History of Geotechnical Engineering

 

AEK]ENH@JNGI E@AJ@EESJ@A  „  OSKL  OSKL ]HE CEAJ@@J@A J`trkmuntjk`

^kji -  -  - 

u`nele`tem gaareagte ko lj`ergi argj`s g`m mengyem krag`jn lgtter (skijm pgrtjnies) wjth ijqujm g`m ags j` the elpty spgnes cetwee` the skijm pgrtjnies. usem gs g nk`struntjk` lgterjgi. suppkrts strunturgi oku`mgtjk`s.

NJ_JI E@AJ@EES^ lust stumy ^kji Trkpertjes2 -krjaj`, argj` sjze mjstrjcutjk`, gcjijty tk mrgj` wgter, nklpressjcjijty, stre`ath, jts gcjijty tk suppkrt struntures g`m resjst meokrlgtjk`. ^kji Lenhg`jns -  crg`nh ko snje`ne thgt megis wjth the stumy ko the physjngi prkpertjes ko skji g`m the cehgvjkr ko skji lgsses sucbentem tk vgrjkus types ko okrnes. ^kji E`aj`eerj`a  E`aj`eerj`a  -  the gppijngtjk` ko skji lenhg`jns tk prgntjngi prkciels. Aektenh`jngi E`aj`eerj`a -  the sucmjsnjpij`e ko njvji e`aj`eerj`a thgt j`vkives `gturgi lgterjgis oku`m nikse tk the surogne ko the egrth. -  j`niumes gppijngtjk` ko the prj`njpies ko skji lenhg`jns g`m rknf lenhg`jns tk the mesja` ko oku`mgtjk`s, retgj`j`a struntures g`m egrth struntures. Aektenh`jngi E`aj`eerj`a Trjkr tk the 78th Ne`tury 78th Ne`tury  Ne`tury  „  „  Ceaj``j`a  Ceaj``j`a ko Aektenh`jngi E`aj`eerj`a -  Cgsem k` pgst experje`nes g`m experjle`tgtjk`s lg`y struntures were cujit. ^kle ko whjnh were giregmy nrulciem whjie kthers stjii exjsts. G`nje`t njvjijzgtjk`s oikurjshem gik`a the cg`fs ko rjvers, (@jie j` Eaypt), ]jarjs g`m Euphrgtes (Leskpktgljg), Hug`a Hk (Zeiikw Sjver, Nhj`g), (J`mus j` J`mjg). Myfes j` 3444 C.N.  C.N.  -  cujit j` the cgsj` ko J`mus tk prktent the tkw` ko Lkhe`bk Mgrg. (7:=1 - Tgfjstg`) Nhg` My`gsty j` Nhj`g  Nhj`g  -  gckut (7734 C.N. ]k 3=: C.N.) myfes were cujit okr jrrjagtjk` purpkses. Gnnkrmj`a tk Ferjsei j` 7:85  7:85  there were `k evjme`nes thgt legsures were tgfe` tk stgcjijze the oku`mgtjk` kr nhenf erksjk` ngusem cy oikkms. G`nje`t Areef Njvjijzgtjk` usem Njvjijzgtjk` usem jskigtem okktj`as g`m g`m strjp-g`m  strjp-g`m rgot oku`mgtjk`s okr oku`mgtjk`s okr cujimj`a struntures. 3144 C.N.  C.N.  „  „  ^evergi  ^evergi Tyrgljms were cujit j` Eaypt, lkst ko jt were gs tklcs okr phgrgkhs g`m nk`skrts (Kim & Ljmmie Fj`amkl F j`amkl Terjkm) 3448 „  3448  „  7>8  7>8 pyrgljms were mjsnkverem j` Eaypt. Tjnture ko TZSGLJM^ ko AJRG  AJRG 

 

  Nk`struntjk` ko Tyrgljms - pksem - pksem okrljmgcie nhgiie`aes reagrmj`a oku`mgtjk`, stgcjijty ko sikpes g`m nk`struntjk` ko u`merarku`m nhglcers. ?8 G.M. (Egster` Hg` My`gsty)  My`gsty)   „  „  Grrjvgi  Grrjvgi ko Cummhjsl j` Nhj`g, thkusg`ms ko Tgakmg‚s were cujit. ]hese struntures were cujit k` sjit g`m skot nigys. ^kle struntures, oku`mgtjk` pressure exneemem the ikgm cegrj`a ngpgnjty ko skji thgt resuits tk g` exte`sjve strunturgi mglgae. Trkciels Seigtem tk ^kji Cegrj`a Ngpgnjty (^truntures) Trjkr tk 78th Ne`tury „  Ne`tury „  Ieg`j`a ]kwer ko Tjsg j` Jtgiy -  (nk`struntjk` ko tkwer ceag` j` 771> G.M.) -  75,144 letrjn tk`s wejaht ko the strunture wjth 34 l mjgleter. -  ]jtiem j` the pgst tk the egst, `krth, west g`m oj`giiy tk the skuth. -  G wegf nigy exjst ceikw 77l ko the arku`m, g`m iess nk`sjmerj`a the skji nk`mjtjk` g`m wejaht ko the strunture, thus jt resuits tk strunture nklpressjk` g`m ngusem the tkwer tk tjit. tji t. -  ]jitj`a ko Agrjse`mg ]kwer & Gsj`eiij ]kwer (Ckika`g, Jtgiy) Agrjse`mg ]kwer  „  =8   =8 l hjah, =374 letrjn tk` (tjitem = mearees) -  Gsj`eiij ]kwer „  ]kwer „  :1  :1 l hjah g`m wejahs 1,>44 letrjn tk` (tjtiem 7.> mearees) Goter e`nku`terj`a severgi oku`mgtjk` reigtem prkciels j` nk`struntj`a struntures kver the pgst ne`turjes, e`aj`eers g`m snje`tjst ceag` tk resegrnh k` the prkpertjes g`m cehgvjkr ko skjis j` g lkre lethkmjngi lg``er stgrtj`a j` 78th ne`tury. Cgsem k` the elphgsjs g`m `gture ko stumy j` aektenh`jngi e`aj`eerj`a greg orkl 7144 tk7:31 jjtt ng` mjvjmem j`tk = lgbkr perjkms (^felptk`, 7:85) 7.  Trenigssjngi (7144-711?) 3.  Nigssjngi ^kji Lenhg`jns- Thgse J (711? -785?) >.  Nigssjngi ^kji Lenhg`jns „  Lenhg`jns  „ Thgse Thgse JJ (785?-7:74) =.  Lkmer` ^kji Lenhg`jns (7:74 tk 7:31) TSENIG^^JNGI TESJKM KO ^KJI LENHG@JN^ LENH G@JN^ (7144-711?) ^tumjes Seigtem tk `gturgi sikpe, u`jt wejahts ko vgrjkus types ko skji g`m the ^elj elpjrjngi Egrth Tressure ]hekrjes Terjkm 7171

^nje`tjst/E`aj`eers He`rj Agutjes (7??4-71>1) g Ore`nh rkygi e`aj`eer

Nk`trjcutjk`s - stumjes `gturgi sikpes (g`aie ko repkse) ko skji whe` tjppem j` g hegp okr okrluigtj`a the mesja` prknemure ko retgj`j`a wgiis. - @gturgi ^ikpe ko nieg` mry sg`m - >7´ , u`jt wejaht < 78.7 f@/nu.l - Krmj`gry Egrth - =5´, U`jt Qejaht < 7>.= f@/nu.l

713:

Cer`grm Okrest me Ceijmkr (7?1=-71?7)

]hekry okr igtergi egrth pressure k` retgj`j`a wgiis.

 

71=?

7848 71?:

Nigssjojngtjk` Sknf Ojrl kr hgrm sg`m, nklpressjcie sg`m Krmj`gry egrth (oku`m j` mry ikngtjk`) ^kot egrth (prjlgrjiy sjit) Nigy Tegt Org`nkjs Agmrky (7145 (7145 „   „  715:)

B.B. Lgy`jei Beg` Skmkiphe Terrk`et (7148-71:=) Ore`nh E`aj`eer

^penjojem ^kji Nigssjojngtjk` ^ystel U`jt Qejaht F@/lP> 7?.1 tk 78.= 7>.=

7?.4 78.: -7st igc lkmei test resuits k` g 1? ll hjah retgj`j`a wgii cujit wjth sg`m cgnfojii. - Kcserve the exjste`ne ko sijp pig`es j` the skji gt ogjiure. ^ullgrjzem the stumy ko Agmrky ^tumjem sikpe stgcjijty g`m mjstj`aujsh j`tgnt arku`m & ojiis.

NIG^^JNGI ^KJI LENHG@JN^ (711?-785?) 711?

Nhgries Guaustj` Nkuiklc (71>?-785?) Ore`nh ^nje`tjst

71:4

Agspgrm Nigjre Lgrje Sjnhe me Crk`y (7155-78>:) Bgnques Oremerjn Org`nkjs (7115-78>>) Ore`nh E`aj`eer g`m Trkoesskr Nigume Ikujs Lgrje He`rj @gvjer (7185-78>?) Ore`nh Gppijem-Lenhg`jns Gppijem-Lenhg `jns Trkoesskr

7834

78=4

Beg` _jntkr Tk`neiet (7188-78?1) G` grly E`aj`eer, g prkoesskr ko lenhg`jns

78=?

Giexg`mer Nkiij` (7848-78:4)

7851 E`m ko Thgse 7 ko Nigssjngi ^kji

Qiijgl Bkh` Lgnqukr` (7834-7813) Njvji E`aj`eer Trkoesskr

-Meterlj`em the true pksjtjk` ko the sijmj`a surogne j` skji cehj`m g retgj`j`a wgii wjth the use ko the prj`njpie ko nginuius lgxjlg & lj`jlg. - Usem the igw ko orjntjk` & nkhesjk` okr skijm ckmjes. J`niumem Nkuiklc‚s ]hekry j` hjs ]extckkf   (@kuveiie Grnhjtenture Hymrguijque) ^tumjem Nkuiklc‚s wkrf   ^tumjem ^penjgi ngses reigtem tk j`nij`em cgnfojii g`m cgnfojiis suppkrtj`a surnhgrae.

-Exte`mem Nkuiklcs ]hekry -He prkvjmem g argphjngi Lethkm okr meterlj`j`a the lga`jtume ko igtergi egrth pressure k` vertjngi g`m j`nij`em retgj`j`a wgiis wjth grcjtrgry crkfe` pkiyak`gi arku`m surognes. He wgs the ojrst tk use the sylcki ø okr skji orjntjk` g`aie. -He gisk prkvjmem the ojrst uitjlgte cegrj`a ngpgnjty thekry okr shgiikw oku`mgtjk`s. -Trkvjmem metgjis okr meep sijps j` nigy sikpe, nuttj`a, g`m elcg`fle`ts. -]hekrjzem thgt j` gii ngses, ogjiure tgfes pigne whe` the lkcjijzem nkhesjk` exneems the exjstj`a nkhesjk` ko the skji. -Nkiij` kcservem thgt the gntugi ogjiure surogne gpprkxjlgte gs grns ko nynikjms. Sg`fj`e stumy prkvjmem g `ktgcie thekry k` egrth pressure g`m equjijcrjul ko egrth lgsses. Sg`fj`e ]hekry sjlpijojem Nkuiklc‚s ]hekry  ]hekry 

Lenhg`jns Terjkm

NIG^^JNGI ^KJI LENHG@JN^  „  THG^E  THG^E JJ (785?-7:74) 785?

7885 7881

78:8

He`rj Thjijcert Agspgrm Mgrny (784>7858)

^jr Aekrae Hkwgrm Mgrwj` (78=5-7:73) Trkoesskr ko Gstrk`kly Bkseph _gie`tj` Ckussj`esq (78=37:3:) Ksckr`e Sey`kims(78=37:3:) Bkh` Nijcckr` (78=1-7:>8) & Bkh` ^tugrt Ceresokrm (78=5- 7:35) Bkh` ^tugrt Ceresokrm (78=5- 7:35)

-Tucijshem stumy k` perlegcjijty g`m sg`m ojiters. -Meoj`em nkeoojnje`t ko perlegcjijty (Hymrguijn Nk`muntjvjty)- useoui pgrgleters j` aektenh`jngi e`aj`eerj`a up tk thjs mgy. -Meterlj`e the kvertur`j`a lkle`t k` the hj`aem wgii retgj`j`a sg`m j` ikkse g`m me`se stgte ko nklpgntjk`. ]hekry ko stress mjstrjcutjk` u`mer ikgm cegrj`a gregs j` hklkae`kus, selj-j`oj`jte, eigstjn & jsktrkpjn lemjul. He melk`strgtem the phe`kle`k` ko mjigte`ny j` sg`m -]hejr stumjes were reigtem tk the oikw ko wgter thrkuah sg`m cem g`m upijot pressure. -Nijcckr` stumy wgs pucijshem j` ]regtjse k` Njvji E`aj`eerj`a, _ki.32 Jrrjagtjk` Qkrf j` J`mjg, S kkrfe, 7:47, g`m gisk j` ]enh`jngi Tgper @k.:1, Akver`le`t ko J`mjg, 7:43 ^tumy the ’Upijot pressure k` k ` the @grkrg Qejr k` the Ag`aes Sjver“ mknule`tem j` ]enh`jngi ]enh`jngi Tgper @k.:1, Akver`le`t ko J`mjg, 7:43.

 

LKMES@ ^KJI LENHG@JN^ (7:74-7:31) ]he perjkm were pucijngtjk` ko the resuits ko resegrnh nk`muntem k` nigys tk estgcijsh the ou`mgle`tgi prkpertjes & nigy pgrgleters. -He meoj`em nigy-sjzem orgntjk`s gs the perne`tgae cy wejaht ko 7:48 Gicert Lgurjtz Gttercera pgrtjnies slgiier thg` 3 ljnrk`s j` sjze. (78=?-7:7?) ^wemjsh -He regijzem the jlpkrtg`ne ko nigy pgrtjnies j` g skji g`m Nheljst & ^kji ^nje`tjst pigstjnjty. -J` 7:77 he expigj`em the nk`sjste`ny ko nkhesjve skjis cy meoj`j`a ijqujm, pigstjn, g`m shrj`fgae ijljts. -He meoj`es pigstjnjty J`mex gs the mjooere`ne cetwee` ijqujm ijljt g`m pigstjn ijljt 7:4: Beg` Ok`tgrm (788=-7:?3) G -He ngrrjem kut tk j`vestjagte the nguse ko ogjiure ko the 71l Ore`nh E`aj`eer hjah egrth mgl cujit cetwee` 7:43-7:4?.

7:75

Grthur Ig`aiey Ceii (781=7:5?) G njvji E`aj`eer orkl E`aig`m

7:3?

Qkilgr Oeiie`jus (781?-7:51) ^wemjsh E`aj`eer

7:7:-7:3=

Fgri ]erzgahj (788>-7:?>)

-J` thgt nk`text, he nk`muntem u`mrgj`em mkucie-she mkucie-shegr gr tests k` nigy spenjle`s (4.11sq.l j` greg g`m 344 ll thjnf) u`mer nk`stg`t vertjngi stress tk meterlj`e thejr shegr stre`ath pgrgleters. ]he tjles okr ogjiure ko these spenjle`s were cetwee` 74 tk 34 lj`utes. -Qkrfem k` the mesja` g`m nk`struntjk` ko the kuter segwgii gt Sksyth Mknfygrm. -He meveikpem reigtjk`shjps okr igtergi pressure g`m resjstg`ne j` nigy gs weii gs cegrj`a ngpgnjty ko shgiikw oku`mgtjk`s j` nigy. - He usem shegr ckx tests tk legsure the u`mrgj`em shegr stre`ath ko u`mjsturcem nigy spenjle`. He meveikpem the stgcjijty g`giysjs ko u`mrgj`em sgturgtem nigy sikpes (ø8. -]he ]hekry wgs pucijshem j` ]erzgahj‚s neiecrgtem ne iecrgtem ckkf Ermcgulenhg`jf j` 7:35.

AEK]ENH@JNGI E@AJ@EESJ@A goter 7:31 7:35

Fgri ]erzgahj ’Ogther ko Lkmer` ^kji Lenhg`jns“   Lenhg`jns“ (7:78-7:35)

]he pucijngtjk` ko Ermcgulenhg`jf guo Ckme`physjfgijsher Aru`migae, agve cjrth tk g `ew erg j` the meveikple`t ko skji lenhg`jns. He stgrtem hjs resegrnh wkrf k` the cehgvjkr ko skjis g`m settiele`t ko nigys g`m k` the ogjiure mue tk pjpj`a j` sg`m u`mer mgls.

E@M KO G@ ESG Sgiph C Tenf ’ Akmogther ko ^kji Lenhg`jns“   Lenhg`jns“

J`ve`tem Nk`trkversjgi nk`struntjk` tenh`jque thgt wkuim ce usem k` skle lkmer` e`aj`eerj`a wk`mers ko the wkrim, j`niumj`a the Nhg``ei ]u``ei. -He wgs mjrentiy respk`sjcie okr g sunnessjk` ko neiecrgtem tu``eij`a g`m egrth mgl prkbents thgt pushem the cku`mgrjes ko whgt wgs ceijevem tk ce pkssjcie.