Historical and Cultural Background of Romantic Period

Project in Music 10 A research On The Period of Romantic Period SY: 2011-2012 Submitted by: Kim John Bernas Grade 10-BJHS Submitted to: Mrs. Maria Rhona E. Sanchez Music Teacher I.

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF ROMANTIC PERIOD Romanticism (or Era or the Romantic the

"'Roma "'Ro mant ntic ic Pe Peri riod od"' "')) was was an ar arti tisti stic, c, lite litera rary ry and and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial

Revolution. Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of  Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and natural history.[5]   The The mo move veme ment nt vali valida date ted d stro strong ng em emot otio ion n as an auth authen enti ticc sour source ce of aesthetic of aestheticexp experi erienc ence, e, placin placing g new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, hor horro rorr and and terr terror or and awe — especially especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu), impromptu), and argu ar gued ed for for a "nat "natur ural al"" epist pistem emol olog ogy y of huma human n activities as conditioned by nature in the form of  language and customary usage. Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, industrialism, and it also

Revolution. Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of  Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and natural history.[5]   The The mo move veme ment nt vali valida date ted d stro strong ng em emot otio ion n as an auth authen enti ticc sour source ce of aesthetic of aestheticexp experi erienc ence, e, placin placing g new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, hor horro rorr and and terr terror or and awe — especially especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu), impromptu), and argu ar gued ed for for a "nat "natur ural al"" epist pistem emol olog ogy y of huma human n activities as conditioned by nature in the form of  language and customary usage. Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, industrialism, and it also

attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of  the imagination to envision and to escape.  The modern sense of a romantic character may be expr expres esse sed d in Byronic idea ideals ls of a gifte ifted, d, per perhaps haps misu misund nder erst stoo ood d lo lone nerr, crea creati tive vely ly foll follow owin ing g the the dictates of his inspiration rather than the standard ways of contemporary society. Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of  the French French Revolu Revolutio tion n la laiid the the back backgr grou ound nd fro rom m which both Romanticism and the CounterEnlightenment emerged. The confines of the Indu Indust stri rial al Re Revo volu luti tion on al also so had had thei theirr infl influe uenc nce e on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities; indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism "Realism"" was offered as a polarized opposi opposite te to Romanti Romanticism cism..[6] Romanticism Romanticism elevated elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of 

form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a zeitgeist , in the representation of its ideas.

II. DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF ROMANTIC MUSIC Although the term "Romanticism" when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from the 1820s until around 1900, the contemporary application of "romantic" to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation. In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann called Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven the three "Romantic Composers", and Ludwig Spohr used the term "good Romantic style" to apply to parts of Beethoven'sFifth Symphony.   Technically, Mozart and Haydn are considered Classical composers, and by most standards, Beethoven represents the start of the musical Romantic period. By the early 20th century, the sense that there had been a decisive break with the musical past led to the establishment of the 19th century as "  The Romantic Era", and it is referred to as such in the standard encyclopedias of music.

 The traditional modern discussion of the music of  Romanticism includes elements, such as the growing use of folk music, which are also directly related to the broader current of Romantic nationalism in the arts[23] as well as aspects already present in 18th-century music, such as the cantabile accompanied melody[24] to which Romantic composers beginning with Franz Schubert applied restless key modulations.  The heightened contrasts and emotions of Sturm und Drang (German for "turbulence and urge(ncy)") seem a precursor of the Gothic novel in literature, or the sanguinary elements of some of  the operas of the period of the French Revolution. The libretti Lorenzo of   da Ponte forMozart's eloquent music convey a new sense of individuality and freedom. The romantic generation viewed Beethoven as their ideal of a heroic artist — a man who first dedicated a symphony to Consul Bonaparte as a champion of  freedom and then challenged Emperor Napoleon by striking him out from the dedication of the Eroica Symphony. In Beethoven's Fidelio he creates the apotheosis of the 'rescue operas' which were another feature of French musical culture during the revolutionary period, in order to hymn the

freedom which underlay the thinking of all radical artists in the years of hope after the Congress of  Vienna. Pyotr Tchaikovsky's wide ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental and chamber music and songs. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beautyand opera Eugene Onegin. In the contemporary music culture, the romantic musician followed a public career depending on sensitive middle-class audiences rather than on a courtly patron, as had been the case with earlier musicians and composers. Public persona characterized a new generation of virtuosi who made their way as soloists, epitomized in the concert tours of Paganini and Liszt. Beethoven's use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe. E.T.A. Hoffmann was able to write of the

supremacy of instrumental music over vocal music in expressiveness, a concept which would previously have been regarded as absurd. Hoffmann himself, as a practitioner both of music and literature, encouraged the notion of music as "programmatic" or narrative, an idea which new audiences found attractive. Early 19th century developments in instrumental technology — iron frames for pianos, wound metal strings for string instruments — enabled louder dynamics, more varied tone colours, and the potential for sensational virtuosity. Such developments swelled the length of pieces, introduced programmatic titles, and created new genres such as the freestanding concert overture or tone poem, the piano fantasia, nocturne and rhapsody, and the virtuosic concerto, which became central to musical romanticism. In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by Weber's Der Freischütz (1817, revised 1821). Enriched timbre and color marked the early orchestration of Hector Berlioz in France, and the grand operas of Meyerbeer. Amongst the radical fringe of what became mockingly

characterised (adopting Wagner's own words) as "artists of the future", Liszt and Wagner each embodied the Romantic cult of the free, inspired, charismatic, perhaps ruthlessly unconventional individual artistic personality.  The Romantic-era ballet freed itself both from opera, in which a ballet interlude retained an essential role only in Paris, and from court fêtes, and independently paralleled the developments of  opera with explicit narrative libretti, expressed in lengthy passages of mime, the universal presence of impetuous or ill-fated young love, the supremacy of the ballerina and the choice often of  supernatural subjects: Giselle (1841) remains the supreme example. It is the period of 1815 to 1848 which must be regarded as the true age of Romanticism in music  –  the age of the last compositions of Beethoven (d. 1827) and Schubert (d. 1828), of the works of Schumann (d. 1856) and Chopin (d.1849), of the early struggles of Berlioz andRichard Wagner, of  the great virtuosi such as Paganini (d. 1840), and the young Liszt and Thalberg. Now that we are able to listen to the work of Mendelssohn (d. 1847) stripped of the Biedermeier reputation unfairly attached to it, he can also be placed in this more

appropriate context. After this period, with Chopin and Paganini dead, Liszt retired from the concert platform at a minor German court, Wagner effectively in exile until he obtained royal patronage in Bavaria, and Berlioz still struggling with the bourgeois liberalism which all but smothered radical artistic endeavour in Europe, Romanticism in music was surely past its prime —  giving way, rather, to the period of musical romantics.

III. PROMINENT COMPOSERS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Name

Da Da te te Nation Notable works bor die ality n d

Ludwig van 177 18 Germa Ludwig van Beethoven Beethov 0 27 n en regarded by many as the first Romantic era composer, famous for his nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, ten violin sonatas and piano trios Ferdina 177 18 ndo Italian 0 41 Carulli

composer for the guitar, wrote concertos and cha mber music

Anton Reicha

177 18 Czech 0 36

composer who experimented with irregular time signatures, has significant works for wind quintet

Best known for writing Wien Neêrlands  Johann Dutch177 18 Bloed, which served as Wilhelm Germa 2 47 the Dutch national Wilms n anthem from 1815 to 1932. Bernhar 177 18 composer d Henrik Finnish 5 38 and clarinet player Crusell

 Johann composer and pianist, Nepomu 177 18 Austria his music bridged k 8 37 n the Classical era of   Hummel music and Romantic era Fernand 177 18 Spanish composer for o Sor 8 39 the classical guitar who is credited with

elevating the guitar to the level of concert instrument Mauro 178 18 Italian Giuliani 1 28

composer and virtuoso guitarist

Daniel Auber

178 18 opera composer noted French 2 71 for La muette de Portici

 John Field

178 18 Irish 2 37

Niccolò 178 18 Paganin Italian 2 40 i

Louis Spohr

composer and pianist, notable for cultivating the nocturne composer and virtuoso violinist, wrote the 24 Caprices for violin, five concerti for violin, string quartets and works for violin and guitar

composer, violinist and conductor, renowned for 178 18 Germa chamber music and 4 59 n compositions for violin and harp

composer, violinist and George 178 18 virtuoso pianist, known English Pinto 5 06 for his contribution to the piano repretoire Carl Maria von Weber

composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and 178 18 Germa critic, one of the first 6 26 n significant Romantic opera composers

Giacom composer for grand crociato in o 179 18 Germa opera (Il Egitto, Les Meyerb 1 64 n Huguenots, L'Africaine) eer Gioachi 179 18 no Italian 2 68 Rossini

prolific opera composer, best known for The Barber of Seville and overtures to various other operas

composer and piano Ignaz virtuoso, head of   179 18 Bohemi Moschel the Leipzig 4 70 an es Conservatory after Felix Mendelssohn

composer, little known in his lifetime, but his Franz 179 18 Swedis works, including his four Berwald 6 68 h symphonies are better known today Gaetano 179 18 Donizett Italian 7 48 i

opera composer, known di for Lucia Lammermoor and L'elisir  d'amore among others

Franz 179 18 Austria Schuber 7 28 n t

Franz Schubert composer, regarded as the first significant lieder writer, also known for his chamber music, piano

works and symphonies

Early Romantic era composers (born 1800-1819) 

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Vincenzo Bellini (1801 – 1835), Italian opera composer, known for I Puritani, Norma and La sonnambula among others   Jean-Baptiste Duvernoy(1802 – 1880), French composer and pianist Eliza Flower (1803 – 1846), English composer Adolphe Adam (1803 – 1856), French composer best known for his ballet score Giselle Hector Berlioz (1803 – 1869), French composer famous for his programmatic symphony, the Symphonie Fantastique Henri Herz (1803 – 1888), Austrian composer and pianist

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Franz Lachner (1803 – 1890), German composer and conductor, brother of Ignaz Lachner Mikhail Glinka (1804 – 1857), Russian nationalist composer, wrote operas such as  A Life for the Tsar 

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  Johann Strauss I(1804 – 1849), Austrian dance music composer famous for the Radetzky March Fanny Mendelssohn (1805 – 1847), sister of Felix Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist, remarkable for her vocal compositions and chamber music   Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller(1806 – 1874), German composer and pianist, brother of Norbert Burgmüller Ignaz Lachner (1807 – 1895), German conductor, composer and organist, a prolific composer, notable for his chamber music Michael William Balfe (1808 – 1870), Irish conductor and composer, remembered for his opera The Bohemian Girl Felix Mendelssohn (1809 – 1847), brother of Fanny Mendelssohn, German conductor, music-director, composer and pianist, known for his Violin Concerto and March from A the Wedding Midsummer Night's Dream, also wrote five No. symphonies including the Symphony 4'Italian', and several short lyrical piano pieces or Songs without Words.

Frédéric Chopin 

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Frédéric Chopin (1810 – 1849), Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, his output includes nocturnes, ballades,scherzos, etudes, and a number of Polish dances such as mazurkas, polonaises, and waltzes (including theMinute Waltz ) Ferenc Erkel (1810 – 1893), Hungarian composer of grand opera Norbert Burgmüller (1810 – 1836), German composer, praised by Robert Schumann Robert Schumann (1810 – 1856), German composer and pianist, husband of  Clara Schumann, a significantlieder writer, a prolific composer, wrote many short piano pieces, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music Wilhelm Taubert (1811-1891) German Pianist, Composer and Conductor whose early works received praise from Felix Mendelssohn Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886), Hungarian composer and a virtuoso pianist, wrote a number of tone

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poems and extended piano technique, famous for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other solo piano works, one of the most influential and distinguished pianist composers of the Romantic era Ferdinand Hiller (1811 – 1885), German composer, conductor, writer and music-director, close friend of Felix Mendelssohn Ambroise Thomas (1811 – 1896), French composer, best known for the operas Mignon and Hamlet  Sigismond Thalberg (1812 – 1871), Swiss composer and one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era Louis Antoine Jullien (1812 – 1860), French eccentric conductor and composer of light music, king of promenade concerts in England Friedrich von Flotow (1812 – 1883), German composer, chiefly remembered for his opera Martha Stephen Heller (1813 – 1888), Hungarian composer, highly effected the late-Romantic composers Alexandre Dubuque (1812 – 1898), Russianresident French composer, known for teaching Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813 – 1888), French composer and virtuoso pianist

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Ernst Haberbier (1813 – 1869), German composer of brilliant piano music Giuseppe Verdi (1813 – 1901), major Italian opera composer, best known for Nabucco, Rigoletto, La Traviata and Aida

Richard Wagner 

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Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883), major German Ring des opera composer (Der Nibelungen, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, Parsifal among others), also famous for the widely used Bridal Chorus in marriages. Giuseppe Lillo (1814-1863), Italian composer, best known for his operas amongst which is worth noting Odda di Bernaver and Caterina Howard

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Adolf von Henselt (1814 – 1889), German composer and pianist Robert Volkmann (1815 – 1883), German composer, companion of  Johannes Brahms William Sterndale Bennett (1816 – 1875), English composer, conductor, and editor

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Émile Prudent (February 3, 1817  –  May 14, 1863), French pianist and composer Károly Thern (1817 – 1886), Hungarian composer, conductor and teacher Niels Gade (1817 – 1890), Danish composer, violinist and organist Charles Gounod (1818 – 1893), French composer, best known for his operas Faust and Roméo et   Juliette

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Jacques Offenbach (1819 – 1880), French opera and operetta composer, known for The Tales of Hoffmann and Orpheus in the Underworld

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Franz von Suppé (1819 – 1895), Austrian composer and conductor notable for his operettas Clara Schumann (1819 – 1896), German composer and pianist, wife of Robert Schumann, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era

Middle Romantic era composers (born 1820-1839) 

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Henri Vieuxtemps (1820 – 1881), Belgian composer and violinist Giovanni Bottesini (1821 – 1889), Italian conductor, composer and double bass virtuoso

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Emilie Hammarskjöld (1821 – 1854), Swedish composer, consert pianist and organist   Joachim Raff (1822 – 1882), Swiss-born German composer, best known for eleven symphonies, most of them program music César Franck (1822 – 1890), Belgian-born French composer, noted for his Symphony , also a significant composer for the organ Édouard Lalo (1823 – 1 892), French composer remembered for his Symphonie Espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto Theodor Kirchner (1823-1903), German composer and pianist, he wrote over 1000 piano pieces. Anton Bruckner (1824 – 1896), Austrian composer of nine large-scale symphonies (one incomplete) and two more unacknowledged Bedř ich Smetana (1824 – 1884), Czech nationalist composer, perhaps best known for his cycle of  symphonic poems, Má vlast and his opera The Bartered Bride

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Carl Reinecke (1824-1910), German composer, conductor and pianist, best known for his attachment to classical forms and conductedGewandhausorchester for nearly 35 years Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825 – 1889), French virtuoso cornetist, wrote the "Grande méthode

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complète pour cornet à pistons et de saxhorn" now referred to as the "Trumpeter's Bible" Johann Strauss II(1825 – 1899), Austrian composer known as "The Waltz King", composed The Blue Danube and opera Die Fledermaus, son of the composer Johann Strauss I and elder brother of   Josef Straussand Eduard Strauss Ivar Christian Hallström (1826 – 1901), Swedish opera composer   Josef Strauss(1827 – 1870), Austrian composer and younger brother of  Johann Strauss II Adolphe Blanc (1828 – 1885), French composer of  chamber music Anton Rubinstein (1829 – 1894), Russian conductor, composer and pianist Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829 – 1869), American composer famous for performing his own romantic piano works Karl Goldmark (1830 – 1915), Hungarian composer Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (1830 – 1894), German conductor, composer and virtuoso pianist Jan Gerard Palm(1831 – 1906), Curaçao born composer, best known for his mazurkas, waltzes, danzas, tumbas, fantasies, and serenades.

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August Söderman (1832 – 1876), Swedish composer, best known for his lieder and choral works Alexander Borodin (1833 – 1887), Russian chemist and nationalist composer, wrote the opera Prince Igor 

 Johannes Brahms 

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Johannes Brahms (1833 – 1897), German composer, one of the leading musicians of  the Romantic period, famous for his working under and of being compared to Beethoven, and his most influential works include the four symphonies, Violin Concerto (Brahms), two piano concertos, and Double Concerto in A minor for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (1887), aside from his other orchestral works, numerous chamber music and piano music pieces and lieder. Amilcare Ponchielli (1834 – 1886), Italian opera composer known for La Gioconda   Julius Reubke(1834 – 1858), German piano and organ composer, known for Sonata on the 94th Psalm

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Camille Saint-Saëns (1835 – 1921), French music critic, composer, pianist and an exceptional organist, renowned for his Organ Symphony , numerous concert pieces, pieces of chamber Macabre and The music, mélodies, Danse Carnival of the Animals

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Henryk Wieniawski (1835 – 1880), Polish composer and violinist, famous for two concertos and character pieces of exceptional difficulty Eduard Strauss (1835 – 1916), Austrian composer and younger brother of  Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss César Antonovich Cui (1835 – 1918), Russian army officer, music critic, composer in Russian Five Friedrich Baumfelder (1836 – 1916), German piano, choral, and orchestra composer, in his day known for his 'Tirocinium musicae' and today known for his 'Melody in F major' Léo Delibes (1836 – 1891), one of the first significant ballet composers since the Baroque music, known for Coppélia, Sylvia, and Lakmé Bertha Tammelin (1836 – 1915), Swedish composer, consert pianist and opera singer Julius Weissenborn (1837 – 1888), German bassoonist, composer and music teacher, famous for his Practical Bassoon School Émile Waldteufel (1837 – 1915), French composer of light music

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Mily Balakirev (1837 – 1910), Russian nationalist composer and leader of the Russian Five Georges Bizet (1838 – 1875), French composer of  the opera Carmen Max Bruch (1838 – 1920), German composer, known for his Violin Concerto No. 1, Scottish Fantasy , and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra Modest Mussorgsky (1839 – 1881), Russian nationalist composer known for his intensely nationalist works including his opera Boris Godunov , and Pictures at an Exhibition, part of Russian Five   John Knowles Paine(1839 – 1906), first nativeborn American composer to acquire fame for his large-scale orchestral music

Late Romantic era composers (born 1840-1859)

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 

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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 – 1893), Russian composer, known for his ballets (The Nutcracker , Swan Lake), his operas (Eugene Onegin), the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, his Violin Concerto and hissymphonies Johan Svendsen (1840 – 1911), Norwegian composer, conductor and violinist Emmanuel Chabrier (1841 – 1894), French composer who influenced Maurice Ravel, Les Six, Jean Françaixand many other French composers, known for the opera L'étoile Antonín Dvoř ák (1841 – 1904), Czech composer, known for the "New World" Symphony 

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Arrigo Boito (1842 – 1918), Italian composer and librettist, known as a composer for his opera Mefistofele   Jules Massenet(1842 – 1912), French composer best known for his operas Manon and Werther and theMéditation for violin from the opera Thaïs Arthur Sullivan (1842 – 1900), English composer known for his operettas in collaboration with W. S. Gilbert Émile Bernard (1843 – 1902), French composer and organist known for his Divertissement for  Doubled Wind Quintet 

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Edvard Grieg (1843 – 1907), Norwegian composer known for his Piano Concerto, Lyric Pieces for the piano, and incidental music to Peer Gynt  Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 – 1908), Russian composer and member of  The Five, best known for Flight of the Bumblebee from The Tale of Tsar  Saltan, Scheherazade, and the Capriccio Espagnol

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Pablo de Sarasate (1844 – 1908), Spanish virtuoso violinist and composer Charles-Marie Widor (1844 – 1937), French composer, known for his works for the organ Gabriel Fauré (1845 – 1924), French composer, known for his chamber music and a requiem among other pieces

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Ignaz Brüll (1846 – 1907), Austrian composer and pianist Robert Fuchs (1847 – 1927), Austrian composer and music teacher Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (1847 – 1917), German-Polish composer and music teacher, brother of Xaver Scharwenka Henri Duparc (1848 – 1933), French composer, noted for seventeen mélodies Hubert Parry (1848 – 1918), English composer, wrote choral song Jerusalem Ernesto Köhler (1849 – 1907), Italian flautist and composer, known by flautists for his instructional work Progress in Flute Playing Franz Xaver Scharwenka (1850 – 1924), PolishGerman composer, pianist and music teacher, brother of Philipp Scharwenka Vincent d'Indy (1851 – 1931), French composer, teacher of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud among others Francisco Tárrega (1852 – 1909) Spanish composer and virtuoso classical guitarist, known as the 'Father of modern classical guitar playing' Hans Huber (1852 – 1921), Swiss composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853 – 1883), Romanian composer

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Engelbert Humperdinck (1854 – 1921), German opera composer influenced by Richard Wagner, famous for Hänsel und Gretel Leoš Janáček (1854 – 1928), Czech composer, known for his operas Káť a Kabanová and Jenůfa and orchestral pieces Sinfonietta andTaras Bulba Alfredo Catalani (1854 – 1893), Italian composer, known for the operas Loreley and La Wally  Moritz Moszkowski (1854 – 1925), German Jewish composer-pianist who wrote prolifically for the piano, also composed a piano concerto and a violin concerto John Philip Sousa(1854 – 1932), American composer, "The March King" Ernest Chausson (1855 – 1899), French composer influenced by Franck and Wagner, seen as a bridge from them to Claude Debussy Julius Röntgen(1855 – 1932), German-Dutch composer influenced by Brahms, close friend to Grieg Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856 – 1915), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher Edward Elgar (1857 – 1934), English composer, wrote oratorios, chamber music, concerti and symphonies, most famous for Variations and Pomp and his Enigma Circumstance Marches

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Cécile Chaminade (1857 – 1944), French composer and pianist Ruggero Leoncavallo (1858 – 1919), Italian opera composer known almost exclusively for Pagliacci Giacomo Puccini (1858 – 1924), Italian opera bohème, Tosca, composer known forLa and Madama Butterfly  Sergei Lyapunov (1859 – 1924), Russian composer and pianist

Romantic era/20th century transition composers (born 1860-1880) 

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Isaac Albéniz (1860 – 1909), Spanish composer, known for nationalist piano works such as Iberia and a 'set of 12 piano pieces' Gustave Charpentier (1860 – 1956), French composer best known for his opera Louise

Gustav Mahler 

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Gustav Mahler (1860 – 1911), Austrian composer, one of the most important late-Romantic/earlyModernist composers, his works include nine innovative large-scale and sometimes programmatic symphonies, and many lieder Edward MacDowell (1860 – 1908), American composer best known for his piano concertos and piano suites, his works include his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose" Hugo Wolf (1860 – 1903), Austrian composer of lieder, influenced by Richard Wagner Anton Arensky (1861 – 1906), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher

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Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918), French composer, one of the most prominent figures working within the field of Impressionist music, known for his de Lune (from Suite compositions Clair bergamasque), Deux Arabesques, and many others Frederick Delius (1862 – 1934), English composer, used chromaticism in many of his compositions Pietro Mascagni (1863 – 1945), Italian opera composer, known for Cavalleria rusticana Ricardo Castro (1864 – 1907), Mexican composer, works include piano music

Richard Strauss 

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Richard Strauss (1864 – 1949), German composer, known for  Also sprach Zarathustra ("Thus Spoke Zarathustra"), wrote many tone poems, operas and lieder Paul Dukas (1865 – 1935), French composer, known for his piece of program music The Sorcerer's Apprentice

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Alexander Glazunov (1865 – 1936), Russian composer, influenced by Wagner and Liszt Carl Nielsen (1865 – 1931), Danish composer, renowned for his six symphonies and concerti   Jean Sibelius(1865 – 1957), Finnish nationalist composer of seven symphonies, known for the symphonic poem Finlandia and Violin Concerto Ferruccio Busoni (1866 – 1924), Italian composer and pianist, known for his opera Turandot and his many transcriptions and arrangements of  Johann Sebastian Bach Samuel Maykapar (1867 – 1938), Russian composer Umberto Giordano (1867 – 1948), Italian opera composer Enrique Granados (1867 – 1916), Spanish composer and pianist, known for his piano works and chamber music Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867 – 1942), Swedish composer, wrote symphonies, operas, vocal and piano music Amy Beach (1867 – 1944), American composer and pianist Vittorio Monti (1868 – 1922), Italian composer, violinist, and conductor Zygmunt Stojowski (1869/70 – 1946), Polish composer and pianist

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  Julius Conus(1869 – 1 942), Russian composer and violinist Franz Lehár (1870 – 1948), Hungarian composer, mainly known for his operettas Guillaume Lekeu (1870 – 1894), Belgian (Wallon) composer, known for his violin sonata Henry Kimball Hadley (1871 – 1937), American composer and conductor, composed the opera Cleopatra's Night  Oreste Ravanello (1871 – 1938), Italian composer, known for works for choir, and for organ Alexander Zemlinsky (1871 – 1942), Austrian composer and music teacher, his students include Schoenberg and Korngold Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 – 1958), English composer, his works include nine symphonies, Fantasia on Greensleeves, and other orchestral poems Hugo Alfvén (1872 – 1960), Swedish composer, known for Swedish Rhapsody , works include choral music, and five symphonies Alexander Scriabin (1872 – 1915), Russian, known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrical, orchestral works

Sergei Rachmaninoff  

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Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873 – 1943), Russian composer, conductor and virtuoso pianist, wrote threesymphonies, four piano concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and solo piano music Max Reger (1873 – 1916), prolific German composer, known for his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart 

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Reynaldo Hahn (1874 – 1947), Venezuelan composer, known for his strikingly beautiful and unabashedly tonal melodies Arnold Schoenberg (1874 – 1951), Austrian composer, whose early works (e.g. "Verklarte Nacht") are influenced by Mahler, but subsequently developed atonalism and serialism with such watershed works as "Moses und Aron" Franz Schmidt (1874 – 1939), Austrian composer, influenced by Bruckner and Brahms Maurice Ravel (1875 – 1937), French composer, despite a limited number of compositions,