History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 1 (Download Only)

ADA 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TOPIC OUTLINES 1: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE 1.1 Introduction to History & Theory of Architecture 1.2 A word about Drawing & Images 1.3 Ancient Mesopotamia 1.3.1 Sumerians & Akkadians 1.3.2 Neo-Sumerians 1.3.3 Babylonians & Hittities 1.3.4 Assyrians 1.3.5 Neo-Babylonians 1.3.6 Persians

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the course, students should be able to: LO1

Students able to understand the world architecture and able to identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and temples.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction

YEARS

Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers (by Greek)

ACHIEVEMENTS

Starts: 4000 BCE

Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE for DOCUMENTING GOVERNMENTAL TRANSACTION + LITERARY PURPOSE

Outstanding: 3500 BCE Ended: 331 BCE

Developed in independent URBAN COMMUNITIES=CITY STATES

AREA TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle Eastern= NOW IRAQ & IRAN * MESOPOTAMIA HISTORIC PERIOD HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY EVOLVED BY ITS PEOPLE NAMELY SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction Called MESOPOTAMIA= between 2 rivers

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction

4000-2350 BCE

525-331 BCE

SUMERIANS

2350-2150 BCE AKKADIANS

PERSIANS

THE CIVILIZATION EVOLVED BY PEOPLE

2150-2000 BCE

612-539 BCE NEOBABYLONIANS 900-612 BCE

NEOSUMERIANS

ASSYRIANS

1800-1600 BCE

1200-900 BCE

BABYLONIANS

HITTITIES

1400-1200 BCE SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians Al-Ubaid,Indo-Europian a nomadic people from steppes of Central Asia migrated to CASPIAN SEA.

YEARS

SUMERIANS

AREA Fertile valley of East Region of Caspian Sea.

Starts: 4000 BCE

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE

Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:

2-Developed system of IRRIGATION=use flood waters of Euphrates.

MONUMENTAL

3-Believed in GOD=NATURAL ELEMENTS

SHRINES,

4-Urban Communities developed around SHRINES= SACRED PLACES OF GOD.

COMPLEXES,

TEMPLE,

CULT STATUES SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians Temple stood on PLATFORM

SUMERIANS

ARCHITECTURE

Greatly influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER

YEARS / AREA •ERIDU= earliest development (3800 BCE)

A RECTANGULAR BUTTRESSED WALLS enclosed LONG SHRINE ROOM flanked by smaller SIDE CHAMBERS. © 2010 Cosmopoint

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SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d.. YEARS/ PERIOD • 3800 BCE at GAWRA

STYLES / ELEMENTS

•MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE, and DWELLING HOUSES •DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS. •FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD. •FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture •MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS

YEARS / AREA •GAWRA= 3800 BCE

ARCHITECTURE

U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d.. YEARS/ PERIOD

STYLES / ELEMENTS

• 3500-3000 BCE at •METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of URUK=WHITE rubble+coated with whitewash over BRICKS+panels with SLOPING BUTRESS TEMPLE •DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS. •FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD. •FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture •MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians

SUMERIANS

CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.

ARCHITECTURE U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.

YEARS / AREA

40’H BASE of SLOPING BUTRESS

•URUK= 3500-3000 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians

The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350 BCE, by the arrival of a new group of Semitic people from the steppes of central Asia.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians

An IMMIGRANTS=SEMITIC people from steppes of Central Asia

AKKADIANS

YEARS

AREA City of AKKAD= West Bank of Euphrates

Starts: 2350-2150 BCE

ACHIEVEMENTS 1-Establishments of WARRIOR KING 2-Imperial States + Many urban Cities SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians

The Akkadian Empire was overthrown in about 2150 BCE by the Guti, a group of savage tribes from the mountain regions of Iran.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians

Guti= A group of savage tribe from mountain of Iran,caused of POLITICAL allegiance reminiscent of the FIRST SUMERIAN CITY STATES

YEARS

NEO-SUMERIANS

AREA City of AKKAD= West Bank of Euphrates

Starts:

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

1-Development of URBAN TEMPLES FORM

TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT:

2-Elevated temple on

1-Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD 2- Protection of Scared precinct from flood 3-Visual prominence (HIERARCHY) 4-Create Highland Dwelling Place

ARTIFICIAL MOUNT=ZIGGURAT

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians NEOSUMERIANS

ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT: Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD.

YEARS / AREA IRAQ 2100 BCE School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians

Dominance in the turbulent Mesopotamian region passed to the Amorite Dynasty in the city-state of Babylon from about 1800-1600 BCE.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians

AMORITE DYNASTY= King Hammurabi (1728-1686 BCE) who restored Akkadian Tradition

YEARS

BABYLONIANS

AREA

Starts: 1800-1600 BCE

City of state of Babylon

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States

GREAT TEMPLE OF MARDUK=KING OF GOD

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians

HITTITIES

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA MARDUK TEMPLE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities

About 1530 BCE the Hittities, a vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia, overran the First Dynasty of Babylon.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities

Vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia overran 1st Dynasty of Babylon

YEARS

HITTITIES

AREA

Starts: 1400-1200 BCE

City of state of Babylon

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)

Asymmetrically built City of HATTUTAS

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities

HITTITIES

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA HATTUSAS, TURKEY 1400-1200 BCE

Flanked Gates=Sculptures andofSphinxes/lions Asymmetrical city Hattusa SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.4

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians

Fierce people from Northern Mesopotamia

YEARS

ASSYRIANS

AREA

Starts: 900 BCE NINEVEH (Kuyunjik)

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)

THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.4

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE ASSYRIANS

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA KHORSABAD 720 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.5

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians

After first losing the more remote portions of their Empire, the Assyrians finally fell in 612 BCE to the combined assaults of Babylonianss, Scythians, Persians, and Medes.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.5

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians

Combined assaults of Babylonians, Scythians, Persians, and Medes

YEARS

NEO-BABYLONIANS

AREA

Starts:

ACHIEVEMENTS

ARCHITECTURE

Rebuilding and enlargements of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE)

1-City processional way= ISHTAR GATE 2Planted terraces= HANGING GARDEN 3-Crumbled Ruin of Ziggurat=TOWER OF BABEL

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

NEO-BABYLONIANS

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

City processional way= ISHTAR GATE with animal motifs SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

NEO-BABYLONIANS

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

This hand-coloured engraving by the 16th-century Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians

Babylon’s greatness was eclipsed in 539 BCE when it became part of the Persian Empire of Cyrus II.  The Persian had previously overthrown the Medes, and they continued to expand outward from their capital at Susa (Iran) to conquer all Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and even Egypt by 525 BCE.

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians

Persian Empire of Cyrus II

YEARS

PERSIANS

AREA Persepolis (Iran)

Starts: 525 BCE

ARCHITECTURE ACHIEVEMENTS 1- EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES and hypostyle halls CEREMONIAL CITY founded by Darius (518 BCE) to supplement Susa (Administrative capital) and Pasargadae (centers of court life)

2- Hittie Audience Chambers 3-Mesopotamian Sculpted animal motifs 4-The Great Palace 5- King Xerxes throne room=Hall of A Hundred columns SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians Plan of the Palace,Persepolis, (Iran, 518 BCE) PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians

PERSIANS

HYPOSTYLES HALLS= Resting on pillars (by Greek term)

ARCHITECTURE

YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians

PERSIANS

ARCHITECTURE Mesopotamian Column Sculpted animal motifs YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

THANK YOU YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:

PLEASE READ: Chapter 3 A World History of Architecture: ANCIENT EGYPT SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment

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