Historia Y Vida - Marzo 2016

 

TRHMZCI

>4 /  / :>=7

2< DIZMPÔK LBF WCZZBCKM\I

Bf bspfbklir lb fm Fchm difikcmf

:2

  s   b   r    ï    c   z   m    H    f    å   i    K   0   m    è    g   m   r   a   i    t   i    G  .    t   r   u   i   d   m    f   b    L    l   r   m   k   r   b    J   0   k    ô    c   d   d   b    f   i    D      ©

FM GIZ\RKM LB FM IZLBK LBF \BH^FB Mukqub prbtbklèmk vcvcr dik mustbrclml, fis tbhpfmrcis tuvcbrik qub abstcikmr hðftcpfbs likmdcikbs. Tb dikvcrtcbrik

MZ\ÈDRFIT Bf trbk lbf Ocymz Fm fèkbm qub lbjèm ukcr Lmhmsdi dik Fm Hbdm cjm m schjifczmr bf priarbsi lbf hukli husufhík. Fmwrbkdb lb Mrmjcm sb bkdmraô Jmqubri, pbrcilcstm. lb lbstrucrfm. M. Jmqubri,

1? Dcbkdcm

FM GMHCFCM ÍFWMZBP Fm jihjm mtôhcdm y fm bxtckdcôk lb fis lckismurcis tcbkbk bk dihðk m bstm smam lb dcbktègcdis lb Hcffbt,pbrcilcstm. pbrcilcstm. ircabk bspmýif.  B. Hcffbt,

?: Mrtb

BF BLÃK ^ZCWMLI LB HIKB\

 Fm \rmvcm rmvcmtm tm

bk rcqubzm qubjmkqubris, dilcdcmjmkdik fis ukm rbybs.  @. F. Dirrmf, Dirrmf, ocstircmlir5 ocstircmlir5 M.  M. Dirrmf, Dirrmf, bsdrctir.

Bf lb  gub ukdihpisctir abkci bxpbrchbktmlir, pbri tmhjcãk uk armk oihjrb.  M. Dmsi, ocstircmlirm lbf Mrtb y bsdrctirm.

Rkm lbsdujrb fm ijrm hís bxpiscdcôk bspbdtmdufmr lbf pcktir grmkdãs0 bf `mrlèk qub ckspcrô sus fcbkzis. M. Bdobvbrrèm, Bdobvbrrèm, pbrcilcstm.  pbrcilcstm.

OCT\IZ ZCC M S W C L M  

4

 

TRHMZCI

>4 / :>=7 TBDDCIKBT ?

^rchbrm pfmkm

LB\BD\CWBT LBF MZ\B Bk Bspmým, fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi lb fm pifcdèm kmdcikmf pbrscaub fis rijis y fms gmfscgcdmdcikbs lb mrtb. Omjfmhis dik su ckspbdtir `bgb, Mktikci \bkirci. A. \idm Zby, pbrcilcstm. 

=:

Bk jrbvb

=<

Fuamrbs

\BH^BFOIG Bf mktcaui mbripubrti lb Jbrfèk, oiy pmrqub pðjfcdi, bxpbrchbktm ukm gukdcôk ckbspbrmlm.

=7

Mkãdlitms

=? BF \BTIZI LBF I_RT Mrqubifiaèm

=?

¹^ir quã susdctm diktrivbrscm fm mutbktcdclml lb fm hmyir difbddcôk lb ij`btis lb iri y pfmtm lbf Chpbrci mqubhãkclm, uki lb fis hís armklbs lb fm Mktcaöblml9

IZI S ^FM\M LB ^BZTCM

Bf pifãhcdi ircabk lb uk tbsiri

??

D. @ircd, ocstircmlir y pbrcilcstm.

??

Dirrbi   Mabklm

3:

Fcjris y dckb

3?

Giti dik ocstircm

::

FIT LÈMT GCKMFBT LB RKM BT\ZBFFM

3:

Rk ym rbtcrmli Jmjb Zuto, bf hètcdi `uamlir lb jãcsjif, dickdclcô bk uk bstmlci dik uk guturi prbsclbktb, Abirab O. Q. Juso.

Drãlctis gitiarígcdis0 Mdc Mabkdcm lb Gitiarmgèm0 pp. 447 Jmrdbfikm, Bspmým. OCT\IZCM S WCLM bs ukm hmrdm rbacstrmlm lb Hukli Zbvcstms, T. F. R. y bstí utcfczmlm jm`i diktrmti lb fcdbkdcm. Dipyrcaot © :>=: =?> ?4> B-hmcf0 lyrNlyrsm.bs

Lbpôscti fbamf0 J.?1?>=?-:42< Gitihbdíkcdm0  GICKTM Chprchb0 Chprbktm Zitidmygi (Chprbscm Cjãrcdm) Lcstrcjuyb0 FIACT\M Zbvcstm diktrifmlm pir

BF CH^BZCI \BH^FMZCI  O mk abkbrmli tmktm fctbrmturm dihi hctis. ^bri, ^bri, hís mffí lb su fbybklm, fis tbhpfmrcis dikstctuybrik uk difbdtcvi sckaufmr, pfbkmhbktb cktbarmli bk bf diktbxti ocstôrcdi lb fms druzmlms, qub pripcdcô su ircabk, muab y lbdmlbkdcm. Bk fis ðftchis scafis lb fm Blml Hblcm, fm lbgbksm lb fis Tmktis Fuamrbs y fm pritbddcôk lb fis pbrbarckis mktb bf mdisi husufhík sb dikvcrtcbrik bk bf hmyir ij`btcvi

lb fm drcstcmklml. Msè kmdb fm irlbk lbf \bhpfb. \bhpfb. M hblci dmhcki bktrb fi hcfctmr hcfct mr y fi bspcrctumf, ki fm cktbarmjmk hik`bs aubrrbris, scki dmjmffbris rbfcacisis bktrbkmlis pmrm jmtmffmr pir su gb. Fm mustbrclml gub su clbmf lb vclm, pbri, armdcms m fms ckhbksms likmdcikbs pbrdcjclms y fis prcvcfbacis trcjutmrcis, mduhufmrik uk bkirhb pmtrchikci, bxdbfbktbhbktb mlhckcstrmli, mlhckcstrmli, qub fbs pbrhctcô drbmr su pripcm jmkdm. Fm bgcdmz bstrudturm gckmkdcbrm lb fis tbhpfmrcis y su gcmjcfclml ocdcbrik qub fis pilbrisis dikscakmrmk dikscakmrmk sus rcqubzms rcqu bzms bk fms bkdihcbklms lb fm irlbk. Lb bstb hili, mtbsirmrik dmlm vbz hís jcbkbs b ckgfubkdcm. Tck bhjmrai, bsb hcshi prbstcaci sb tirkô rbdbfi m hblcmlis lbf scafi _CCC, dumkli Buripm bhpbzô m sbktcr fis bgbdtis lb ukm priguklm drcscs, qub mgbdtô m fms mrdms lb fm irlbk. Hcbktrms fms likmdcikbs lcshckuèmk, fm igbkscvm husufhmkm lbhmklmjm hís rbdursis. Fm pãrlclm lb \cbrrm Tmktm pir pmrtb lb fis druzmlis smfpcdô mf \bhpfb, \bhpfb, y su lbsdrãlcti gub mfchbktmli pir hikmrdms dihi Gbfcpb CW lb Grmkdcm. Mdudcmli pir fms lbulms, bf rby ckstcaô ukm dmhpmým diktrm fis tbhpfmrcis. Fm dilcdcm pir ijtbkbr bf supubsti tbsiri lb fm irlbk lci pmsi m uk vbraikzisi pridbsi, jmsmli bk gmfsis dmrais, qub mdmjô dik hudois

lb sus hcbhjris bk fm oiaubrm. Mffè kmdcô bf hcti, uk hcti qub om lbrcvmli bk hðftcpfbs y ki scbhprb mgirtukmlms cktbrprbtmdcikbs. Fm qub omjèm scli fm irlbk hís prbstcacism y rcdm lb fm drcstcmklml lbsmpmrbdèm bkvubftm bk ukm murbifm lb hcstbrci, mf qub diktrcjuy diktrcjuybrik brik su pripci sbdrbtcshi y bf obdoi lb qub jubkm pmrtb lb sus liduhbktis gubrmk lbstruclis.

Bstm rbvcstm om rbdcjcli ukm myulm m fm blcdcôk lbf Hckcstbrci lb Bludmdcôk, Dufturm y Lbpirtb.

\bxti0 Csmjbf

Hmramrct, Hmram rct, lcrbdtirm

^mrmm ipckmr sijrb fm rbvcstm publbs bsdrcjcr m rblmddcikoyvNocstircmyvclm.dih ^mr ^IZ\MLM Bspmlm mktcaum pbrtbkbdcbktb m uk dmjmffbri hblcbvmf.

Tèaubkis bk

Nocstircmyvclm

gmdbjiie.dih/OcstircmyWclm  ki sb omdb rbspiksmjfb lb fms ipckcikbs bxprbsmlms pir fis mutirbs lb fis mrtèdufis.

OCT\IZCM S WCLM

\mhjcãk lcspikcjfb bk

^ZCHBZM ^FMKM  

LB\BD\CWBT LBF MZ\B Msè bs dihi pbrscaub bk Bspmým fis rijis y fms gmfscgcdmdcikbs gmfscgcdmdcikbs lb mrtb fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi lbf Dubrpi Kmdcikmf lb ^ifcdèm. ^BZCILCT\M AIKPMFI \ID M ZBS,

? 

OCT\IZCM S WCLM

LBFC\IT MZ\ÈT\CDIT  

BF DÔLCDB DMFC_\CKI , bxtrmèli lb fm dmtblrmf lb Tmktcmai lb Dihpistbfm bk :>== pir bf mktcaui bfbdtrcdcstm

lb fm jmsèfcdm, @isã Hmkubf Gbrkíklbz Dmstcýbcrms, y bkdiktrmli bk su amrm`b uk mýi lbspuãs.

ubkm bf tbfãgiki. Bs ukm grèm hmýmkm lb ckvcbrki dik ukm jrcsm obfmlm qub mrrmkdm fms ðftchms oi`ms lb fis írjifbs. ‖Tiy Mktikci \bkirci, ckspbdtir `bgb y `bgb lb fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi. Hb oms ffmhmli‘. Msè bhpcbzm fm dikvbrsmdcôk dik uki lb fis hmyirbs bxpbrtis bspmýifbs bk ckvbstcamdcôk lbf riji, trígcdi y gmfscgcdmdcôk lb ijrms lb mrtb. Ffbvm bk bf Dubrpi Kmdcikmf lb ^ifcdèm lbslb =31>? lcrcab fis lbstckis lb su jrcamlm lb  vbcktb  vbck tb gukd gukdcikm cikmrcis, rcis, bktr bktrbb fis fis qub sb dubk dubk-tmk mfaukis fcdbkdcmlis bk Jbffms Mrtbs y

hbktb lb omjbr myulmli m fm pifcdèm m rbsifvbr lbfctis y qub tuvi bf vmfir lb tctufmr su fcjri ^ir mhir mf mrtb0 mrtb0 Hbh Hbhircm ircmss lbf lbf fmlrôk hís gmhisi lbf hukli bk :>=:9

bk Ocstircm lbf Mrtb omky dmhjcmli bf fípcz y bf pckdbf pir fmqub pfmdm bf ukcgirhb. ‖Mquè qubrbhis mabktbs qub vbkamk vifuktmrcmhbktb. Tc ki tcbkbk sbkscjcfclml pir bstms disms, bs hb`ir qub ki vbkamk‘. Fis qub jusdmk bkgrbktmrsb dik drchckmfbs  vcifbkt  vcif bktis is i tbrr tbrrircs ircstms tms ki vmk m dik dikgirh girhmr mr-sb dik Fis gusc guscfmhc fmhcbkt bktis is lbf lbf trbs trbs lb hmyi hmyi. Bstb ckspbdtir `bgb smjb qub fms ipbrmdcikbs rbfmdcikmlms dik bf pmtrchikci dufturmf sik dmrkb lb tbfblcmrci, tbrtufcms y mfai lb hctifiaèm bk Bspmým. ¹]ucãk ki sb bhpmpô lb fis lbtmffbs lbf riji lbf Dôlcdb Dmfcxtcki lb fm dmtblrmf lb Tmktcmai lb Dihpistbfm pir pmrtb lbf ‖isduri bfbdtrcdcstm

Blvmrl Hukdo Isfi omk sugrcli lis mtrmdis dmlm ukibkqub supuscbrik fm lbsmpmrcdcôk (tbhpirmf) lb ijrms tmk bhjfbhítcdms dihi Fis acrmsifbs acrmsifbs i  Bf arcti. Bk Bspmým, bf ðkcdi riji lb armklbs pripirdcikbs sb prilu`i bk uk lihcdcfci, bf lb fm bhprbsmrcm Bstobr Eipfiwctz bk Hmlrcl bk :>>=, y sb ffbvmrik, bktrb itris, lis Aiyms y uk Jrubaobf Jr ubaobf qub fm pifcdèm rbdupbrô bk hbkis uk mýi y hblci. Bsis ãxctis gufaurmktbs omjfmk jcbk lbf dbfi dik bf qub Bspmým pritbab fms armklbs pckturms y bsdufturms, pbri tmhjcãk bsdiklbk uk isduri rbaubri lb grmdmsis qub ki gcaurm, hudoms vbdbs, bk fms bstm-

^mès9 ^mès lb zmpmtis ffmhôbf Bffmlrôk ¹S qucãk ki ritis‘, dikidb dihi m Brce bffiJbfam, lb aumktb jfmkdi `ujcfmli qub vcvb pfídclmhbktb bk Hífmam, qub prbsuhb gmfsm-

lèstcdms igcdcmfbs. Bf ckspbdtir lb fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi`bgb fi mlhctb dik rbscakmdcôk lb pifcdèm vbtbrmki0 ‖Ki pilbhis bvctmr qub mfaucbk lã uk

T  

BF ^ZBTCLBK\B lbf aijcbrki Hmrcmki Zm`iy rbstctuyb m fm dmtblrmf lb Tmktcmai lb Dihpistbfm bf Dôlcdb Dmfcxtcki rbdupbrmli pir fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi. M fm czqlm., Mktikci \bkirci, ckspbdtir  `bgb y `bgb lb lb fm jrcamlm. jrcamlm.

Zbfmtcvm trmkqucfclml ^bri, m pbsmr lbf bspbdtídufi y bf rbmfcshi híacdi, mlvcbrtb \bkirci, ‖kc bf kðhbri kc fm bkvbramlurm lb fis lbfctis sik prbidupmktbs bk kubstri pmès, y prubjm lb bffi bs qub ki om omjcli rijis bk husbis, m lcgbrbkdcm lb fi qub idurrcô, pir b`bhpfi, bk Oifmklm‘. Lbslb hblcmlis lb fis kivbktm, bf Husbi Wmk Aiao bk Íhstbrlmh y bf

OCT\IZCM S WCLM  3

 

^ZCHBZM ^FMKM

pmsbi pir bf dmhpi bk Mklmfudèm i Bxtrbhmlurm dik uk lbtbdtir lb hbtmfbs y sb qublb dik tbsbfms lb uk hismcdi i dik hikblms lb pfmtm‘. Mlbhís, mýmlb rbgcrcãklisb m lbfctis lb hís bktclml, ‖fm fby pbrhctb qub, bk abkbrmf, smfam huy jmrmti rijmr y gmfscgcdmr pmtrchikci.‘

FIT Ã_C\IT \CBKBK HBKIT ]RB WBZ DIK FMT FBSBT]RB FBSBT ]RB DIK FIT TCT\BHMT LB WCACFMKDCM I FM DIKDCBKDCMDCÔK

Fmfms vcacfmkdcm  Msè disms,, fis disms fis ãxctis ãhmklm xctis tcbkbk hudoi hbkis qub vbr, sbaðk ãf, dik fms kirhms fbamfbs qub dik fm lcsumscôk qub bkdmrkmk fis pitbktbs scstbhms lb vcacfmkdcm ouhmkis y bfbdtrôkcdis i dik fm prbvbkdcôk qub supikb fm dikdcbkdcmdcôk lb fm hmyirèm lb fm pijfmdcôk, ckdfuclis fis pírridis lb mfaukms pbqubýms cafbscms qub omk lb`mli hmrdomr, dik trcstbzm, sus rbfcqucms hís  vmfcisms m ckstctudcikbs bpcsdipmfbs qub bstík fb`is lb sus gcbfbs. ‖Fm abktb vmfirm hís bf pmtrchikci y sb omdbk dmhpmýms lb lcguscôk huy chpirtmktbs5 ym ki bstmhis bk fis tcbhpis lb Brce bf Jbfam‘, zmk-

Bf ckspbdtir rbdikidb qub fm bgcdmdcm lb fms gubrzms lb sbaurclml tmhjcãk om lbsbhpbýmli uk chpirtmktb pmpbf bk fis ãxctis. Tus tupclms rblbs cktbrkmdcikmfbs lb ckgirhmdcôk, fms jubkms rbfmdcikbs qub hmktcbkbk dik hudois mktcdumrcis y dmsms lb sujmstms y bf diktrif pbrcôlcdi mf qub sihbtbk m bstis bstmjfbdchcbktis omk ijfcamli m fis fmlrikbs lb mrtb m vifvbrsb hudoi hís sigcstcdmlis. Ki jmstm dik qub sbpmk rijmr5 tcbkbk qub smjbr tmhjcãk dôhi smdmr fm ijrm lbf pmès b cktriludcrfm bk vèms lb dihbrdcmfczmdcôk cfbamf sbaurms, titmfhbktb lbsdikidclms lbsdikidclms pmrm bf dihðk lb

pbdcmfcstm0 bf lèm prbvci m fm lbtbkdcôk omjèm mtrmdmli ukm domrdutbrèm‘. d omrdutbrèm‘. ^bri ukm dism bs qub fms gubrzms lb sbaurclml sbmk bgcdmdbs, qub fm abktb bstã hís dikdcbkdcmlm y qub bxcstmk scstbhms lb  vcacfmkdc  vcac fmkdcm m huy h uy mvmkz mvmkzmlis mlis,, y itrm huy lcstcktm qub fm fbacsfmdcôk bstã m fm mfturm lbf lbsmgèi. Bf `bgb lb fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi drbb qub ki fi bstí, pirqub, pmrm bhpbzmr, ‖fms pbkms sik huy fbvbs y ki sb duhpfbk èktbarmhbktb‘. Bf fmlrôk lbf Dôlcdb Dmfcxtcki, @isã Hmkubf Gbrkíklbz Dmstcýbcrms, vci rbjm`mlm su pbkm lb lcbz m kubvb mýis bf pmsmli

 `m \bki bkirci. rci. Zbk Zbkãã Mfp Mfpoik oiksb sb vmk lbk Jbr Jbraob aob —su kihjrb rbmf— rijô lurmktb mýis ijrms lb cafbscms, dmtblrmfbs y hikmstbrcis pir tilm fm abiarmgèm bspmýifm.

fis hirtmfbs. Omdb pidis mýis, rbdubrlm \bkirci, ‖rijmrik uk hcffôk lb buris bk dumlris lb ukm amfbrèm lb mrtb y tmrlmhis uk mýi bk lbtbkbr mf mutir. Ki brm uk bs-

hbs lb lcdcbhjrb. ‖Dihi fis lbfctis ki sik diksclbrmlis huy armvbs, tbkbhis hudois prijfbhms pmrm qub bf `ubz kis lb`b bktrmr bk bf lihcdcfci i cktbrvbkcr

=>   O C T \ I Z C M S W C L M

 

LBFC\IT MZ\ÈT\CDIT

dmktbs, Mktikci \bkirci y su jrcamlm sb mfmrhmrik. ‖Grmkdmhbktb, mfai kis docrrcmjm y kis puschis fms pcfms —rbdubrlm bf ckspbdtir `bgb—. Ckgirhmhis m fis pmèsbs lb ircabk, fbs pblchis qub clbktcgcdmsbk fms ijrms y fbs myulmhis m omdbrfi5 tmhjcãk diksbauchis qub fms rbdfmhmsbk dik ukm dihcscôk riamtircm‘. Ki sifi omjèm qub omjfmrfbs lb fm ipbrmdcôk, scki tmhjcãk msbsirmrfbs `urèlcdmhbktb `urèlcdmhbktb sijrb dôhi pilèmk pritbabr y rbdupbrmr fi qub brm suyi. Fis tbfãgikis, sbaurmhbktb, bdomrik ouhi dihi fis vcb`is trbkbs lb fms pbfèdufms, pbri fm mftbrkmtcvm brm qub fis trmgcdmktbs sb qublmsbk dik ukm pmrtb lb fi qub omjèmk

ZBT\C\RDCÔK mf bhjm`mlir lb Crme bk Bspmým,

Pcyml Eomfcl, lb kubvb tmjfcffms lb fm mktcaum Hbsipitmhcm rbdupbrmlms bk Bspmým pir fm Jrcamlm lb ^mtrchikci Ocstôrcdi. @ufci lb :>=:.   ZBDR^BZMDCÔK lb dckdubktm pcbzms lb mrtb smdri subdi lb fis ss. _W y _WCCC lb armk vmfir ocstôrcdi. Fms pcbzms sb bktrbamrik m fm bhjm`mlirm lb Tubdcm, Dbdcfcm @ufck, bk hmyi lb :>=2.  LIT BTDRF\RZMT lb jrikdb lbf Mfti Chpbrci rihmki bxpifcmlms bk ukm gckdm bk fm privckdcm lb Dôrlijm, oiy bk bf Husbi Mrqubifôacdi lb Dôrlijm. Gubrik ckdmutmlms bk hmrzi lb :>=:.   BF BHJM@MLIZ lb Bdumlir bk Bspmým, Hcaubf Dmfmoirrmki (tbrdbri pir fm czqlm.), bk fm rbstctudcôk lb pcbzms rbdupbrmlms m rmèz lb fm Ipbrmdcôk Gfirbkdcm. :? lb idtujrb lb :>=2.

fms dihukcdmdcikbs lbf sispbdoisi. Tc bsi pmsm dik fis rijis, chmaèkmtb fi qub idurrb dik fms gmfscgcdmdcikbs‘. ¹Gmfscgcdmdcikbs9 ¹]uã sudblb bxmdtmhbktb dik bffms9 ‖Wbrís, ki bxcstb fm gmfscgcdmdcôk lb ijrms lb mrtb bk bf Dôlcai ^bkmf5 sc ki sb diksuhm ukm bstmgm, ki tbkbhis prídtcdmhbktb kmlm qub omdbr, o mdbr, y, y, dihi fm pripcblml cktbfbdtumf pritbab sifi lurmktb fm vclm y fis sbtbktm mýis scaucbktbs m fm hubrtb lbf mutir, m hbkuli kis vbhis ijfcamlis m lbvifvbrfms m sus pripcbtmrcis‘. Bsi bs fi qub bstuvi m pukti lb idurrcr bk fm Ipbrmdcôk Gfirbkdcm bk :>>4.

kmrditrígcdi. Dumkli ocdcbrik fms lbtbkdcikbs y fis rbacstris, omffmrik hís lb trbs hcffikbs lb buris bk fms dubktms jmkdmrcms  y sb ckdmutmrik ckdmutmrik lb itris itris trbcktm trbcktm hcffikbs hcffikbs bk ckhubjfbs. Omstm moè, brm gídcf lb bktbklbr0 omjèmk cktbktmli jfmkqubmr y jirrmr bf rmstri lbf lckbri gckacbkli ipbrmdcikbs bhprbsmrcmfbs y mprivbdomkli fm bdikihèm suhbraclm bk tirki mf sbdtir lbf fmlrcffi. Fm sctumdcôk sb dihpfcdô dumkli fis mabktbs `ulcdcmfbs tripbzmrik dik dmsc hcf pcbzms lb mrtb, hudoms lb bffms prbdifihjckms. Tu vmfir m prchbrm vcstm ki brm tmk ijvci dihi sc sb oujcbrmk bkdiktrmli

ijtbkcli armdcms m fm lriam. ^ubsti qub \bkirci y su bqucpi dikscaucbrik qub rbdikidcbsbk y rbdfmhmsbk fms pcbzms fis pmèsbs lb ircabk, fm Mulcbkdcm Kmdcikmf iptô pir hmktbkbrfms bk bf Husbi lb Mhãrcdm, bk vbz lb bktrbamrfms m fis drchckmfbs. M pmrtcr lb l b :>==) sb hubs hubstrm trm moirm moirm  Mktikci  Mkt ikci ( ) (d =2>> bk fm bxpiscdcôk ‖@brôkchi Jisdo. Wcscikbs lb uk abkci‘ bk bf oifmklãs Kiirljrmjmkts Husbuh lb ‟s-Obrtiabkjisdo, dculml kmtmf lbf pcktir gfmhbkdi.  Bhpmr Zbvbrt

Bf Tiriffm rbdupbrmli HÍT LB DCBK MÝIT ffbvmhis sck vbr bstb dikhivblir dumlri lb @imquèk Tiriffm (=?74-=3:4), Rk objrbi . ^cktmli bk =?3?, dumkli Tiriffm brm ym uk mrtcstm rbdikidcli bk tilm Buripm, sifi sb fi dikidèm pir gitiarmgèms bk jfmkdi y kbari. Ki bs fm ðkcdm sckaufmrclml0 kc bf tbhm kc bf girhmti sik bspbdcmfhbktb dihukbs bk fm pckturm bspmýifm. Mukqub, mf hmrabk lb fis fuhckisis pmcsm`bs pir fis qub bs hís dãfbjrb, bf pcktir vmfbkdcmki tuvi ukm mhpfcm dmrrbrm dihi rbtrmtcstm, trmtcs tm, bf vcb`i `ulèi qub pritmaikczm bstm ijrm sb bsdmpm lb sus pbrsikm`bs omjctumfbs. Bf girhmti mfmramli lbf dumlri, qub Tiriffm bhpfbô bk hudois lb sus rbtrmtis, brm bk abkbrmf hís tèpcdi lb fis pmcsm`bs. Rk objrbi  smfb  smfb m sujmstm bk fm sblb fiklckbksb lb Jikomhs Jikom hs pir uk prbdci bstchmli lb bktrb 43>.>>> y 72>.>>> buris.  B. Z.

ZCC M S W C L M   =4 OCT\IZ

 

FRAMZBT

ZBGRACI LB RZABKDCM DRMKLI TB DBZZÔ bf mbripubrti lb lb \bhpbfoig bk :>>? (mjm`i, su vbstèjufi prckdcpmf bk :>>7), moirm rbdikvbrtcli bk pmrqub pðjfcdi, dikdfuyô ukm btmpm bk fm ocstircm jbrfckbsm. Fis mfbhmkbs lbdèmk mlcôs m uk bsdbkmrci prcvcfbacmli lb fis vmcvbkbs lb su pripcm ocstircm. Gub dikstrucli bk =3:1 y kitmjfbhbktb mhpfcmli pir fis kmzcs. Bk ãf, pir b`bhpfi, omjèmk mtbrrczmli fis mvcikbs qub mprivcscikmrik fm dculml bk =3. Bsb ðftchi mýi pmsmrik pir fm rbacôk trbs dihbrdcmktbs privbkcbktbs

Bxcstbk prckdcpmfhbktb lis tbirèms. Fm prchbrm y hís mktcaum fi rbfmdcikm dik bf  ymdchcbkti  ymdchc bkti lb \meot-c \meot-c Euwm Euwml, l, bk fm ircffm ircffm sbptbktrcikmf sbptbktrcik mf lbf Ixus. Bs ukm zikm pi-

pcbzms lb vm`cffm, hckcmturms y bstmtucffms  y pfmdms vitcvms. vitcvms. \mhjcãk \mhjcãk sb omk diksbr diksbr- vmli fis rbstis rbstis lb ukm vmckm vmckm lb iri pmrm meckmebs (bspmlm meckmebs  (bspmlm pbrsm) lbdirmlm bk rb-

Tu ircabk ckdcbrti

O C T \ I Z C M S W C L M   =3

 

MZ]RBIFIAÈM

¹Bs iri tili fi qub rbfudb9 ^IZ ]RÃ OMS ]RCBK LRLM LBF DIK@RK\I LBF I_RT  FM OIHIABKBCLML B CKDFRTI  fm mutbktcdclml tbsiri bk lbfvmrcms Ixus idmomk scli pubstms bklbf dubstcôk scikbs. Fi ckdcbrti y ‖kivbfbsdi‘ lb su lbsdujrchcbkti, fm vmrcblml bstcfèstcdm qub prbsbktmk fms lcstcktms pcbzms y su dihbrdcmfczmdcôk bk jmzmrbs lb ‖lulism rbputmdcôk‘,, dihi lb`ô putmdcôk‘ lb` ô bsdrcti bf b f pripci I. H. Lmftik bk su kmrrmdcôk lbf pbrcpfi lbf tbsiri, omk mfchbktmli bf bsdbptcdcshi lb hudois ckvbstcamlirbs.

FM WIP HÍT DZÈ\CDM mf rbspbdti bs fm lb Isdmr Qoctb Husdmrbffm, lbf HB\,, bf Husbi Hbtripifctmki lb Mrtb lb HB\ Kubvm Sire. Bstb vbtbrmki mrqubôfiai

drctcdô bk uk mrtèdufi bk \ob \chbs bk :>>4 qub ffmhô ‖mrqubifiaèm lb jmzmr‘, y fi dubstci dubstcikô kô tmkti fm kmrrmdcôk lbf lbsdujrchcbkti lbf tbsiri (tmdoíklifm lb gmktmsèms lb dihbrdcmktbs) dihi su dmrídtbr ukctmrci y su dihpfbtm mutbktcdclml. Husdmrbffm lulmjm, sijrb tili, lb fms pfmdms vitcvms (mjm`i, ukm hubstrm), m fms qub diksclbrmjm sispbdoisms, lmli su tisdi mdmjmli y fm lcgcduftml pmrm pikbrfms bk rbfmdcôk dik itris omffmzais lbf pbrèili mqubhãkclm. Bf Husbi Jrctíkcdi sb lbgbklcô mpirtmkli prubjms dcbktègcdms y mkífcscs ocstôrcdis y mfulcbkli m fm mpmrcdcôk lb kubvis pmrmfbfcshis qub rbgubrzmk su mutbktcdclml.

fcbvb dik bsdbkms lb dmzm lb fbikbs. Mfaukis mutirbs ckdfuybk tmhjcãk dihi pmrtb lbf tbsiri ukm sbrcb lb hikblms (lb lisdcbktms m hcf quckcbktms sbaðk fms gubktbs) pbrtbkbdcbktbs m lcvbrsms ãpidms. Tck bhjmrai, bstm dikbxcôk ki bstí dfmrm. Bktrb fms hudoms `iyms qub sb omk diksbr vmli sb bkdubktrmk pbklcbktbs, mkcffis, pufsbrms, tirqubs, jrmzmfbtbs y mtmvèis dihi pfmdms i hblmffikbs. Lb bktrb tilms bffms lbstmdmk lis0 fis hbkdcikmlis jrmzmfbtbs lb iri qub sb publbk vbr bk bf Husbi Wcdtircm mkl Mfjbrt. Tik lis `iyms lb ukm armk pbrgbddcôk pbr gbddcôk tãdkcdm dihpubstms pir vmrcms pmrtbs qub sb trmjm`mrik pir sbpmrmli y fubai sb siflmrik. Fi hís dmrmdtbrèstcdi sik sus rbhmtbs bk girhm lb fbôk arcgi y fm prbsbkdcm lb vmrcis mfvãifis qub sb utcfczmjmk pmrm ckdrustmr bshmftbs  y pcb pcblrm lrmss prb prbdci dcisms sms.. Bst Bstbb tcp tcpi i lb jrmz jrmzmfb mfbtbs tbs,, lb armk rcqubzm irkmhbktmf pbri ckdôhilis lb ffbvmr, brmk uki lb fis rbamfis hís mprbdcmlis pir fms ãfctbs pbrsms. Bk dumkti m fm vm`cffm, fm dihpikbk vmrcis  vmsiss lb  vmsi lb iri iri y pfmtm pfmtm (fcsi (fcsiss i dik bf cktb cktbrcir rcir rbpu`mli)5 ukm hmakègcdm `mrrm lb iri, lb dubrpi mdmkmfmli y msm tbrhckmlm bk dmjbzm lb fbôk5 y uk pbz oubdi lb iri dik uk ircgcdci bk fm jidm, qub pilrèm omjbr sbrvcli dihi rbdcpcbktb pmrm aumr-

TB TMJB ^IZ \B_\IT AZCBAIT ]RB FIT ZBSBT ^BZTMT BH^FBMJMK WM@CFFMT LB FR@I DIHI FMT LB I_RT BK FM HBTM lmr mdbctb i, lmli qub tcbkb uk amkdoi sijrb fm mfbtm czqucbrlm, dihi pmrtb lb uk difamktb. Tb smjb pir fis tbxtis arcbais qub fis rbybs y mrcstôdrmtms pbrsms bhpfbmjmk omjctumfhbktb bstb tcpi lb  vm`cffm lb fu`i bk fm hbsm. Lb obdoi, sifi sbrvèmk bk pfmtis lb dbríhcdm dumkli qubrèmk igbklbr m uk dihbksmf. Zbspbdti m fms hckcmturms, sb diksbrvmk lis pcbzms lb iri qub bstík bktrb fms hís dãfbjrbs lbf tbsiri lbf Ixus. Zbprbsbktmk lis dmrris fcabris tcrmlis pir dmjmffis. Fm hís dihpfbtm hclb =?,? dh lb fmrai y bstí dihpubstm pir uk dmrri dik rublms lb armk tmhmýi tcrmli pir dumtri dmjmffis hblis i ‖kbsbis‘ (drcmlis bk fm ffmkurm

:>  

OCT\I Z CM S W CLM

 

BF \BTIZI LBF I_RT

Kcectm Hmyeiv / Touttbrstide.dih

\MSCECT\ÍK ]RCBZB TRT ^CBPMT  BK :>>1, bf aijcbrki lb \mycecstík \mycecstík bxcacô mf Husbi Jrctíkcdi fm lbvifudcôk lbf tbsiri lbf Ixus. Fi oczi pir hblci lb su prbsclbktb, Bhihmfc Zmohik, lèms lbspuãs lb qub bstb vcsctmrm bf ymdchcbkti lb \meot-c Tmkack, uki lb fis fuamrbs lb liklb sb drbb qub pilrèm privbkcr bf tbsiri. Tck bhjmrai, dihi ckgirhmrik

vmrcis jrctíkcdis, bfpbtcdcôk pirtmviz lbf husbilcmrcis kbaô omjbr rbdcjcli girhmf mfaukm pir pmrtb lbf aijcbrki tmycei y sb histrô bk diktrm lb su rbstctudcôk.

aðk bf dumf bf prchbri sb dihprihbtèm m rbmfczmr dipcms lb fms pcbzms hís rbprb-

WMZCIT MÝIT lbspuãs, bk :>==, sb supi qub bf Husbi Jrctíkcdi y fm bhjm`mlm lb \mycecstík omjèmk omjèm k ffbamli m uk mdubrli sb-

sbktmtcvms lbflb tbsiri y likmrfms mf Husbi Kmdcikmf \mycecstík (mrrcjm), bk Lusmhjã. Fms rãpfcdms —hmtczmrik— sifi sb rbmfczmrèmk lb fms pcbzms qub fi pbrhctcbrmk. Fms hís gríacfbs y pbir diksbrvmlms qublmjmk bxdfuclms. Bk :>=4, fms dipcms gubrik bktrbamlms y qublmrik bxpubstms bk bf Husbi Kmdcikmf.

Kbsbm y gmhisis pir su rbscstbkdcm y vbfidclml). Fm dmjckm bstí lbdirmlm bk su pmrtb griktmf dik ukm dmjbzm lb Jbs (lbclml bacpdcm ckdirpirmlm pir fis pbrsms dihi pritbdtirm lb fis `ôvbkbs), y bk su cktbrcir mfjbram m lis gcaurms ouhmkms

pbrsm i chjbrjbs y lbskulms m fm hmkbrm arcbam), tilms bffms bfmjirmlms bk iri y pfmtm. \mhjcãk sb drbb qub sik lb dmrídtbr  vitcvi fms dckdubktm dckdubktm y ukm pfmdms lb iri qub girhmk pmrtb lbf tbsiri. Tik lb girhm rbdtmkaufmr y tilms hubstrmk rbprbsbktm-

aukli tbsiri lbf Ixus‘. Rk dik`ukti lb ij`btis, fm hmyirèm pfmdms y hikblms lb iri y pfmtm, qub supubstmhbktb sbrèmk fms qub ki lbvifvcbrik fis fmlrikbs dumkli gubrik lbtbkclis. Bstb ‖sbaukli tbsiri‘ smfcô mf hbrdmli lb mktcaöblmlbs

 vbstclms mf bstcfi hbli (dik (dik tðkcdm y dmpudom). Bstb tcpi lb dmrri fcabri, huy schcfmr m fis qub sb publbk vbr bk fis rbfcbvbs lb ^brsãpifcs, brm uk vboèdufi lb huy mftm dmtbairèm sidcmf. Tb utcfczmjm usumfhbktb dihi trmkspirtb y, bk hbkir hblclm, pmrm fm aubrrm. Fm gukdcôk lb bstms hckcmturms ki sb dikidb, pbri bf obdoi lb qub mpmrbzdm fm dmjbzm lb Jbs om mfchbktmli fm tbirèm lb qub gubrmk bfmjirmlms dihi bxvitis pmrm uk kcýi. Fms bstmtucffms, pir ðftchi, sb utcfczmjmk dihi igrbklms vitcvms pmrm lbpisctmr bk fis tbhpfis. Bstm prídtcdm, huy dihðk bk bf hukli mktcaui, sbrvèm pmrm lmr fms arm-

dcikbs ouhmkms smfvi dumtri (ukm lb bffms bs fcsm y fms trbs rbstmktbs tcbkbk gcaurms lb mkchmfbs). Fm hmyirèm rbprbsbktmk m oihjrbs vbstclis m fm hmkbrm hblm pirtmkli bk ukm lb sus hmkis gfirbs, fmkzms i jmr sihs, bf mtmli lb rmhms smarmlms qub sb utcfczmjm bk sbýmf lb lbvidcôk y qub fis smdbrlitbs i ‖hmais‘ hmzlbèstms (fis mqubhãkclms mlirmjmk mf lcis Mourm Hmzlm) usmjmk pmrm bkdbklbr bf gubai smarmli y dik gckbs mlcvckmtircis. Fm bxcstbkdcm lb bstis ij`btis vitcvis mvmfm fm tbscs lb qub pulcbrmk omjbr pbrtbkbdcli mf tbhpfi bxdmvmli bk \meot-c Tmkack. ¹Tik tilms bstms pcbzms fms qub dihpfbtmk

lurmktb fis mýis kivbktm y gub mlqucrcli pir bf Husbi Hcoi lb @mpôk. Bk :>>: sb prbsbktô bk ukm bxpiscdcôk ffmhmlm ‖\bsiris lb fm mktcaum Jmdtrcm‘. ¹Zbmfclml i schpfb hmkcijrm pujfcdctmrcm9

dcms m ukm lbclml (bxvitis), amkmrsb su gmvir i dihi sbýmf lb rbspbti. Fms omy lb lcgbrbktb tmhmýi (lb 2 m :3 dh) y lcstcktm gcsikihèm (jmrjmlms y vbstclms mf bstcfi

bf tbsiri lbf Ixus9 Tbaðk Cair ^cdoceymk, mrqubôfiai lbf ymdchcbkti lb \meot-c Tmkack, ki. Gmftmk mfaukms, fms qub dihpikbk bf qub sb om lmli bk ffmhmr ‖sb-

^MZM TMJBZ HÍT BKTMSI DRZ\CT, @iok y \MFFCT, Kcabf. Bf

chpbrci ifvclmli0 bf hukli lb fm mktcaum ^brscm.  ^brscm.   Jmrdbfikm0 Ijrm Tidcmf, Tidcm f, Guklmdcôk ‖fm Dmcxm‘, Dmcxm‘, :>>7. LMF\IK,  Irhiklb Hmllide. \ob \rbmsu-  rb Ig tob Ixus wcto Itobr Bxmhpfbs Ig Bmrfy Ircbktmf Hbtmf-Q Hbtmf-Qire. ire. Fiklrbs0  Fiklrbs0 Jrctcso Husbuh, =374. Bk ckafãs. Qoctb. Mrdombifiay, HRTDMZBFFM,  Isdmr Mrtcgmdts mkl Mktcquctcbs ig tob Mkdcbkt Kbmr Bmst. Jistik0 Bmst. Jistik0 Jrcff, :>=4. Bk ckafãs.

OCT\I Z CM S W CLM  

:=

 

DMZ\MT rblmddcikoyvNocstircmyvclm.dihi rblmddcikoyvNocstircmyvclm.dih i m fm scaucbktb lcrbddcôk0 OCT\IZCM lcrbddcôk0 OCT\IZCM S WCLM, WCLM, mv. Lcmaikmf, 77:-77?>4< Jmrdbfikm (Bspmým). OCT\IZCM  S WCLM sb rbsbrvm bf lbrbdoi m blctmr fms dmrtms rbdcjclms.

^RBLBT BTDZCJCZKIT mf b-hmcf

DIZZBI LBF FBD\IZ

 RK ZBCDO ^MZM FIT GRBZ\BT

Bf kmzcshi Uoyv 212X ki sifi brm bxdfuybktb dik fis lcsclbktbs pifètcdis. \mhjcãk dik fis

dcmfbs, sb trmkshctèmk lb pmlrbs m oc`is, pir fi qub bf Zbcdo sb lblcdmjm m hblcr fm cktbfcabk-

hís lãjcfbs, gubrmk hbklcais, lcsdmpmdctmlis i hmrackmlis lb dumfqucbr tcpi. Tb pmrtèm lbf supubsti lb qub lbtbrhckmlis rmsais, diksclbrmlis mktcsi-

dcm lb^mrm lbtbrhckmlis cklcvcluis. bffi sb bhpfbmjmk tbst huy pidi ij`btcvis, dik prbauktms sijrb qucãkbs brmk Jcshmrde i Futbri. Fclcm Zmhèrbz

 DZÔKCDM ZBMFHBK\B HIKRHBK\MF HIKRHBK\MF

Bf jmrôk lb Hmflî, Zmgmbf lb Mhmt y lb Dirtmlm (=1 vifðhbkbs, sus bsdrctis ki omk ffbamli m pujfcdmrsb bk su cktbarclml. Tbjmstcík @chãkbz

DIKTRF\MT  ¹DRÍF BT BF IZCABK LB FM ‖OM^^S OIRZ‘9

I^CKCÔK  BF ABKCI ]RB ZBDCDFMJM

Bk :>>4 / :>=7

 BF ML@B\CW ML@B\CWI I ‖^ÍKGCFI‘ ‖^ÍKGCFI‘ BK BF TBK\CLI LB ‖\IK\I‘, ¹\CBKB MFAI ]RB WBZ DIK BF DIK]RCT\MLIZ ^ÍKGCFI LB KMZWÍBP9 Wcifbtm Lèmz Omy qucbk pcbksm qub sè, pir bf rclèdufi r clèdufi bspmktisi qub oczi bk su bkgrbktmhcbkti dik Obrkík Dirtãs (mhjis bk fm chmabk). Tck bhjmrai, pmrbdb hís prijmjfb qub lbrcvb lbf arcbai  pmkgcfis,, ‖jiklmlisi‘. Bf fmtcki pmhpocfus arcbai pmkgcfis fmtcki pmhpocfus lmrèm  lmrèm tètufi mf pibhm mkôkchi bk fmtèk lbf scafi xcc  ^íkgcfi, ^íkgcfi, i  sijrbb bf mhir  sijr mhir,, duyi pritmaikcstm bs uk oihjrb trbhbklmhbktb ckabkui y hmkcpufmjfb. Kmtmfcm Fôpbz

DMZ\M LBF HBT  MLBFMK\MLIT M TR \CBH^I

 HB ART\MZÈM ]RB HB ^ZI^IZDCIKMZMK CKGIZHMDCÔK TIJZB FM JM\MFFM LB DIZIKBF. Hmrdbfm Amrdèm \mhjcãk sb fm dikidb pir jmtmffm lbf lèm lb \ilis fis Tmktis, pirqub tuvi fuamr bf = lb kivcbhjrb lb =3=

pmtrchikci tbhpfmrci sb huftcpfcdô5 fbs ffivcbrik rbamfis pir tilms pmrtbs, y ki sifi bk ckhubjfbs (dmstcffis, dmsms, tcbrrms, jisqubs) y bspbdcbs (mrhms y dmjmffis),

:?  

OCT\IZCM S WCLM

 

scki tmhjcãk bk girhm lb lckbri y `iyms, dik fis qub mlqucrcbrik hís y hís pripcblmlbs. Mfaukis sbýirbs, dihi bf pripci oc`i lb Ouai lb ^myks, mjml omstm == == lbf hikmstbrci lb Tmktm Difihm lb \riybs, mjmklikmrik sus dmrais bk Iddclbktb, ckarbsmrik bk bf \bhpfb, mf qub igrbdcbrik tilis sus jcbkbs, y hmrdomrik m dihjmtcr m \cbrrm Tmktm. ^ir sc tmktms rcqubzms ki gubrmk sugcdcbktbs, fis dmjmffbris tbhpfmrcis dikscaucbrik abkbrisis prcvcfbacis lbf pmpmli, qub fis

dm omstm bktikdbs omjèm idurrcli mfai sbhb`mktb bk fis rbckis drcstcmkis.

Bf \bhpfb \bhpfb sb iramkczô m pmrtcr lb fms hbkdcikmlms bkdihcbklms. Lbslb hblcmlis lbf scafi xcc, fiarô mrtcdufmr ukm mhpfcm rbl lb bffms, bstrudturmlm bk privckdcms, qub lbpbklèm lbf hmbstrb lb @brusmfãk, fm híxchm mutirclml lb fm irlbk. Dmlm bkdihcbklm gukdcikmjm dihi ukm ukclml lb bxpfitmdcôk bdikôhcdm y uk dbktri lb

scms, jilbams, mfhmdbkbs y dumlrms, y dmsc tilms bffms diktmjmk dik tcbrrms lb duftcvi, amkmli y jisqubs5 mfaukms pisbèmk dmsms bk fms dculmlbs, oirkis y hifckis, lb fis dumfbs ijtbkèmk rbktms pir mfqucfbr. Fis dmjmffbris brmk oihjrbs lb mddcôk, lb hili qub qucbkbs lcrcaèmk fm bdikihèm tbhpfmrcm brmk fis dmpbffmkbs, fis ðkcdis qub omjèmk rbdcjcli ckstruddcôk lb fbtrms bk fms bsdubfms bpcsdipmfbs. Brmk bsis dmpbffmkbs qucbkbs bstmjmk prbpmrmlis pmrm b`brdbr lb kitmrcis i bsdrcjmkis, mlb-

bxchcô lbf pmai lb trcjutis y fbs itiraô bf diktrif mjsifuti sijrb fms lílcvms y fchiskms qub rbdcjèmk, ckdfuclis fis lbrbdois lb sbpufturm bk sus tbhpfis. Kuk-

abkbrmdcôk lb rbktms duyis jbkbgcdcis sb bktrbamjmk m fm irlbk, qub fis mlhckcstrmjm dik ukm vcscôk afijmf y dihðk. Lcspikèmk lb blcgcdcis pmrm fis dmjmffbris, cafb-

hís lb ffbvmr fm diktmjcfclml. Jubkm pmrtb lb fms amkmkdcms sb lbstckmjmk m fm dihprm lb jcbkbs ckhubjfbs (tcbrrms, dmsms i tcbklms), qub fbs pripirdcikmjmk

Mlhckcstrmkli jcbkbs

O C T \ I Z C M S W C L M   :3

 

LITTCBZ

]uã tbkèm ukm bkdihcbklm FMT ZC]RBPMT ]RB ^ILÈM M\BTIZMZ M\BTIZMZ RKI LB BT\IT KÐDFBIT LB ^ZILRDDCÔK LB FM IZLBK  FM IZLBK LBF \BH^FB lcspikèm lb vmrcis hcfbs lb bkdihcbklms bk Buripm y bk \cbrrm Tmktm (m fm ldom., fm lb Mdrb), lb huy vmrcmlms rbktms y tmhmýis. Bk uk jubk mýi lb hblcmlis lbf scafi _CCC, fms grmkdbsms pilèmk priludcr bk titmf uk vmfir bk tirki m fms lisdcbktms hcf fcjrms.

pitris, = dmjmffi, 2 ridckbs y uk mjuklmktb m juklmktb kðhbri lb mvbs), =? mdrbs sbhjrmlis lb hc`i y dbktbki, :< lb dbjmlm y mrvb`m, =2 lb mvbkm, =< lb aucsmktbs, 7 lb mfamrrijis, = dmhpi lb díýmhi, = mfhmdãk dik privcscikbs lb dbrvbzm, dmrkb, vcki y pmk. lb Hikzôk, fm hís chpirtmktb lbf rbcki lb Mrmaôk, tbkèm bk =:?3 uk armk dmstcffi dik cafbscm, rbgbdtirci y vmrcis blcgcdcis muxcfcmrbs, ukm dihpfbtm mrhbrèm privcstm lb ybfhis, dirmzms, bspmlms y jmffbstms,