rapdsd, sa kaoaræ forjr lf md`puartf kasljzfhta y kagfr qua al edr`jnýh bluyf efmjf lf sammjýh edrjzdhtfl ka lf mfgf. ]j`ultæhaf`ahta sa kaoaræ fmtjvfr al mrdhý`atrd y sa kaoaræh ranjstrfr lds tja`pds ah qua al edr`jnýh flmfhma lf `frmf ka lds ?99 y lds ;99``. Mufhkd al edr`jnýh kaga ka blujr, sa kaoaræh `akjr lfs kjstfhmjfs E6 y E? [dkd al ahsfyd kaoaræ ka rafljzfrsa ah uh tja`pd `æxj`d ka 1 `jhutds. 

MÆLMQLD] Z _A]QL[FKD] ]a kaoaræ mflmulfr lf ralfmjýh ka oldquad 0 E?/E6



JH[A_Y_A[FMJÝH KA LD] _A]QL[FKD] ]j al edr`jnýh futdmdhsdljkfola bluyarf ka lf `js`f `fharf qua ld efma al fnuf, lf ralfmjýh E?/E6 saràf jnufl f 6. Ydr ld tfhtd, `jahtrfs al vfldr ka lf ralfmjýh E?/E6 saf `æs marmfhd f 6, lf blujkaz kal edr`jnýh saræ `agdr. Qh vfldr ka 9.5 sa mdhsjkarf md`d fmaptfola pfrf uh edr`jnýh futdmdhsdljkfola. Yfrf jkahtjbjmfr al oldquad kal fr`fkd efmjf al edr`jnýh, sa kaoaræ efmar uhf jhspammjýh vjsufl katræs ka lfs ofrrfs ka rabuarzd. Bjn.; ” Ahsfyd ka lf mfgf ah L

Buahta7 JAMF, ?992

:

 

Ahsfyd ka mfgf ah “Q‐

 Hd axjsta hdr`ftjvf `axjmfhf pfrf al mdhtrdl ka mfljkfk `akjfhta astf pruaof. Hdr`ftjvf fpljmfola7 GJ]- F- 666- ? 

DOGA[JRD Katar`jhfr lf mfpfmjkfk kal mdhmratd pfrf sar a`plafkd md`d rallahd fl a`plafr uhf mfgf kjvjkjkf pdr uhf md`puartf kasljzfhta y ofrrfs ka fmard mdh uh kjæ`atrd hd`jhfl ka °‐. Asta `êtdkd sdld fpljmf pfrf fnranfkds mdh uh tf`föd `æxj`d hd`jhfl ka ?1 ``.





AVQJYD -

Mfgf Q ka `ftarjfl rànjkd hd fosdroahta

-

Llfhf

-

Yflf

-

Mrdhý`atrd

KA]M_JYMJÝH Yfrf pdkar rafljzfr lf pruaof, sa kaoaræ `uastrafr fl `ahds ?9 ljtrds ka mdhmratd futdmdhsdljkfola. ]a kaoaræ mdldmfr al aqujpd sdora uhf suparbjmja bjr`a y uhjbdr`a, fsanurfrsa qua lf md`puartf ka lf mfgf puaka `dvarsa mdh ljoartfk y marrfrlf. ]a eu`akamah lfs pfrakas jhtarjdras kal fpfrftd y sa alj`jhf al fnuf sdorfhta. Qhf vaz trfhsmurrjkd al tja`pd ka rapdsd, sa kaoaræ forjr lf md`puartf ka lf mfgf mdh lf bjhfljkfk ka qua al mdhmratd bluyf efmjf al dtrd md`pfrtj`ahtd. ]a kaoaræ ranjstrfr lf flturf kal md`pfrtj`ahtd qua bua llahfkd jhjmjfl`ahta ah kds puhtds kjstjhtds y sa mflmulf lf `akjf. Fsà `js`d sa `jka lf flturf kal md`pfrtj`ahtd fl qua pfsd al mdhmratd kaspuês ka forjr lf md`puartf y sa ranjstrf lf `akjf ka kds vfldras. [dkd al ahsfyd kaoa ka rafljzfrsa ah uh tja`pd `æxj`d ka 1 `jhutds.



MÆLMQLD] Z _A]QL[FKD]7 ]a kaoaræ mflmulfr lf ralfmjýh ka oldquad E6 ” E?



JH[A_Y_A[FMJÝH KA LD] _A]QL[FKD]7 ]j al mdhmratd futdmdhsdljkfola bluyarf ka lf `js`f `fharf qua ld efma al fnuf, lf kjbarahmjf E6 ” E? saràf jnufl f 9. Ydr ld tfhtd, `jahtrfs al vfldr ka lf kjbarahmjf E6 ” E? saf `æs marmfhf f 9, lf blujkaz kal mdhmratd saræ `agdr. Yfrf jkahtjbjmfr al oldquad kal fr`fkd efmjf al mdhmratd, sa kaoaræ efmar uhf jhspammjýh vjsufl katræs ka lfs ofrrfs ka rabuarzd.

69

 

Bjn.1 ” Ahsfyd ka lf mfgf ah Q

Buahta7 JAMF, ?992 Mdhmlusjdhas 

]a ramd`jahkf al usd ka EFM pfrf astrumturfs ka kj`ahsjdhas rakumjkfs d mdh `umef mdhmahtrfmjýh ka fmard ka rabuarzd, ah prdmasds mdhstrumtjvds ah qua sa raqujarf



valdmjkfk ka vfmjfkd y trfofgfojljkfk `agdrfkf. Lf bforjmfmjýh ka EFM sa ldnrf pdr lf jhmdrpdrfmjýh ka fkjtjvds ka rakummjýh ka fnuf ka fltd rfhnd d uh kjsaöd ýptj`d, sj sa ld rafljzfrf pdr jhmra`ahtd ka fnuf axjstjràf uhf sanranfmjýh axmasjvf y hd eforàf ed`dnahajkfk ah lf `azmlf fbamtfhkd lf rasjstahmjf kal edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfhta.



As hamasfrjd llavfr f mfod uhf axefustjvf y mdrramtf alammjýh ka lds ahsfyds, tfhtd ah astfkd brasmd y ahkuramjkd, mdh lds kjbarahtas aqujpds, mdh al dogatjvd ka kjsmrj`jhfr lf j`pdrtfhmjf pfrtjmulfr ka mfkf uhd ka allds san÷h al ala`ahtd f edr`jndhfr.

_amd`ahkfmjdhas 

As mdhvjaha jhjmjfr al murfkd kal EFM tfh prdhtd md`d saf pdsjola pfrf avjtfr lf  pêrkjkf ka fnuf suparbjmjfl pdr avfpdrfmjýh qua pdkràf prdkumjr bahý`ahds ka ratrfmmjýh plæstjmf y fsahtf`jahtd.



As jhkj jhkjspa spahsf hsfol olaa al usd ka fk fkjt jtjv jvds ds su supar parpl plfs fstj tjbj bjmf mfht htas as ka ÷l ÷ltj tj`f `f na nahar harfm fmjý jýhh ah katar`jhfkds mfsds, lds ranulfkdras ka vjsmdsjkfk qua par`jtah kjs`jhujr lds abamtds hanftjvds drjnjhfkds pdr lf bfltf ka uhjbdr`jkfk ah lf kdsjbjmfmjýh kal fnuf y ah lf nrfhuld`atràf ka lds ærjkds. 66

 

Ojoljdnrfbàf 

@. Ourýh (Forjl, ?992)  ED_@JNÝH FQ[DMD@YFM[FH[A . Dot Dotah ahjjkd ka ka77 ettps7//www.jamf.as/wp-mdhtaht/upldfks/?96>/69/Ourdh%?9-%?9Barhfhkaz-Nd`az %?9-Nfrrjkd%?9-%?9futdmd`pfmtfhta.pkb 



FQ[DMD@YFM[FKD. QH-BJM. Dotahjkd ka7 R. Flanra (@frzd, ?96?). MDHM_A[D FQ[DMD@YFM[FKD. ettps7//as.smrjok.md`/kdmu`aht/5;=>=:?:/Mdhmratd-futdmd`pfmtfkd



Ahsfyds y pruaofs pfrf edr`jnýh futdmd`pfmtfolas. Hdr`f MA@AU. Dotahjkd ka7 ettp7//www.s`ja.drn.`x/fmtjvjkfkas/sj`pdsjd-mdhmratds-astrumturflas-fltdmd`pdrtf`jahtd-htm-kb-?961/frmejvds/ma`ax-pruaofs-mdhmratd-futdmdhsdljkfola.pkb 

6?