Historia Del Jardin

 

 Fg

Qhfgm`ýk ihf cnjarh mnk hf pg`sgeh g fn fgrdn ih fg c`stnr`g.

Hk hstg fhmm`ýk gkgf`zgrhjns mugfhs buhrnk fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs ih fg `kthrvhkm`ýk ihf cnjarh hk hf pg`sgeh pg`sgeh hk fns i`st`ktns i`st`ktns jnjhktn jnjhktnss ih fg c`stnr`g. _uhih ihm`rsh quh fg c`stnr`g ih fg rhfgm`ýk ihf cnjarh mnk hf pg`sgeh sh ihsgrrnffn g trgvàs ih i`st`ktgs àpnmgs quh cgk rhspnki`in g trhs `kfiuhkm`gs bukigjhktgfhs< fg pr`jhrg khtgjhkth ut`f`tgr`g< fg shdukig inkih hf grth hrg prhinj`kgkth< y fg thrmhrg inkih sh ausmg mnja`kgr hstàt`mg y bukm`nkgf`igi hk uk eustn hqu`f`ar`n. _nihjns g﬇rjgr quh fns pr`jhrns `kthktns ihf cnjarh pnr `jpnkhr uk nrihk hk hf pg`sgeh kgturgf prnv`hkhk ih su khmhs`igi ih muft`vgr gf`jhktns.

Gkt`döhigi. _hrs`g , Aga`fnk`g y Hd`ptn.

Hf Egriêk _hrsg.

Gfrhihinr ihf 8?? g. E. M., fns phrsgs mrhgrnk egri`khs ih drgk hxcuahrgkm`g, ihst`kgins g fg i`vhrs`ýk, g fns fuens y g fns pfgmhrhs. Hf egriêk ih uk pgfgm`n phrsg, hrg uk egriêk mhrrgin, rnihgin ih jurns, mnk uk trgzgin pr`km`pgf hk mruz quh `ki`mgag fns puktns mgri`kgfhs, y rhprhshktgag fns 9 rêns sgdrgins ih fns phrsgs5 Y`dr`s, Àubrgths, D`cnk y B`snk. Hstgagk rhmnrr`ins pnr mgkgf`zgm`nkhs pgrg hf r`hdn quh pgrtêgk ih ukg buhkth mhktrgf g jnin ih fns mugtrn rêns bukigjhktgfhs. Hf gdug hrg ut`f`zgig mnjn jhi`n ih `rr`dgm`ýk y ih rhbr`dhrgm`ýk ihf g`rh, y gf j`sjn t`hjpn fh igag gf hspgm`n uk shkt`in rhf`d`nsn y s`jaýf`mn. Gfdukgs ih fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs mnkstgkths hk fns egri`khs _hrsgs snk5 - Hspgm`n mhrrgin. -Qhi ih r`hdn y ih mgj`kns ih﬇k`igs pnr    rhmtgs quh sh mruzgk , hk bnrjg ih mruz,   mnjpgrt`jhktgkin mnjpgrt`jhkt gkin hf hspgm`n. - Dhnjhtr`zgm`ýk, suphr﬇m`h jniufgr hk   mugirgins. -Gusthr`igi bnrjgf, shkm`ffhz f`khgf. -]`janf`sjn hk su pfgktgm`ýk.  

Hk hsth _gfgm`n _hrsg vhjns fg ga`hrtg rhfgm`ýk hktrh hf egriêk y fg grqu`thmturg(8?? g.M.-2?? g.M.)

 7 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hk mugktn g fg vhdhtgm`ýk ut`f`zgig, puhih ihm`rsh quh hstgag mgrdgig ih s`janf`sjn s`janf`sjn.. Xt`f`zgagk m`prhshs (muprhssus shjphrv`rhks) mnjn sêjanfn ih gquhffn quh kukmg juhrh, pnr su bnffgeh phrs`sthkth, su fnkdhv`igi y su pnrth quh phrjgkhmh `kvgr`gafh g phsgr ih su mrhm`j`hktn. Fns i`spnkêgk g fn fgrdn ih fns mgj`kns y jurns, `kthrmgfgins mnk çranfhs brutgfhs mnjn hf gfjhkirn quh s`janf`zgag fn quh s`hjprh rhv`vh. Ygja`àk ut`f`zgagk pgfjhrgs, f`jgs y v`i.c`duhrgs, p`kns, brhskns, drgkgins, du`kins, jhjar`ffhrns, kgrgkens, f`jnkhrns, @kmnrpnrgagk g sus egri`khs pfgktgs finrgfhs mnjn kgrm`s @kmnrpnrgagk kgrm`sns, ns, v`nfhtgs, gkàjnkgs, f`r`ns, gjgpnfgs, egzj`khs, j`rtns, tuf`pgkhs y rnsgs. Hstgs pfgktgs bnrjgagk uk jgktn finrgf quh fuhdn `ksp`rgrnk fgs gfbnjargs ‖ih egriêk‚, quh rhjhjnrgagk fg ahffhzg ih fns egri`khs hk fg àpnmg `kvhrkgf. Xkn ih sus fhdgins jçs `jpnrtgkths buhrnk fns pgrquhs. Hstns, mnjhkzgrnk s`hkin mntns ih mgzg pgrg uk cnjarh `jpnrtgkth, fuhdn sh fns usý tgja`àk pgrg ﬇hstgs y ﬇kgfjhkth pgrg gsgjafhgs y gui`hkm`gs mnkmhi`igs g phrsnkgs rhfhvgkths. Ihktrn ih hstns mntns ih mgzg n pgrquhs, phquh÷ns thjpfns n pgahffnkhs gf g`rh f`arh hrgk mnkstru`ins hk fg pgrth gftg ih fgs fnjgs mnk hf ﬇k ih i`sbrutgr ihsih gffê ih fgs v`stgs snarh hf pgrquh. Mnjn vhjns fns phrsgs thkêgk uk pgrt`mufgr gbhmtn pnr fns egri`khs ih pfgmhr rhmrhgt`vn, dustn quh trgksj`t` trgksj`t`hrnk hrnk g fns dr`hdns h `ki`rhmtgjhkth `ki`rhmtgj hkth g fns rnjgkns.

Aga`fnk`g. Egri`khs mnfdgkths ih Aga`fnk`g. Hk rhprhshktgm`ýk ih fg jçs gkt`dug egri`khrêg gs`çt`mg, pnihjns knjargr fns bgjnsns egri`khs mnfdgkths ih Aga`fnk`g, ua`mgins hk Mgfihg y mnks`ihrgins ukg ih fgs 4 jgrgv`ffgs ihf Jukin Gkt`dun. ]h i`mh quh nmupgagk ukg suphr﬇m`h gprnx`jgig ih 72?? j1 y quh gsmhkiêgk cgstg ukg gfturg ih 0? j, bnrjgkin ukg shr`h ih thrrgzgs gegri`kgigs, ihsih fgs quh sh pniêg i`sbrutgr ih chrjnsgs v`stgs snarh hf vgffh y hf ihs`hrtn m`rmukigkths. Egri`khs mnfdgkths ih Aga`fnk`g.

Hstns egri`khs buhrnk mnkstru`ins pnr Kgaumninknsnr gfrhihinr ihf g÷n 2?8 g.M., pgrg ihfh`th ih mua`hrtgs su hspnsgih phrsg, mnjn juhstrg ih su gjnr y pgrg quh fh rhmnrigrg fgs jnktg÷gs çranfhs ihukg su t`hrrg kgtgf.

 1 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hf Egriêk Hd`pm`n. Fns egri`khs Hd`pm`ns (g÷n =8?? gf 8?? g. E.M.) sh hkmuhktrgk hktrh fns jçs gkt`duns y sh mnknmhk g trgvàs ih drgagins y pgp`rns. ]us pr`km`pgfhs mgrgmthrêst`mgs hrgk5 - Hstgagk dhkhrgfjhkth mnkstru`ins snarh thrrhkn ffgkn. - Yrgzgin dhnjàtr`mn y s`jàtr`mn. - ]h ua`mgagk s`hjprh mhrmgkns gf thjpfn n g fg prnp`higi pr`vgig. - Fg vhdhtgm`ýk rhprhshktgt`vg rhprhshktgt`vg fg mnkst`tuêgk v`ihs, f`jnkhrns, drgkgins, drgkgins, s`mnjnrns s`mnjnrns,, pgfjhrgs, fntns y pgp`rns, pgp`rns, pfgktgins hk gf`khgm`ýk. - Hf usn ihf gdug hk phquh÷gs gmhqu`gs y hstgkquhs hs ntrg ih fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs mgrgmthrêst `mgs jçs `jpnrtgkths ih hstns Egriêk hd`pm`n hk Yhags, 1??? g. M.  egri`khs.

Drhm`g y Qnjg gkt`dugs. Hf egriêk Dr`hdn. Hf grth ih fns egri`khs hk Drhm`g kn gfmgkzn uk drgk ihsgrrnffn, s`k hjagrdn t`hkh uk pgphf ihstgmgin, pnr cgahr s`in hf fudgr ih kgm`j`hktn ihf egriêk põaf`mn. Fgs m`uigihs mgs` mgrhmêgk ih egri`khs pr`vgins, y fns quh cgaêg, hrgk juy phquh÷ns, hstn buh bgvnrgafh pgrg hf muft`vn ih pfgktgs hk fudgrhs põaf`mns. Mnjn mnkshmuhkm`g, hk Drhm`g vhjns pnr pr`jhrg vhz egri`khs y pgrquhs põaf`mns quh surdhk ih uk s`sthjg ihjnmrçt`mn. Hf Çdnrg, fns egri`khs gmgiàj`mns, gmgiàj`mns, fns d`jkgs`ns, d`jkgs`ns, hrgk fudgrh fudgrhss ihst`kgins g fg rhuk`ýk rhuk`ýk y hf ihfh`th. Fg hk suspnmn nrêdhkhs buh hf ihi`mgin g Gmgihjns, mnks`ihrgin gmgihj`g uk càrnh, phrn, g pnmn, buhsgktugr`n hvnfum`nkgkin cgstg mnkvhrt`rsh quh hk fghrg gmgihj`g, ukn ih fns d`jkgs`ns jçs bgjnsns ih Drhm`g, mnkv`rt`àkinsh mnkv`rt` àkinsh hk uk mhktrn ih fg v`ig `kthfhmtugf. Hf pg`sgeh dr`hdn hstg `jprhdkgin ih fn sgdrgin, hf dr`hdn kn i`v`k`zgag g fg kgturgfhzg, s`kn quh `ktrniumêg su narg mnks`du`hkin ukg phrbhmtg grjnkêg hktrh fgs ahffhzgs grqu`thmtýk`mgs y fgs kgturgfhs. Hk mugktn gf i`sh÷n ih sus egri`khs, g phsgr ih thkhr uk trgzgin rhdufgr, ihkntgk ukg jgynr g﬇k`igi pnr fn kgturgf, rhmcgzgkin rhmcgzgkin fg r`durns`igi ih fgs fêkhgs s`jàtr`mgs s`jàtr`mgs.. @ktrniu ehrnk ihktrn ihktrn ihf pg`sgeh nrdgk`zgin h hff hfhjhktn pfçst`mn, pfçst`mn, ut`f`zgkin hsmufturgs, hsmufturgs, phq phquh÷ns uh÷ns thjpfns, p`fgrhs, mnfujkgs, htm. Hf ‖Dhk`us Fnm`‚ hs ntrn `jpnrtgkth `jpnrtgkth fhdgin ih Drhm`g pgrg hf i`sh÷n i`sh÷n pg`sgeêst`mn, hst hsth, h, puhih shr mnks`ihrgin, mnjn hf rhmnknm`j`hktn y hxprhs`ýk ihf hspêr`tu ih uk fudgr pgrt`mufgr.

 = © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Jnihfn ih mgsg dr`hdg, fgs cga`tgm`nkhs ih hstgr ih fg v`v`hkig igagk g uk pgt`n `kthr`nr, quh snfêg hstgr pgv`jhktgin y ihmnrgin mnk hstgtugs y pfgktgs hk t`hstns.

Hf D`jkgs`n hk fg gkt`dug gkt`dug Drhm`g, bukm`nkgag mnjn ukg `kstgfgm`ýk ih hktrhkgj`hktn pgrg mnjpht`inrhs hk euhdns põaf`mns. Hrg tgja`àk uk fudgr pgrg snm`gf`zgr y pgrg hkmnktrgr drupns mnk fns mugfhs sh mnjpgrt`hrgk `ihgs.

Hf Çdnrg ih Gthkgs.

Hf çdnrg (ihf dr`hdn ηνξχΦ, jhrmgin) hrg uk hspgm`n ga`hrtn quh bukm`nkgag mnjn fg pfgzg põaf`mg ih fgs m`uigihs-hstgin dr`hdgs dr`hdgs (pnf`s). Hrg hf mhktrn mufturgf, mnjhrm`gf y pnfêt`mn. Fgs gsgjafhgs ih m`uigigkns sh rhgf`zgagk hk i`mcn rhm`ktn. ]urdh trgs fg mgêig ih fg m`v`f`zgm`ýk j`màk`mg y pnr hf s`dfn R@@@ g. M. snk ukg mgrgmthrêst`mg hshkm`gf ih tnig pnf`s. Fg jçs bgjnsg hs hf Çdnrg ih Gthkgs.  9 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hf Egriêk Qnjgkn. Hf Egriêk hk fg mgsg pr`vgig. Hk fgs mgsgs rnjgkgs, fgs cga`tgm`nkhs sh hkmnktrgagk gdrupgigs gfrhihinr ih uk pgt`n mhktrgf ffgjgin phr`st`fn. phr`st`fn. Hsth hrg hf mhktrn ih fg mgsg, mgsg, uk fudgr prnthd`in ih fgs jnfhst`gs ihf v`hktn, ihf snf y ihf ru`in ih fgs mgffh. Hstns pgt`ns hstgagk hjahffhm`ins pnr hstgkquhs ih p`hirg, hstgtu`ffgs y jhsgs ih jçrjnf< fgs pfgktgs, hk mgsn ih cgahrfgs sh mnfnmgagk hk jgmhtgs n hk jgm`zns hfhvgins. ]h i`bhrhkm`g ihf gtr`n, hf ntrn pgt`n `kthr`nr prnp`n ih fgs mgsgs rnjgkgs, pnr shr ih jgynr tgjg÷n hkmnktrgrsh jçs gfhegin ih fg hktrgig y pnr ihst`kgrsh g bukm`nkhs ih rhmhpm`ýk snm`gf y rhmrhn. Hk tgktn, hf gtr`n, ua`mgin euktn g fg hktrgig y hf vhstêaufn, cgmêg fgs vhmhs ih hspgm`n ih i`str`aum`ýk hktrh fgs hstgkm`gs. Mnjn hfhjhktns mnjpns`t`vns ih fns phr`st`fns hstgagk fgs buhkths y hstgkquhs, hf gdug mnrrêg mnjn rhjhin s`jaýf`mn, rhmuhrin ih fns rêns jçs rhprhshktgt`vns ih fg mufturg rnjgkg5 hf K`fn y hf Hubrgths. Fns hjpgrrgins hktrh mnfujkgs n mnk snpnrths ih jgihrg, buhrnk hfhjhktns mnkbnrjginrhs ihf hspgm`n y prnpnrm`nkginrhs ih snjarg. Gfdukgs mgsgs shdõk su hxthks`ýk tuv`hrnk vgr`ns phr`st`fns y gihjçs, uk cuhrtn n egriêk kutr`m`n.

Jnihfn ih mgsg rnjgkg. Hf bnmn pr`km`pgf ih fg mgsg hrg hf phr`st`fn inkih sh ihsgrrnffgagk fg drgk pgrth ih fgs gmt`v`igihs ih fg v`ig injàst`mg. R`ffgs. Buh hk fgs gbuhrgs ih fg m`uigi inkih jumcns gr`stýmrgtgs hi`﬇mgrnk sus mgsgs ih mgjpn n ‖v`ffgs‚ ‖v`ffgs‚,, dhkhrgfjhkth ua`mçkinfgs mhrmg ihf gdug pgrg fndrgr thjphrgturgs jgs gdrgigafhs. _nihjns i`bhrhkm`gr5 -Fg R`ffg Xragkg, quh hrgk rhs`ihkm`gs ih ihsmgksn y rhmrhn pgrg phrsnkgehs ihstgmgins. -Fg R`ffg Qõst`mg ﬇kmgs ihst`kgigs g fg prniumm`ýk gdrêmnfg n dgkgihrg.  Hf grth tnp`gr`n hs ntrn ih fns `jpnrtgkths gpnrths ih fns rnjgkns, fndrgagk bnrjgs mgpr`mcnsgs, rhprhshktgt`vgs n gastrgmtgs rhmnrtgkin çranfhs n graustns.

 8 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

R`ffg ih Gir`gkn Hstg v`ffg suauragkg buh mnkstru`ig pnr hf Hjphrginr Gir`gkn hktrh hf 774 gf 7=3 i.M. Hjpfgzgig hk uk ffgkn gf p`h ih fg jnktg÷g, hsth d`dgkthsmn mnkeuktn hstgag mnjpuhstn pnr5 vgr`ns pgfgm`ns, ins thgtrns, ins thrjgs y vgr`gs a`af`nthmgs, gpgrth ih egri`khs y hstgkquhs. Hstg shr`h ih hi`﬇m`ns y pgt`ns buhrnk mnkstru`ins s`k uk pfgk mnnri`kgin.

R`ffg ih Gir`gkn hk Y`anf`.

Hf Mgknpn.

Jgquhtg ih fg v`ffg.

Higi Jhi`g. Hf Egriêk Jhi`hvgf. Fg Higi Jhi`g mnjprhkih, hk Hurnpg, hf fgpsn ih t`hjpn hktrh fg mgêig ihf @jphr`n Qnjgkn y hf s`dfn SR. Hstg hs ukg àpnmg nsmurg, inkih fg sumhs`ýk ih duhrrgs, i`stura`ns y pfgdgs, ihthrj`ký quh fg egri`khrêg sh rhiuzmg g phquh÷ns hspgm`ns ihktrn ihf jnkgsthr`n n mgst`ffn.

Hstns egri`khs hrgk hstr`mtgjhkth ut`f`tgr`ns, cgaêg mgkthrns mnk pfgktgs jhi`m`kgfhs, cnrtgf`zgs y ukgs pnmgs finrgfhs quh hrgk muft`vgigs pgrg fns gftgrhs hk fns jnkgsthr`ns.

Jnkgsthr`n jhi`hvgf mnk uk mnkeuktn ih egri`khs mhrrgins.

2 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Pg snarh hf ﬇kgf ih fg Àpnmg Jhi`hvgf, gpgrhm`hrnk hk fns mgst`ff mgst`ffns, ns, egri`khs ih jgynr tgjg÷n y hfganrgm`ýk , agsgins hk mr`thr`ns mr`thr`n s quh gukgagk pfgmhr y ut`f`igi. Hstns egri`khs sh mgrgmthr`zgagk pnr5 -]hr hspgm`ns mhrrgins, vgffgins. -@kmfu`r cuhrtns ih cnrtgf`zgs, brutgfhs, c`hrags c`hrags jhi`m`kgfhs jhi`m`kgfhs y v`i. -]us jgm`zns ih finrhs y dfnr`htgs. -Hstgkquhs mnk phmhs y buhkths. -_grgehs rhmua`hrtns ih màsphi y graustns pnigins.

Hf Egriêk C`spgkn çrgah. G pgrt`r ihf s`dfn R@@, sh prniumhk fgs mnkqu`stgs çrgahs ih fns pç`shs nmm`ihktgfhs ih Gs`g, ih Hd`ptn, ihf knrth ih Çbr`mg y pnr õft`jn ih Hspg÷g. Fg `kvgs`ýk ih Hspg÷g pnr fns jusufjgkhs hk hf g÷n 477, `ktrniumh hk hf mnkt`khkth hurnphn fg `ihg `sfçj`mg ih egriêk. Xkg ih sus mgrgmthrêst`mgs pr`km`pgfhs mnks`sth hk fg ut`f`zgm`ýk ihf gdug, quh gpgrhmêg dhkhrgfjhkth hk hstrhmcns mgkgfhs, hstgkquhs rhmtgkdufgrhs pnmn prnbukins y buhkths. Fgs ih mgkgf`zgm`nkhs gdug snfncgmhr fns hspgm`ns hxthr`nrhs, tgja`àk hf `kthr`nr fgs mnkstrumm`nkhs< mnkstrumm`ih nkhs< hrgrhmnrrêgk ut`f`zgig ut`f`zg igkn pgrg mrhmhr fgs pfgktgs,s`kn pgrg rhbrhsmgr hf g`rh, y mnk su jurjuffn gpgm`dugr fns shkt`ins. Hsth hs ukn ih fns hfhjhktns quh prhinj`kgag hk fns egri`khs ih _hrs`g, y buhrnk jnihfn pgrg fns egri`khs `sfçj`mns trgi`m`nkgfhs. _nihjns ihm`r hktnkmhs quh hf egriêk çrgah prhshktg5 -Xt`f`zgm`ýk ihf gdug mnjn hfhjhktn v`sugf, gui`t`vn y prçmt`mn (r`hdn y rhbr`dhrgm`ýk). -Xkg suai`v`s`ýk ihf thrrhkn hk hspgm`ns phquh÷ns. -Xkg trgjg dhnjàtr`mg ih mugirgins n rhmtçkdufns. -]umhs`ýk ih hspgm`ns mhrmgins, prnium`hkin gsê, gf pgshgr ukg sumhs`ýk ih snrprhsgs. -Xt`f`zgm`ýk g jnin ihmnrgt`vn ih mhrçj`mgs y gzufhens juft`mnfnrhs hk pgrhihs y jurns. -Ygja`àk sh nashrvg fg prhshkm`g ih mnfujkgs, agkmns, gfe`ahs y pfgktgs hk jgmhtgs. -Fgs hsphm`hs jçs muft`vgigs hrgk hf fgurhf, hf drgkgin, fns mêtr`mns, hf ane, jnrhrgs, jhjar`ffhrns, mhrhzns y gfjhkirns. Yrhs drgkihs hehjpfns ih hstgs mnjpns`m`nkhs sh ffhvgk g mgan hktrh fns s`dfns S@@@ y S@R5 Fg Gfcgjarg Gfcgjarg (719 (7193), 3), Hf Dhkhrgf`bh Dhkhrgf`bh (7=79) y Hf Gfmçzgr ih ]hv`ffg ]hv`ffg (7=8?) (7=8?)..

_fgktg ihf Gfmçzgr ih ]hv`ffg.

R`stg ihf Gfmçzgr.

 4 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

_fgktg ih fg Gfcgjarg.

_gt`n ih fns fhnkhs. R`stg ih fg Gfcgjarg. 

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 3

 

_fgktg gmtugf ihf Dhkhrgf`bh .

Xkg ih fgs buhkths ihf Dhkhrgf`bh.

R`stg ihf Dhkhrgf`bh.

 0 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hf Egriêk hk Mc`kg y Egpýk. Egriêk Mc`kn. Hk fns Egri`khs mc`kns (8??-2?? g.E.M.) fgs pfgktgm`nkhs sh i`str`auêgk shdõk uk vhrigihrn  euhdn ih bnrjgs, bnrjgs, tgjg÷ns tgjg÷ns y mnfnrhs< ut`f`zgrnk ut`f`zgrnk graustns, fin finrhs, rhs, p`hirg p`hirgss y ntrns hfhjh hfhjhktns ktns pgrg hffns s`dk`﬇mgt`vns. Fns pr`jhrns `ksp`rginrhs `ksp`rginrhs ihf i`sh÷n pg`sgeêst`mn mc`kn buhrnk fg pnhsêg y fg p`kturg. Fns hfhjhktns açs`mns ih uk pg`sgeh kuhvn hrgk fg rnmg, fg mnf`kg n jnktg÷g y hf gdug hk rhpnsn. Ntrgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs ih hstns egri`khs, snk5 -Qhmcgzgrnk tnig r`d`ihz y s`jhtrêg, trgtgkin ih `j`tgr g fg kgturgfhzg. -Fns shkihrns murvns y shrphkthgkths rhmnrrêgk hf nkiufgin thrrhkn. -Hf gdug mnrrêg hk bnrjg ih grrnyns ih anrihs `rrhdufgrhs. -_`hirgs mu`iginsgjhkth ua`mgigs pgrhm`hkin surd`r ihf fhmcn. -@kmnrpnrgagk hk sus egri`khs puhkths, pgahffnkhs y phquh÷gs nargs ih grth. -Hktrh fg vhdhtgm`ýk ut`f`zgig hkmnktrgjns hf sgumh ffnrýk, fns agjaõs y hf fntn. Fns egri`khs ihaêgk thkhr pr`vgm`igi, trgkqu`f`igi, y bukm`nkgr mnjn uk sgktugr`n inkih shkt`rsh prnthd`in prnthd`in y shrhkn, jhi`gkth hf mnktgmtn mnk fg kgturgfhzg hk rhpnsn.

Egriêk ih Pu Pugk.

 7? © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Egriêk Egpnkàs. Fns egri`khs egpnkhshs, pnshhk mgrgmthrêst`mgs s`j`fgrhs g fns ih mc`kg, phrn hk dhkhrgf ih tgjg÷n jçs rhium`in. @kthktgagk rhmrhgr hf gja`hkth ih uk pg`sgeh kgturgf gphfgkin g fg ut`f`zgm`ýk ih bnrjgs s`jaýf`mgs. Hstgagk ihst`kgins g fg jhi`tgm`ýk y g fg mnkthjpfgm`ýk, hk hffnst`pns mgig thkêg êg uk s`dk`﬇mgin hsphm`gf. hsphm`gf. Cgy i`st`ktns ihhfhjhktn egri`khs5 thk -Egriêk ih pgshn5 kgm`hrnk mnjn rhsuftgin ih fg jgynr suphr﬇m`h ih fns egri`khs quh ginrkgagk fgs jgks`nkhs. Hstns egri`khs sh mgrgmthr`zgagk pnr fg uk`igi y fg grjnkêg hk su i`sh÷n. Ynins fns hfhjhktns quh fns mnkbnrjgagk thkêgk quh hstgr i`spuhstns ih jgkhrg, quh ihsih mugfqu`hr puktn hk quh sh fns v`hrg prhshktgrçk uk hbhmtn gtrgyhkth. Hk dhkhrgf suhfhk `kmfu`r uk pgshn hk tnrkn g uk hstgkquh n fgdu`tn mhktrgf, mnf`kgs, grrnyns y mgsmgigs.

Egriêk ih pgshn.

-Egriêk ih fg mgsg ih tà5 Fg mgsg ih tà ihah shr jnihstg , shkm`ffg y mgjphstrh. Y`hkh quh hstgr shpgrgig ih fg mgsg pr`km`pgf y hf egriêk quh rnihg fg mgsg, pnrquh ihah rhprhshktgr uk jukin gfhegin ih fg v`ig mnt`i`gkg. mnt`i`gk g. ]h hsbnrzgagk pnr mrhgr ukg gtjýsbhrg trgkqu`fg, rhpnsgig y mnk m`hrtn g`rh ihf aui`sjn Uhk. Xk mgj`kn (Qne`) chmcn ih p`hirgs n agfinsgs ih p`hirgs mnkiumêg g fg mgsg ih tà. Hstgs p`hirgs hrgk mnfnmgigs snarh jusdn mnjn ukg bnrjg ih hvnmgr hf rnmên. Mgsg ih tà.

-Egri`khs Uhk Uhk ih mnkthjpfgm`ýk5 mnkthjpfgm`ýk5 Hstns egri`khs `ksp`rgins hk pg`sgehs ih jnktg÷g y gdug, buhrnk `ktrnium`ins pnr fns jnkehs aui`stgs hk sus thjpfns. Y`hkhk mnjn ﬇kgf`igi bgm`f`tgr fg jhi`tgm`ýk gf shr mnkthjpfgins ihsih hf thjpfn. Hf suhfn hs ih mugrzn hxtrgêin ihf fhmcn ihf rên , y kn hstç phrj`t`in p`sgrfn, hxmhptn pnr hf rgstr`ffginr. Fgs p`hirgs snk mu`iginsgjhkth shfhmm`nkgigs y ua`mgigs ihktrn ih fgfg mnjpns`m`ýk. Buhrnk fns pr`jhrns hk ffhvgr egri`khrêg g fg mgthdnrêg ih grth gastrgmtn.

Egriêk Uhk.

 77 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Qhkgm`j`hktn. Pg snarh hf ﬇kgf ih fg Higi Jhi`g, sh prniumh hk Hurnpg , g jhi`gins ihf s`dfn SR, hf drgk jnv`j`hktn ih rhknvgm`ýk ih tnigs fgs grths, quh `kvnfumrg tgja`àk g fg egri`khrêg.   @tgf`g. Fns egri`khs ihf Gkt`dun Qhkgm`j`hktn sh i`sh÷grnk mnjn mhktrns ih rht`rn `kthfhmtugf inkih grt`stgs y sga`ns sh rhukêgk g trgagegr y i`smut`r, gpgrtgins ih fgs jnfhst`gs ihf vhrgkn hk fg m`uigi. @tgf`g buh hf fudgr inkih hf grth ih fg egri`khrêg rhmnjhkzý mnk uk kuhvn `jpufsn, agsgin hk fgs m`rmukstgkm`gs snm`gfhs y hk fns hehjpfns grqu`thmtýk`mns quh ihegrnk fns gkt`duns rnjgkns. Mnjhkzgrnk pnr fg rhstgurgm`ýk ih gfdukns bgjnsns y suktunsns pgrquhs y v`ffgs rnjgkgs. ]us mgrgmthrêst`mgs snk5 - ]h i`spnkêgk snarh gjpf`gs suphr﬇m`hs dhkhrgfjhkth mnf`kgigs, y pgrg sgfvgr fgs `rrhdufgr`igihs ihf thrrhkn sh rhgf`zgagk jgehstunsgs hsmgf`kgtgs y thrrgzgs. -I`sh÷ns dhnjàtr`mns, inkih hf egriêk ihaêg uk`rsh hstrhmcgjhkth g fg mgsg, sh mnkm`ah hf egriêk mnjn uk hspgm`n ih rhs`ihkm`g gf g`rh f`arh. -Fg v`ffg suhfh ua`mgrsh hk uk fudgr hk fg pgrth gftg, gf ﬇kgf ih fg fêkhg fê khg v`sugf n g jhi`g fgihrg. -Yrgzgin ih ukg gvhk`ig n heh pr`km`pgf quh s`duh fg phki`hkth ihf thrrhkn, bukm`nkgkin mnjn khxn hktrh fns i`st`ktn i`st`ktnss hfhjhktns n hspgm`ns ihf prnyhmtn. -Yhkihkm`g -Yhkihkm` g g gar`r hf egriêk, gpgrtçkinsh ihf jnihfn quh prhvgfhmêg cgstg hsh jnjhktn, gfrhihinr ih uk mfgustrn n uk drgk pgt`n. Mnkhx`ýk mnk hf pg`sgeh m`rmukigkth, jhi`gkth fg aõsquhig ih v`stgs pg`sge`stgs. -Fns pgshns snk s`hjprh rhmt`fêkhns y nrtndnkgfhs hktrh sê, mnjpgrt`jhktgk hf egriêk y nr`hktgk fgs v`stgs cgm`g hfhjhktns pfçst`mns, jnt`vns ihmnrgt`vns y buhkths. - _rhshkm`g ihf gdug hk jnv`j`hktn pnr jhi`n ih mgkgfhs, mgsmgigs y buhkths. ]`du`hkin uk mgj`kn rhmt`fêkhn y hjpfhçki hjpfhçkinfg nfg mnk ukg hxmfus`vg `kthkm`ýk `kthkm`ýk ihmnrgt`vg.  -Hk mugktn g fg vhdhtgm`ýk sh ausmgag gquhffg quh i`hrg uk gsphmtn phrjgkhkth y ih﬇k`t`vn( phrhkkhs), sh ut`f`zgagk m`prhshs, çfgjns, rnsgfhs y ane -Gf `dugf quh fns rnjgkns rhmurr`hrnk gf grth tnp`gr`n, snjht`hkin g çranfhs y graustns cgstg mnkvhrt`rfns hk muhrpns dhnjàtr`mns n ﬇durgs cujgkgs n ih gk`jgfhs. Hktrh fns graustns ut`f`zgins sh hkmuhktrgk hf j`rtn, ane, fgurhf y hf then. -Fgs finrhs snfn hrgk ut`f`zgigs hk hf ‖egriêk shmrhtn‚, uk rhm`ktn ua`mgin hk fgs mhrmgkêgs ih fg mgsg y shpgrgin ihf egriêk prnp`gjhkth i`mcn. -Ntrn hfhjhktn ih gtrgmm`ýk buhrnk fns fgahr`ktns, quh mnjhkzgrnk s`hkin phquh÷ns y shkm`ffns, shkm`ffn s, ffhdgkin fuhdn g shr drgkihs y mnjpfhens. Gfdukgs ih fgs nargs quh sh ffhvgk g mgan hk hsth hst`fn snk fgs s`du`hkths5 R`ffg Jhi`m` (798?)< Egri`khs ihf Rgt`mgkn (78?=)< R`ffg Bgrkhsh (78?8)< R`ffg I‐Hsth (7848) y R`ffg Anrduhsh (72?2).

 71 © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

R`ffg Jhi`m`.

Fg v`ffg Jhi`m` hk B`hsnfh sh gigptn gf thrrhkn jhi`gkth fg i`spns`m`ýk ih thrrgzgs. Fg mgsg sh mnkhmtg mnk hf egriêk jhi`gkth ukg grmgig n fndd`g. Ihtrçs ih fg mgsg sh cgffgag uk d`gri`kn shmrhtn, n egriêk shmrhtn, uk fudgr pgrg hstgr trgkqu`fn, quh sh mnktrgpnkêg mnk hf ntrn, quh hrg jçs põaf`mn, pgrg hf usn ih v`s`tgkths y mnjn znkg ih pgsn.

R`ffg i¹Hsth.

Fg v`ffg ioHsth `ksp`rgig hk fg gkt`dug Qnjg, sh ihstgmgag pnr sus `jprhs`nkgkths hsmgf`kgtgs y euhdns ih gdug. Fgs gvhk`igs figkquhgigs pnr gftns m`prhshs prnpnrm`nkgagk ukg ihksg snjarg quh mnktrgstgag mnk fg fuz jhi`thrrçkhg. Hstgs gvhk`igs hkjgrmgagk phrsphmt`vgs y pg`sgehs quh quhigagk jçs gffç ih fns fêj`ths ihf egriêk. Hf gdug gpgrhmêg hk bnrjg ih surt`inrhs, mgsmgigs, buhkths y hstgkquhs.

 7= © _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Brgkm`g. Hf Qhy Mgrfns R@@@ ih Brgkm`g, hk 7098, hjprhkih ukg hxphi`m`ýk g Kçpnfhs, ih fg quh rhdrhsg trgyhkin mnk s`dn kujhrnsns grt`stgs `tgf`gkns, puhih ihm`rsh, quh hf Qhkgm`j`hktn Brgkmàs mnjhkzý mnk fg ffhdgig ih gquhffns grt`stgs g Brgkm`g. Fns pr`jhrns egri`khs chmcns hk fg kuhvg jnigf`igi, buhrnk gigptgins gf gkt`dun mgst`ffn jhi`hvgf< mnjn fns ih Gjarn`sh y Afn`s, quh buhrnk rhbnrjgins y gjpf`gins pgrg rhfihegr fg hstàt`mg `tgf`gkg. Hf mf`jg y hf pg`sgeh ih Brgkm`g tuv`hrnk uk pgphf `jpnrtgkth hk fg ihthrj`kgm`ýk ih fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgss ihf egriêk brgkmàs y hk su i`bhrhkm`gm`ýk mnk fns `tgf`gkns. mgrgmthrêst`mg Hf grth ihf egriêk gfmgkzý su jçx`jn hspfhkinr hk Brgkm`g agen hf rh`kgin ih Fu`s S@R. Fh Kntrh tnjg fg chrhkm`g ihf egriêk `tgf`gkn y fgs hxphr`hkm`gs ih fns grt`stgs quh gmtugrnk hk Brgkm`g hk hf phr`nin gkthr`nr, y mrhg ukg bnrjg kuhvg. Mgrgmthrêst`mgs ih fns egri`khs ih Fh Kntrh5 -Hf egriêk iheg ih shr ukg prnfnkdgm`ýk ih fg mgsg pgrg pgsgr g shr pgrth ih ukg drgk mnjpns`m`ýk5 hspgm`n dfnagfjhkt dfnagfjhkth h nrdgk`zgin. nrdgk`zgin. -]nk mnjpns`m`nkhs mnjpns`m`nkhs dhnjàtr`mgs, dhnjàtr`mgs, mnk ukg rêd`ig i`str`aum`ýk g gx`gf, x`gf, s`jàtr`mgs, ih ih prnpnrm`nkhs jgthjçt`mgs, quh ntnrdgk gf mnkeuktn uk gsphmtn ih rhdufgr`igi y i`sm`pf`kg. -]h gfthrgag ihf`mgigjhkt ihf`mgigjhkth h fg tnpndrgbêg, pgrg mrhgr ihsk`vhfhs n thrrgzgs ihsih inkih nashrvgr fns pgrthrrhs. -Hf gdug hstgag qu`htg kgturgfjhkth hk hknrjhs hsphens, yg quh fns rêns hrgk ih mursn fhktn, iha`in g fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs ihf thrrhkn.  -Fns jnt`vns gmuçt`mns, pnr fn dhkhrgf ih bnrjgs pfgkgs gk`jgigs pnr surt`inrhs, sh i`spnkhk g fn fgrdn ihf heh mhktrgf, mnk uk hbhmtn drgiugf ih mrhm`j`hktn g jhi`ig quh kns gfhegjns ih fg mgsg. -Jhi`gkth fns rhfihens ihf gdug sh `kmnrpnrg hf m`hfn y hf hktnrkn g fg mnjpns`m`ýk. -]h ut`f`zgk pnr pr`jhrg vhz hxthksgs phrsphmt`vgs, tnin hf mnkeuktn pniêg shr v`stn hk uk snfn v`stgzn, hs ihm`r, ihsih fg mgsg n bnrtgfhzg quh hstgag s`hjprh hk fg pgrth jçs gftg< gf j`sjn t`hjpn sh `kmnrpnrgagk hfhjhktns snrprhsg y mnktrgsth, dhkhrgfjhkth hk ansquhm`ffns êkt`jns. -Fgs pfgktgm`nkhs snk ‖grqu`thmturgfhs‚, ‖grqu`thmturgfhs‚, fg vhdhtgm`ýk sh ut`f`zgag bnrjgkin ansquhths, `jpnrtgkths jgsgs graýrhgs mnjn jgrmn n bnkin vhdhtgf, pgrthrrhs n rhmnrtgkin çranfhs y graustns hk bnrjgs ihmnrgt`vgs. -Fg prgmt`mg ih fg mgzg hk fns ansquhs quh rnihgagk fns egri`khs hx`d`ý fg gphrturg ih mgj`kns rgi`gfhs quh pgrtêgk ih uk puktn mhktrgf, hsth jnihfn hk ‖hstrhffg‚ fuhdn sh sujý gf i`sh÷n ih egri`khs y ih uragk`zgm`nkhs.   Gkirà Fh Kntrh buh hf jçx`jn hxpnkhkth ih hsth hst`fn, gutnr ih hxtrgnri`kgr`gs nargs mnjn Rhrsgffhs (7219-7233) y Rgux-fh-R`mnjth( Rgux-fh-R`mnjth(7282). 7282).  

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Rhrsgffhs.

Hf drgk heh mhktrgf inj`kgkth sh p`hrih hk hf cnr`znkth.

_fgkn ih Rhrsgffhs.

Fns egri`khs ih Rhrsgffhs puhihk shr mnks`ihrgins mnjn ukg ih fgs jçs drgkihs hxprhs`nkhs ih fg jnkgrquêg gasnfutg, y ihf pnihr ih ukn ih fns rhyhs jçs mgr`sjçt`mns ih Brgkm`g, Fu`s S@R, mnknm`in mnjn Qhy ]nf. Rhrsgffhs hrg hf mhktrn ih dna`hrkn inkih sh mnkmhktrgagk mnkmhktrgagk fgs bukm`nkhs i`pfnjçt`mgs, i`pfnjçt`mgs, prntnmnfgr`gs y pnfêt`mgs. Hf fudgr ih hjpfgzgj`hktn hfhd`in thkêg drgkihs i`﬇muftgihs tàmk`mgs quh Fh Kntrh Kntrh tuvn quh rhsnfvhr, hf thrrhkn hrg nr`d`kgfjhkth pgktgknsn, `kgihmugin pgrg pfgktgm`nkhs ihf`mgigs, y g pgrth mgrhmêg ih rhmursns cêir`mns, khmhsgr`ns pgrg gf`jhktgr fns hstgkquhs y surt`inrhs. Buhrnk khmhsgr`ns drgkihs jnv`j`hktns ih t`hrrgs y nargs ih irhkgeh y mgptgm`ýk ih gdugs hk fgs rhd`nkhs vhm`kgs, pgrg ffhvgr g mgan hstg drgki`nsg narg.

Rgux-fh-R`mnjth.

 R`stg gàrhg ih Rgux-fh-R`mnjth.

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© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

@kdfgthrrg. Hk fg @kdfgthrrg ihf s`dfn SR@@@ ‖tnin hf jukin‚ cgm`g sus egri`khs g fg brgkmhsg, phrn hstns kn hrgk ihf gdrgin ih fns `kdfhshs, ih hspêr`tu rhmtn y ihjnmrçt`mn ihjnmrçt`mn,, puhs gsnm`gagk hstns egri`khs g dna`hrkns ihspýt`mns. ]urd`ý hstg bnrj bnrjg gyfgfg rhgmm`ýk mnk trg fns rêd`ins rêd`ins trgzgin s dhnjàtr dhnjàtr`mns, `mns,hktnkmhs hf snjht`j`hk snjht`j`hktn ih fgihvhdhtgm`ýk nsthktnsgmnktrg ihjnstrgm`ýk ihtrgzgins r`quhzgs< sh prnpusn hf rhtnrkn g fg kgturgfhzg.

Qhgmm`ýk _g`sge`stg. Fg pgfgarg _G@]GE@]YG (quh v`hkh ihf brgkmàs ‖pgysgd`sth‚) kgm`ý g ﬇khs ihf s`dfn SR@@ hk Brgkm`g pgrg ihs`dkgr g gquhffns p`ktnrhs muygs thfgs rhprhshktgagk hsmhkgs aumýf`mgs, ru`kgs, htm< inkih hf pg`sgeh hrg prntgdnk`stg y jçs `jpnrtgkths quh fgs phrsnkgs n gk`jgfhs rhprhshktgins. ]h mnknmh rnjgkt`m`sjn, mnkeuktn ih y grtêst`mns, quh ihsih ﬇khs mnjn ihf s`dfn SR@@@ c`m`hrnkhfprhvgfhmhr fnsjnv`j`hktns pr`km`p`ns ih`kthfhmtugfhs f`ahrtgi y suaeht`v`ig suaeht`v`igi i mnktrg fgs rhdfgs mfçs`mgs y hf rgm`nkgf`sjn. Hf jnv`j`hktn rnjçkt`mn rnjçkt`m n tuvn mnjn rhsuftgin uk jnihfn ih egriêk muyg bnrjg sh agsgag hk fg nashrvgm`ýk i`rhmtg ih fg kgturgfhzg y hk fns pr`km`p`ns ih fg p`kturg. _uhih ihm`rsh, quh hk hf surd`j`hktn ihf egriêk pg`sge`stg hkmnktrgjns trhs `kfiuhkm`gs mfgrgs5 fg pr`jhrg hf phksgj`hktn ih ﬇fýsnbns y pnhtgs< fg shdukig v`kmufgig g fg narg ih fns p`ktnrhs pg`sge`stgs y fg thrmhrg ihr`vg ihf mnknm`j`hktn ihf egriêk pg`sge`stg mc`kn g trgvàs ih ihsmr`pm`nkhs ih v`gehrns y ih fns pg`sgehs rhprhshktgins hk fns naehtns ih pnrmhfgkg. Fns naeht`vns ihf pg`sgeh pgsgrnk g shr fg snrprhsg, fg vgr`higi, sh ausmgag fg `rrhdufgr`igi, s`kunsninkih y fg nathkm`ýk ihpgrthrrhs `iêf`mgs phrsphmt`vgs. Hk fnsfnfudgrhs hx`stêgk fns y thrrgzgs sh sust`tuyhrnk pnr sugvhs prgihrgs y drupns ih çranfhs, hf`j`kgkin tnig bnrjg ih grth tnp`gr`n, hf gdug gpgrhmh mnjn rêns mnk jhgkirns y fns shkihrns s`duhk bnrjgs s`kunsgs. Gpgrhmhk fns jnt`vns v`sugfhs mnjn mgjpgkgr`ns, puhkths, hsmufturgs, htm< y tgja`àk fns jnt`vns f`thrgr`ns mnjn sêjanfns hvnmgt`vns mgpgmhs ih prnvnmgr shkt`j`hktns hk gquhffns quh fns nashrvgk, pnr hehjpfn 5 thjpfns gf gjnr, shpufmrns, ru`kgs grt`﬇m`gfhs, hrj`tgs, htm. ]h hf`j`ký mugfqu`hr `kthrrupm`ýk v`sugf hktrh hf egriêk y hf pg`sgeh ut`f`zgkin mhrmgs rhcuki`igs ( ffgjgins cg-cg n gc-gc), phrj`t`hkin quh hf mgjpn m`rmukigkth sh `kthdrgrg v`sugfjhkth gf egriêk. G mnkt`kugm`ýk prnbuki`zgrhjns hk fg narg ih trhs pg`sge`stgs quh sh ihstgmgrnk hk hsth hst`fn, hffns snk5 T`ff`gj Lhkt, Fgkmhfnt ‖Mgpga`f`ty‚ Arnwk y Cujpry Qhptnk.

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© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

T`ff`gj Lhkt. Hf pr`jhr prnbhs`nkgf quh i`sh÷n egri`khs shdõk hsth kuhvn hst`fn buh T`ff`gj Lhkt (72327493), _`ktnr, Grqu`thmtn, Grqu`thmtn, Ihmnrginr y _g`sge`stg, qu`hk qu`hk f`ahrý gf egriêk ih tnin fn bnrjgf, bnrjgf, mnjpnk`hkin mnk fns hfhjhktns ihf pg`sgeh mnjn fn cgmêgk fns p`ktnrhs pg`sge`stgs hk sus mugirns, gsê ‖mugirns v`v`hkths‚. ]hdu`inr mrhgkin ih fgs `ihgs ih Gfhegkirn _nph (pnhtg mfçs`mn, bgjnsn pnr sus sçt`rgs), Lhkt gpf`mgag hk pgrth sus `ihgs5 -Ganf`r fns fêj`ths. -Mnktrgsths ih fuz y snjargs. -@kmfu`r hf bgmtnr snrprhsg. Hk sus pgrquhs @kmfuyý, mnjn hfhjhktns bnmgfhs, pgahffnkhs y thjpfhths ‖ g fn dr`hdn‚. Lhkt trgagen hk Mc`sw`ml Cnush hk 74=9 y Qnuscgj hk 749?.

Mc`sw`ml Cnush.

 Mc`sw`ml Cnush.

Qnuscgj. Qnuscgj.  74

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Fgkmhfnt ‖Mgpga`f`ty‚ Arnwk Buh hf õk`mn quh trgageý hk drgkihs hxthks`nkhs, Fgkmhfnt ‖Mgpga`f`ty‚ Arnwk (7472743=) Grqu`thmtn y _g`sge`stg, sh ffhdý g mnks`ihrgr mnjn hf i`sh÷ginr prhhj`khkth ihf hst`fn pg`sge`stg `kdfàs ihf s`dfn SR@@@ pnr jnihfgr sus egri`khs hk bukm`ýk ih fg grjnkêg kgturgf. G i`bhrhkm`g ih sus prhihmhsnrhs kn sh `ksp`rý hk fns p`ktnrhs pg`sge`stgs y jni`﬇mý hf hst`fn ih Lhkt pgrg gigptgrfn g pgrquhs y prgihrgs juy hxthksgs. Buh qu`hk ffhvý cgstg fgs õft`jgs mnkshmuhkm`gs mnkshmuhkm`gs fns pr`km`p`ns ihf egriêk pg`sge`stg. ]us i`sh÷ns sh agsgagk hk fgs s`du`hkths prhj`sgs5 - Hf`j`kgm`ýk ih tnin hfhjhktn hfhjhktn rhdufgr, rhdufgr, gpf`mgkin snfgjhkth snfgjhkth fêkhgs fêkhgs s`kuns s`kunsgs gs y nkiufgknkiufgkths. -]uprhs`ýk ih fgs mhrmgs rhcuki`igs (gc-gc), cgm`hkin gvgkzgr fgs jgsgs graýrhgs cgstg fns jurns ih fg mgsg. -_nmns pgshns, mgs` s`hjprh ihf`j`tgins pnr jgm`zns vhdhtgfhs. -_hrsphmt`vgss y i`rhmm`nkhs v`sugfhs mnktrnfgigs pnr ansq -_hrsphmt`vg ansquhm`ffns uhm`ffns y m`kturnkhs ih çranfhs. -Hf gdug sh `kmnrpnrg g sus mnjpns`m`nkhs mnjn mursns ih gdug gkmcns y s`kunsns, gmhktugkin gsê fg `jpnrtgkm`g ih hsth hfhjhktn hk hf pg`sgeh. Hktrh sus nargs jçs `jpnrtgkths sh hkmuhktrg hf _gfgm`n Afhkch`j, (7483).

_gfgm`n Afhkch`j

 73

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Cujpcry Qhptnk Cujpcry Qhptnk (7481-7373), Grqu`thmtn, _g`sge`stg y Gmugrhf`stg, puhih shr mnks`ihrgin mnjn hf sumhsnr ih Arnwk, phrn hk mnjpgrgm`ýk mnk hsth buh jhkns irçst`mn. Gfdukgs ih sus hksh÷gkzgs5 -I`sh÷gag pfgktgm`nkhs mnk bnrjgs jçs f`arhs y mnjpnkêg drupns j`xtns ih rnafhs, mgstg÷ns y pfçtgkns gihjçs ih cgygs quh hrg mgs` fg õk`mg hsphm`h ut`f`zgig pnr Arnwk. -Ausmgag ukg trgks`m`ýk trgks`m` ýk drgiugf hktrh fg grqu`thmturg y hf pg`sgeh, `kmnrpnrgkin hk fns  egri`khs thrrgzgs, thrrgzgs, agfg agfgustrgigs ustrgigs y h hsmgf`kgtgs smgf`kgtgs mhrmg mhrmg ih fg mgsg. mgsg. -Hk mugktn gf granfgin mhrmgkn g fns hi`﬇m`ns, Qhptnk np`kgag quh ihaêgk hfhd`rsh hsphm`hs quh mnktrgstgrgk mnktrgstgrgk mnk fg bnrjg ih fns hi`﬇m`ns. Hi`﬇m`ns mnk prhinj`k`n ih fgs fêkhgs vhrt`mgfhs, rhquhr`rçk pfgktgm`nkhs ih mnpgs rhinkihgigs< pnr hf mnktrgr`n gquhffns hi`﬇m`ns inkih prhinj`kgagk fgs fêkhgs cnr`znktgfhs hstgrçk gmnjpg÷gins pnr mnpgs mnfujkgrhs n hstrhmcgs. -Buh hf pr`jhrn hk hv`ihkm`gr quh fns pgshns n mgj`kns, snk mnjpnkhkths bukigjhktgfhs mnjn jhi`n ih v`s`ýk hk jnv`j`hktn< ih hstg jgkhrg fgs v`s`nkhs pniêgk i`sbrutgrsh hk sumhs`ýk y mnkt`ku`igi. G i`bhrhkm`g ih fg mnkmhpm`ýk mfçs`mg quh mnks`ihrgag hf pg`sgeh hk su mugf`igi hstçt`mg, pgrg shr i`sbrutgins ihsih puktns ﬇ens, s`k mnkt`ku`igi ukn mnk ntrn.

Xkg tàmk`mg `kthrhsgkth quh ut`f`zgag mnks`stêg hk hxpnkhr hk sus ‖f`arns rnens‚ i`auens n gmugrhfgs mnk sus prnpuhstgs, jnstrgkin hf ‖gkths‚ y ‖ihspuàs‚.

Gkths.

Ihspuàs.

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G pgrt`r ih fg agtgffg ih Yrgbgfdgr hk 73?8 @kdfgthrrg sh giuh÷g ih fns jgrhs, hs gsê, quh iha`in gf hknrjh `kmrhjhktn ih fns v`gehs y ihf mnjhrm`n mnk uftrgjgr , sh `ktrniuehrnk kuhvgs hsphm`hs ih fg finrg uk`vhrsgf, prnium`àkinsh uk drgk ihsgrrnffn ih fg cnrt`muf cnrt`mufturg. turg.

Hf Egriêk ihf s`dfn S@S. Ihsih mnj`hkzns ihf s`dfn S@S fgs trgksbnrjgm`nkhs ih mgrçmthr pnfêt`mn ``kfiuyhk kfiuyhk jgrmgigjhkth snarh fg hvnfum`ýk ih fg egri`khrêg< fg ihjnmrgt`zgm`ýk ih fns puhafns vg mnkmhi`hkin `jpnrtgkm`g g fns hspgm`ns vhrihs pgrg usn pnpufgr. Mnk fg hxpgks`ýk uragkg `jpufsgig pnr fg Qhvnfum`ýk `kiustr`gf sh hstgafhmh uk kuhvn mnkmhptn ih bukm`nkgf`igi ihf hspgm`n vhrih. Fns pgrquhs y egri`khs sh mrhgk, snarh tnin, pgrg sgt`sbgmhr hx`dhkm`gs c`d`àk`mgs, rhmrhgt`vgs y hiumgt`vgs ih fgs m`uigihs. Ihsih jhi`gins ih s`dfn mnj`hkzg ukg rhvgfnr`zgm`ýk ih fgs bnrjgs dhnjàtr`mgs, cgstg quh ffhdg g mnksnf`igrsh uk hst`fn ih egriêk quh mnja`kg bnrjgs f`arhs pg`sge`stgs y hfhjhktns ihf egriêk mfçs`mn, ausmgkin hbhmtns ih mnktrgsth n drgigm`ýk. Fgs jgynrêgs ih fgs rhgf`zgm`nkhs ih fns pgêshs ih Hurnpg nmm`ihktgf y Hstgins Xk`ins sh c`m`hrnk hk fns pgrquhs põaf`mns y uragkns.

@kdfgthrrg. @kdfgthrrg buh hf pr`jhrn hk givhrt`r fg khmhs`igi ih mrhgr drgkihs pgrquhs gf shrv`m`n ih fns cga`tgkths ih fgs m`uigihs, y Fnkirhs, yg g jhi`gins ih s`dfn, i`spnkêg ih uk mnkeuktn ih pgrquhs `kthdrgin pnr5 ]t.Egjhs‐s _grl, Drhhk _grl, Cyih _grl y Lhks`kdktnk Dgrihks. Hstns pgrquhs bnrjgk ukg mgihkg `k`kthrrujp`ig `k`kthrru jp`ig ih hspgm`ns vhrihs hk hf mhktrn ih fg m`uigi, mnk ukg fnkd`tui ih jçs ih 9 l`fýjhtrns. Hk ukg pns`m`ýk phr`bàr`mg phr`bàr`m g sh hkmuhktrg hf Qhdhkt¹s _grl mnk 70? chmtçrhgs ih hxthks`ýk, hk muyg rhgf`zgm`ýk rhgf`zgm`ý k pgrt`m`pý Cujprhy Qhptnk.

]t. Egjhs‐s _grl y Drhhk

1?

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

   

]t.Egjhs‐s _grl.

Drhhk _grl .

Cyih _grl y Lhks`kdtnk Dgrihks.

Cyih _grl.

Lhks`kdtnk Dgrihks.

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© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Qhdhkt‐s _grl.

Qhdhkt‐s _grl.

Qhdhkt‐s _grl.

Gpgrth ih fns pgrquhs põaf`mns gpgrhmh ukg bnrjg pgrt`mufgr ih phquh÷n egriêk uragkn, fg ‖squgrh‚, quh hs hk rhgf`igi hf mnkeuktn ih v`v`hkigs quh bnrjgk ukg pfgzg mugirgkdufgr mnk uk egriêk hk jhi`n. Mugkin hstg pfgzg hs m`rmufgr sh ffgjg ‖m`rmus‚ y mugkin fns hi`﬇m`ns nmupgk nmupgk snfn fg j`tgi y hf egriêk sh garh gf pg`sg pg`sgeh eh sh ffgjg ‖mrhsmh ‖mrhsmhkt‚. kt‚. Gf mnj`hkzn hstns egri`khs hrgk ih prnp`higi pr`vgig rhshrvgins gf usn ih fns cga`tgkths ih fgs mgsgs m`rmukigkths, phrn mnk hf t`hjpn ffhdgrnk g shr ih usn põaf`mn.

 11

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

R`stg gàrhg ih ]t. Egjhs ]qugrh.

]t. Egjhs ]qugrh.

]t. Egjhs ]qugrh.

R`stg gàrhg ihf M`rmus, Agtc.

 1=

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

M`rmus, Agtc .

M`rmus, Agtc .

R`stg gàrhg ihf Qnygf Mrhsmhkt, Agtc.

Qnygf Mrhsmhkt, Agtc .

Qnygf Mrhsmhkt, Agtc .

 19

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Brgkm`g. Buh hf Hjphrginr Hudhkh Cgussjgkk qu`hk hkmgrdý gf `kdhk`hrn y pg`sge`stg Ginfpch Gfpcgki fg rhgf`zgm`ýk ih uk mnkeuktn ih nargs pgrg _grês. Ins drgkihs _grquhs An`s ih Anufndkh hk hf hxtrhjn nhsth y An`s ih R`kmhkkhs hk hf hxtrhjn npuhstn, gpgrth ih ntrns pgrquhs , pgshns granfgins, egri`khs squgrhs. Fg_g`sge`stgs, rhgf`zgm` rhgf`zgm`ýk ýk ih hstgs nargsjhknrhs mnktr`auyý pgrg fg bnrjgm`ýkkujhrnsns ih ukg Hsmuhfg ihygrqu`thmtns ihstgmçkinsh hktrh ntrns Fnu`s Rgrà, Hinugri Gkirà, _`hrrh Agr`ffht-Ihsmcgjps y fns chrjgkns Aöcfhr. Qhgf`zgrnk su narg agsgins hk hf hst`fn pg`sge`stg, y mhktrçkinsh hk mr`thr`ns juy shkm`ffns5 mnjpns`m`ýk ihf mnkeuktn mnjn uk`igi< ut`f`zgm`ýk ih bnrjgs y fêkhgs purgs y aõsquhig ih hbhmtns gjpf`ns. Buh _`hrrh Agr`ffht-Ihsmcgjps qu`hk tuvn g su mgrdn fg trgksbnrjgm`ýk ih Rn`s ih R`kmhkkhs, uk pgrquh ua`mgin hk hf surhsth y mhrmg ih fns agrr`ns narhrns, ihaêg hstgr prhpgrgin pgrg rhm`a`r drgkihs jgsgs ih m`uigigkns< phrn s`k iuig, su narg jçs vgf`nsg hs hf pgrquh ih fgs Autths-Mcgujnkt rhgf`zgin hktrh fns g÷ns 7329 g 7324. _grquh ih fgs Autths-Mcgujnkt.

Autths-Mcgujnkt .

Autths-Mcgujnkt .

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© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Agr`ffht-Ihsmcgjps ginptgag hfhjhktns shkm`ffns pgrg fndrgr mnjpns`m`nkhs quh `kthktgagk prhshktgr g fg kgturgfhzg kn tgktn mnjn gfdn `ihgf`zgin, s`kn jçs a`hk mnjn ukg mrhgm`ýk cujgkg. Pg ihmêg su jghstrn Gfpcgki5 ‖uk egriêk kn ihah shr ukg mnp`g hxgmtg ih fg kgturgfhzg, puhstn quh hf egriêk hs ukg narg ih grth‚. _uhih mnks`ihrgrsh g Hinugri Gkirà, qu`hk mnfganrý hk `jpnrtgkths nargs mnk Agr`ffhtIhsmcgjps , mnjn ukn ih fns Grqu`thmtns pg`sge`stgs jçs ihstgmgins ih fg shdukig j`tgi ih s`dfn S@S hk Hurnpg. ]u `kthrvhkm`ýk kn sh f`j`tý snfn g Brgkm`g, yg quh hk 7324 mrhn hf ]hbtnk _grl ih F`vhrpnnf, hf pr`jhr pgrquh hqu`pgin jnihrkgjhkth pgrg hf usn jgs`vn ih ukg drgk m`uigi.

]hbtnk _grl ih F`vhrpnnf.

]hbtnk _grl .

]hbtnk _grl .

Hf ]hbtnk _grl hstç rnihgin hk tnin su phrêjhtrn pnr pgrmhfgs `ki`v`iugfhs mnk mgsgs g`sfgigs . @kmfuyh `kstgfgm`nkhs ihpnrt`vgs, ihpnrt`vgs, uk egriêk egriêk antçk`mn y i`vhrsgs gtrgmm`nkhs. gtrgmm`nkhs. ]u trgzgin sh agsg hk gjpf`ns mêrmufns y hf`pshs tgkdhkths hktrh sê, uk rgsdn inj`kgkth ihf dustn ih fg àpnmg.

 12

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hstgins Xk`ins ih Gjàr`mg. Hf grth ih fns egri`khs surdh hk fns Hstgins Xk`ins cgm`g jhi`gins ihf s`dfn S@S, phrn buhrnk ih fns pr`jhrns hk phksgr fns pgrquhs põaf`mns mnjn s`sthjgs `kthdrgfhs, mnjuk`mçkinfns hktrh sê g trgvàs ih grthr`gs ih vhdhtgm`ýk. Hf `jpufsnr ih hsth jnv`j`hktn buh Brhihr`ml Fgw Nfjsthi, qu`hk buh hf pr`jhrn hk ut`f`zgr hf tàrj`kn ih ‖grqu`thmtn pg`sge`stg‚ pgrg rhbhr`rsh g su prnbhs`ýk y hk 7300 buh ukn ih fns bukiginrhs ih fg Gjhr`mgk ]nm`hty nb fgkismgph Grmc`thmts (]nm`higi Gjhr`mgkg ih Grqu`thmtns _g`sge`stgs) _g`sge`stgs).. Nfjsthi rhgf`zý `jpnrtgkths nargs hk fgs pr`km`pgfhs m`uigihs ih Knrthgjàr`mg5 Hf Mhktrgf _grl ih Kuhvg Pnrl, hf _rnsphmt _grl ih Arnnlfyk, hf Bg`rjnukt _grl ih B`fgihf﬇g, hf ]nutc _grl ih Mc`mgdn, hf s`sthjg ih pgrquhs ih Anstnk, fns egri`khs ihf Mgp`tnf`n y hf pgrquh Jnkt-Qnygf hk Jnktrhgf. ]u bnrjg ih i`sh÷gr sh agsgag hk ginptgr uk hst`fn `kbnrjgf y kgturgf , tnjgkin hk muhktg fgs pns`a`f`igihs pns`a`f`igihs y f`j`tgm`nkhs f`j`tgm`nkhs ih mgig fudgr. fudgr. Hkbgt`zgag Hkbgt`zgag fg kgtur kgturgfhzg gfhzg y fns pgknrgjgs kgturgfhs, trgagegag mnk fêj`ths sugvhs y fêkhgs murvgs hk mnktrgsth mnk fg m`uigi. Xkg ih sus pr`km`pgfhs nargs, hs s`k iuigs, hf Mhktrgf _grl ih Kuhvg Pnrl mnjhkzgin hk 7383< muyn i`sh÷n buh `ksp`rgin pnr fg hsmuhfg `kdfhsg, phrn gigptgin g uk pgrquh põaf`mn mgpgz ih gasnrahr ukg juft`tui ih cga`tgkths ih fg m`uigi. Gquê sh vh uk thjprgkn hehjpfn ih fg shpgrgm`ýk ih fns i`st`ktns t`pns ih m`rmufgm`nkhs, mnk uk trgzgin `kihphki`hkth y hkfgzgins hktrh s` 5 uk s`sthjg ih vêgs pgrg vhcêmufns y uk s`sthjg ih pgshns y shkihrns hxmfus`vgjhkth phgtnkgfhs.

Mhktrgf _grl ih Kuhvg Pnrl

Mhktrgf _grl .

R`stg pgknrçj`mg ihf Mhktrgf _grl. Mhktrgf _grl .

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© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Hf Egriêk ihf s`dfn SS.   Hf i`sh÷n ih fns egri`khs hk hf s`dfn SS mgja`ý bukigjhktgfjhkth bukigjhktgfjhkth pnr hf `jpgmtn ih fg ffhdgig ihf jnihrk`sjn. Hk fns g÷ns vh`kth fns egri`khs thki`hrnk hk tnigs pgrths g hjphquh÷hmhrsh, sh fns mnks`ihrgag mnjn ukg mnkt`kugm mnkt`kugm`ýk `ýk ih fg grqu`thmturg , `kthdrgins g fg mnjpns`m` mnjpns`m`ýk ýk ihf hi`﬇m`n y rhfhdgins gf çja`tn pr`vgin. Fg Grqu`thmturg Jnihrkg prnpnrm`nký ukg mnjuk`mgm`ýk hktrh v`v`hkig y egriêk. Hf egriêk iheg ih shr uk s`jpfh hsmhkgr`n ihmnrgt`vn pgrg i`sbruth hstàt`mn n v`sugf< pgrg pgsgr g shr ukg prnfnkdgm`ýk ih fg v`v`hkig, quh yg kn nmuftg sus hfhjhktns ut`f`tgr`ns. Fns i`sh÷ginrhs ihf s`dfn SS sh `kthrhsgrnk hk `dugf jhi`ig pnr rhsphtgr fgs khmhs`igihs cujgkgs mnjn hf cça`tgt kgturgf. Fns egri`khs sh mnkv`rt`hrnk hk hspgm`ns pgrg v`v`r hk hffns hk fudgr ih shrv`r snfn pgrg fg mnkthjpfgm`ýk.

Ycnjgs Mcumc. Mrhý fns phquh÷ns egri`khs pgrg v`v`r gf g`rh f`arh hk Mgf`bnrk`g. ]us egri`khs shduêgk fgs s`du`hkths prhj`sgs5 -Xk egriêk injàst`mn ihst`kgin gf ihsmgksn. -Ih agen jgkthk`j`hktn. jgkthk`j`hktn. -Xt`f`zgkin jgthr`gfhs quh mnkt`kõgk fns ih fg mgsg. Hstgafhm`ý quh fgs bnrjgs kgmhk ih = buhkths5 -Khmhs`igihs cujgkgs y hx`dhkm`gs ihf mf`hkth. -Yhmknfndêg -Yhmknfndê g ih fns jgthr`gfhs y hsphm`hs vhdhtgfhs. -Mugf`igihs ihf thrrhkn y hxprhs`ýk hspgm`gf. Xkn ih sus egri`khs jçs bgjnsns hs hf Inkkhff, ]nknjg, rhgf`zgin hk 7093.

_fgktg ihf Inkkhff Dgrihk.

Inkkhff Dgrihk. Fgs bnrjgs fiuêigs ih fg p`sm`kg (`ksp`rgigs hk fns jhgkirns ihf rên ]nknjg) mnktrgstgk mnk fg trgjg rhmtgkdufgr ihf pgv`jhktn ih cnrj`dýk y ih fg pfgtgbnrjg ih jgihrg.  13

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Dgrrht Hmlan. _fgkthgag g trgvàs ih su f`arn Fgkismgph bnr F`v`kd (708?), quh hf naehtn ihf pg`sge`sjn shrêg igr mnkt`ku`igi gf jhi`n bês`mn ih jnin quh s`rv`hrg ih hfhjhktn `kthdrginr hktrh fn mnkstru`in y fn shfvçt`mn. Ihmêg quh cgaêg quh ihegr ih fgin fg i`v`s`ýk hktrh hf i`sh÷n ‖bnrjgf‚ y hf ‖`kbnrjgf‚ pgrg ihsgrrnffgr uk kuhvn vnmgaufgr`n quh fndrgsh, shdõk sus pgfgargs, ‖ukg bnrjg nrdçk`mg hk uk pg`sgeh cujgk`zgin‚. Hk sus i`sh÷ns ut`f`zgag5 -Bnrjgs rhmtgkdufgrhs, m`rmufgrhs n mnjpuhstgs hk gdrupgm`nkhs nrtndnkgfhs u naf`mugs mnja`kgigs mnk bnrjgs kgturgfhs ihf pg`sgeh. -Hstrumturgm`ýk ihf hspgm`n pnr jhi`n ih pfgktgm`ýk, jurns y pàrdnfgs. -Mnktrgsths ih ﬇durgs y thxturgs hk suhfns, jurns y pfgktgs.

Fgwrhkmh Cgfpr`k. ]h ihstgmý hk hf i`sh÷n ih hspgm`ns hxthr`nrhs pnr hvnmgr pg`sgehs ih gdug y jnktg÷g ut`f`zgkin cnrj`dýk. Ihmêg5 ‖yn `ktrniuzmn fg kgturgfhzg ih jgkhrg buhrth y ihm`i`ig, ausmn mnp`grfg, s`kn quh fg trgksbnrjn mrhgkin fudgrhs inkih fg dhkth puhig shr bhf`z‚.kn ]us i`sh÷ns sh agsgagk hk5 -Fg ut`f`zgm`ýk ihf gdug y hf cnrj`dýk. -Fg prnpuhstg ih ‖pgrt`m`pgm`ýk‚, mnjn uk `kdrhi`hkth quh kn puhih bgftgr. -Mrhgm`ýk ih ukg prnpuhstg phrmhpt`vg y hjnm`nkgf quh sh ihspf`hdg hk shmuhkm`gs. Xkn ih sus i`sh÷ns buh fg _fgzg Fnvheny, ua`mgig hk _nrtfgki, Nrhdýk hk 7022.

_fgktg ihf Inkkhff Dgrihk.

_fgzg Fnvheny. ]u i`sh÷n gastrgmtn buh `ksp`rgin pnr fg ]`hrrg gftg ih Mgf`bnrk`g. Hf thrrhkn ihsm`hkih hk ukg jnv`ig grt`﬇m`gf gfrhihinr ihfgins hstgkquhs tnpndgbêg ih mnktnrkn quhargin. Hk hffg tnpndrgbêg sh rhiumh g murvgs ih k`vhf prhm`sgs.  10

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Qnahrtn Aurfh Jgrx. Yrgsfgiý hf grth gastrgmtn gf pg`sgeh. Bnrjgin mnjn p`ktnr, thkêg ukg drgk gij`rgm`ýk pnr fns p`ktnrhs hxprhs`nk`stgs, hk hsphm`gf pnr fg narg ih Rgk Dndc. ]hdõk hf j`sjn hsmr`aêg su `ihg hrg fg ih ‖ut`f`zgr fg tnpndrgbêg kgturgf mnjn ukg suphr﬇m`h ih mnjpns`m`ýk y fns hfhjhktns j`khrgfhs y vhdhtgfhs ih fg kgturgfhzg mnjn jgthr`gfhs ih nrdgk`zgm`ýk pfçst`mg‚. Buh hf rhspnksgafh ih `ktrnium`r fg finrg fnmgf hk fns egri`khs põaf`mns y pr`vgins ih Args`f, dgrgkt`zgkin dgrgkt`zgki n fg grjnkêg hktrh vhdhtgm`ýk, suhfn y mf`jg< mugkin cgstg hktnkmhs sh ut`f`zgag snfgjhkth fg finrg hurnphg. Mrhêg hk hf rnf snm`gf ihf pg`sge`sjn, ‖hf egriêk phrj`th ukg rhmnkqu`stg ihf t`hjpn, fg pns`a`f`igi ih rhmuphrgr fg uk`igi phri`ig hktrh pfgktgs y cnjarhs‚. Gfdukgs ih fgs prhj`sgs quh usgag g fg cnrg ih i`sh÷gr5 -Ihstgmgr hf mgrçmthr ihf s`t`n , ausmgkin fg mnjpfhjhktgm`ýk mnjpfhjhktgm`ýk hktrh hf egriêk y su hktnrkn, quh shrvêg ih ihmnrgin hxthr`nr. -Hf gdug buh uk hfhjhktn pr`jnri`gf, gpgrhm`hkin hk bnrjg kgturgf (Qêns, grrnyuhfns, htm) n bnrjg grt`﬇m`gf (p`sm`kgs n mgsmgigs). -Xt`f`zgm`ýk ih mnfnrhs pr`jgr`ns y mnktrgsths v`nfhktns. - Fg hstrumturg ih sus mnjpns`m`nkhs hstgag agsgig, hk dhkhrgf, hk fg ut`f`zgm ut`f`zgm`ýk `ýk ih ih pfgkns prhinj`kgkths, yg shg cnr`znktgfhs (snfgins, jgmhthrns, jgsgs graýrhgs, htm), vhrt`mgfhs (jurns, pfgkns v`rtugfhs mnk vhdhtgm`ýk, htm) u naf`muns. Ihktrn ih su narg pnihjns hkmnktrgr tgktn egri`khs põaf`mns mnjn pr`vgins. Iurgkth hf phr`nin mnjprhki`in hktrh 7082 y 7029, Aurfh Jgrx buh rhspnksgafh pnr ukg shr`h ih nargs `jpnrtgkths mnjn hf Egriêk Unn-Antçk`mn ih ]gn _gufn y tgja`àk ih Args`f`g, hf _grquh In Bfgjhkdn ih Qên ih Egkh`rn, hf _grquh ih fgs Kgm`nkhs Xk`igs hk ]gkt`gdn, Mc`fh y hf _grquh ihf Hsth hk Mgrgmgs.

_fgktg ih fg _fgzg ]gfdgin B`fcn.

_fgzg ]gfdgin B`fcn, Qên ih Egkh`rn, 70=3. Hsth egriêk sh ihstgmg pnr sus bnrjgs nrdçk`mgs, fg vhdhtgm`ýk hstg gdrupgig pnr hsphm`hs, fndrgkin gsê mnktrgsths ih fumhs y snjargs. Inj`kg hf mhktrn uk fgdn mnk pfgktgs gmuçt`mgs y drgkihs p`hirgs. Xt`f`zn bukigjhktgfjhkth fg vhdhtgm`ýk kgt`vg ih Args`f.

 =?

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

R`stg gàrhg ihf _grquh In Bfgjhkdn.

_grquh In Bfgjhkdn, Qên ih Egkh`rn, 7027. Hsth pgrquh surd`ý pnr fg khmhs`igi ih fndrgr ukg trgks`m`ýk grjýk`mg hktrh hf jgr, fg m`uigi y fg jnktg÷g. _grg hffn sh dgký thrrhkn gf jgr mrhgkin uk brhkth jgrêt`jn pnr ihfgkth ih fg fêkhg hi`﬇mgig hk gfturg, mnk `kstgfgm`nkhs mufturgfhs y ih nm`n quh rhmrhgk hf pg`sgeh ih fg mnstg.

_hthr Tgflhr. R`v`ý hk i`rhmtn hf gudh ihf jnv`j`hktn jnihrkn, y yg hk fg iàmgig ihf shshktg mnjhkzý g `kthrhsgrsh pnr hf J`k`jgf`sjn hk hf mnkthxtn ihf pg`sgeh. I`mh5 ‖Hf J`k`jgf`sjn rhsum`tg tgja`àk hf mnkmhptn ih s`dk`﬇mgin hsp`r`tugf. hsp`r`tugf. Cgstg cgmh pnmn fns egri`khs hrgk bukm`nkgfhs y, g vhmhs, ahffns, phrn kn thkêgk s`dk`﬇mgin. Mnk hf àkbgs`s puhstn hk fndrgr fg rhiumm`ýk g fg hshkm`g, hf J`k`jgf`sjn hs ukg vêg pgrg gfmgkzgr hf j`sthr`n‚. Hkmnktrý hk fns egr egri`khs i`khs brgk brgkmhshs, mhshs, hsphm`gfjhkth hsphm`gfjhkth fns ih Fh Kntrh, ukg buhrth mnkhx`ýk hktrh hf bnrjgf`sjn ih su i`sh÷n y fgs `ihgs quh cgaêg hxtrgêin ihf J`k`jgf`sjn, y ukg buhkth ih `ksp`rgm`ýk.

=7

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Ausmg nrihkgr y rhfihegr fns prnmhsns ih fg kgturgfhzg g trgvàs ih5 -Fg dhnjhtrêg, dhnjhtrêg, -Hf r`tjn, -Fg shr`gf`igi, -Fg kgrrgt`vg. Hk fns nmchktg, sus i`sh÷ns kgmhk ih pgtrnkhs n trgjgs dhkhrgfjhkth dhnjàtr`mns, mnjn ukg jgkhrg ih fndrgr fg uk`igi y rhfgm`nkgr tnin hf hspgm`n. ]u narg juhstrg ukg buhrth jhzmfg ih jnv`j`hktns y hst`fns, gfdukgs ih fgs mgrgmthrêst`mgs jçs `jpnrtgkths snk5 -Nrihk, g trgvàs ih fg ut`f`zgm`ýk ih pgtrnkhs, dr`ffgs n jýiufns. -Rgfnrgm`ýk ih fn dhnjàtr`mn y fn gastrgmtn. -@kthdrgm`ýk ihf prnyhmtn mnk fg grqu`thmturg y hf hktnrkn. -Mnktrgsth ih jgthr`gfhs5 jgthr`gfhs5 ar`ffn-npgm`igi< ar`ffn-npgm`igi< kgturgf-grt`﬇ kgturgf-grt`﬇m`gf< m`gf< thxturgs npuhstgs. Fg narg ih Tgflhr hs juy hxthksg, pnihjns knjargr mnjn hehjpfns hf _grquh Aurkhtt hk Bnrt Tntc, Yhxgs(703=)< Fg Buhkth Ygkkhr hk Mgjar`idh, Jgssgmcushtts (7038)< cg hkmnktrgin drgk gmhptgm`ýk hk Egpýk inkih prnyhmtý fns egri`khs ihf Mhktrn ih M`hkm`g y Yhmknfndêg Gvgkzgig, Cyndn (700=)< y fg _fgzg ih fg hstgm`ýk Jgrudgjh (7001).

_fgktg ihf _grquh Aurkhtt.

Hf _grquh Aurkhtt mnja`kg fg pfgzg gegri`kgig y fg pfgzg pgv`jhktgig< sh suphrpusn ukg jgffg nrtndnkgf y ntrg i`gdnkgf snarh hf j`sjn pfgkn màsphi quh pgrhmh hstgr pnr ihagen ihih hffgs.

 =1

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Gvgkzgig. Mhktrn ih M`hkm`g y Yhmknfndêg Gvgkzgig.

Hk hsth mgsn su j`s`ýk hs iugf, pnr ukg pgrth sh trgtgag ih mrhgr uk fudgr quh sh mnkv`rt`hsh hk `jgdhk rhprhshktgt`vg ihf hi`﬇m`n y, pnr ntrg, ihaêg mrhgrsh uk hspgm`n ihst`kgin g fns usugr`ns ihf hi`﬇m`n. Wu`zçs hf hspgm`n ih jgynr mgrdg s`jaýf`mg ihktrn ihf prnyhmtn, sh trgtg ih ins jnktg÷gs ih phrbhmtg bnrjg mýk`mg quh sh s`tõgk snarh uk pgv`jhktn ih drgvg ph`kgig g rgstr`ffn, i`sh÷gin açs`mgjhkth pgrg shr mnkthjpfgin. Xkg ih hstgs bnrjgs mýk`mgs hstg rhgf`zgig mnk p`hirg s`du`hkin tàmk`mgs trgi`m`nkgfhs egpnkhsgs, fg ntrg hs ih jusdn.

Fg _fgzg ih fg hstgm`ýk Jgrudgjh.

Hf i`sh÷n ih fg _fgzg ih fg hstgm`ýk Jgrudgjh thkêg mnjn naeht`vn mrhgr ukg puhrtg ih hktrgig y gf j`sjn t`hjpn uk hfhjhktn rhprhshktgt`vn ih fg m`uigi ih Jgrudgjh. Hf pgv`jhktn ih agkigs pgrgfhfgs afgkmgs y khdrgs fndrg uk drgk `jpgmtn v`sugf y mnkhmtg hf hspgm`n põaf`mn hkbrhkth ih fg hstgm`ýk. Hstgs agkigs rhmuhrigk hf the`in n brgkegs a`mrnjgs ih fns trgi`m`nkgfhs qu`jnkns. Gf j`sjn t`hjpn fg agkig ih p`hirg afgkmg rhjhjnrg fgs p`hirgs ut`f`zgigs hk fns egri`khs trgi`m`nkgfhs trgi`m`n kgfhs egpnkhshs, y fgs khdrgs snk ih gsbgftn prhshkths hk fgs mgffhs jnihrkgs, mrhgkin gsê uk mnktrgsth hktrh trgi`m`ýk egpnkhsg y jnihrk`igi.  ==

© _g`sge`sjni`d`tgf.mnj 1??8. Ynins fns ihrhmcns rhshrvgins.

 

Mnkmfus`ýk. Mnjn v`jns hk hsth rhmnrr`in g trgvàs ih fg c`stnr`g kuhstrg rhfgm`ýk mnk hf pg`sgeh buh mgja`gkin hk fgs i`st`ktgs àpnmgs, cgstg ffhdgr gf prhshkth. Hk fg gmtugf`igi fg `kthrvhkm`ýk ihf cnjarh hk hf pg`sgeh sh agsg hk ukg gmt`tui ih mnkshrvgm`ýk mrhgt`vg, mrhgt`v g, quh gsp`rg g jgkthkhr fns rgsdns prhinj`kgkths ihf pg`sgeh y hxpfntgr sus pnthkm`gf` pnthkm`gf`igihs. igihs. Fg pgrt`m`pgm`ýk ihf _g`sge`stg hs gcnrg `ki`sphksgafh hk tnin prnyhmtn uragkêst`mn, pgrg grr`agr g snfum`nkhs quh pr`v`fhd`hk fg grjnkêg hktrh fgs mnkstrumm`nkhs ih mugfqu`hr t`pn y fgs çrhgs f`arhs. Gmtugfjhkth Gmtugfjhkth,, hf i`sh÷n pg`sge`stg yg kn hstç hstç f`j`tgin pnr fgs hstàt`mgs hstàt`mgs npuhstgs ihf cnjarh quh inj`kg g fg kgturgfhzg n fg kgturgfhzg quh inj`kg gf cnjarh. ]h trgtg ih hstgafhmhr uk hqu`f`ar`n hktrh fgs khmhs`igihs cujgkgs y hf jukin kgturgf. Hf I`sh÷ginr ihf _g`sgeh t`hkh ukg inafh bukm`ýk quh mujpf`r5 pr`jhrgjhkth ihah gkgf`zgr tnigs fgs m`rmukstgkm`gs m`rmukstgkm`gs y mnki`m`nkhs ihf s`t`n mnjn uk m`hktê﬇mn, fuhdn mnjn uk grt`stg, ihah shr mgpgz ih mrhgr uk pg`sgeh.

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