HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE PHONES

A Minor Project Report on HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE PHONES Submitted In partial fulfillment For the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Supervisor: Miss Himadri Singh Raghav

Submitted by: Monika Sevda(090491) Neha Choudhary (090495) Pragya Rohatgi (090501)

November, 2012

Mody Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)Faculty of Engineering & Technology Lakshmangarh, Sikar – 332311 (Rajasthan)

Mody Institute of Technology and Science (A deemed University Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956) Lakshmangarh-332311, Dist. Sikar (Rajasthan) Phones :( 01573)225001 to 225012 (12 lines) Fax :( 01573)225042 ___________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMINER CERTIFICATE

The minor project entitled ―HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE PHONES‖ by Ms. Neha Choudhary(090495), Ms. Monika Sevda(090491), Ms. Pragya Rohatgi (090501) is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Mody Institute of Technology and Science (a Deemed University), Lakshmangarh.

Prof. B.P Singh H.O.D (ECE)

Ms. Himadri Singh Raghav Supervisor

Examiner

Mody Institute of Technology and Science (A deemed University Under Section3 of UGC Act 1956) Lakshmangarh-332311, Distt. Sikar (Rajasthan) Phones :( 01573)225001 to 225012 (12 lines) Fax :( 01573)225042 ___________________________________________________________________________________

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the minor project report entitled ―HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE PHONES‖ submitted by Ms. Neha Choudhary (090495), Ms. Pragya Rohatgi (090501), Ms. Monika Sevda (090491) for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to be awarded by Mody Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed University), Lakshmangarh, is a record of their/her work under my supervision and guidance.

Date:

Ms. Himadri Singh Raghav (Project Guide)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ―Perseverance, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in any venture. It is not just the brain that matters most, but that which guides them. The character, the heart, generous qualities and progressive forces. What was conceived just as an idea materialized slowly into concrete facts. The metamorphosis took endless hours of toil, had its moments of frustration, but in the end everything seemed to have sense‖. At this level of understanding it is often difficult to understand the wide spectrum of knowledge without proper guidance and advice. Hence, we take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Ms. Himadri Singh Raghav who had faith in us and allowed us to work on this project. We would like to thanks Prof. B.P. Singh (H.O.D Electrical) for his immense interest, valuable guidance, constant inspiration and kind co-operation throughout the period of word undertaken, which has been instrumented in the success of our project. We would like to pay our sincere gratitude to our respected Dean Prof DESAI for providing us opportunity to work in computer lab as a part of the major part. We also acknowledge our profound sense of gratitude to all the teachers who have been instrumental for providing us the technical knowledge and moral support to complete the project with full understanding. We thank our friends and family for their moral support to carve out this project and above all GOD for removing all hurdles in the way. Neha Choudhary Monika Sevda Pragya Rohatgi

CONTENTS

Abstract

1

CHAPTER-1 Dual-tone multi-frequency

1.1

2

Audio sample

1.2 Theory of operation 1.3

Construction

1.4

Construction highlights

CHAPTER-2 Various devices used 2.1

Resistors

2.2

Capacitors

2.3

Crystal oscillator

2.4

Voltage Regulator

2.5

Soldering

CHAPTER-3 MT 8870 IC

3.1

Features

3.2

Applications

3.3

Description

3.4

Functional Description

3.5

Pin Description

3.6

Steering Circuit

3.7

Filter Section

3.8

Guard Time Adjustment

6

10

3.9

Differential Input Configuration

3.10 Crystal Oscillator 3.11 Electrical Characteristics 3.12 Operating Characteristics

CHAPTER-4

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

33

34

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 A DTMF telephone keypad

2

1.2 Tone frequency for "1" key

6

1.3 Tone Generator

7

1.4 Tone Decoder

8

2.1 Resistor

11

2.2 Resistor

11

2.3 Capacitor

12

2.4 Capacitor

12

2.5 Capacitor

13

2.6 Crystal Oscillator

13

2.7 Crystal Oscillator

14

2.8 Voltage Regulator

15

2.9 Voltage Regulator

15

2.10 Soldering

16

2.11 PCB

17

3.1 Functional Description of MT 8870 IC

21

3.2 18 PIN CERDIP/PLASTIC DIP/SOIC

22

3.3 20 PIN SSOP/TSSOP

22

3.4 Basic steering circuit

25

3.5 Filter response

26

3.6 Guard time adjustment 3.7 Oscillator connections

27 28

LIST OF TABLES

1.1 DTMF keypad frequencies

4

1.2 DTMF event frequencies

4

1.3 DTMF row/column frequencies

6

1.4 Dip switch positions

10

3.1 Pin descriptions

23

3.2 Absolute maximum conditions

25

3.3 DC electrical characteristics

30

3.4 Operating characteristics

31

ABSTRACT Home automation refers to the use of computer and information technology to control home appliances and features (such as windows or lighting). Systems can range from simple remote control of lighting through to complex computer/micro-controller based networks with varying degrees of intelligence and automation. Home automation is adopted for reasons of ease, security and energy efficiency. In modern construction in industrialized nations, most homes have been wired for electrical power, telephones, TV outlets (cable or antenna), and a doorbell. Many household tasks were automated by the development of specialized appliances. For instance, automatic washing machines were developed to reduce the manual labor of cleaning clothes, and water heaters reduced the labor necessary for bathing. Other traditional household tasks, like food preservation and preparation have been automated in large extent by moving them into factory settings, with the development of pre-made, prepackaged foods, and in some countries, such as the United States, increased reliance on commercial food preparation services, such as fast food restaurants. Volume production and the factory setting allows forms of automation that would be impractical or too costly in a home setting. Standardized foods enable possible further automation of handling the food within the home. The use of gaseous or liquid fuels, and later the use of electricity enabled increased automation in heating, reducing the labor necessary to manually refuel heaters and stoves. Development of thermostats allowed more automated control of heating, and later cooling. As the number of controllable devices in the home rises, interconnection and communication becomes a useful and desirable feature. For example, a furnace can send an alert message when it needs cleaning, or a refrigerator when it needs service. Rooms will become "intelligent" and will send signals to the controller when someone enters. If no one is supposed to be home and the alarm system is set, the system could call the owner, or the neighbors, or an emergency number. In simple installations, domotics may be as straightforward as turning on the lights when a person enters the room. In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the presence of a person inside but know who that person is and perhaps set appropriate lighting, temperature, music levels or television channels, taking into account the day of the week, the time of day, and other factors.

Introduction Here is a circuit that lets you operate your home appliances like lights and water pump from your office or any other remote place. So if you forgot to switch off the lights or other appliances while going out, it helps you to turn off the appliance with your cell phone. Your cell phone works as remote control to your home appliances. You can control the desired appliance by presetting the corresponding key. The system also gives you voice acknowledgement of the appliance status. The Project ―Home Automation using mobile communication‖ has different sections such as:

1.Microcontroller 2.DTMF decoder 3. Voice recording and playback device

Chapter-1

Dual-tone multi-frequency Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Other multi-frequency systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network. As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere.

Fig 1.1 A DTMF telephone keypad

1.1 AUDIO SAMPLE 1.1.1 Dtmf push to talk id

Present-day uses of the A, B, C and D keys on telephone networks are few, and exclusive to network control. For example, the A key is used on some networks to cycle through different carriers at will (thereby listening in on calls). Their use is probably prohibited by most carriers. The A, B, C and D tones are used in amateur radio phone patch and repeater operations to allow, among other uses, control of the repeater while connected to an active phone line.DTMF tones are also sometimes used in caller ID systems to transfer the caller ID information, however in the USA only Bell 202 modulated FSK signaling is used to transfer the data.

1.1.2 Keypad The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4×4 matrix, with each row representing a low frequency, and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key (such as '1' ) will send a sinusoidal tone of the two frequencies (697 and 1209 hertz (Hz)). The original keypads had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed. DTMF keypad frequencies (with sound clips)

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

697 Hz 1

2

3

A

770 Hz 4

5

6

B

852 Hz 7

8

9

C

941 Hz *

0

#

D

Table 1.1

DTMF event frequencies Event

Low frequency High frequency

Busy signal

480 Hz

620 Hz

Dial tone

350 Hz

440 Hz

Ringback tone (US) 440 Hz

480 Hz

Table 1.2 The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and intermodulation products will not cause an unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of another, the difference between any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies, and the sum of any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies. The frequencies were initially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which is slightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies may not vary more than ±1.8% from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal. The high frequencies may be the same volume or louder as the low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist". The minimum duration of the tone should be at least 70 msec, although in some countries and applications DTMF receivers must be able to reliably detect DTMF tones as short as 45ms.DTMF can be decoded using the Goertzel algorithm.

1.2 Theory of Operation 1.2.1 So what are these tones? In DTMF there are 16 distinct tones. Each tone is the sum of two frequencies: one from a low and one from a high frequency group. There are four different frequencies in each group. Your phone only uses 12 of the possible 16 tones. If you look at your phone, there are only 4 rows (R1, R2, R3 and R4) and 3 columns (C1, C2 and C3). The rows and columns select frequencies from the low and high frequency group respectively. The exact value of the frequencies are listed in Table 3 below:

TABLE

1.3:

DTMF

Row/Column

Frequencies LOW-FREQUENCIES ROW #

FREQUENCY (HZ)

R1: ROW 0

697

R2: ROW 1

770

R3: ROW 2

852

R4: ROW 3

941

HIGH-FREQUENCIES COL #

FREQUENCY (HZ)

C1: COL 0

1209

C2: COL 1

1336

C3: COL 2

1477

C4: COL 3

1633

C4 not used in phones

Thus to decipher what tone frequency is associated with a particular key, look at your phone again. Each key is specified by its row and column locations. For example the "2" key is row 0 (R1) and column 1 (C2). Thus using the above table, "2" has a frequency of 770 + 1336 = 2106 Hz The "9" is row 2 (R3) and column 2 (C3) and has a frequency of 852 + 1477 = 2329 Hz. The following graph is a captured screen from an oscilloscope. It is a plot of the tone frequency for the "1" key:

Fig 1.2

You can see that the DTMF generated signal is very distinct and clear. The horizontal axis is in samples. The frequency of the tone is about 1900 Hz - close to the 1906 Hz predicted by Table 3 (697+1209).

1.3 Construction This section is organized as follows: o

Schematics

o

Construction Hightlights

1.3.1 Schematics The schematic in the figure below is relatively straightforward. I recommend that you use a combination of soldering and wirewrapping using sockets for all IC component placement.

1.3.2 Tone Generator

Fig. 1.3

1.3.3 Tone Decoder The schematic for the DTMF decoder in the figure below. Again you can use a combination of wirewrapping and soldering. Part placement is not critical.

Fig 1.4

1.4 Construction Highlights 1.4.1 Tone Generator The DTMF generator circuit is straight forward to construct. Only 3 of the 5089's 4 column pins (3,4,5) and all 4 row pins (11 to 14) were used. Thus it uses only 12 of the 16 touch tones (just like your phone). In this schematic you'll note the "/" in front of column and row pin labels (e.g. /C1). This means that these pins are active low. In other words, a pin is enabled when it is grounded. When the circuit is powered on, these pins normally high (+5V). C1-C3 and R1-R4 are wired to an 8-position DIP switch. In a single-package this DIP contains 8 single-pole-singlethrow (SPST) switches. It is much cheaper to use than 8 real SPST switches. You slide a DIP position to open or close its switch. When closed that particular switch connects its associated column or row pin to ground and makes it active. You could use a 12-key keypad available from many surplus or electronics mail-order companies. But you must be aware of what you buy. Not all keypads can be used with the 5089. I think the proper keypad will have 9 pins: 8 (for 4 rows plus 4 columns) plus 1 for a common which you'd connect to ground. Often surplus keypads do not come with techsheets, and you will have to manually figure out which pin is associated with which row or column. I found to my

surprise that my particular surplus 12-key keypad (from Electronic Goldmine) did not have this common pin and so I resorted to using a DIP. In this photo DIP positions 1 and 4 (C1 and R1 respectively) are in their ON positions. C1 and R1 is "1" on your phone's keypad. The speaker will emit the touch-tone associated with the "1" key (see Table 4) The speaker is driven through the TIP31 transistor. Note: the labels 1, 2 and 3 that refer to the base, collector and emitter pins respectively in the schematic are not standard. Be sure to check your spec sheet for your TIP31.

TABLE 1.4: DIP SWITCH POSITIONS

(1) DIP: 1+4 (2) DIP: 2+4 (3) DIP: 3+4

(4) DIP: 1+5 (5) DIP: 2+5 (6) DIP: 3+5

(7) DIP: 1+6 (8) DIP: 2+6 (9) DIP: 3+6

(*) DIP: 1+7 (0) DIP: 2+7 (#) DIP: 3+7

Table 4 shows the DIP positions that will activate the tone associated with the key. The numbers in bold and parenthesis are your desired key tone (like your phone). Thus if you wanted to dial a "0", you would slide only positions 2 and 7 on the DIP switch.

1.4.2 Tone Decoder The decoder circuit is also easy to construct. You will have to physically wire (using alligator clips for instance) the TONE OUT pinout from the generator to the TONE IN pinout of the decoder.

Once physically wired together, the 7-segment display will light up the number associated with the touch-tone you activate with the DIP switch. Note: A "0" tone lights up as "[" and not zero. This is because, "0" key's tone is actually a ten in binary (1010). Because the 7-segment displays only a single digit, ten is displayed as a "[". Similarly, the "*" (binary 1011) and "#" (binary 1100) light up as "]" and "U" respectively.

CHAPTER 2

VARIOUS DEVICES USED 2.1 RESISTOR : A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law: The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor while the temperature remains the same. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

Fig 2.1 Axial-lead resistors on tape. The tape is removed during assembly before the leads are formed and the part is inserted into the board.

Fig 2.2 Three carbon composition resistors in a 1960s valve radio.

.

.

2.2 CAPACITOR A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property makes them useful in electronic filters.

2.2.1 Capacitor types

Fig 2.3 Capacitors: SMD ceramic at top left; SMD tantalum at bottom left; through-hole tantalum at top right; through-hole electrolytic at bottom right. Major scale divisions are cm.

Fig 2.4

Various types of capacitors. From left: multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer polyester film, tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metallized polyester film, aluminium electrolytic. Major scale divisions are cm.

Fig 2.5

2.3 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Fig 2.6 A miniature 4 MHz quartz crystal enclosed in a hermetically sealed HC-49/US package, used as the resonator in a crystal oscillator.

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters/receivers.

Fig 2.7 Inside construction of a modern high performance HC-49 package quartz crystal

2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

2.4.1 Voltage Regulator 7805 The Digilab board can use any power supply that creates a DC voltage between 6 and 12 volts. A 5V voltage regulator (7805) is used to ensure that no more than 5V is delivered to the Digilab board regardless of the voltage present at the J12 connector (provided that voltage is less than 12VDC). The regulator functions by using a diode to clamp the output voltage at 5VDC regardless of the input voltage - excess voltage is converted to heat and dissipated through the body of the regulator. If a DC supply of greater than 12V is used, excessive heat will be generated, and the board may be damaged. If a DC supply of less than 5V is used, insufficient voltage will be present at the regulators output.

Fig 2.8 If a power supply provides a voltage higher than 7 or 8 volts, the regulator must dissipate significant heat. The "fin" on the regulator body (the side that protrudes upward beyond the main body of the part) helps to dissipate excess heat more efficiently. If the board requires higher currents (due to the use of peripheral devices or larger breadboard circuits), then the regulator may need to dissipate more heat. In this case, the regulator can be secured to the circuit board by fastening it with a screw and nut (see below). By securing the regulator tightly to the circuit board, excess heat can be passed to the board and then radiated away.

Fig 2.9

2.5 Soldering

Fig 2.10 (De)soldering a contact from a wire.

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 400 °C. The filler metal used in the process is called solder. Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal; it is distinguished from welding by the base metals not being melted during the joining process. In a soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt and be drawn into the joint by capillary action and to bond to the materials to be joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the resulting joints are not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength, electrical conductivity, and water-tightness for many uses. Soldering is an ancient technique mentioned in the Bible and there is evidence that it was employed up to 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

2.5.1 Applications The most frequent application of soldering is assembling electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another common application is making permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in plumbing systems. Joints in sheetmetal objects such as food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators have also historically been soldered, and

occasionally still are. Jewelry and small mechanical parts are often assembled by soldering. Soldering is also used to join lead came and copper foil in stained glass work. Soldering can also be used to effect a semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container cooking vessel.

2.5.2 Desoldering and resoldering Used solder contains some of the dissolved base metals and is unsuitable for reuse in making new joints. Once the solder's capacity for the base metal has been achieved it will no longer properly bond with the base metal, usually resulting in a brittle cold solder joint with a crystalline appearance. It is good practice to remove solder from a joint prior to resoldering—desoldering braids or vacuum desoldering equipment (solder suckers) can be used. Desoldering wicks contain plenty of flux that will lift the contamination from the copper trace and any device leads that are present. This will leave a bright, shiny, clean junction to be resoldered. The lower melting point of solder means it can be melted away from the base metal, leaving it mostly intact though the outer layer will be "tinned" with solder. Flux will remain which can easily be removed by abrasive or chemical processes. This tinned layer will allow solder to flow into a new joint, resulting in a new joint, as well as making the new solder flow very quickly and easily.

2.6 Printed circuit board

Fig 2.11 Part of a 1983 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board; a populated PCB, showing the conductive traces, vias (the through-hole paths to the other surface), and some mounted electrical components

Fig 2.11 PCB Layout Program

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.

Chapter 3

MT 8870 IC

3.1 Features • Complete DTMF Receiver • Low power consumption • Internal gain setting amplifier • Adjustable guard time • Central office quality • Power-down mode • Inhibit mode • Backward compatible with MT8870C/MT8870C-1

3.2 Applications • Receiver system for British Telecom (BT) or CEPT Spec (MT8870D-1) • Paging systems • Repeater systems/mobile radio • Credit card systems • Remote control • Personal computers • Telephone answering machine

3.3 Description The MT8870D/MT8870D -1 is a complete DTMF integrating both the b andsplit filter and Digital decoder functions. The filter section uses witched capacitor techniques for high and lowgroup filters; the decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tonepairs into a 4 -bit code. External component count is minimized by on chip provision of a differential input amplifier, clock oscillator and latched three-state bus interface

3.4 Functional Description The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power consumption and high performance. Its architecture consists of a bandsplit filter section, which separates the high and low group tones, followed by a digital counting section which verifies the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing the corresponding code to the output bus.

Fig 3.1

3.5 MT8870D/MT8870D-1 ISO2-CMOS

18 PIN CERDIP/PLASTIC DIP/SOIC Fig 3.2

20 PIN SSOP/TSSOP Fig 3.3

3.6 PIN DESCRIPTIONS:-

Table 3.1

3.7 Functional Description The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power consumption and high performance. Its architecture consists of a bandsplit filter section, which separates the high and low group tones, followed by a digital counting section which verifies the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing the corresponding code to the output bus.

3.8 Steering Circuit Before registration of a decoded tone pair, the receiver checks for a valid signal duration (referred to as character recognition condition). This check is performed by an external RC time constant driven by ESt. A logic high on ESt causes vc to rise as the capacitor discharges. Provided signal condition is maintained (ESt remains high) for the validation period (tGTP), vc reaches the threshold (VTSt) of the steering logic to register the tone pair, latching its corresponding 4-bit code into the output latch. At this point the GT output is activated and drives vc to VDD. GT continues to drive high as long as ESt remains high. Finally, after a short delay to allow the output latch to settle, the delayed steering output flag (StD) goes high, signalling that a received tone pair has been registered. The contents of the output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three state control input (TOE) to a logic high. The steering circuit works in reverse to validate the interdigit pause between signals. Thus, as well as rejecting signals too short to be considered valid, the receiver will tolerate signal interruptions (dropout) too short to be considered a valid pause. This facility, together with the capability of selecting the steering time constants externally, allows the designer to tailor performance to meet a wide variety of system requirements.

Basic steering circuit Fig 3.4

3.9 Filter Section

Separation of the low-group and high group tones is achieved by applying the DTMF signal to the inputs of two sixth-order switched capacitor bandpass filters, the bandwidths of which correspond to the low and high group frequencies. The filter section also incorporates notches at 350 and 440 Hz for exceptional dial tone rejection (see Figure 3). Each filter output is followed by a single order switched capacitor filter section which smooths the signals prior to limiting. Limiting is performed by high-gain comparators which are provided with hysteresis to prevent detection of unwanted low-level signals. The

outputs of the comparators provide full rail logic swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals.

Filter response Fig 3.5

3.10 Guard Time Adjustment

In many situations not requiring selection of tone duration and interdigital pause, the simple steering circuit shown in Figure is applicable. Component values are chosen according to the formula:

tREC=tDP+tGTP tID=tDA+tGTA The value of tDP is a device parameter (see Figure 11) and tREC is the minimum signal duration to be recognized by the receiver. A value for C of 0.1 μF is recommended for most applications, leaving R to be selected by the designer. Different steering arrangements may be used to select independently the guard times for tone present (tGTP) and tone absent (tGTA). This may be necessary to meet system specifications which place both accept and reject limits on both tone duration and interdigital pause. Guard time adjustment also allows the designer to tailor system parameters such as talk off and noise immunity. Increasing tREC improves talk-off performance since it reduces the probability that tones simulated by speech will maintain signal condition long enough to be registered. Alternatively, a relatively short tREC with a long tDO would be appropriate for extremely noisy environments where fast acquisition time and immunity to tone drop-outs are required. Design information for guard time adjustment is shown in Figure .

Fig 3.6

3.11 Crystal Oscillator

The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of an external 3.579545 MHz crystal and is normally connected as shown in Figure (Single- Ended Input Configuration). However, it is possible to configure several MT8870D/MT8870D-1 devices employing only a single oscillator crystal. The oscillator output of the first device in the chain is coupled through a 30 pF capacitor to the oscillator input (OSC1) of the next device. Subsequent devices are connected in a similar fashion. Refer to Figure for details. The problems associated with unbalanced loading are not a concern with the arrangement shown, i.e., precision balancing capacitors are not required.

Fig 3.7

oscillator connections

3.12 Absolute maximum condition

Table 3.2

3.13 DC Electrical characteristics

Table 3.3

3.15 Operating characterstics

Table 3.4

3.19 Applications The purpose of this Application Note is to provide information on the operation and aplication of DTMF Receivers. The MT8870 Integrated DTMF Receiver will be discussed in detail and its use illustrated in the application examples which follow.

More than 25 years ago the need for an improved method for transferring dialling information through the telephone network was recognized. The traditional method, Dial pulse signalling, was not only slow, suffering severe distortion over long wire loops,but required a DC path through the communications channel. A signalling scheme was developed utilizing voice frequency tones and implemented as a very reliable alternative to pulse dialling. This scheme is known as DTMF (Dual Tone Multi- Frequency),

Touch-Tone™ or simply, tone dialling. As its acronym suggests, a valid DTMF signal is the sum of two tones, one from a low group (697-941Hz) and one from a high group (1209-1633Hz) with each group containing four individual tones. The tone frequencies were carefully chosen such that they are not harmonically related and that their intermodulation products result in minimal signaling impairment (Fig. 1a). This scheme allows for 16 unique combinations. Ten of these codes represent the numerals zero through nine, the remaining six (*,#,A,B,C,D) being reserved for special signalling. Most telephone keypads contain ten numeric push buttons plus the asterisk (*) and octothorp (#). The buttons are arranged in a matrix, each selecting its low group tone from its respective row and its high group tone from its respective column . The DTMF coding scheme ensures that each signal contains one and only one component from each of the high and low groups. This significantly simplifies decoding because the composite DTMF signal may be separated with bandpass filters, into its two single frequency components each of which may be handled individually. As a result DTMF coding has proven to provide a flexible signalling scheme of excellent reliability, hence motivating innovative and competitive decoder design.

CONCLUSION

I learned a lot in the process of writing this article, and I hope it will encourage many of you to consider bringing HA into your own lives. I'll admit that wiring up light switches is not the easiest of tasks for someone who hasn't done it before, but the plug-in devices are a snap to set up and make for an easy entry-point to working with the technology. Most people are very timid the first time they have to replace a component in their PC and, in the same way, there is a learning curve to HA. And although the components you're dealing with are not as sensitive as those inside a computer, there is a risk anytime you are working near electric circuits (in this case more of a risk to yourself). Once I finished with the installation, the only signs of the work I'd done was a set of nicer wall switches and a handful of extra adapters plugged into the wall. The only way it could have looked more professional was if I had finished the whole house with Insteon- and Decora-style switches to match the ones I changed. I could have also swapped the wall outlets to Insteon rather than using the lamp adapter, but then I couldn't use the adapter for my Christmas tree when that time of year rolls around. I like having the choice of moving it. I won't try claiming that anyone can manage a home automation installation, so if you're uncomfortable around electronics, don't know what you're doing in a breaker box, or are particularly accident-prone, don't even risk it. I would think that if you've soldered wires before, though, then you probably have enough knowledge and common sense to take on a task like this.

REFERENCES 1.

www.google.com

2.

www.wikipedia.com

3.

Books