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GC^UAYCK EFM ZFB^KHCFBUA ZAMÈUCNA ANNCEFBUKM

 

NAB^F@A FECUAYCKM

HCOVFM  Ë BOFM BOFM  NAMMKEA  S VYYCUK  VYYCUK   @AKB  FOFK   DFYBËBEFP  @A^à COBKNCA  O KYNÈK   BCBFU DYKBNC^NA  Y  KHA^  HÃBEFP ^CWUA  ^ ËBNGFP   MAYFBPA  @F^Ð^-H KYÈK   ^CMTK   ^ ËBNGFP  @AKB  H KBFM  UYKSUFY   @CHÃBFP C^KIFM  DFYBËBEFP  UAYYF^ IFMÃB  BAOVFYK   EF  M K   HVFMK  CNKYEA  Y AIMF^ AIMF^  ZMKBK^ Y CNKYEA AEYÈOVFP   @VKB  @A^à UYCOË^  Y AEYÈOVFP  Ecrfntar ef Zuimcnkncabfs

 

GC^UAYCK EFM ZFB^KHCFBUA ZAMÈUCNA ANNCEFBUKM Ecaoa Drfctks ea Khkrkm Nktferëtcna ef Ncfbnck Zamètcnk y Efrfnga Zðimcna Vbcvfrscekef Bavk ef Mcsiak

 

Namfnncþb0 Ktfmcfr Nabstctuncabkm Ecrfntarfs0  @akb Hkbufm Urkytfr  (Nktferëtcna ef Efrfnga kehcbcstrktcva) Ifmãb Baoufrk ef mk Hufmk (Zradfsark tctumkr ef Efrfnga kehcbcstrktcva)

Yfsfrvkeas taeas mas efrfngas. Ef nabdarhceke nab ma ecspufsta fb mas krts. 9?:, 9?; y 9?9 efm Nþecoa Zfbkm  vcofbtf, paerë sfr nkstcokea nab pfbk ef humtk y prcvkncþb ef mcifrtke qucfb rfpraeu`frf, pmkockrf, ecstrciuyfrf a nahubcnkrf pðimcnkhfbtf, fb taea a fb pkrtf, ubk airk mctfrkrck, krtèstcnk a ncfbtèdcnk, dc`kek fb nukmqucfr tcpa ef sapartf, scb mk kutarczkncþb ef mas tctumkrfs ef mas narrfspabecfbtfs efrfngas ef prapcfeke cbtfmfntukm a ef sus nfscabkrcas.

© 9:;5 Ecaoa Drfctks ea Khkrkm © 9:;5 Ktfmcfr  Tck Mkcftkbk ;9, :7::> Ikrnfmabk f-hkcm0 fectarckmJktfmcfrmciras.fs  www.ktfmcfrmciras.f  www .ktfmcfrmciras.fss Ufm.0 3> 936 56 4: Urkeunncþb0 Zcmkr Ikqufra Orknck (9:;9-9:;>) C.^.I.B.0 3?7-75-;643:-63-? Efpþscta mfokm0 I-;3>5;-9:;5 Ecsfûa y nahpascncþb0 Keefbek, Zku Nmkrcs 39, :7:;: Ikrnfmabk  www.keefbek.fs  www .keefbek.fs Chprfscþb0 _cbcgkre Orêdcns, Kvek. efm Zrkt ?, :7;7: Hacê

 

Nukmqucfr sancfeke  quf ba fstã cmustrkek par dcmþsadas fs fbokûkek par ngkrmktkbfs Nabearnft, ;?3>

 

ÈBECNF ZYFDKNCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;>

 K OYKEFNCHCFBUA^ OYKEFNCHCFBUA^  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;6

CBUYAEVNNCÞB  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;?

N KZ  KZÈU ÈUVMA VMA   ;. M K   KB  KBUC UCOÝF OÝFEKE EKE   NMË^CNK   (EFM   ^COMA   T   K .N. .N. GK^UK   FM  ^COMA   T   E.N.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9;

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. Zfrcnmfs0 mk efdfbsk ef mk efhanrknck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. @fbadabtf0 fm fmaoca k mk ecntkeurk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >. Zmktþb0 mks pr chfrks cefks nahubcstks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Krcs Krcstþ tþtf tfmf mfss0 ubk rf rfpð pðimc imcnk nk ha haef efrke rkek k iks ikskek kek fb mks nmk nmksf sfss hf hfeck eckss . . . . . . . 6. Ncnfrþb0 suia iarrec ecbk bknncþb efm Zaefr km Ef Efrrfng nga a Bktu turrkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9> 9 > 96 93 >> 5; 53

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  9. FEKE   HFECK   (EFM  5?4 E.N.  KM   ;56>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6?

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63 63

4. ^kb Koustèb0 vcscþb pfschcstk efm Gahirf Gahirf y Fstkea kutarctkrca . . . . . . . . . ?. ^. Uahës ef Kqucba0 vcscþb aptchcstk efm Gahirf y Fstkea ef iksf efhanrëtcnk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4>

 KZÈUV UVMA MA  >. Y FBKNCHCFBUA FBKNCHCFBUA  S   FEKE   HAEFYBK   (EFM   ;56>  KM   ;477) . . . . . . . . N KZÈ

?3

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Hkquckvfma0 mk Zamètcnk m cifrkek ef mk Hark m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Frksha0 mas efifrfs efm Zrèbncpf nrcstckba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:. ^. Uahës Hara0 ub prayfn fntta ef nahubc bcssha nr nrcs cstc tckb kba. a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;. Mu Mutf tfra ra00 mk Yf Yfda darh rhk k pr prat atfs fstk tkb btf y fm rf rfduf dufrz rza a ef efmm pa paef efrr nc ncvcm vcm . . . . . . . . . . ;9.. Drk ;9 rkbn bncs csna na ^u ^uër ërfz fz00 mk ef efdf dfbs bsk k ef efmm ar arco cofb fb pa papu pumkr mkr ef efmm pa paef efrr . . . . . . . . . . . ;>. Iaecb0 saifrkbèk y habkrquèk kisamutk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5. Gai aiif ifss0 ma mass dub dubek ekhf hfb bta tass na nabt btrk rkntu ntukm kmfs fs ef efmm Fs Fstk tkea ea Kis Kisam amu uta . . . . . . . . . .

7; 7 ; 7> 3> 3? ;:> ;: > ;:3 ;: 3 ;;> ;;3 ;; 3

 3

43

 

 Èbecnf  Èbec nf  KZÈUV UVMA MA  5. M K   CMV^UYKNCÞB   (EF  ;473  K   ;?73) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N KZÈ

; 93 ;9

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;6. Ma Mannlf0 fm prchfr efdfbsar efm mcifrkmc mcssha pamètcna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;4. Tamtkc rf0 mk efdfbsk efm efspatcsha cmust rkea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;?. Habtfsqucfu0 mk sfpkrkncþb ef paefrfs naha okrkbtèk ef mk mcifrtke cbecv ceukm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;7. Yaussfku0 mk efdfbsk rfvamuncabkrck ef mk Yfpðimcnk y ef mk E f ha n r k n c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;3. Ke Kekh kh ^h ^hcctg tg00 fm pr prch chfr fr ef efdf dfbs bsar ar ef efmm mc mcif ifrk rkmc mcsh sha a fn fnab abþh þhcn cna. a. . . . . . . . . . . 9:.. If 9: Ifbt btgk gkh0 h0 kp kpmc mcnk nknc ncþb þb ef mk dcm dcmas asad adèk èk utcm tcmct ctkrc krcst stk k k mk pa pamè mètc tcnk nk.. . . . . . . . . . . .

;>; ;>6 ;5> ;53 ;66 ;46 ;4 6 ;?; ;? ;

 KZÈUV UVMA MA  6. M K^   OYKBEF^   YFTAMVNCABF^   MCIFYKMF^0 FVK  S   DYKBNCK   N KZÈ (EF  ;??4  S   ;?73  K   ;7;5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;??

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;. Uga Ugahks hks Zkcb Zkcbf0 f0 cbe cbefpf fpfbef befbnc bnck k khf khfrcn rcnkbk kbk y Efrf Efrfnga ngass efm Ga Gahir hirf. f. . . . . . 99. ^cfyç ^cfyçs0 s0 nabs nabstctunc tctuncabkmcsh abkmcsha a y bknca bkncabkmcsha bkmcsha km sfrvcnca ef mk Yfvam Yfvamuncþ uncþb b. . 9>. Yaifspcfrrf0 fm tfrrar km sfrv rvccnca ef mk Yfvamuncþb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;?3 ;7> ;7 > ;7? ;3>

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  4. Y FKNNCÞB FKNNCÞB  S   NAHFBUKYCA^  K   MK ^  YFTAMVNCABF^   MCIFYKMF^  (EF  ;?3:  K   ;75:)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... .......... .......... .......... ..........

9:; 9:> 9:6 9;; 9;3 9>;

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  ?. M K   YFTAMVNCÞB  CBEV^UYCKM0 NKZCUKMC^HA  S   ^ANCKMC^HA  (EF  ;79:  K   ;73:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

95;

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97. Ouc zat0 habk rquèk mcifrk m y nkpctk mcsha iuro uãs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.. ^kcbt 93 ^kcbt-^cha -^chab0 b0 cbeus cbeustrckmczkncþb trckmczkncþb,, tfnban tfnbanrknck rknck y fvam fvamuncþ uncþb b sanckmczkea sanckmczkeark. rk. . . . >:. Zr Zra aueg ega ab0 mk pr prch chfr frk k efd fdfb fbssk ef ub sa sanc nckm kmcs csh ha kb kbkr krqu qucs cstk tk . . . . . . . . . . .

95> 953 966 94;

>;. Hkrx0 nabtrk nabtrk fm nkpc nkpctkmcsha tkmcsha,, par mk Yfvam Yfvamuncþ uncþb, b, gkstk fm Nah Nahubcsha ubcsha . . .

946

 KZÈUV UVMA MA  7. NAYYCFBUF^   CBUFYHFECK^0 EFHANYKNCK   NYC^UCKBK , N KZÈ ^ANCKMEFHANYKNCK   S   ^ANCKMC^HA  EFHANYËUCNA  (EF  ;73;  K   ;3;4) . . . . . . . . .

97?

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9. Mf Mfþb þb WCCC WCCC00 ea eant ntrc rcbk bk sa sanc nckm km ef mk co comf mfsc sck k y ef efha hanr nrkn knck ck nr nrcs cstc tckb kbk. k. . . . . . . . . >>.. Ifrbstfcb >> Ifrbstfcb00 rfvcsc rfvcscþb þb nrètcn nrètcnk k efm hkrxcsha y ^anckme ^anckmefhanrkn fhanrknck ck kmfhkbk . . . >5.. @k >5 @kurç urçss0 mk ch chpm pmkb kbtkn tkncþ cþb b ef efmm sa sanc nckmcs kmcsha ha pkr pkrmkh mkhfb fbtkrc tkrca a fb Dr Drkb kbnc nck k.......

973 93> 93 > >:; >:3 >: 3

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  3. MA^  EA^  UAUKMCUKYC^HA^  EFM   ^COMA  W  WW  W 0 NAHVBC^HA  S   DK^NC^HA  (EF  ;3;?  K   ;33;  S   EF  ;399  K   ;356)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>;6

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95. Iurlf0 fm pr chfr tfþrcna nabsfr vk vkear furapfa . . . . . . . . . . . 96. L kbt0 ãtcnk, Fstkea ef Efrfnga y pk z pfr pft uk . . . . . . . . . . . 94. Gfo fof fm0 mk ec ecvc vcbc bczk zknc ncþ þb efm Fs Fstk tkea ea fb bahi hirf rf ef mk mc mcif ifrt rtke. ke. 9?. Uanqufv cm mf0 v cr t uefs y rcfsoas ef mk Efhanrknck . . . . . . . . . .

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6. Mfbcb0 tfarèk y prëntcnk ef mk Yfvamuncþb nahubcstk< nabstrunncþb

>;?

efm Fstkea sav cãtcna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>9;

;:

 

 Gcstarck efm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna anncefbtkm 

>4. ^t >4. ^tkmc kmcb0 b0 ef efsspa patc tcsh sha a, bk bknc ncab abkmc kmcssha f cb cbeu eust strc rckmc kmczk zknc ncþb þb da darz rzke kek k.......... >?. Hussamc mcbc bc00 ec ecnntk tke eurk kbtcnahubc bcsstk y Fstk tke ea dk dkssncstk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7.  Gc Gctmf tmfr0 r0 ub Fs Fstke tkea a ta tatkmc tkmctkrc tkrca a rkn rkncs cstk, tk, fxp fxpkbs kbsca cabcs bcstk tk y ef efsg sguhk uhkba. ba. . . . . . .

>>6 >>6 >56 >66 >6 6

 KZÈUV UVMA MA  ;:. M K   NYÈUCNK   EFHANYËUCNK   EF  MA^  UAUKMCUKYC^HA^  N KZÈ (EF  ;356  K   ;349)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>4?

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3. Lkr Lkrmm Za Zapp ppfr fr00 na nabt btrk rk ma mass ork orkbe befs fs tf tfþr þrcn cnas as ef efmm Fs Fstke tkea a ta tatkmc tkmctkrc tkrca a ........ 5:. Gkbbkg Krfbet0 fm tatkmctkrcsha naha bufva tcpa ef rãochfb, pfar quf mk ecntkeurk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;. Ykyhabe Krab0 ubk efhastrkncþb ef mk supfrcarceke efm nkpctkmcsha sairf fm nahubcsha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  ;;. M K   EFHANYKNCK   ANNCEFBUKM  FB   MK   ZYCHFYK   HCUKE  EFM  ^COMA  W  WW  W   (EF  ;3;:  K   ;356)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>43 >?; >? ; >?3 >3;

5:6

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59. Frbs Frbstt _cod _codars arss0 s0 fm hae haefma fma suf sufna na ef ubk san sanckme ckmefha fhanrkn nrknck ck kvkbz kvkbzkek kek . . . . 5>. Gkyfl0 efdfbs efdfbsk k efm bfamcif bfamcifrkmcsha rkmcsha y nrètcnk ef mk cefk ef @ustc @ustcnck nck ^anckm. . 55. Lfybfs0 bufvks pamètcnks fnabþhcnks (nayubturkmfs) pkrk rfdufrza efm Fstkea ^anck m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5:? 5;; 5; ; 5;3

56. @knq @knqufs ufs Hkrctkcb0 rfba rfbavkncþ vkncþb b askek ef mk Eantrcbk ^anckm ef mk Comfsc Comfsck k. .

55;

N KZÈ  KZÈUV UVMA MA  ;9. M K   EFHANYKNCK   ANNCEFBUKM  FB   MK   ^FOVBEK   HCUKE  EFM  ^COMA  W  WW  W   (EF  ;356  K   ;333)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

566

593

Z r þm ao a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. @fkb Habbft0 fm pke rf ef mk Furapk Vbcek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5?. Ef Ok Okumm ummf f0 ub ubk k ef efrf rfng ngk k ef efh han anrë rëtc tcnk nk,, hae aefr frbk bk y rf rfda darh rhcs cstk tk.. . . . . . . . . . . 57.. @u 57 @ukb kb WWCCC0 mk kif kifrtur rturk k ef mk Com Comfs fsck ck Nk Nktþ tþmc mcnk nk km hu hube bea a knt kntukm ukm . . . . . . . . 53. @agb Ykwms0 mk fmfvkncþb ef mk `ustcnck sanckm km prchfr pmkba ef mk t f a r è k p am è t c n k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:. Gkbs @abks0 mas dubekhfbtas ãtcnas ef mk Fnamaoèk y fm pfbskhcfbta «vfref¼ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56? 54; 543 54 3 5?3 5? 3

BAUK   DCBKM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 9; 69

;;

53; 6:>

 

ZYFDKNCA Efia k mk Dknumtke ef Efrfnga ef mk Vbcvfrsceke Nktþmcnk Zartuoufsk (Mcsiak) mk apartubceke, quf hf praparncabþ, pkrk ecrcocr ubk kscobkturk sfhfstrkm ef «Gcstarck ef mks Cefks Zamètcnks¼, k pkrtcr ef ;37>. Frk, fb Zartuokm mk ðbcnk fsnufmk supfrcar ef ncfbncks `urèecnks quf knaoèk mk fbsfûkbzk ef fstk kscobkturk ba `urèecnk,  y scb fhik fhikroa roa tkb ðtcm tkbta pkrk fm fstue fstueca ca efm Efrfn Efrfnga, ga, naha pkrk mk «Feunktcab dar Efhanrkny¼ ―quf fxcstf, y huy knfrtkekhfbtf, fb mas nurrènumas ef vkrcas nursas sfnubekrcas y supfrcarfs fb mas Fstkeas Vbceas ef Khãrcnk. Gay, dfmczhfbtf, fm pkbarkhk fbtrf basatras gk nkhickea. Fs quczës y fb prchfr muokr, orkncks k hcs «mfnncabfs ncnmastcmkeks¼ y, efspuãs, k ub prchfr vamuhfb chprfsa. Kqufmmks y ãstf, nab ubk efhkbek fb mks mcirfrèks huy par fbnchk ef mks hf`arfs fxpfntktcvks. ^ab rkras mas nursas ef Efrfnga, ef Ncfbnck Zamètcnk y ef Dcmasadèk (fbtrf atras), fb mas quf mk hktfrck ba sfk chpkrtcek fb mk mcnfbnckturk a fb fm hkstfr, nabtkbea scfhprf kefhës, nab ub orkb cbtfrãs par pkrtf ef mas kmuhbas. Hc cefk cbcnckm frk mk ef puimcnkr k nabtcbukncþb efm prchfr vamuhfb, quf tfr ), eas vamðhfbfs hës0 uba quf cbnmuyfrk mk Cmustrkncþb hcbkik fb Gaiifs (s.  WTCC ), efm s.  WTCCC   y mks Yfvamuncabfs mcifrkmfs, ksè naha mks rfknncabfs y nahfbtkrcas k ãstks (dcbkmfs efm s.  WTCCC , prcbncpcas efm s.  WCW  )< y atra, nuya ai`fta sfrèk fm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna anncefbtkm quf hkrnþ mas ss.  WCW   y  WW , k trkvãs ef mk eaimf apascncþb «efhanrknck vs. ecntkeurk¼ y «nkpctkmcsha vs. sanckmcsha¼. Mmfouã km nabvfbnchcfbta, fbtrf tkbta ―nab fm knufrea ef «Kmhfecbk¼, fectarckm scfhprf ktfbtk y scfhprf khcok―, ef quf sfrèk hf`ar, pkrk nkptkr fm cbtfrãs ef ub pðimcna hës vksta quf fm ef mas fstueckbtfs ef mk fbsfûkbzk adcnckm, rfubcr fb ub ðbcna vamuhfb taek mk hktfrck nahprfbecek par fm tètuma0 efsef fm s.  T   k.N. gkstk fm s.  WW  e.N.   e.N. Fs fstf fm trkik`a quf kgark prfsfbta km pðimcna ef mfbouk nkstfmmkbk y nuyk rfeknncþb tuva muokr efsef hkya ef 9::3 k `umca ef 9:;;. Mk airk kgark puimcnkek (9:;9) hkbtcfbf mks prcbncpkmfs nkrkntfrèstcnks efm vam. C fectkea fb ;33?, kubquf sf prfsfbtf cbbavkeark fb kmoubas kspfntas chpartkbtfs. Mks nkrkntfrèstcnks prcbncpkmfs quf sf hkbtcfbfb sab0 rfeknncþb nmkrk y knnfscimf, scb pfr`ucnca efm rcoar ncfbtèdcna cbecspfbskimf< pmkb ef mk airk quf knahpkûk, scfhprf quf sfk pascimf, mks ecvcscabfs trkecncabkmfs ef mas orkbefs pfrèaeas ef mk Gcstarck ubcvfrskm (efsef ubk pfrspfntcvk anncefbtkm)< nabnfbtrkncþb efm fstueca fb mks

;>

 

 Ecao  Ecaoa a Drfct rfctks ks ea Khkrkm 

«orkbefs airks ef mas orkbefs kutarfs¼, pkrk fvctkr mk fxnfscvk humtcpmcnkncþb ef bahirfs y eantrcbks< cbnmuscþb fb mk mcstk ef bahirfs fstueckeas, ba sþma ef pamètcnas, dcmþsadas y fsnrctarfs, scba tkhicãb ef oaifrbkbtfs, scfhprf quf gkykb scea cbdmuyfbtfs fb su tcfhpa a pastfrcarh pastfrcarhfbtf< fbtf< ecstcbncþb scstfhëtcnk fbtrf mk «fxpascncþb efm pfbskhcfbta k`fba¼, tkb ai`ftcvk nukbta pascimf, y hc «nahfbtkrca¼ pfrsabkm, cbfvctkimfhfbtf sui`ftcva, sairf mas tfhks kiarekeas< f cbecnkncþb, kefhës ef mk icimcaorkdèk ofbfrkm, ef ubk kecncabkm par nkek pfbskear fstueckea, eficekhfbtf sfmfnncabkek pkrk quf fm mfntar pufek «cr hës mf`as¼. Fbtrf mks bavfekefs ef fstf mcira, quf fspfra sf rfvfmfb ðtcmfs, nuhpmf efstknkr mks scoucfbtfs0 cbsfrncþb fb rfmkncþb nab nkek ãpank gcstþrcnk, ef ubk irfvf nkrkntfrczkncþb ofbãrcnk sfoucek ef mk rfspfntcvk «nrabamaoèk¼, quf hungks pfrsabks yk ba rfnufrekb< ktfbncþb hës prfncsk, kubquf suhkrck, k mk vcek ef nkek uba y k sus ncrnubstkbncks< y, dcbkmhfbtf, khpmckncþb, gkstk nksc dcbkmfs efm s.  WW , ef mk rfmkncþb ef bahirfs kbkmczkeas quf, fb mk vfrscþb cbcnckm ef mks mfnncabfs ncnmastcmkeks, tfrhcbkik nab mk 9ª Oufrrk Hubeckm. Fstë nmkra quf fb rcoar, efsef ;36: gkstk kgark, yk ba fstkhas tkb kpfbks fb fm nkhpa ef mk «Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna¼, scba fb atrk ërfk ncfbtèdcnk y knkeãhcnk, mk efm «Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna nabtfhparëbfa¼. Hf pkrfncþ, scb fhikroa, quf knkikr fm kbëmcscs ef ubk hktfrck tkb cbtfrfskbtf nab mk prfsfbtkncþb, kubquf nrètcnk, efm bkzcsha y efm fstkmcbcsha, kefhës ef ef`krhf ub khkroa skiar ef iank, chpfecrèk quf mas mfntarfs ―scb bfnfsceke ef rfnursa k atras mciras― sf qufekrkb nab ubk cefk hës a hfbas nahpmftk ef mk fvamuncþb anurrcek fb fm hfeca scoma ðmtcha, tkb dãrtcm, kefhës, fb bufvks cefks a fb mk vcntarck a fb mk efrratk ef cefks hës kbtcouks. Ufrhcba naha nabnmuè fm prfdknca ef ;33?0 «Fspfra gkifr gfnga ubk airk ðtcm, sairf taea pkrk kqufmmas quf bubnk gkykb tfbcea mk dfmcz apartubceke ef tfbfr nabtknta ecrfntkhfbtf nab mas nmëscnas efm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna anncefbtkm¼. Hf naborktuma par puimcnkr fstf vamuhfb fb mfbouk nkstfmmkbk, orkncks k mk fectarckm  Ktfmcfr - mciras `urèecnas, ef Ikrnfmabk.

ECAOA DYFCUK^ EA KHKYKM

Nksnkcs, 9; ef `umca ef 9:;;

;5

 

OYKEFNCHCFBUA^  K OYKEFNCHCFBUA^ Ba qucfra ef`kr, fb fstf hahfbta, ef korkefnfr nab orkb rfnabanchcfbta, k mks  vkrcks pfrsabks quf hf kyuekrab k prfpkrkr fstk airk0 prchfra, k mk Zradfsark Eantark Hkrck ek Omþrck Okrnèk, quf gcza fm dkvar ef mffr y nrctcnkr kmoubks sfnncabfs fb mks quf sfbtè bfnfsceke ef su kyuek, scfhprf prfncask y huy khcok< km Mcn. Krhkbea Yangk, ef mk Vbcvfrsceke Nktþmcnk Zartuoufsk, par mk pkncfbnck y hftcnumasceke nab quf nahpraiþ nctks y eftfntþ frrarfs< y k hc gc`a Eahcboas, fnabahcstk y fsnrctar, k qucfb qucsf ekr k mffr mas tfxtas hës ecrfntkhfbtf rfmkncabkeas nab mk ncfbnck y fm mfbouk`f ef mk Fnabahèk. K taeas, hc scbnfra korkefnchcfbta. Ba sfrë bfnfskrca efncr, pfra ma ecoa, quf taek mk rfspabskicmceke par nukmqucfr frrar u ahcscþb quf fstf mcira nabtfbok fs fxnmuscvkhfbtf hèk. Efspuãs, hf oustkrèk korkefnfr fhpfûkekhfbtf k Cskifm Dkicîa, mk fdcncfbnck y fm pradfscabkmcsha nab quf hfnkbaorkdcþ hc hkbusnrcta y ma fbhfbeþ ub scbdèb ef  vfnfs gkstk ekrhf par sktcsdfnga. S tkhicãb k Hkrck ek Nabnfcïîa Kharch, hc dcfm khcok y sfnrftkrck efsef ;3?5< k mk Mcn. Hkrèk @asã Ycifcra, pradfscabkm huy nahpftfbtf quf fbsfoucek sf gcza tkhicãb khcok, par mks garks efecnkeks k mk iðsqufek ef mciras y krtènumas fb ecdfrfbtfs icimcatfnks pðimcnks< y km vcf`a khcoa @asã Mapfs Nkreasa quf, kefhës ef taea, dubncabþ naha narrfa-hfbsk`fra nksc eckrca fbtrf hc nksk ef Nksnkcs y mks ef mks atrks pfrsabks kquè hfbncabkeks. Korkefzna coukmhfbtf, km `avfb krquctfnta Iruba Ycifcra ef Nfrqufcrk, quf ef darhk batkimf gcza mas fsiazas cbcnckmfs ef mk nuicfrtk ef fstf mcira, quf qucsf nab taek cbtfbncþb, quf rfpraeu`frk y khpmckrk mks dcourks chpkrfs ef Zmktþb y Krcstþtfmfs, fb fm nãmfirf nukera «Mk Fsnufmk ef Ktfbks¼, ef Ykdkfm, pfrtfbfncfbtf k mk Icimcatfnk efm Tktcnkba. Zar ðmtcha, korkefzna tkhicãb, huy rfnabancea, k Zcmkr Ikqufra Orknck, par mk fxnfmfbtf trkeunncþb fb mfbouk fspkûamk efm tfxta arcocbkm partuouãs. E.D.K.

;6

 

CBUYAEVNNCÞB UYF^ BANCABF^ IË^CNK^ (k) Mk Zamètcnk Mk pkmkirk «pamètcnk¼ tcfbf su arcofb fb fm orcfoa, eabef  pamcs  frk mk ncuekeFstkea y fm gahirf frk nabscefrkea ub  zaab pamctclab   («kbchkm pamètcna¼), pufs fstkik gfnga pkrk vcvcr fb sancfeke. Mks nahubcekefs guhkbks quf sf darhkrab k ma mkroa ef mas ;: hcm kûas ef fxcstfbnck nabancek efm kntukm  Gaha skpcfbs , gkb tfbcea mas hës ecvfrsas bahirfs  ―trcius, nmkbfs, kmefks, pufimas, ncuekefs, rfcbas, fstkeas. Mk pamètcnk fs ubk  kntcvceke guhkbk  rfdfrcek fspfnckmhfbtf k mk  pamcs, fs efncr, km Fstkea. Zar ub mkea, fs ubk kntcvceke guhkbk ef nkrëntfr nahpftctcva, km coukm quf mk fnabahèk, fm efpartf a mk oufrrk. Mas vfbnfearfs sab mas quf nabqucstkb a hkbtcfbfb fm paefr< vfbnceas sab mas quf ma pcfrefb a ba ma nabscoufb nabqucstkr. Zar atra mkea, fs ubk kntcvceke guhkbk ef nkrëntfr ecrfntcva, pkrkmfmk k mk knncþb ef ecrfnncþb ef ubk fsnufmk, ef ub gaspctkm a ef ubk fhprfsk, pfra su ëhicta sf khpmèk k taek mk  pamcs. Ef fstf haea, paefhas efdcbcr mk «Zamètcnk¼ ―efbtra ef mks kntcvcekefs guhkbks― naha ubk eaimf kntcvceke0 mk kntcvceke ef tcpa nahpftctcva quf tcfbf naha

ai`ftcva mk mungk par fm paefr, ksè naha mk kntcvceke ef tcpa ecrfntcva quf nabscstf fb fm oaicfrba ef mas pufimas. ^f gkimk tkhicãb ef mk «Ncfbnck Zamètcnk¼, quf yk ba fs ubk kntcvceke ef bkturkmfzk nahpftctcvk a ecrfntcvk y sè ef nkrëntfr ncfbtèdcna0 fs mk ncfbnck quf fstueck mk  Zamètcnk naha nahpftcncþb y naha tkrfk ouifr ouifrbktcvk bktcvk.

(i) Mks cefks pamètcnks Fb mk gcstarck, naha fb mk kntukmceke, mk vcek pamètcnk sf nabstruyf k pkrtcr ef ubk sfrcf nabtcbuk ef gfngas y ef cefks, sus nkusks y nabsfnufbncks.

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 Ecao  Ecaoa a Drfct rfctks ks ea Khkrkm 

 Gfngas pamètcnas 0 Kdabsa Gfbrcqufs pranmkhk mk cbefpfbefbnck ef Zartuokm fb ;;5>< Tksna ek Okhk efsnuirf mk rutk hkrètchk k mk Cbeck fb ;537 y Zfera Kmvkrfs Nkirkm mmfok k Irkscm fb ;6::< fb ;3;: sf pranmkhk mk Yfpðimcnk< fm 96 ef kircm ef ;3?5 sf efrrank ubk ecntkeurk y sf kirf fm nkhcba k mk Efhanrknck, ftn.  Cefks pamètcnks 0 Zfrcnmfs `ustcdcnk mk Efhanrknck ef Ktfbks, @fbadabtf prfdcfrf mk ecntkeurk ef Fspkrtk< Zmktþb efdcfbef fm cefkm nahubcstk, Krcstþtfmfs prfnabczk ubk rfpðimcnk ikskek fb fm prfeahcbca ef mks nmksfs hfecks< ^kbta Uahës ef Kqucba sahftf mks mfyfs guhkbks k mk mfy ecvcbk, Hkquckvfma rfnahcfbek quf mk pamètcnk sfk kharkm< Iaecb y Gaiifs `ustcdcnkb fm kisamutcsha, Manlf y Habtfsqucfu efdcfbefb fm mcifrkmcsha< Yaussfku y Hkrx prfnabczkb sancfekefs coukmctkrcks< fm Zkpk Mfþb WCCC nabncif fm nktamcncsha sanckm< fm kmfhëb Ifrbstfcb y fm drkbnãs @fkb @kurçs kiaokb par fm sanckmcsha pkrmkhfbtkrca, ftn., ftn.  Kgark icfb, kbtf fstk eukmceke ―gfngas pamètcnas par ub mkea, cefks pamètcnks par atra―, hungas dcmþsadas ecsnutfb sc sab mas gfngas pamètcnas mas quf praeunfb mks cefks pamètcnks a sc sab ãstks mks quf nabtrciuyfb k mk anurrfbnck ef mas gfngas pamètcnas. Ba gfhas ef pradubeczkr kquè sairf fstk nufstcþb, pufs hungks vfnfs, mk rfmkncþb fbtrf cefks y gfngas, a fbtrf gfngas f cefks, fs nabstkbtf< y fm nabecncabkhcfbta ef ubks y atras fs rfnèprana y sf mmfvk k nkia fb mas eas sfbtceas. Fb nukmqucfr nksa, ubk nask pkrfnf sfr ncfrtk0 mks cefks sab huy chpartkbtfs fb mk pamètcnk ―k) a parquf prfpkrkb a cbnfbtcvkb orkbefs trkbsdarhkncabfs< i) a parquf fxpmcnkb nkhicas yk anurrceas< n) a parquf sfrëb scfhprf cefks quf, kubquf bubnk sf nabnrftcnfb, cbspcrkb y hatcvkb k mas gahirfs fb mk iðsqufek cbnfskbtf ef ub hubea hf`ar.

(n) Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna Zamètcna Mk Zamètcnk ―kefhës ef sfr ai`fta ef ubk rfdmfxcþb dcmasþdcnk huy kbtcouk― fs ai`fta ef vkrcks ncfbncks0 fm Efrfnga, mk Fnabahèk, mk ^ancamaoèk, mk Gcstarck y, hës rfncfbtfhfbtf, mk Ncfbnck Zamètcnk. Ma quf fb fstf mcira prfsfbtkhas fs ubk  Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna,  tkhicãb efbahcbkek  Gcstarck ef mks Cefks Zamètcnks  ―fs efncr, ubk gcstarck quf bkrrk y prftfbef fxpmcnkr nþha bkncþ y duf fvamuncabkbea fm pfbskhcfbta efm gahirf, efsef quf fb mk Orfnck kbtcouk bufstras kbtfpkskeas nahfbzkrab k prfanupkrsf par mas praimfhks pamètcnas. Zrcbncpkmfs cbtfrraokbtfs sairf mk pamètcnk efsef mk kbtcouk Orfnck0 ±Nuëmfs sab mks vkrcks darhks ef oaicfrba y nuëm fs mk hf`ar1, ±quã fs fm Zaefr1, ±par quã fs bfnfskrca1, ±nuëbea fs mfoètcha1, ±nþha sf pufef nabncmckr mk bfnfskrck kutarceke efm Zaefr nab mas efrfngas ef nkek ncuekekba1, ±quã fs ubk sancfeke `ustk1, ±sfrë kqufmmk fb mk quf fm Fstkea kpfbks okrkbtczk fdcnkzhfbtf mas efrfngas ncvcmfs y pamètcnas ef mas ncuekekbas k trkvãs ef mk mfy, ef mk pamcnèk y ef mas trciubkmfs1, ±a ðbcnkhfbtf sfrë `ustk mk sancfeke fb mk quf fxcstk a sf cbtfbtf prahavfr mk hëxchk coukmeke pascimf1, ±sfrë mk fnabahèk ef hfrnkea, kubquf dcsnkmczkek u arcfbtkek par fm Fstkea, nkpkz ef kmnkbzkr fm cefkm ef mk `ustcnck sanckm1 Fstks y hungks atrks, sab nufstcabfs quf sf gkb vfbcea ecsnutcfbea k ma mkroa ef mk «Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna¼. Gky hungks darhks vëmceks ef nabtkr fstk gcstarck. Basatras, nab fm ai`ftcva ef gknfrmk hës knnfscimf, vkhas k sfoucr fm hã-

;7

 

 Gcstarck efm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna anncefbtkm 

taea nrabamþocna, par orkbefs ãpanks gcstþrcnks< y efbtra ef nkek ubk, utcmczkrfhas ub hãtaea sfmfntcva0 sþma kbkmczkrfhas mas prcbncpkmfs tfxtas ef mas prcbncpkmfs  kutarfs . Fstf nrctfrca, naha taeas, fs ub nrctfrca pfrsabkm, sui`ftcva y nrctcnkimf. Zfra duf fm fmfocea pkrk fstf mcira. ^fmfnncabkhas, nab ecdcnumtkefs vkrcks, nfrnk ef 6: kutarfs. Ukm vfz hfrfncfrkb dcourkr kquè atras tkbtas pfra ba gkièk fspknca. Bc taeas mas quf sab chpartkbtfs kquè fstëb0 taeas mas quf fstëb, ma sab. Fb nukbta k mas quf sf qufekrab dufrk, cbecnkhas sus prcbncpkmfs bahirfs ―y rfspfntcvks kpartkncabfs― km dcbkm ef nkek pfrèaea gcstþrcna. [ufrfhas kevfrtcr, fbtrf tkbta, quf fstk fs kpfbks ubk gcstarck efm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna anncefbtkm 0 ba, aivckhfbtf, par ub hfbar rfspfta y nabscefrkncþb pkrk nab mks efhës ncvcmczkncabfs, scba parquf k bufstras mfntarfs fs ãstk mk pkrtf quf hës mfs nabncfrbf. S tkhicãb parquf fm Kutar rfnabanf quf ba pasff nabanchcfbtas sudcncfbtfs pkrk trktkr kefnukekhfbtf fm tfhk fb fm nabtfxta ef atrks ncvcmczkncabfs. Aptkhas par mk efbahcbkncþb  Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcf fbskhcfbta bta Zamètcna, fb muokr ef mk quf usërkhas kbtfs,  Gcstarck ef mks Cefks Zamètcnks, parquf bas pkrfnf gay, quf mk prchfrk rfsumtk hës kefnukek pkrk mk bkrrkncþb gcstþrcnk ef mk fvamuncþb, fb mks nabnfpncabfs a eantrcbks prcbncpkmfs, efm pfbskhcfbta pamètcna fb fm hkrna ef mk ncvcmczkncþb anncefbtkm. Fb nukbta k mk efbahcbkncþb ef  Gcstarck ef mks Cefks Zamètcnks, pfbskhas kgark quf fs ub tètuma hës k`ustkea km fstueca ef mk fvamuncþb ef nkek cefk pamètcnk fb sè hcshk ―namfntcvceke, Fstkea, Bkncþb, paefr, aifecfbnck, efhanrknck, amcokrquèk, mcifrtke, ftn.― quf pkrk fm kbëmcscs ef mks nabnfpncabfs pamètcnks omaikmfs ef nkek dcmþsada, oaifrbkbtf a mèefr pamètcna.

;3

 

 Ecao  Ecaoa a Drfct rfctks ks ea Khkrkm 

Fm cbcnca efm fstueca ef mk Gcstarck efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna  Fb fm fxtrkb`fra

• ;7450 Imubtsngmc, Ofsngcngtf efs kmmofhfcbfb ^tkktrfngts ube efr Zamctcl , Hubcng. • ;77?0 Zkum @kbft,  Gcstacrf ef mk ^ncfbnf Zamctcquf ekbs sfs rkpparts rkpp arts kvfn k vfn mk Harkmf , Zkrès. • ;73:0 D. Zammanl,  Kb cbtraeuntc cbtraeuntcab ab ta tgf Gcstary ad tgf ^ncfbnf ad Zamctcns, Maberfs.  Fb Zartuokm 

• ;7?90 Amcvfcrk Hkrtcbs, Ufarck ea sanckmcsha0 fvamuïîa pamètcnk f fnabþhcnk eks  sancfekefss bk Furapk , Mcsiak.  sancfekef • ;35?0 Nkirkm ef Habnkek, Dcmasadck ea Ecrfcta f ea Fstkea Fstk ea, vam. C («pkrtf gcstþrcnk¼), Nachirk. • ;36;0 Hkrnfmma Nkftkba, Ncàbnck Zamètcnk f Ecrfcta Nabstctuncabkm , Mcsiak.

 Hf`arfs hkbukmfs rfncfbtfs

• Drkbnck0 Hkrnfm Zrãmat Ofarofs Mfsnuyfr,  Gcstacrf efs ceãfs pamctcqufs , ;5ª fe., «Ekmmaz¼, Zkrès,y 9::;. • FV FVK0 K0 Ofarof Ofar of G. ^kicbf y Ugahks M. Ugarsab,  K Gcstary Gc stary ad Zamctcnkm Ugfary , 5ª fe., «Gkrnaurt Irknf Nammfof Zuimcsgfrs¼, Armkbea, ;3?>. • Cbomktfrrk0 @. ^. HnNmfmmkbe,  K Gcstary ad _fstfrb Zamctcnkm Ugauogt , «Yautmfeof¼, Maberfs, ;334. • Kmfhkbck0 Hkyfr, Ykusng y Efbzfr,  Lmkssclfr efs Zamctcsngfs Efblfbs , 9 vams., «Tfrmko N.G. Ifnl¼, Hubcng, ;374-7?. • Ctkmck0 Okftkba Hasnk,  ^tarck efmmf eattrcbf pamctcngf , 7ª fe., ”Mktfrzk‘, Ikrc, ;349. • Fspkûk0 @. C. ^kfbz-Ecfz, ^kfbz-Ecf z, D. D. Hkrtèbfz Yaek y @. K. Okrnèk Drkcmf,  ^èbtfscs ef Gcstarck

 efm Zfbskhcfbta Zamètcna, «Kntks¼, Hkerce, ;335.

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