History of Immunology

 

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1798 - First demonsration of vaccination smallpox  smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner ) 1837 - First description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann Schwann)) 1838 - Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour ) 1840 - First "modern" proposal of the germ theory of disease ((J. J. Henle) Henle) 1850 - Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis Semmelweis)) 1857-1870 ( Louis Pasteur ) 1857-1870 - Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis 1862 - phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel) Haeckel)

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1867 practicethat in surgery using acid (Joseph ( Joseph Lister  ) Koch 1876 -- First First aseptic demonstration microbes can carbolic cause disease-anthrax ( Robert (Robert Koch)) 1877 - Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich Ehrlich)) 1878 - Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis ( Louis Pasteur ) 1880 - 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis (Louis Pasteur ) 1883 - 1905 - Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie (Elie Metchnikoff ) 1885 - Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". First report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis (Louis Pasteur )).. 1888 - Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre (Pierre Roux and Yersin) Alexandre Yersin) ( George Nuttall) Nuttall) 1888 - Bactericidal action of blood (George 1890 - Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil ( Emil von Behring Behring)) and (Shibasaburo (Shibasaburo Kitasato)) Kitasato 1891 - Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert ( Robert Koch Koch)) 1893 - Use of live bacteria and bacterial bac terial lysates to treat tumors-"Coley's Toxins" Coley)) (William B. Coley 1894 - Bacteriolysis (Richard (Richard Pfeiffer ) 1900 - Antibody formation theory (Paul (Paul Ehrlich Ehrlich)) 1901 - blood groups (Karl Landsteiner ) 1902 - Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis  anaphylaxis (P. Portier ) and (C. (C. Richet) Richet) 1903 - Intermediate hypersensitivity the "Arthus reaction" (M. (M. Arthus) Arthus)

 

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1903 - Opsonization  Opsonization  1905 - "Serum Sickness" allergy (Clemens von Pirquet and (Bela (Bela Schick ) 1911 - 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors ((Peyton Peyton Rous Rous)) 1917 - hapten (Karl Landsteiner ) 1921 - Cutaneous allergic reactions (Carl ( Carl Prausnitz  Prausnitz and and  Heinz Kustner ) 1924 - Reticuloendothelial system  system  1938 - Antigen-Antibody Antigen-Antibody binding hypothesis (John (John Marrack ) 1940 - Identification of the Rh antigens antigens  (Karl Landsteiner  and and  Alexander Weiner ) 1942 - Anaphylaxis (Karl Landsteiner and Landsteiner and Merill Chase Chase)) McDermott) 1942 - Adjuvants (Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott) 1944 - hypothesis of allograft of allograft rejection 1948 - antibody production in plasma B cells  cells  1949 - growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization with immune sera, and demonstration of attenuation of neurovirulence with repetitive passage (John Enders)) and (Thomas Enders (Thomas Weller ) and (Frederick (Frederick Robbins Robbins)) 1949 - immunological tolerance hypothesis against yellow fever   1951 - vaccine against  reaction  1953 - Graft-versus-host reaction  1953 - immunological tolerance hypothesis 1957 - Clonal Selection theory  theory (Frank Macfarlane Burnet Burnet)) 1957 - Discovery of interferon of interferon   1958-1962 - Discovery of human leukocyte antigens 1958-1962 1959-1962 1959-1962 - Discovery of antibody structure 1959 - Discovery of lymphocyte of lymphocyte circulation (James (James Gowans Gowans)) 1960 - Discovery of lymphocyte "blastogenic transformation" and proliferation in response to mitogenic lectins-phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Peter (Peter Nowell) Nowell) 1961-1962 Discovery of thymus 1961-1962 of thymus involvement in cellular immunity (F.C.A.P. Miller ) 19611961- Demonstration that glucocorticoids inhibit PHA-induced lymphocyte  proliferation (Peter (Peter Nowell) Nowell) 1963 - Development of the plaque assay for the enumeration of antibody-forming cells in vitro ( Neils Jerne Jerne)) ((Albert Albert Nordin Nordin)) 1964-1968 1964-1968 T and B cell cooperation in immune response 1965 - Discovery of the first lymphocyte mitogenic activity, "Blastogenic Factor" (Shinpea Kasakura Kasakura)) and (Louis (Louis Lowenstein Lowenstein)) ((J. J. Gordon Gordon)) and (L.D. (L.D. MacLean MacLean)) 1965 - Discovery of "immune interferon" (gamma interferon) (E.F. ( E.F. Wheelock ) 1965 - Secretory immunoglobulins immunoglobulins   1967 - Identification of IgE of IgE as the reaginic antibody (Kimishige (Kimishige Ishizaka) Ishizaka) 1968 - Passenger leukocytes identified as significant immunogens in allograft rejection (William (William L. Elkins  Elkins and Ronald D. Guttmann) Guttmann) 1969 - The lymphocyte cytolysis Cr51 release assay (Theodore ( Theodore Brunner ) and (Jean-Charles Cerottini Cerottini)) 1971 - Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University University  invented invented  ELISA ELISA   1972 - Structure of the antibody molecule complex (Rolf Zinkernagel Zinkernagel   1974 - T-cell restriction to major histocompatibility complex  and (Peter (Peter Doherty) Doherty)

 

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1975 - Generation of the first monoclonal antibodies antibodies  (George Kohler ) and (Cesar  (Cesar  Milstein)) Milstein 1976 - Identification of somatic recombination of immunoglobulin of immunoglobulin  genes Tonegawa)) (Susumu Tonegawa 1979 - Generation of the first monoclonal T cells (Kendall ( Kendall A. Smith Smith)) 1980-1983 -1983 - Discovery and characterization of the first interleukins, 1 and 2 IL-1  IL-1  1980 IL-2 (Kendall A. Smith Smith)) 1981 - Disovery of the IL-2 receptor IL2R  receptor  IL2R ((Kendall A. Smith) Smith) 1983 - Discovery of the T cell antigen receptor TCR  receptor TCR ((Ellis Reinherz Reinherz)) ((Philippa Philippa Marrack ) and (John (John Kappler ) ((James James Allison Allison)) 1983 - Discovery of HIV of HIV (Luc Montagnier ) 1984 - The first single cell analysis of lymphocyte proliferation (Doreen ( Doreen Cantrell) Cantrell) and (Kendall (Kendall A. Smith) Smith) 1985-1987 1985-1987 - Identification of genes for the T cell receptor  1986 - Hepatitis B  B vaccine produced by  by genetic engineering engineering   of T helper cell function (Timothy (Timothy Mosmann) Mosmann) 1986 - Th1 vs Th2 model of T 1988 - Discovery of biochemical initiators of T-cell activation: CD4- and CD8 p56lck complexes (Christopher (Christopher E. Rudd) Rudd) therapy for SCID for SCID   1990 - Gene therapy  1994 - 'Danger' model of immunological of immunological tolerance tolerance  (Polly Matzinger ) 1995 - Regulatory T cells (Shimon ( Shimon Sakaguchi) Sakaguchi) 1996-1998 - Identification of Toll-like 1996-1998 of Toll-like receptors  receptors  2001 - Discovery of FOXP3 of FOXP3 - the gene directing regulatory T cell development 2005 - Development of human of human papillomavirus  papillomavirus vaccine ((Ian Ian Frazer ) [hide hide]] 

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