História Da Música Brasileira

 

Jcstùrce `e m÷scie Lrescfbcre

Pbmåtcie7 M÷scie Lrescfbcre7 `a `bsialrcmbkta î Iafðkce   M÷ftcpfes oarem es cckofuçkices kofuçkices qub iaktrcluírem, bm ie`e pbría`a, pere a `bs `bsbkv bkvafv afvcmb cmbkta kta `e m÷s m÷scie cie lrescf lrescfbcr bcre. e. E lesb lesb pere pere bssb bssb bktrak bktrakiem iembkt bkta a iufturef `bu-sb e pertcr `e ouséa `es ckofuçkices ck`íhbke, eorcieke, b partuhubse, qub iakstctubm a pbría`a `b oarmeèéa b iereitbrczeèéa, sbk`a a bfbmbkta burapbu a `b mecs oartb ckofuçkice.  E mecarce `as bstu`as salrb jcstùrce `e m÷scie ka Lrescf epaktem pere ^artuhef iama e parte `b bktre`e pere e mecar pertb `es ckofuçkices qub iakstruírem e m÷scie lrescfbcre, bru`cte b papufer, cktra`uzck`a e mecarce `as ckstrumbktas, a scstbme jermðkcia, e fctbreture muscief b lae peribfe `es oarmes musciecs iuftcve`es ka peís ea fakha `as sãiufas, eck`e qub `cvbrsas `bstbs `bs tbs bfb bfbmbk mbktas tas kéa kéa sbg sbgem em `b archbm archbm par partuh tuhubs ubse, e, mes hbk hbkbrc brciem iembkt bktb, b, burapbce. Hbrefmbktb, quek`a kas `blruèemas salrb e ijbhe`e `a jambm kbhra ka Lrescf ka sãiufa kasbrvcèas ockef `a pbse`as, sãiufa Z_C, pere trelefjer kase`vbrse iempascmpaste iama ea bsirevas b autras epbser `e sctueèéa sbu iarpa b mbktb, bssb jambm kbhra trauxb iam sue mbmùrce e oeiuf`e`b `b iaksbrver sues jbrekèes iufturecs, `bktrb es quecs e futbrce `as futbrce `as sbus ckstrumbktas b e eockeèéa qub utcfczevem, a qub ckobfczmbktb pauia iakjbibmas jagb. Mbsma cssa pessau par um praibssa `b burapbczeèéa, pbfa elek`aka `a iakjbicmbkta `as ckstrumbktas eorciekas, sue arhekafahce eorcieke pere usermas ume kambkifeture burapbce, elek`akek`a lae pertb `b sbu iakjbicmbkta pere ckiarparer a ma`a `b eockeèéa burapbce b e tãikcie `b eprbk`br e taier as ckstrumbktas cktra`uzc`as pbfa jambm burapbu. ^ere efhuks, es mecarbs iaktrclucèòbs `a jambm kbhra oarem e `cvbrsc`e`b rítmcie, es `ekèes b as ckstrumbktas, qub tcvbrem um pepbf mecar ka `bsbkvafvcmbkta `e m÷scie papufer b oafifùrcie, ofarbsibk`a bspbicefmbktb ka ckíica `a sãiufa ZZ. ^ere autras, a jambm ck`íhbke pretciembktb kéa `bcxau treèas sbus ke iarrbktb prckicpef, sefva bm efhuks hçkbras `a oafifarb, sbk`a bm sue mecarce um pertcicpektb pesscva kes cmpascèòbs `e iufture iafakcze`are.

M÷scie Ck`íhbke  

 

^e`rb Ektakca _cbcre    Es pbsqucses salrb m÷scie ck`íhbke ka Lrescf eck`e tbk`bm e iemckjer pere um bståhca mecs evekèe`a, passclcfctek`a iakjbibrmas um pauia mecs `e pertcicpeèéa b ckofuçkice `a jambm ck`íhbke iama ehbktb ckofubkice`ar kes ef`bces, sbge bm tarka `a bste`a `b Yéa ^eufa au kes mcssòbs bkiruste`es kes oraktbcres `a Lrescf. E `cociuf`e`b bm rbukcr b iakjbibr bsse `aiumbkteèéa qub oefb `e m÷scie b e pertcicpeèéa `a m÷scia ck`íhbke ã efha qub eck`e bstå par sbr obcta bm tarka `e `aiumbkteèéa jcstùrcie muscief. A praobssar b pbsqucse`ar Merias Jaffbr   tbm kas rbvbfe`a etrevãs `e sue pbsqucse bm `aiumbkteèéa `b erqucvas, ckoarmeèòbs salrb e pråtcie muscief kes rb`uèòbs gbsuítcies `e Emãrcie ^artuhubse bm 5203. E prcmbcre mcsséa, fc`bre`e pbfa ^e`rb Mekubf `e Kùlrbhe, epartau ke Lejce kbsse `ete. As pe`rbs pbriblbrem pbfe prcmbcre vbz e etreèéa qub e m÷scie bxbrice salrb as hbktcas, sbk`a mbkicake`a bm ierte `a pe`rb, epùs sue ijbhe`e, `bsi `b sirb rbvb vbk` k`a a bfb, bfb, Kùlr Kùlrbh bhe, e, qub qub as mb mbkc kcka kass ík`c ík`cas as iekt iektev evem em b taie taieve vem m ckstrumbktas iama ireva ( qub `bvbrce sbr ume bspãicb `b sbreocke utcfcze`e pbfas pe`rbs, ùrhéa pbqubka b pauia iakjbic`a eck`e) b es ofeutes surhbm bm rbfetas `a um sãiufa Z_C.

 

 

Autres ckofuçkices  Epbser `e pbqubke cmpartìkice, vcvbkicemas efhumes autres ckofuçkices iam a irbsibktb cktbriìmlca iufturef aiarrc`a ka pbría`a iam autras peísbs efãm `e mbtrùpafb partuhubse, bfbmbktas musciecs típcias `b autras peísbs iama e apbrístcie ctefceke b orekibse b `es `ekèes iama e zerzubfe zerzubfe,, a lafbra lafbra b  b jelekbre`b jelekbre`b ar arch chbm bm bspe bspekj kjaf afe, e, b es vefses vefses b  b pafi pafies es hbrm hbrmìkcie ìkciess, mucta papuferbs bktrb as sãiufas Z_CCC b ZCZ. Bsse iakofuçkice `b iufture `bsehuek`a ka kava muk`a tarkau passívbf um bstcfa muscief qub ma`cocierce as rumas `e m÷scie lrescfbcre ka sãiufa ZZ.  

Yecle Mecs IEYPEHKE IEYP EHKE,, ^euf ^eufa a Euhu Euhusta. sta. Oak Oaktbs tbs lcl lclfcfcahr ahråoc åocies ies per pere e e pbs pbsqu qucse cse `e prå pråtci tcie e muscief ka Lrescf kas sãiufas Z_C b Z_CC.   @cssbrteèéa (Mbstre`a) - Bsiafe `b Iamukcieèòbs b Ertbs `e Rkcvbrsc`e`b `b Yéa ^eufa. Yéa ^eufa, 5335 9v. @R^\EP, \ãhc @R^\EP, \ãhcs. s. Herc Hercmpa mpa Musc Muscief  ief . Yé Yéa a ^e ^euf ufa, a, B` B`cta ctare re Kave Kavess Mb Mbte tess Ft`e Ft`e., ., 53:2.5:5 p.

\bobrçkices YARWE, Y. H., Prete`a @bsirctcva `a Lrescf, Pcp.Gaéa Chkåica `e Ycfve, \cas.5:83, p.958.

 

Pbmåtcie7

M÷scie

prã-ielrefceke

b

ck`íhbke

 

 E m÷scie ck`íhbke lrescfbcre ã pertb `a vesta ukcvbrsa iufturef `as vårcas pavas ck`íhbkes qub jelcterem b jelcte a Lrescf. E m÷scie ck`íhbke tbm rbiblc`a efhume etbkèéa `a aic`bktef `bs`b a ckíica `e iafakczeèéa `a tbrrctùrca, iam as rbfetas @b Gbek `b Fãry Fãry   salrb efhuks iektas tupckemlås tupckemlås,, bm 522:, b `b Ektakca `b  Ektakca \ucz `b Mataye Mataye,, iuga bxtbksa fãxcia ckifuc um ukcvbrsa `b ietbharces musciecs `a huerekc ektcha. huerekc ektcha. Bstu`as rbibktbs tçm-sb muftcpfcie`a e pertcr `a trelefja `b pbsqucse `b _cffe-Falas b _cffe-Falas b Mårca `b Ek`re`b Ek`re`b ka  ka sãiufa ZZ, b jagb e m÷scie ck`íhbke ã algbta `b bstu`a b cktbrbssb `b pbsqucse`arbs `b ta`a a muk`a.  Es kaves pbsqucses bm `aiumbktas `a sãiufa Z_CCC mastrem qub es ef`bces ck`íhbkes bm tarka `e vcfe `b Yéa ^eufa bstevem arhekcze`es bm hucf`es pbfas Gbsuítes, ak`b `btbrmcke`es ef`bces tckjem sues praocssòbs `bockc`es, iama par bxbmpfa e `b Mlay Mcrcm, qub `bsteieve-sb pbfa hrek`b k÷mbra `b m÷scias iakvc`e`as pere es obstes ke _cfe `b Yéa ^eufa.  

^rcmùr`cas `e m÷scie lrescfbcre Iama quefqubr m÷scie prcmctcve, e m÷scie `as hbktcas kas prcmùr`cas `e jcstùrce `a Lrescf, oac bssbkicefmbktb rbfchcase, fche`e e ibrcmðkces b etcvc`e`bs `es quecs `bpbk`ce e vc`e `e trcla7 iektas, `ekèes `b hubrre, `b ieèe, `b pbsie, `b ckvaieèéa b jambkehbm, ibfblreèéa `e vc`e b `e martb, e místcie `e trcla, bktrb autres.  E cmpartìkice saicef `a iekta b e `ekèe bktrb as ck`íhbkes oarem pbriblc`es pbfa vcegektb burapbu `a sãiufa Z_C, `bcxek`a a rbhcstra `b qub as tupckemlås séa as mecarbs `ekèe`arbs `a muk`a. Mbsma iam e ijbhe`e `as Gbsuítes ke Emãrcie ^artuhubse, tbk`a a patbkicef `e m÷scie pere ietbqubsb pere etrecr as ík`cas, sue etueèéa muscief kéa oac cktbkse quekta ke Emãrcie Bspekjafe. Eck`e qub kéa tbkje sc`a téa cktbkse, e etueèéa muscief `as gbsuítes ka Lrescf oac `b sume cmpartìkice pere maf`er e iufture lrescfbcre. ^a`bmas rbiakjbibr bm rbfetas tbxtuecs e icteèéa `b pbrsakehbks qub tcvbrem pertcicpeèéa iakscstbktb ke vc`e muscief `bssb tbmpa iama Orekicsia `b _eiies, iama mbstrb `e iepbfe, iepbfe, b  b ^b`ra `e Oaksbie, iama arhekcste, emlas etcvas ke Yã `b Yefve`ar.  Es \b`uèòbs `a suf `a Lrescf, um sãiufa mecs ter`b, ouk`e`es par Gbsuítes bspekjùcs, etckhcrem um rbqucktb iufturef bxulbrektb, ak`b oukicakerem vbr`e`bcras faiecs pere ckcicer e pråtcie muscief, b rbfetas `b ãpaie etbstem e oesickeèéa `a ík`ca pbfe m÷scie `e Burape b sue iampbtbktb pertcicpeèéa

 

tekta ke futbrce, iama ke pråtcie ckstrumbktef b vaief. Rm rbtreta `es rb`uèòbs bspekjafes pa`b sbr vcsta ka ocfmb lrctìkcia Pjb Mcsscak (E Mcsséa), `b 53:? 53:?..  E lesb pere ircer a bstcfa b e cktbrprbteèéa bre keturefmbktb arcuk`e `e iufture `e Bu Bura rape pe,, b a al algb gbtctcva va `b `bst ste e musc muscie iefcfcze zeèé èéa a `a hb hbkt ktca ca brem brem ei eicm cme e `b tu`a ietbquãtcia tu`a  ietbquãtcia,, iam bsiesse au kufe iaktrclucèéa ircetcve archckef `b sue pertb.  Epbser `b kéa tbrmas eck`e rbhcstre`a kbkjume pertcture pra`uzc`e par  iampasctarbs ík`cas kes rb`uèòbs gbsuítcies partuhubses, pa`bmas eirb`cter  ke passclcfc`e`b `b efhum `ce surhcrbm bxbmpfas `b um au autra hbktca qub sb tarkerem iampasctarbs bru`ctas, iama um perehueca qub oac iaeutar `b ume ùpbre seire salrb e vc`e `b Ckåica `b Fayafe, Fayafe, b um mbxcieka qub iampðs ume mcsse iampfbte bm 52?>. E mecar pertb `es pertctures iampastes au bxbiute`es kes mcssòbs sb pbr`bu epùs e `cssafuèéa `bstes, eck`e qub, ka sãiufa ZZ, `cvbrsas bstu`as bspbicefcze`as bstbgem efevekiek`a ckoarmeèòbs schkcocietcves î fuz `es kaves pbsqucses. Iam a pesser `as ekas, as ík`cas rbmekbsibktbs `as messeirbs b bpc`bmces oarem sb rbtcrek`a pere rbhcòbs mecs rbmates `a Lrescf, ouhck`a `a iakteta iam a lrekia, b sue pertcicpeèéa ke vc`e muscief keicakef oac `birbsibk`a etã quesb `bseperbibr par iampfbta.

 

Pbmåtcie- M÷scie Burapbce kas trùpcias   Ke alre - E ic`e`b bm ^artuhef - Gasã \emas Pckjaréa prapòb `bmakstrer  iama iam a e pesseh pessehbm bm `a obu obu`ef `efcsm csma a per pere e a iepcte iepctefcs fcsma ma oevarb oevarbibu ibu mu`ekè mu`ekèes es saicecs b iufturecs bm ^artuhef, pastbrcarmbktb trekspfekte`es pere a Lrescf kas prcmbcras `uzbktas ekas `b iafakczeèéa. Ybhuk` Ybh uk`a a a eutar eutar,, e irb irbsib sibktb ktb makbte makbtercz rczeèé eèéa a `e bi biaka akamce mce,, e pertcr pertcr `a sãiufa ZC_, bstcmufau e ehrciufture `b bxparteèéa, treksobrck`a a ibktra `as cktbrbssbs `a iempa pere e ic`e`b. E iereitbrístcie iufturef `bssbs ck`cví`uas iafai ia faie`a e`ass î merhbm merhbm `e bst bstrut ruture ure biakðm biakðmcia cia-sa -saice iceff - alrche alrche`as `as e e`brcr e`brcr î evbkt ev bkture ure `es hre hrek`b k`bss kevbhe kevbheèò èòbs bs au ia iampa mparr e err errece ece-mc -mc÷`e ÷`e `as hre hrek`b k`bss ibktras - sbrå tre`uzc`e pbfa ck`cvc`uefcsma. Ke m÷scie, a efbhrb iekta iafbtcva `a jambm jambm `a iempa iempa sbrå sbrå su sulst lstctu ctuí`a í`a pbfa pbfa fembkt fembkta a ck` ck`cvc cvc`ue `ueff `a jambm jambm `es ic`e`bs, pbfa iekta safa eiampekje`a eiampekje`a `e vcafe, iuge `couséa b vufherczeèéa bktrb ieme`es papuferbs pesserå e scmlafczer a `cstekicembkta saicef.   Mes qub m÷scies trauxbrem as partuhubsbs ea ijbherbm ea Lrescf, e pertcr  `b 52>>1 Ke bsque`re qub trauxb ^b`ra Åfverbs Ielref vcbrem temlãm, iama sbus euxcfcerbs, Orbc ^b`ra Kbta, Meooba, b m÷scia. Ybhuk`a a `aiumbkta `b 53>: "Eiarcste, M÷scie bkaOrbc Lrescf”, bfbsarhekcste cmprbsscakerem as ík`cas iam sue ertb ke ibfblreèéa `e prcmbcre mcsse ka Lrescf. E pertcr `b 5203 ijbherem as prcmbcras gbsuítes ea Lrescf. Bfbs utcfczerem e m÷scie burapbce pere sb epraxcmer `as ík`cas b ietbquczå-fas.  Efãm `e m÷scie rbfchcase trezc`e pbfas gbsuítes, as `bslreve`arbs temlãm trauxbrem e m÷scie praoeke burapbce.   A qub eiaktbice ke Burape `urektb bssb pbría`a1   Ka pbría`a `e iafakczeèéa lrescfbcre eiaktbice ke Burape um pbría`a cktbksa `b pra`uèéa ertístcie b icbktíocie. Bssb pbría`a iambèau ka sãiufa ZCCC b cktbkscociau-sb `urektb as sãiufas Z_ b Z_C. Ociau iakjbic`a iama \bkesi \bk esicmb cmbkta kta au \bkesi \bkesibkè bkèe e par parqub qub ck` ck`cia ciau u a rbkesi rbkesicmb cmbkta kta `b iuftur iuftures es mucta ektches (hrbhe b rameke) b e vefarczeèéa `a jambm iama ck`cví`ua qub pbkse, irce b praiure kavas iemckjas `b `bsbkvafvcmbkta. A jambm pesse e sb pbkser mecs ka ibktra `a muk`a, ea iaktrårca `e C`e`b Mã`ce, bm qub e vc`e `a jambm bsteve ibktre`e ke ochure `b @bus. Bste iakochureèéa kave surhb bm tarka `e ic`e`b `b Ofarbkèe, ke Ctåfce, qub ociau iakjbic`e iama a lbrèa `a \bkesicmbkta, `bvc`a ea ckvbstcmbkta `as iambricektbs kes ertbs.   E m÷ m÷sc scie ie rbke rbkesi sibk bktctcst ste e br bre e pafco pafcoðk ðkci cie, e, csta csta ã, ia iam m `u `ues es au mecs mecs vazb vazbs. s. Kbssb Kbs sb pbr pbría` ía`a a su surhcr rhcrem em ckstru ckstrumbk mbktas tas mus muscie ciecs cs kavas kavas,, iam iama a e oemífce oemífce `as vcafckas, `bktrb autras qub sb `bsbkvafvbrem. ^arãm, muctas ckstrumbktas `e C`e`b Mã`ce iaktckuerem e sbr utcfcze`as. Oarem iampastes ume vercb`e`b `b m÷scies pere iekta, `ekèe, efãm `b m÷scies ckstrumbktecs.    Es oarmese musciecs iamuks surhcrem kbssb pbría`a oarem, efãm `a me`rchef, iekèéa, amecs rak`ù, e suítb,qub a matbtb b `cvbrses pbèes rbfchcases.

 

   Efãm `a iekta rbfchcasa, oac cktra`uzc`e ka Lrescf e m÷scie papufer  partuhubse, trezc`e pbfas iafakcze`arbs. As partuhubsbs trauxbrem kéa sù e sue prùprce m÷scie, mes e `b ta`e e Burape.  Es oarmes mbfù`cies, e jermakce, as tbxtas paãtcias, es takefc`e`bs , as rctmas, e iekèéa, e ma`e, a oe`a, es iektches ckoektcs `b ra`e b `b kcker, efãm `b vårces `ekèes `remåtcies iama a ^estarcf, e Oafce `b \bcs, e Keu Ieterckbte, e Meruge`e, a Lumle mbu lac, oarem trezc`es pbfas iafakcze`arbs. Autras pavas efãm `as partuhubsbs temlãm tcvbrem ckofuçkice bm kasse m÷scie iama as bspekjùcs, as jafek`bsbs, as orekibsbs, as ctefcekas, bktrb bkt rb aut autras ras.. Muc Muctes tes vbz vbzbs, bs, e m÷s m÷scie cie papufe papuferr sb mcstur mcsturev eve e iam e m÷scie m÷scie rbfchcase, iama ka iesa `es praicssòbs `b Iarpus Ijrcstc rbefcze`es pbfas  gbsuítes. Bfbs bkobctevem es rues iam remas `b årvarbs b ckifuíem ta`es es `ekèes b ckvbkèòbs efbharces î mekbcre `b ^artuhef. Pckjem vbr`e`bcres efes b bktrb bktrb bfes bfes jevce jevce `ekèes `ekèes,, iaras, iaras, m÷scie m÷scies, s, lek`bc lek`bcres res,, pbr pbrsak sakehb ehbks ks b bti. bti. Bsses oafces brem `bsocfbs `ekèektbs típcias `e årbe ruref bm qub as pertcicpektbs pbriarrcem hrek`bs `cstìkices pere ijbher ea faief `e obste, iama eiaktbib etã jagb ka cktbrcar `a Lrescf.   Bfbs trauxbrem vårcas ckstrumbktas iama a vcaféa, e vcafe, a ievequckja, a vcafcka, a vcafakibfa, e sekoake, e ofeute, e iferckbte b a pceka, qub oarem irce`as e pertcr `e bvafuèéa `b efhuks ckstrumbktas mb`cbvecs.   E Oarmeèéa `e m÷scie lrescfbcre   E m÷scie `a Lrescf sb oarmau e pertcr `e mcsture mcstu re `b bfbm bfbmbktas bktas burapbus, burapbus, eorciekas eorciekas b ck`íhbkes ck`íhbkes,, trezc`as trezc`as rbspbitcvembktb par iafakcze`arbs partuhubsbs, bsirevas b pbfas ketcvas qub jelctevem a ijeme`a Kava Muk`a. Autres ckofuçkices oarem sb samek`a ea fakha `e jcstùrce, bstelbfbibk`a ume bkarmb vercb`e`b `b bstcfas musciecs. E m÷scie ka tbmpa `a `bsialrcmbkta _aiç gå sb pbrhuktau sb ke ãpaie `a `bsialrcmbkta `a Lrescf jevce m÷scie1 A qub sbrå qub as ík`cas qub par equc vcvcem iektevem1 Ybrå qub bfbs taievem efhum ckstrumbkta1 Iama sbrå qub oac e rbeèéa `as ck`íhbkes quek`a as prcmbcras partuhubsbs ijbherem bm sues su es "ierev "ierevbfe bfes”, s”, tre trezbk zbk`a `a vca vcafes fes b aut autras ras cks ckstru trumb mbkta ktass `b ^artuh ^artuhef1 ef1 As partuh par tuhubs ubsbs bs rb rbefm efmbkt bktbb sb bspekt bspektere erem m iam e mek mekbcr bcree `b vbs vbstcr tcr `as ketc ke tcva vass b `e mekb mekbcr cree iama iama bf bfbs bs oe oezc zcem em m÷ m÷sc scie ies7 s7  iektek`a, `ekèek`a, taiek`a ckstrumbktas (ijaiefjas, ofeutes, temlarbs). ^acs bktéa... Ehare, usb sue ircetcvc`e`b b `bsbkjb ume ibke `a tbmpa `a `bsialrcmbkta `a Lrescf, bm qub um partuhuçs vç pbfe prcmbcre vbz um hrupa `b ík`cas tupcs iektek`a b `ekèek`a.   _aiç pa`brå user efhumes ckoarmeèòbs7

 

A mereiå bre um ckstrumbkta mucta eprbice`a pbfas ík`cas tupcs `e iaste `a Lrescf (vbge e ochure eicme). As ík`cas iastumevem `ekèer bm iíriufas iektek`a b letbk`a as pãs. As partuhubsbs ijbherem bm "ierevbfes” (kevcas) b sb bspekterem iam e ku`bz `as ketcvas. Rm `as iektas `as tupcs bre `b`cie`a e ume evb emerbfe, ume bspãicb `b erere, qub bfbs ijemevem "Iekc`b caukb” (evb emerbfe ke fíkhue tupc). As partuhubsbs sb vbstcem iam mucte raupe, usevem lerle, hrek`bs ijepãus b pravevbfmbktb trauxbrem vcafes (a ekibstref `a vcaféa) ke sue prcmbcre vcehbm.   B bktéa1 _emas iekter bsse jcstùrce1 Ijbhekèe Ektakca Kùlrbhe Yau ^etexù, Yau Zevektb b Iercrc, Cekakemc, sau Pupc Huerekc, sau Ieregå. Yau ^ekieruru, Iercgù,`cvc`crem Pupckegã,as^atchuer, sau Uucs Iebtã, Pupckemlå. @bpacs qub as merbs iaktckbktbs vbrOuf-kc-a, tbrres `cobrbktbs. Bu pbksbc7 "vau praiurer Rm muk`a kava, Få `bpacs `a jarczaktb, Fbva e rb`b lefekèektb ^re ka saf mb bsprbhucèer". Bu etrequbc Kum parta mucta sbhura, Iãu ezuf, pez b er pura... Latbc es pbrkes pra er. Faha sakjbc Uub bsteve ka pereísa, Ak`b kbm bre prbicsa @armcr pere sb sakjer. Mes `b rbpbktb Mb eiar`bc iam e surprbse7 Rme bsque`re partuhubse _bca ke prece etreier. @b hrek`b-keu, Rm lrekia `b lerle bsiure, _bstck`a ume erme`ure Mb epaktau pre mb pbher. B essuste`a @bc um pufa `e rb`b, ^rbssbktc e oamb, e sb`b, Bu pbksbc7 "véa mb eieler". Mb fbvektbc `b lar`uke gå ke méa.

 

 Ec, sbktc ka iareèéa, A Lrescf vec iambèer.   Iama kesibu e m÷scie lrescfbcre1 E m÷scie lrescfbcre mcsture bfbmbktas `b vårces iuftures, prckicpefmbktb es ijem ijeme` e`es es iuftu iufture ress oa oarm rme` e`ar ares es77  e `as iafakcze`arbs partuhubsbs (burap (bu rapbce bce), ), e `as ket ketcva cvass (ck (ck`íh `íhbke bke)) b e `a `ass bsirev bsirevas as (eorci (eorciek eke). e). Ã `coíic `coíicff bstelbfbibr iam ibrtbze as bfbmbktas `b archbm, mes selbmas qub efhuks ckstrumbktas musciecs, par bxbmpfa, séa tre`cicakecs `b ibrtes iuftures.   Ckstrumbktas burapbus

Ofeute `aib

_cafcka b _cafe (oemífce `b iar`es) Ckstrumbktas `b tbife`a (iama a ekibstref `a pceka,a ireva)

 

_caféa Ckstrumbktas ck`íhbkes

Ofeutes ck`íhbkes

]

Mereiå (ijaiefja) Ckstrumbktas eorciekas

 

Lbrcmleu

Ehahð

Etelequbs

 

Iuíie (au ^uíte)   Iurcasc`e`b7  As prcmbcras praobssarbs `b m÷scie ka Lrescf oarem as pe`rbs Gbsuítes, rbspaksåvbcs pbfe ietbqubsb `as ck`íhbkes. Ka suf `a Lrescf, as Gbsuítes iakstruírem es ijeme`es Mcssòbs, ak`b efãm `b eiufturer as ík`cas huerekcs, bksckek`a e rbfchcéa ietùfcie b e ehrciufture, bksckevem m÷scie vaief b ckstrumbktef, ircek`a arqubstres cktbcres sù `b huerekcs. A mecs oemasa pe`rb gbsuíte oac a pe`rb Ekijcbte, irce`ar `b muctas "eutas”, bspãicb `b pbèes `b tbetra `c`åtcies, qub tckjem e oukèéa `b bkscker e rbfchcéa `b ume oarme ircetcve b bspbteiufer eas ík`cas.  

^e`rb Gasã `b Ekijcbte" Oaktb7 www.partefb`umusciefip. IEMBR, Jbfze. Cktra`uèéa ea Bstu`a `e m÷scie ck`íhbke Lrescfbcre Iaksbfja Ob`bref `b Iufture b @bpertembkta `b Essuktas Iufturecs, 5388.

Eufe 2QMa`ckje b Fuk`u 5   Ma`ckje7

‖Ma`ckjbcras”7 Oaktb7 jttp7//muscielres jttp7//muscielrescfbcre.wblka`b.iam.lr/b cfbcre.wblka`b.iam.lr/bstcfas-musciecsstcfas-musciecslrescfbcras/ma`ckjes/   Rm hçkbra `b m÷scie bm bspbicef essumcu um fuher `b `bstequb kas sãiufas Z_CCC b ZCZ7 e ma`ckje. @brcve`e `e pefevre ‖Matb” (matcva), faha e`atau a tbrma ‖Ma`e” b sbu `cmckutcva ‖Ma`ckje”. Archckercembktb partuhubse, pravevbfmbktb surhc`e kes bfctbs havbrkektbs ka Lrescf iafðkce e pertcr `b bfbmbktas `e ùpbre ctefceke b oac icte`e pbfe prcmbcre vbz ke fctbreture bm 5883, par Kciafeu Pafbktcka `b Efmbc`e ke ‖Yåtcre Aobrbic`e ea Cfustrísscma b Bxibfbktísscma Ybkjar @am Mertckja `b Efmbc`e”, bmlare sbge eck`e mecs ektche.

 

Bm ^artuhef, sbhuk`a a eutar Mazert `b Ere÷ga, as tbrmas ‖årce, ramekib b ma`e” sbrvcrem, bm mbe`as `a sãiufa Z_CCC, pere `bschker hbkbrciembktb as Eyrbs, Pakas, Pake`cfjes, Iapfes, Ybhuc`cfjes b bspbicefmbktb es Ybrrekcfjes, \cmekibs, Yafåus b Zåieres, ta`es oarmes `b iekèòbs `b pbría`as ektbrcarbs. @bste vercb`e`b ã keturef qub e Ma`ckje tbkje essumc`a oarmes musciecs b paãtcies verce`es ka ckíica.  E ma`ckje ã, bm fckjes hbrecs, ume iekèéa suevb, ramìktcie b ijarase, `b obcèéa lestektb lest ektb scmpf scmpfcocie cocie`e, `e, mucte muctess vbzb vbzbss `b bstru bstruture ture bstrù bstrùocie ocie b eiam eiampekj pekjembk embkta ta rb`uzc`a e ume scmpfbs vcafe au hucterre (ektbib`bktb `e hucterre partuhubse), bmlare jege bxbmpfas `b ma`ckjes `a sãiufa Z_CCC iam eiampekjembkta `b lecxa iaktíkua b ireva, sbk`a `b epbfa `crbta îs pbssaes iamuks. ^rbsbktb iakste iak stektb ktbmbk mbktb tb ka kass se sereu reuss `e er ercsta cstaire ireice ice,, pa` pa`bk` bk`a a sb sbrr mec mecss bfe bfelar lare`e e`e b eiampekje`e par ofeutes b autras ckstrumbktas b tbr tbxtas `b pabtes cmpartektbs iama Pamås Ektakca Hakzehe, iuge alre Merífce `b @cribu oac muscie`e ume ckockc`e`b `b vbzbs. E ma`ckje, iama iekèéa bfctcste, bre téa eprbice`e qub temlãm m÷scias `e iartb iampusbrem efhumes pbèes ka hçkbra, iama Merias ^artuhef, eutar `b ume sãrcb iam fbtres bxtreí`es `e alre `b Hakzehe, icte`e eicme, b a ^e`rb Gasã Meuríica Kukbs Herice, eutar `e iãfblrb "Lbcga e méa qub mb iak`bke".

Garkef `b Ma`ckjes iam eiampekjembkta `b Ireva7 5832  

 

Hucterre (^artuhubse), prbsbktb ka mãta`a ‖Bstu`a `b Hucterre” `b Ektðkca `e Ycfve Fbctb, `b 583? Bkquekta e ma`ckje, iama hçkbra muscief, bmpafheve as sefòbs `e iartb `b @. Merce C, kes rues `b Fcslae a rctma `amckektb bre e ‖Oaoe”, `ekèe `b archbm lrescfbcre, qub bmlare kéa tbkje pbrscstc`a ke sue tbrre `b archbm, oac rbiblc`e b `cvufhe`e bm ^artuhef e pakta `b sb tarker, sbhuk`a rbfetas `b vcegektbs, e ‖`ekèe mecs iereitbrístcie `b ^artuhef”.    Efhumes iereitbrístcies `e Ma`ckje7 5. Rsa paãtcia `b tbmes iama ic÷mbs, `arbs `e `bspb`c`e b emarbs `bsprbze`as4 . Rsa `e @amckektb iam sãtcme4 55. Eiampekjembkta `b vcafe au hucterre4 55. p. 99>-9?<

 

Pbmåtcie7 Ma`ckje b Fuk`u <  

Fuk`u7 ‖Yb kéa tbks mecs qubm tb scrve A tbu mafbqub sau bu Ijbhek`ckja `a Lrescf  Equc bstå qub ta`a ã tbu” (@amckhas Ief`es Lerlase)    E ijbhe`e `a fuk`u (Fak`u, Fek`u, Fuk`um, Fak`um, Fek`um) ea Lrescf sb `bu etrevãs `as kbhras `b Ekhafe, mes par `ues vces7 pessek`a par ^artuhef au `crbtembktb `e Ekhafe pere a Lrescf. Bm ^artuhef ehrbhau a usa `as ckstrumbktas `b iar`e, mes eielau praclc`a pbfa rbc, @am Mekubf par sbr  iakt ia ktrå rårca rca ea eass la laks ks ia iast stum umbs bs.. Gå e vck` vck`e e `c `crb rbte te `b Ekha Ekhafe fe pere pere a Lres Lrescfcf rbiupbrau a eibkta gaiasa, mar`ez b sbksuef qub ckiama`ere e saicb`e`b fcslakbksb. Eperbib ka Lrescf ka sãiufa Z_CCC iama ume `ekèe sbm iekta b `b keturbze fcibkicase, pere as pe`ròbs `e ãpaie. Kas ockecs `a sãiufa Z_CCC, prbsbktb tekta ka Lrescf iama bm ^artuhef, a fuk`u bvafuc iama ume oarme `b iekèéa urleke, eiampekje`e `b vbrsas, ke mecar pertb `es vbzbs `b iukja jumarístcia b fesicva, tarkek`a-sb ume papufer `ekèe `b seféa.  E katíice mecs ektche `a fuk`u-iekèéa ã bkiaktre`e ke iafbtìkbe `b vbrsas muscie`as par @amckhas Ief`es Lerlase, cktctufe`e ‖_cafe `b Fbrbka”, sbk`a a prcmbc prc mbcra ra vafum vafumb b pu pulfci lfcie`a e`a bm 583:. 583:. Etã bkt bktéa, éa, a fuk`u fuk`u bre rbo rbobrb brbkic kice`a e`a sambktb iama ume oarme `b `ekèe `b archbm eorcieke b rctma sckiape`a. @urektb ta`a a sãiufa ZCZ, a fuk`u ã ume oarme muscief `amckektb, b a prcmbc prc mbcra ra rct rctma ma eor eorcie cieka ka e sbr eibcta eibcta pbfas pbfas lrekia lrekias. s. Ybu Ybuss vbrsas vbrsas setírc setírcias ias,, mefcicasas, iektek`a emarbs iak`bke`as, muctes vbzbs kéa brem esscke`as pbfas eutarbs qub, iam mb`a `b pbrsbhucèòbs, prbobrcem a ekakcmeta. Mes autras iampasctarbs essumcem sues alres, ibrtembktb mecs lrek`es b e`bque`es ea hasta `e ifessb `amckektb, iama Orekicsia Mekubf `e Ycfve, qub iampðs a Fuk`u @e Merrbquckje.  Epbser `e ckofuçkice `a rctma kbhra eorcieka, e síkiape, mucta mecs ifere b scstbmetcze`e ka fuk`u qub ke ma`ckje, ã utcfcze`e prckicpefmbktb kes vazbs iekte`es, mektbk`a prb`amckektbmbktb a eiampekjembkta `b vcafe erpbge`a b iam rctma iakstektb `b sbmciafijbces.  

 

 Efhumes iereitbrístcies `a Fuk`u ka sãiufa Z_CCC7 5. Eibcteèéa pbssaef au ck`crbte `a Kbhra4 . Eiar`b `b sãtcme `e @amckektb4 55. Eiampekjembkta prbobrbkicefmbktb rbefcze`a par ckstrumbktas `b iar`es `b`cfje`es.  

 

Bxbmpfa `b Fuk`u iam eiampekjembkta `b vcafe. Oaktb7 Ma`ckjes Fuk`uks b Iekèakbtes, b`cte`e par Mekubf Marecs   jttps7//www.yautulb.iam/wetij1v=emO>. Oac seibr`atb, pabte b m÷scia, ocfja `b um partuhuçs iam ume bsireve ekhafeke. ^ertcu pere ^artuh ^ar tuhef ef bm 58? 58?9, 9, per pere e bstu`e bstu`err bm Iacmlr Iacmlre. e. ^as ^astbr tbrcar carmbk mbktb tb bm Fcslae Fcslae,, ibfblrczau-sb pbfes traves cmpravcse`es ea sam `e sue vcafe. Yues iampascèòbs bstéa rbukc`es ka fcvra _cafe `b Fbrbka, psbu`ðkcma qub bfb e`ateve. Oac saf`e`a kes futes ke Iafðkce `b Yeirembkta. Fbvau ume vc`e `b pe`rb pe` rb muk muk`ek `eka, a, ekc ekcmek mek`a `a essbml essbmlfbc fbces es lur lurhub hubses ses,, sef sefòbs òbs oc`efh oc`efhas as b etã sbròbs `a peèa rbef. Bm sue pabsce tretau `es pbiufcerc`e`bs eobtcves `a pava lrescfbcra. ^raiurau bkoetczer tbmes ramìktcias, `cobrbkicek`a-e `es ma`ckjes partuhubses.   Lclfcahreoce AFC_BC\E, Afhe M. O. E Ma`ckje b a Fuk`u ka ^bría`a Iafakcef. Ck7 E M÷scie ka Lrescf Iafakcef (Iaar`7 \uc _. Kbry). Fcslae7 Ouk`eèéa Iefaustb Huflbkdcek, >5. p. 99>-9?<

Bstcfa Ektcha ke M÷scie Lrescfbcre `a sãiufa Z_CCC  

5. Bstcfas ‖Ektcha” b ‖Ma`brka” ^ar bstcfa Ektcha b Ma`brka, bktbk`b-sb a prcmbcra tbk`a archbm ke m÷scie pafcoðkcie, iam ume bsircte iaktrepaktístcie mecs rbstrcte, muctes vbzbs sbk`a rbfe rb feic icak ake` e`a a ke pr pråt åtci cie e mu musc scie ieff ie ietù tùfcfcie ie ia iam m a bs bstctcfa fa pa pafco fcoðk ðkci cia a `b H. ^. ^efbstrcke. A bstcfa ma`brka, par autra fe`a, ã equbfb qub sbhucu rbiblbk`a ckofuçkice `e m÷scie `as Me`rchecs, Apbrístcie b Ckstrumbktef. As `acs bstcfas iabxcstcrem, `bs`b a ckíica `a ^bría`a Lerraia, ke Burape b iaksbqubktbmbktb kes Iafðkces. Ybhuk`a a pbsqucse`ar ^eufa Iestehke, as bstcfa bst cfass Ekt Ektcha cha b Ma` Ma`brk brka a kéa rbp rbprbs rbsbkt bktem em ‖ie ‖ietbh tbharc arces es bst bstrct rctes” es”,, mes `a `acs cs hrek`bs ‖hrupas qub oarem scmuftekbembktb iuftcve`as ka muk`a ietùfcia etã ockecs bstcfístcias” `a sãiufa ZCZ.  Epbser `b sue archbm ke m÷scie pafcoðkcie rbkesibktcste, iama bsirbvbm as tbùr tb ùrci cias as Me Meko korb rb` ` O. Lu Luda daoz ozbr br b De Derf rf H. Ob Obffffbr brbr br,, a Bs Bstctcfa fa Ek Ektctcha ha oa oacc um ume e ckvbkèéa `a pbría`a lerraia, ka sãiufa Z_CC, b eas pauias hekjau iereitbrístcies prùprces, sb fclbrtek`a `a bstcfa rbkesibktcste, sbk`a c`bktcocie`a iama ume oarme tre`cicakef `b bsircte rbfchcase, tbk`a sc`a pertb ouk`embktef `e oarmeèéa `as iampasctarbs `as sãiufas Z_CC b Z_CCC.   Autres @bockcèòbs7 Iereitbrístcies

Bstcfa Ektcha ^rcme ^rettcie, Bstcfa ^afcoðkcia, Ytyfus Ektcquus. Rtcfczeèéa `es rbhres `a

Bstcfa Ma`brka Ybiak`e ^rettcie, Bstcfa Iakibrtektb, Bstcfa Kepafcteka. Ckofuçkice `e M÷scie ^raoeke,

 

Musc scie iecs cs77 Mu  

   

iak aktr trep epa akt kta a rb rbke kessib ibk ktctcst ste e. @bifemeèéa prb`amckektbmbktb prb`amckektbmb ktb scfålcie, eibktas rítmcia-jermðkcias `brcve`as `e eibktueèéa `a tbxta fetcka. Pbk`çkice pere e jamaoakce b mavcmbktas ríhc`as `e jamaoakce. Rsa Rs a `b sb sbqö qöbk bkic ices es mu musc scie iecs cs Yupbrpascèéa `b mbfa`ces bm tbrèes b sbxtes. Cmcteèòbs matívcies fcmcte`es, karmefmbktb ea ckíica `es iampascèòbs. Rtcfczeèéa bsiafåstcie `a iektus

iama Ùpbr iama bre e b Me Me`r `rch che ecs cs.. Rsa `b rbiursas apbrístcias, iama årces, rbictetcvas, cktbrvbkèòbs iarecs. ^rcvcfãhca `e tbxture vbrtcief, jermðkcie, salrb a iaktrepakta.      

ocrmus

5) 5) etã etã îs al alre ress eie`çmcies `a sãiufa Z_CCC. Rm bxbmpfa `bste m÷scie, qub salrbvcvbu ã a \bi \bictetc ctetcva va b Årce  pere Gasã Mesierbkjes (Iektete Eie`çmcie), iampaste par eutar `bsiakjbic`a. E alre tbm rbfbvìkice pere e jcstùrce `e m÷scie lrescfbcre pbfes sbhucktbs rezòbs7 ã

 

ume pbèe praoeke, iekte`e bm partuhuçs b a mekusircta passuc e mecs ektche `ete gå bkiaktre`e bm `aiumbktas musciecs lrescfbcras. A prùxcma iampasctar  leceka `a quef sb rbshetau pertb `b sues alres oac @emcéa Lerlase Ere÷ga (588: ’ 5:2?), qub pbfa pbría`a qub vcvbu gå sb `cstekice `a bstcfa lerraia `e Iektete Eie`çmcie. E iektete passuc um rbictetcva allfcheta, iamum ke ùpbre ctefceke, ka quef e arqubstre bfelare pbqubkes sbèòbs bktrb a iekta, pa`bk`a vercer e iampfbxc`e`b bktrb lrbvbs eiar`bs etã um rctarkbfa. E sbèéa sbhucktb ã ume  Årce `e Iepa Iepa, iam oarme ELE, merie`e par um rctarkbfa.  E m÷scie rbfchcase tbvb hrek`b cmpartìkice ke vc`e makestbrcef, bspbicefmbktb bktrb as Lbkb`ctckas qub tcvbrem efhuks cmpartektbs m÷scias, iama as ore`bs Meura `es Ijehes (1 ’ 5?>/5852), Gaequcm `b Gbsus Merce (1 ’ 589>/5852), qub kesibu ka \ca `b Gekbcra, sbhuk`a a `cbtårca `e ar`bm, oac ckstrumbktcste b ‚trauxb mucte safoe pere a mastbcra `e Lejce, ta`e bm fbtre rb`ak`e iama sb bktéa sb useve bm Fcslae–”.   Cmpartektbs m÷scias lecekas ka pbría`a iafakcef7 5. Hr Hrbh bhùr ùrca ca `b Meta Metass (5 (5?9 ?99 9 ’ 5? 5?3? 3?), ), pabt pabte, e, ie iekt ktar ar b iamp iampas asctctar ar `b iekèòbs4 07 p. 980-2). @es alres fcste`es eicme, Obfcpb Kbrc Iarrçe `bsirbvb e eprbsbkteèéa `a Pb @bum @b um e qu quet etra ra iara iarass b `e `ess trç trçss ia iamã mã`c `ces es rbec rbecss `ure `urekt ktb b as obst obstbg bgas as `b eife ei feme meèèéa `b @. Gas asã ã C, ka kass ekas ekas `b 5825 5825 b 582< 5828. Iam a cktucta `b bfbver e quefc`e`b muscief `b sue Iepbfe \bef, a makerie pesse e iaktreter m÷scias

 

`b efta kívbf bspbicefmbktb vck`as `e Ctåfce b, bm pauia tbmpa, gå bm 589> iakteve iam vcktb b sbcs iektarbs ctefcekas bm sue Iepbfe. Autre oarme `b epacer es mu`ekèes rbefcze`es ke Iepbfe \bef oac ouk`ek`a, bm 5859, a Ybmckårca `e ^etrcerief, ume bsiafe `b m÷scie iam lesb rbfchcase. Bste ckstctucèéa oac e mecs cmpartektb ke oarmeèéa muscief partuhubse etã sbr  sulstctuí`e pbfa etuef Iaksbrvetùrca, bm 5:92, b tckje sbu bkscka oaie`a bspbicefmbktb ke eas m÷scie `b bstcfa iakibrtektb. sbus Pemlãm brem iakib`c`es lafses efukasrbfchcase mecs `ate`as pere eprcmarerbm bstu`as ke Ctåfce, mecs prbicsembktb bm \ame, iama, par bxbmpfa, Ektðkca Pbcxbcre (58>8  ’ 58?3), Gaequcm `a _efb Mbxbfcm, \a`rchubs Bstbvbs (58>>-5825) b Orekicsia Ektðkca `b Efmbc`e (58>. Bmlare pauia iakjbic`a, sue prckicpef alre, a trete`a ‖Bsiafe `b Iekta `b Ùrhéa”, oez iam qub a m÷scia b tbùrcia leceka tbkje cmpartìkice ÷kcie ke jcstùrce `e m÷scie lrescfbcre. Ybhuk`a es rbibktbs pbsqucses `e musciùfahe partuhubse Merceke ^artes `b Orbctes, e ‖Bsiafe `b Iekta `b Ùrhéa” ã a ‖mecs bxtbksòbs um `as `as mecs mecs cm cmpa part rtek ektb tbss tr tret ete` e`as as `b Pbar Pbarce ce Musc Muscie ieff bsir bsirctctas as bm fíkh fíkhue ue partuhubse ea fakha `e jcstùrce `a pbría`a iafakcef.  E ‖Bsiafe `b Iekta `b Ùrhéa” ã um trete`a `b m÷scie bm quetra vafumbs, ak`b sambktb as `acs prcmbcras salrbvcvbrem ea tbmpa, iaktu`a, sambktb as `acs `a cs prcm prcmbc bcra rass vafu vafumb mbss pa pass ssub ubm m um ta tate teff `b 5528 5528 på påhc hcke kess meku mekusi sirc rcte tess bsirctes bm iefchreoce mc÷`e b temlãm passubm um k÷mbra iaksc`bråvbf `b `cehremes musciecs iama bxbmpfas. As quetra vafumbs oarem archckefmbktb `cvc`c`as `e sbhucktb oarme7

 

  _af C ’ @e Muscie Pjbarcie au Mbtja`a @autrckef _af CC ’ Kumbref au Erctjmbtcie ’ @e Pjbarcie `as Cktbrvefas _af CCC ’ @as Yafobgas, mbtja`a pere a bkscka `as @csicpufas (pbr`c`a) _af C_ ’ @a Iaktrepakta b `e Iampascèeò (pbr`c`a)    Epùs e iakifuséa `as `acs prcmbcras vafumbs bm 5823 b 58?>, rbspbitcvembktb, a pe`rb Iebteka `b Mbfa `b Gbsus bkvcau as mekusirctas î Fcslae iam a algbtcva `b pulfciå-fas, rezéa pbfe quef jagb bfbs sb bkiaktrem ke Lclfcatbie ^÷lfcie `b Ãvare. Ckobfczmbktb sue pulfcieèéa kukie oac iakirbtcze`e. Ybhuk`a O\BCPEY, a trete`a `bsteie-sb ka pekareme `e tbarce muscie mus cieff fus fusa-l a-lres rescfb cfbcre cre b clãrci clãrcie e `a pbr pbría` ía`a a ia iafak fakcef cef pbfe pbfe sue ‖bx ‖bxtbk tbksé séa a b bkvbrhe`ure, pbfe empfctu`b b rcqubze `a iaktb÷`a, `bkatek`a ume prbtbkséa bkicifapã`cie `b elrekhçkice b `b epraouk`embkta `es metãrces, lbm iama pbfe pbf e quefc` quefc`e`b e`b cktrík cktríksbi sbie e b hråoci hråocie e `as kmb kmbras rasas as `cehre `cehremes mes b bs bsqub qubmes mes musciecs” Rm `as prckicpecs paktas `b rbfbvìkice `e alre `b Iebteka `b Mbfa `b Gbsus ã qub sbu trete`a ã a prcmbcra, bm fíkhue partuhubse, e mbkicaker e bxcstçkice `a safob safobga ga ‖ore ‖oreki kiçs çs”” au jbpt jbptei eiar ar`e `ef,f, qub qub utcf utcfcz cze e es sb sbtb tb sífe sífele less qub qub jagb jagb iakjbibmas (@ù-\ã-Mc-Oå-Yaf-Få-Yc). Etã bktéa, e pråtcie `a bkscka muscief utcfczeve e safmczeèéa irce`e par Huc`a `b Erbzza, qub utcfczeve sambktb sbcs sífeles (Rt ’ \ã ’ Mc ’ Oå ’ Yaf ’ Få). E pråtcie `e safmczeèéa erbtcke rbmakte î C`e`b Mã`ce, quek`a oac irce`e, b iaktckuau sbk`a pretcie`e ka muk`a aic`bktef etã a sãiufa Z_CCC. Bm ^artuhef, a safobga iam sbtb kates sù sbrå mbkicake`a bm 588:, par Lbrker`a `e Iakibcèéa, ka trete`a ‖A Bifbscåstcia Ckstruí`a Icbktcociembktb ke Ertb `a Iektaijéa”, quesb ekas epùs Iebteka `b Mbfa `b Gbsus.  Epbser `b bfahcer es oeicfc`e`bs b pretcic`e`b `a safobga iam sbtb kates, iama epakte e pbsqucse`are Merceke ^artes `b Orbctes, a tbùrcia leceka eck`e `bobk`b e pbrmekçkice `e safmczeèéa erbtcke (iam sbcs kates) ka bkscka `b m÷scie. Pef pråtcie sbrce iaktbste`e b eftbre`e par autra m÷scia kar`bstcka, Fucs Åfverbs ^ckta, pauias ekas `bpacs, bm 58?5, iam sbu mãta`a `b safobga ‖E Ertb `b Yafobger”.   ‖as Orekib Orekibsbs sbs,, ckt cktra` ra`uzc uzck`a k`a sðl sðlrb rb es kas kasses ses sbc sbcss autre autre _az, _az, ijeme`e Yc, iekteò iam sbttb, b oeicfcteò mucta e Muscie4 par qub par lbkbocica `bste 8.ª _az bvcteò a bmlereèa, b trelefja `es Mutekèes, qub kùs oezbmas par oefte `b jué _az mecs bm ie`e @b`uièeò7 Faha keò sbcs, sbkeò sbttb, iama as Ychkas, perbib

 

qub iam meyar rezeò `bvceò sbr es _azbs, bqub jb mbfjar a usa `as Orekibsbs.” (Mbfa `b Gbsus, vaf. C, p. 9)   ‖T...] pere katcice, bste vas leste, sb quczbr`bs sbhucr bste `autrcke4 qub bu sb keò e scha, keò jb par keò fauver `bffe e oeicfc`e`b4 mes par perbibr-mb e `b Huc`a mecs sbas praprcas tbrmas mecs lbm ouk`e`e.” (Mbfa `b pbrobyte, Gbsus, vaf.b C,bm p. )7 Rme s÷mufe `e tre`cèéa trete`ístcie fusa-lrescfb fusa-lrescfbcre cre `a Ektcha \bhcmb. Ck7 Ekecs `a Z_C Iakhrbssa `e EK^^AM. Lresífce7 EK^^AM,

>?. O\BCPEY, Merceke ^. Bktrb a jbxeiar`b `b Huc`a b a safobga ‖orekiçs”7 e Bsiafe `b Iekta `b Arheò `b Iebteka `b Mbfa `b Gbsus (5823) ’ prcmbcre rbibpèéa `e tbarce `a jbpteiar`b kum trete`a tbùrcia-muscief bm fíkhue partuhubse. Ck7 \bvcste Lrescfbcre

`b M÷scie, vaf. 5/e-iruz-`a-petrea.jtmf)  

Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta, m÷scia mufeta, iaksc`bre`a um `as prckicpecs iampasctarbs `a Kar`bstb lrescfbcra ka sãiufa `bzacta, tbvb sue vc`e b alre `bsircte par  eutarbs `as sãiufas `bzacta, `bzbkavb b ckíica `a sãiufa vcktb bm ^artuhef b Lrescf, iama Gasã Mezze (Fcslae, ektbs `b 5838), Ektðkca Gaequcm `b Mbffa (\bicob, 5:20), Orekicsia Euhusta ^brbcre `e Iaste (\bicob, 5::>) b Buifc`bs Oaksbie (\bicob, 53>>, sbk`a bm 58:2 pravc`a ka fuher `b sulstctuta, iam 52>$>>>” (epu` AFC_BC\E7 5>, p. :) . ?

 Epùs sbu rbhrbssa e ^brkemluia, e etueèéa gukta `es crmek`e`bs rbfchcases `b \bicob b Afck`e `b Åfverbs ^ckta oac algbta `b pbsqucse `a musciùfaha Gecmb @ckcz, qub fahrau faiefczer ume sãrcb `b `aiumbktas `e Iakorerce `b Kasse Ybkjare `a Fcvrembkta, `e Crmek`e`b `b Kasse Ybkjare `b Hue`efupb `b Afck`e, Crmek`e`b `b Yéa ^b`ra `as Ifãrchas, Crmek`e`b `a Ybkjar Lam Gbsus `es ^artes b Crmek`e`b `b Yekte Ibiífce. Pa`es crmek`e`bs ak`b Fuís  Åfverbs ^ckta iakjbic`embktb trelefjau iama bkierrbhe`a pbfe m÷scie bm obstes rbfchcases. Ã ke Chrbge `b Yéa ^b`ra `as Ifãrchas, bm \bicob, qub tbvb sue iakstruèéa iakifuí`e ka ckíica `b 58:< (@CKCW7 53?3, p. 2>), ak`b ã passívbf vbrcocier ume mecar etueèéa muscief `a iampasctar pbrkemluieka. Orekicsia ^brbcre `e IAYPE, kas Ekecs ^brkemluiekas, `b 5320 b 532:, bsirbvb qub ke rbobrc`e chrbge, epùs sue ckeuhureèéa, oac irce`a a ierha `b Mbstrb `b Iepbfe, sbk`a  Åfverbs ^ckta kambe`a pere a mbsma (epu` @CKCW7 53?3, p. 2>). A musciùfaha Gecmb @ckcz eirb`cte qub e ckoarmeèéa `e`e par ^brbcre `e Iaste pa`b kéa sbr  prbicse, iaksc`brek`a-sb qub kéa jå `aiumbkta qub iampravb e irceèéa `a ierha `b Mbstrb `b Iepbfe pere e Chrbge `b Yéa ^b`ra `as Ifãrchas ka eka `b 58:-22). Rme pbqubke lcahreoce bsircte par G. Fapbs Kbtta (pravevbfmbktb um `as prcmbcras praprcbtårcas `a mekusircta) iaktc`e ka M÷scia b Ma`brka Ycstbme, `b 588?, eirbsibkte kaves ckoarmeèòbs eibrie `e vc`e `b Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta, `bs`b e sue oarmeèéa etã es matcveèòbs pere a mbsma vceger e ^artuhef b sue ierrbcre epùs rbtarker ea Lrescf, mastrek`a qub sue c`e e ^artuhef passcvbfmbktb kéa tbvb rbfeèéa `crbte iam e oarmeèéa b ierrbcre muscief,

 

iama epaktem sbus `bmecs lcùhreoas. Ã passívbf qub tbkje c`a e ^artuhef iam e cktbkèéa prcmbcre `b sbhucr bstu`as `b `crbcta bm Iacmlre, b rbtarke`a e ^brkemluia pere essumcr ume ie`bcre `b prcmbcres fbtres. Pef bktbk`cmbkta ã iarralare`a ke treksircèéa7  

‖@bpacs `b`b sb^brkemluia, `cstckhucr kes Fuís eufesEfverbs prbperetùrces qub jevce ke iepctef ^ckta bmleriausb pere Fcslae iam cktbkèéa `b bstu`er `crbcta ke Rkcvbrsc`e`b `b Iacmlre. Au par fjb oefterbm as rbiursas iam qub iakteve, au par  sb tbr `bcxe`a vbkibr `as pessetbmpas, qub a ircevem kequbfe iartb, vcu-sb, bm lrbvb, oarèe`a e praiurer ka trelefja prùprca as mbcas `b eiarrbr îs sues kbibssc`e`bs.  Epravbctek`a a sbu tefbkta muscief b e pbrcice, iam qub taieve vårcas ckstrumbktas, bktéa mucta bstcme`as, iaksbhucu e oevar `a Mck.· `–Bste`a Mertckja `b Mbffa Tb Iestra], qub a ijemau pere Mbstrb `b m÷scie `b sues ocfjes b a obz kamber Mbstrb, au iacse qub a vefje, `e Iepbfe \bef. Kbste pascèéa, iam quekta oassb ehre`åvbf e um lr lres escfcfbc bcra ra,, kes kes ic icri riuk ukst stìk ìkic ices es `b Fu Fuís ís Ef Efve verb rbs, s, ké kéa a a bmlereèau `b pbkser ke påtrce, iuges seu`e`bs a vefbrem, mbsma ka pefåica `b sbu bsiferbic`a Mbibkes. @bic`c`a e rbhrbsser e ^brkemluia, qub, pere bfb vefce mecs qub e Mbtrùpafb, Fuís Efverbs safcictau b altbvb ume ie`bcre `b ^rcmbcres Fbtres, qub Mertckja `b Mbffa obz ircer ke orbh.ª `e Laevcste pere errekgå-fa. Bm ^brkemluia, bm Fcslae, e muscie iam pecxéa b tefbkta. iama Yéa `bfb ta`es bksckau es pbèes, qub, eck`e jagb ja gb,, sb ie iekt ktéa éa få få,, ke kess ibrc ibrcmð mðkc kces es rbfch rbfchca case ses. s. E mecs mecs katåvbf `bfes, ã ume muscie o÷kblrb, bm quetra iaras, qub iampðs pere a oukbref `a \bc @. Gasã C, iuga Mck.· oac Mertckja `b Mbffa Tb Iestra], sbu pratbtar. Kbstb T...] Oefbibu ka \bicob b oac sbpufte`a ke Chrbge `b K. Y. `a Fcvrembkta” (G. Fapbs Kbtta) 8

 

Bm rbfeèéa î c`e `b Åfverbs ^ckta pere bstu`er `crbcta bm Iacmlre, bm pbsqucse `b iempa rbefcze`e bm 50, kéa oac passívbf faiefczer ume rbobrçkice salrb a iampasctar pbrkemluieka kas Fcvras `b Metríiufes `e ukcvbrsc`e`b `b Iacmlre, ck`ciek`a qub, iesa tbkje sc`a bste e matcveèéa `b

 

sue vceh sue vcehbm bm,, ã pa paui uia a pr prav avåv åvbf bf qu qub b a mb mbsm sma a tbkj tbkje e c` c`a a î Iacm Iacmlr lre, e, sb bste bs telb lbfb fbib ibk` k`a a `b `bs` s`b b a ck ckíi íica ca bm Fcsl Fcslae ae.. Epbs Epbser er `b kéa kéa iamp iampra rave ve`e `e,, e jcpùtbsb jcpùt bsb kéa pa`b sbr tatefm tatefmbktb bktb `bsierte` `bsierte`e, e, iaks iaksc`bre c`brek`a k`a e oarmeèéa oarmeèéa prcvcfbhce`e qub Åfverbs ^ckta rbiblbu bm sue guvbktu`b, mbkicake`e par mecs `b um `b sbus lcùhreoas. E bsiessbz `b rbiursas pere sb mektbr, ckifuí`e ektbrcarmbktb par Ektðkca Gaequcm `b Mbffa, vafte e sbr trete`e eicme iama ume `es rezòbs pere a iampasctar iambèer sue etcvc`e`b muscief bm ^artuhef, iama mbca `b sb sustbkter `urektb sue bste`ce. A tbxta, bsircta par Fapbs Kbtta, mbkicake pbfe prcmbcre vbz a kamb `b um passívbf mbibkes `b Åfverbs ^ckta, sbk`a bfb ‖Mck.· `b Bste`a Mertckja `b Mbffa”. Bste katíice pravevbfmbktb sb rbobrb e Mertckja `b Mbfa b Iestra (585?-5832), qub `urektb as rbcke`as `b @. Gaéa _ b @. Gasã C, aiupau cmpartektbs oukèòbs ke iartb, sbk`a kambe`a bm 5893, par @. Gaéa _, iama Iðkbha `e Yã ^etrcerief. Bm 5825, `urektb a rbcke`a `b @. Gasã, Mbfa b Iestra ckcice sue ierrbcre `cpfamåtcie, pessek`a e rbprbsbkter ^artuhef ke Jafek`e b bm 5820 oac treksobrc`a pere e Iartb `b Fak`rbs, oukèéa qub mektbvb etã 588>, quek`a oac kambe`a Ybirbtårca `b Bste`a `e Merckje, b @amíkc @am íkcas as Rftrem Rftremerck erckas, as, ier ierha ha qub `bsbmp `bsbmpbk bkjau jau etã sue martb martb bm 5832 5832 (_EFE@E\BY 7 5> 5>,, p. 98 98-0 -05) 5).. Fapb Fapbss Kb Kbtt tta a ck ck`c `cie ie qub qub Åf Åfve verb rbss ^c ^ckt kta a oac oac praobssar `es ocfjes `b Mertckja `b Mbfa b Iestra b qub a mbsma, pravevbfmbktb ke oukèéa `b Iðkbha `e ^etrcerief a kambau pere ‖Mbstrb, au iacse qub a vefje, `e Iepbfe \bef”. Bstes ckoarmeèòbs séa iarralare`es par   Ektðkca Gaequcm `b Mbffa qub mbkicake a m÷scia lrescfbcra iama praobssar `b ‖efh ‖efhum umes es ie iese sess ka kalr lrbs bs”” b ‖q ‖qub ub oa oacc um `as `as vc vcaf afak akib ibfa fass `e Iepb Iepbfe fe \bef \bef”” (MBFFA7 5:20, p. . @cspakívbf bm7 6jttp7//pbrca`cias.puimckes.lr/ck`bx.pjp/ie`br 6jttp7//pbrca`cias.puimcke s.lr/ck`bx.pjp/ie`brkasjcstarce/ertcifb/vcbw/5?3> kasjcstarce/ertcifb/vcbw/5?3>; ;

Pbmåtcie7 Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta7 Alre Muscief  

 E quefc`e`b `e alre muscief `b Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta ã mbkicake`e pbfas sbus lcùhreoas `bs`b Gasã Mezze, ka ockef `a sãiufa `bzacta7 ‖tbm iampasta ckockctes alres iam mucta eibrta prckicpefmbktb Bifbscåstcies4 T...] b eck`e bm iampascèòbs praoekes tbm bsircta iam mucta eibrta”. Ckobfczmbktb, ume `b sues prckicpecs alres bifbscåstcies, rbobrbkice`e tekta par Gasã Mezze quekta par Fapbs Kbta, es ‖Bxãquces pere @. Gasã C e quetra Iðras”, etã a mambkta pbrmekbib `bsiakjbic`e, a qub kéa `cmckuc e cmpartìkice `es alres iuge eutarce `b Åfverbs ^ckta pa`b sbr c`bktcocie`e. Autres alres `b Åfverbs ^ckta, mbkicake`es par Ektðkca Gaequcm `b MBFFA séa7 trçs Jckas î Kasse Ybkjare `e ^bkje4 um Jcka î Kasse Ybkjare `a Ierma4 um Jcka î Kasse Ybkjare Méb `a ^ava4 um Aoíica `e ^ecxéa4 Metckes `b Yéa ^b`ra, iam ume oemase ‖ouhe cmctetcve `a mer tbmpbstuasa b rbvafta”4 Metckes `b Yekta Ektðkca4 Kavbkes, Mcsses, Fe`eckjes b Yaketes” (epu` @CKCW7 53?3, p. ?8) . ^brbcre `e Iaste b Buifc`bs Oaksbie ictem temlãm um ‖Pb @bum”, bsircta par Åfverbs ^ckta, ÷kcie alre qub oac faiefcze`e `bktrb es mbkicake`es par sbus lcùhreoas (@CKCW7 53?3, p. ?:). Ybhuk`a Gecmb @ckcz, Buifc`bs OAKYBIE eirbsibkte ume irítcie ea bstcfa muscief `b Åfverbs ^ckta, ak`b eocrme qub7 5

 

‖T...] bmlare oassb e`bpta `a bstcfa ctefceka, ofarc`a, sbksuefcste b mucta sbhuc`a par autras iampasctarbs `b sue ãpaie, Fucz  Efvbs ^ckta, bm sues m÷scies, rbvbfau ckspcreèéa oãrtcf b par  vbzbs efãm `b iakjbicmbkta rbiursas vaiecs archckef, b ckstrumbktecs `bpbrobcta sue ertb.” (epu` @CKCW7 `as 53?3, p. ?:)

 

 

Ybhuk`a a musciùfaha Gecmb @CKCW, e `bsircèéa `a bstcfa muscief `b Åfverbs ^ckt ^ckta a trek treksi sirct rcte e ei eicm cme e ké kéa a pa`b pa`b sb sbrr ep epfci fcie` e`e e ea ‖Pb @b @bum um Fe Feu`e u`emus mus pere quetra vazbs” faiefcze`a pbfa pbsqucse`ar bm 53?8, ka erqucva pertciufer `b Ierfas @ckcz. E alre, iam ibrie `b 22> iampessas, kéa oac bsircte bm ‖bstcfa ctefceka”, e pakta `a irítcia IEF@BC\E OCFJA epakter qub, pbfa ‖ Pb @bum”, Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta mastre-sb ‖veicke`a, bm tãikcie b bm quefc`e`b tbmåtcie, iaktre a vírus `a ‖lbf iekta” kepafcteka”, epbser `b tbr vcvc`a bm Fcslae `urektb a sãiufa `bzacta (epu` @CKCW7 53?3, p. ?:).  E apèéa pbfe bsircte pafcoðkcie, mecs iereitbrístcie `a bstcfa ektcha, bkiaktre`e ka ‖Pb @bum”, pa`b sbr mbfjar iamprbbk`c`e e pertcr `b ume rbobrçkice obcte par Åfverbs ^ckta ea ‖bstcfa ctefceka” b sue rbfeèéa iam e m÷scie rbfchcase, ka praçmca `b sbu mãta`a, a ‖Muzcia b Ma`brka Yystbme”7  

‖Are, kckhuãm kbherå qub séa jagb as Ctefcekas `b hasta a mecs bsqucscta (lbfa) b `bfcie`a ckvbkta, qub ta`es es autres Keèòbs, ke iampascèéa @remåtcie4 parãm iam bste iampascèéa tekta tbm iaktemcke`a a Iekta Bifbscåstcia, qub jagb mecs perbibm Erces as Matbtbs b tbetras as tbmpfas.” (^CKPA7 588?, p. 0) <

 

Pb @bum   jttps7//www.yautulb.iam/wetij1v=zkeKe\USFEi

 Efãm `a ‖Pb @bum”, e ÷kcie alre muscief, iam eutarce iakocrme`e par Gecmb @ckcz, ã um ‖Yefv Yefvb b \bhc \bhcke ke” pe pere re trçs trçs va vazb zbs, s, `a `acs cs vc vcaf afck ckas as b lecx lecxa. a. @C @CKC KCW W `bsirbvb e alre iama ‖scmpfbs, epbser `b efhumes ckiursòbs `e tãikcie `e cmcte cm cteèé èéa a b `b pass passuc ucrr ume ume ib ibrt rte e `a `asb sb `b suhb suhbst stcv cvc` c`e` e`b b ka rbvb rbvbst stcm cmbk bkta ta mbfù`cia `a tbxta” (53?3, p. 8>).  Ektðkca Gaequcm `b Mbffa `bsirbvb autre alre `b Fuís Åfverbs ^ckta (ckobfczmbktb pbr`c`e), bste ke årbe içkcie, ak`b a iampasctar ã eutar tekta `e pabsce quekta `e m÷scie, e iamã`ce ‖Emar mef iarrbspak`c`a”, iampaste bm trçs etas iam as sbhucktbs pbrsakehbks7 Ifarck`e4 Ofarcslbffa, ^rckicpb `a Bpcr Bp cra4 a4 Ib Ibfe feur ura, a, ^r ^rík íkic icpb pb `b Etbk Etbkes es44 Feki Fekibt bte, e, irce irce`e `e44 b Bsta Bstaga ga,, irce irce`a `a `b Ibfeura. MBFFA `bsirbvb e treme iakoarmb elecxa7  

‖Ofarcslbfa b Ibfeura, efce`as `b Ifarck`e, merijem iaktre Praektb, tcreka `e Hrãice, iam oarèes sues b `b Eflekce, e vckherbm bste `es iarrbrces b `bvesteèòbs `b Praektb kes oraktbcres. letefje] sckhufer Ofarcslbffa bT`bic`b-sb Praektb, kaequef bstb ã pbfa marta`ubfa T...T. Pu`a csta ã `b sù kerre`a. @b vafte as príkicpbs bm Eflìkce, kemarem-sb `b

 

Ifarck`e, Ifarck `e, qub praiu praiurem rem tar tarker ker sbksív sbksívbf bf î sue tbr tbrkur kure. e. T...] T...] Ifarck`e `bifere-sb bm oevar `b Ofarcslbffa, e qubm essbhure oc`bfc`e`b, mes `bpacs ietcvem-ke as ma`as b scmpetce `b Ibfeura, b `bspb`b e Ofarcslbffa `a rbcka. Yelb bstb e ieuse `e sue `bspb`c`e, e tbmpa qub gå Ibfeura temlãm sicbktb `e vbrset vbr setcfc cfc`e` `e`b b `b Ifa Ifarck rck`e, `e, T...] T...] e `bt `btbst bste. e. Ifa Ifarck rck`e `e sb qubr  qubr  tarker e Ofarcslbffa, mes bstb, prbsbktb Ibfeura, fjb bxpralre a vcf praib`cmbkta. Ibfeura par îs prckiípcas `b ievefjbcrcsma e `bobk`b, `a qub rbsufte crbm-sb ermes T...]. (MBFFA7 5:20, p. .