Homebuilt Aircraft - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
June 3, 2016 | Author: Murtatha Abd | Category: N/A
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Homebuilt Aircraft - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia...
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9/4/2015
Homebuilt aircraft Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Homebuilt aircraft From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Homebuilt aircraft, also known as amateurbuilt aircraft or kit planes, are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. These aircraft may be constructed from "scratch," from plans, or from assembly kits.[1][2]
Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 Technology and innovation 2.3 Future trends 3 Building materials 3.1 Wood and fabric 3.2 Wood/composite mixture 3.3 Metal 3.4 Composite 4 Safety 5 Culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links
A Rutan LongEZ homebuilt in 1984 in England
Overview In the United States, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand, homebuilt aircraft may be licensed Experimental under FAA or similar local regulations. With some limitations, the builder(s) of the aircraft must have done it for their own education and recreation[3] rather than for profit. In the US, the primary builder can also apply for a repairman's certificate for that airframe.[4] The repairman's certificate allows the holder to perform and sign off on most of the maintenance, repairs, and inspections themselves.[1][2] Alberto SantosDumont was the first to offer for free construction plans, publishing drawings of its Demoiselle in the June 1910 edition of Popular Mechanics.[5] The first aircraft to be offered for sale as plans, rather than a completed airframe, was the Baby Ace in the late 1920s.[6] Homebuilt aircraft gained in popularity in the US in 1924 with the start of the National Air Races, held in Dayton, Ohio. These races required aircraft with useful loads of 150 lb (68 kg) and engines of 80 cubic inches or less and as a consequence of the class limitations most were amateurbuilt. The years after Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight brought a peak of interest between 1929 and 1933. During this period many aircraft designers, builders and pilots were selftaught and the high accident rate brought public condemnation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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and increasing regulation to amateurbuilding. The resulting federal standards on design, engineering, stress analysis, use of aircraftquality hardware and testing of aircraft brought an end to amateur building except in some specialized areas, such as racing. In 1946 Goodyear restarted the National Air Races, including a class for aircraft powered by 200 cubic inch and smaller engines. The midget racer class spread nationally in the US and this led to calls for acceptable standards to allow recreational use of amateurbuilt aircraft. By the mid1950s both the US and Canada once again allowed amateurbuilt aircraft to specified standards and limitations.[2] Homebuilt aircraft are generally small, one to fourseat sportsplanes which employ simple methods of construction. Fabriccovered wood or metal frames and plywood are common in the aircraft structure, but increasingly, fiberglass and other composites as well as full aluminum construction techniques are being used, techniques first pioneered by Hugo Junkers as far back as the late World War I era. Engines are most often the same as, or similar to, the engines used in certified Canada's first homebuilt aircraft, aircraft (such as Lycoming, Continental, Rotax, and Jabiru). A Stitts SA3A Playboy CFRAD, first minority of homebuilts use converted automobile engines, with flown in 1955, seen in the Canada Volkswagen aircooled flat4s, Subarubased liquidcooled engines, Aviation and Space Museum. Mazda Wankel and Chevrolet Corvair sixcylinder engines being most common. The use of automotive engines helps to reduce costs, but many builders prefer dedicated aircraft engines, which are perceived to have better performance and reliability. Other engines that have been used include chainsaw and motorcycle engines.[1][2] A combination of cost and litigation, especially in the mid1980s era, discouraged general aviation manufacturers from introducing new designs and led to homebuilts outselling factory built aircraft by five to one. In 2003, the number of homebuilts produced in the USA exceeded the number produced by any single certified manufacturer.
History The history of amateurbuilt aircraft can be traced to the beginning of aviation. Even if the Wright brothers, Clément Ader, and their successors had commercial objectives in mind, the first aircraft were constructed by passionate enthusiasts whose goal was to fly.
Early years Aviation took a leap forward with the industrialization that accompanied World War I. In the postwar period, manufacturers needed to find new markets and introduced models designed for tourism. However, these machines were affordable only by the very rich. Many U.S. aircraft designed and registered in the 1920s onward were considered "experimental" by the (then) CAA, the same registration under which modern homebuilts are issued Special Airworthiness Certificates. Many of these were prototypes, but designs such as Bernard Pietenpol's first 1923 design were some of the first homebuilt aircraft. In 1928, Henri Mignet published plans for his HM8 PouduCiel, as did Pietenpol for his Air Camper. Pietenpol later constructed a factory, and in 1933 began creating and selling partially constructed aircraft kits.[2] In 1936, an association of amateur aviation enthusiasts was created in France. Many types of amateur aircraft began to make an appearance, and in 1938 legislation was amended to provide for a Certificat de navigabilité restreint d'aéronef (CNRA, "restricted operating certificate for aircraft"). 1946 saw the birth of the Ultralight https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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Aircraft Association which in 1952 became the Popular Flying Association in the United Kingdom, followed in 1953 by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) in the United States and the Sport Aircraft Association in Australia. The term "homebuilding" became popular in the mid1950s when EAA founder Paul Poberezny wrote a series of articles for the magazine Mechanix Illustrated where he explained how a person could buy a set of plans and build their own aircraft at home. The articles gained worldwide acclaim and the concept of aircraft homebuilding took off.[7][8][9]
Technology and innovation Until the late 1950s, builders had mainly kept to woodandcloth and steel tubeandcloth design. Without the regulatory restrictions faced by production aircraft manufacturers, homebuilders introduced innovative designs and construction techniques. Burt Rutan introduced the canard design to the homebuilding world and pioneered the use of composite construction. Metal construction in kitplanes was taken to a new level by Richard VanGrunsven in his RV series. As the sophistication of the kits improved, components such as autopilots and more advanced navigation instruments became common.[1][2] The Questair Venture set new
Litigation during the 1970s and 1980s caused stagnation in the small standards for speed in kitbuilt aircraft market, forcing the surviving companies to retain older, aircraft design proven designs. In recent years, the less restrictive regulations for homebuilts allowed a number of manufacturers to develop new and innovative designs; many can outperform certified production aircraft in their class. An example of highend homebuilt design is Lancair, which has developed a number of highperformance kits. The most powerful is the Lancair Propjet, a fourplace kit with cabin pressurization and a turboprop engine, cruising at 24,000 feet (7,300 m) and 370 knots (425 mph, 685 km/h). Although aircraft such as this are considered "homebuilt" for legal reasons, they are typically built in the factory with the assistance of the buyer. This allows the company which sells the kit to avoid the long and expensive process of certification, because they remain ownerbuilt according to the regulations. One of the terms applied to this concept is commonly referred to as "The 51% Rule", which requires that builders perform the majority of the fabrication and assembly to be issued a Certificate of Airworthiness as an Amateur Built aircraft.[10] A small number of jet kitplanes have been built since the 1970s, including the tiny Bede Aircraft BD5J.[2]
Future trends Van's Aircraft and Aircraft Kit Industry Association (AKIA) President Dick VanGrunsven was asked about the future of the kit aircraft industry in a wide ranging interview in KitPlanes magazine in December 2012:
Swearingen SX300
I don't expect to see dramatic changes in the industry within the next five years. Ten years; who knows—it’s too dependent on fuel prices, FAA policy, etc. Overall, I think our industry will continue to mature, particularly https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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as AKIA is successful in growing and having a positive influence on the professionalism of its industry members and on the builders/pilots of its products. With concern over fuel prices, we might see a trend toward lower powered aircraft intended more for pure sport flying rather than the trend toward crosscountry aircraft, which has been the norm over the past 30 years. I would expect that toward the end of that period, there might be some design ventures into electricpowered aircraft, but only if battery technology improves significantly. We might see more motorglidertype homebuilts, tied both to high fuel prices and emerging electricpropulsion technology. What we do at Van's could mirror some of the above thinking. Unfortunately, I don't see the growth potential that there was in the 1980s and 1990s. There seems to be a shrinking pilot base from which to draw people to build kits. Plus, with demographic changes, there is possibly a diminishing interest in, or ability to undertake, aircraft building as a pastime. Hopefully, EAA and AOPA initiatives to interest more people in learning to fly will help create a larger market for our airplanes. Emerging markets such as China and India could also boost demand for our products, but entire infrastructures will need to be formed before small players like us could benefit.[11]
Building materials Homebuilt aircraft can be constructed out of any material that is light and strong enough for flight. Several common construction methods are detailed below.
Wood and fabric This is the oldest construction, seen in the first aircraft and hence the best known. For that reason, amateurbuilt aircraft associations will have more specialists for this type of craft than other kinds.[1][2] The most commonly used woods are Sitka spruce and Douglas fir, which offer excellent strengthtoweight ratios. Wooden structural members are joined with adhesive, usually epoxy. Unlike the wood construction techniques used in other applications, virtually all wooden joints in aircraft are simple butt joints, with plywood gussets. Joints are designed to be stronger than the members. After the structure has been completed, the aircraft is covered in aircraft fabric (usually
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
A typical wood and fabric construction amateurbuilt, the Bowers Fly Baby.
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aircraftgrade polyester). The advantage of this type of construction is that it does not require complex tools and equipment, but commonplace items such as saw, planer, file, sandpaper, and clamps.[1][2] Examples of amateurbuilt wood and fabric designs include: The classic Pietenpol Air Camper, a homebuilt that has been built since the 1920s. The Bowers Fly Baby, a lowwing monoplane which has been popular since the 1960s. The Ison miniMAX
Wood/composite mixture
A Pietenpol Air Camper under construction, showing the wooden frame structure that will be covered with aircraft fabric.
A recent trend is toward woodcomposite aircraft. The basic load carrying material is still wood, but it is combined with foam (for instance to increase buckling resistance of load carrying plywood skins) and other synthetic materials like glass and carbon fibre (to locally increase the modulus of load carrying structures like spar caps, etc.).[1][2] Examples of woodcomposite designs include: Ibis experimental aircraft project, designed by Roger Junqua KR series of homebuilts designed by Ken Rand PIK26 designed by Kai Mellen
Metal Planes built from metal use similar techniques to more conventional factorybuilt aircraft. They can be more challenging to build, requiring metalcutting, metalshaping, and riveting if building from plans. "Quickbuild" kits are available which have the cutting, shaping and holedrilling mostly done, requiring only finishing and assembly. Such kits are also available for the other types of aircraft construction, especially composite.[1][2]
A nontypical wood construction amateurbuilt, the IBIS RJ03.
There are three main types of metal construction: sheet aluminium, tube aluminium, and welded steel tube. The tube structures are covered in aircraft fabric, much like wooden aircraft. Examples of metalbased amateur aircraft include: The Murphy Moose, Rebel, Super Rebel and Maverick, produced by Murphy Aircraft. The Vans RV4, RV8, RV10 and other models produced by Van's Aircraft, are the most popular metal homebuilt aircraft. Chris Heintz's Zenith CH601 Zodiac and Zenith STOL CH701
Van's Aircraft like this RV4 are the most common metal homebuilt type.
Composite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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Composite material structures are made of cloth with a high tensile strength (usually fiberglass or carbon fiber, or occasionally Kevlar) combined with a structural plastic (usually epoxy, although vinylester is used in some aircraft). The fabric is saturated with the structural plastic in a liquid form; when the plastic cures and hardens, the part will hold its shape while possessing the strength characteristics of the fabric.[1][2] The two primary types of composite planes are moulded composite, where major structures like wing skins and fuselage halves are prepared and cured in moulds, and mouldless, where shapes are carved out of foam and then covered with fiberglass or carbon fiber.[1][2] The advantages of this type of construction include smooth surfaces (without the drag of rivets), the ability to do compound curves, and the ability to place fiberglass or carbon fiber in optimal positions, orientations, and quantities. Drawbacks include the need to work with chemical products as well as low strength in directions perpendicular to fiber. Composites provide superb strength to weight. Material stiffness dependent upon direction (as opposed to equal in all directions, as with metals) allows for advanced "elastic tailoring" of composite parts.[1][2]
Inside of the tail cone of a Murphy Moose under construction, showing the allmetal semimonocoque design
Examples of amateur craft made of composite materials include: Canard designs such as the VariEze and Long EZ designed by Burt Rutan The pusher propeller Cirrus VK30 designed by Jeff Viken and the Klapmeier brothers The Europa XS family of British twoplace monoplanes designed by Ivan Shaw
A fiberglass/foam Quickie Q2.
Safety The safety record of homebuilts is not as good as certified general aviation aircraft. In the United States, in 2003, amateurbuilt aircraft experienced a rate of 21.6 accidents per 100,000 flight hours; the overall general aviation accident rate for that year was 6.75 per 100,000 flight hours.[12]
A composite construction Cirrus VK 30, one of the largest homebuilt aircraft of its time.
The accident rate for homebuilt aircraft in the USA has long been a concern to the Federal Aviation Administration. At Sun 'n Fun 2010 FAA Administrator Randy Babbitt said that homebuilts "account for 10 percent of the GA fleet, but 27 percent of accidents. It's not the builders [getting into accidents], but the second owners. We need better transition training."[13] It is important to note that in the USA a person may receive flight instruction, including primary flight training, in an experimental aircraft that he/she owns from any CFI willing to provide such training.[14] A study released in 2012 by the US National Transportation Safety Board concluded that homebuilt aircraft in the US have an accident rate 34 times higher than the rest of the general aviation fleet. Almost 10% of homebuilt accidents occurred on the first flight and 9% of first flights by purchasers of used homebuilts resulted https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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in accidents. The study also identified that powerplant failures and loss of control inflight accidents were much higher than the same rates for certified aircraft.[11][15] Most nations' aviation regulations require amateurbuilt aircraft to be physically marked as such (for example in the UK "Occupant Warning This aircraft ... is amateur built." must be displayed[16]), and extra flight testing is usually required before passengers (who are not pilots themselves) can be carried.
Culture The largest airshow in the world is the Experimental Aircraft Association's annual EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, which takes place in late July and early August. Other annual events are the Sun N' Fun FlyIn, which occurs in the early spring in Lakeland, Florida, and the Northwest EAA FlyIn in Arlington, Washington. These events are called a flyin as many people fly their homebuilts and other aircraft into the airport hosting the show, often camping there for the duration. Both events last a week. Takeoffs and landings at these shows number in the thousands.
See also Aircraft design process Ultralight Special Airworthiness Certificate Heathkit Kit car
References 1. Armstrong, Kenneth: Choosing Your Homebuilt the one you will finish and fly! Second Edition, pages 3952. Butterfield Press, 1993. ISBN 0932579264 2. Peter M Bowers: Guide to Homebuilts Ninth Edition. TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit PA, 1984. ISBN 0 830623647 3. Experimental Category Operating Amateurbuilt, Kitbuilt, or Lightsport Aircraft (http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification/sp_awcert/experiment/expt_operating/) 4. Pratt, Jim, Aviation Safety Inspector, Manufacturing, FAA, A Growing Trend! Experimental Aircraft Inspection (http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/field_offices/fsdo/orl/local_more/media/ppt/experia.ppt) 5. Misegades, Kent (March 2013). "European Designers of Homebuilt Aircraft (http://www.1114.eaachapter.org/ap_mar_13.pdf)" EAA Newsletter. Retrieved 24 July 2015. 6. Clark, Anders (5 October 2014). "History of the Experimental Certificate (https://disciplesofflight.com/history experimentalcertificate/)". Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 24 July 2015. 7. David Gustafson (2012). "How to Build an Airplane" (http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/perspectives homebuilding/howbuildairplane). 8. David Gustafson (2012). "Paul Poberezny's Three Great Accomplishments" (http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/perspectiveshomebuilding/paulpoberezny%E2%80%99sthreegreat accomplishments). 9. "51 Heroes of Aviation" (http://www.flyingmag.com/photogallery/photos/51heroesaviation?pnid=41850). Retrieved 23 February 2015. 10. AmateurBuilt Aircraft Federal Aviation Administration (http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/ultralights/amateur_built/) 11. Bernard, Mary and Suzanne B. Bopp: Q&A with AKIA President Dick VanGrunsven, Kitplanes, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2012, page 2829. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 08911851 12. National Transportation Safety Board (2007). "U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 2003" (http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2007/ARG0701.pdf) (PDF). Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data. Retrieved 20080601. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft
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13. Grady, Mary (April 2010). "FAA Administrator Babbitt Takes In Sun 'n Fun" (http://www.avweb.com/news/snf/SunNFun2010_FAAAdministratorBabbittTakesInSunnFun_2023791.html). Retrieved 17 April 2010. 14. "Can I be instructed in my own aircraft for the Sport Pilot certificate if it is registered as an experimental homebuilt?" (http://www.sportpilot.org/questions/afmviewfaq.asp?faqid=64). Experimental Aircraft Association. Retrieved 13 Feb 2012. 15. Grady, Mary (22 May 2012). "NTSB Completes Homebuilt Safety Study" (http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/NTSBCompletesHomebuiltSafetyStudy_2067251.html). AVweb. Retrieved 24 May 2012. 16. "CAP 659: Amateur Built Aircraft: A Guide to Approval, Construction, and Operation of Amateur Built Aircraft" (http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP659.PDF) (PDF). Civil Aviation Authority. November 2005.
External links Experimental Aircraft Association (http://www.eaa.org) (EAA) Light Aircraft Association (http://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/), the representative body in the United Kingdom for amateur aircraft. FAA Advisory Circular 2027G: Certification and Operation of AmateurBuilt Aircraft (http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC%202027G.pdf) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homebuilt_aircraft&oldid=672925978" Categories: Homebuilt aircraft This page was last modified on 24 July 2015, at 20:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
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