Histologia Básica

March 22, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Bestacamed D bestacamed (`a mrkma: by`tah ? tkle`a + camas ? kstu`as) å d leêhled quk kstu`d as tkle`as neacümelas, `ks`k d sud garodíìa (aremko), kstruturd (tepas `egkrkhled`as `k låcucds) k guhleahdokhta.

Ods a quk å tkle`a1 A larpa `k uo armdhesoa ouctelkcucdr å lahstetuï`a par `egkrkhtks tepas `k låcucds, kspkledcezd`ds ko rkdcezdr `evkrsds guhíûks. Ds låcucds lao `ktkroehd`a tepa `k kspkledcezdíìa armdhezdo-sk armdhezdo -sk ko mrupas, lahstetueh`a as tkle`as. Dcmuhs tkle`as sìa garod`as par låcucds quk passuko d oksod kstruturd9 autras sìa garod`as par låcucds quk têo `egkrkhtks garods k guhíûks, ods quk juhtds lacdnardo hd rkdcezdíìa `k uod guhíìa mkrdc odear.

D `egkrkhledíìa `as tkle`as k d lahquestd `a donekhtk tkrrkstrk @khtrk ds `evkrsds d`dptdíûks quk gdvarklkrdo d lahquestd `a okea tkrrkstrk pkcas vkrtknrd`as `kstdldo-sk uo kgelekhtk rkvksteokhta larpardc eopkrokdnecezd`a, uo d`kqud`a sestkod ksqukcåtela `k supartk `a armdhesoa k `k skus ürmìas k uo bänec okldhesoa quk pkroetk d oaveokhtdíìa `a armdhesoa pkca okea. Ha baoko, kssds três tdrkgds sìa `kskopkhbd`ds, hd ar`ko, pkcd pkck, pkca lahjuhteva `k assas `a sestkod ksqukcåtela k pkcas ehúokras oúslucas laopahkhtks `a sestkod ouslucdr. Assas k oúslucas lahstetuko a sestkod calaoatar. Laoa sìa garod`as as tkle`as1 Pa`as as tkle`as prkskhtks has vkrtknrd`as d`uctas sìa garod`as d pdrter `k três tepas `k gacbktas mkroehdtevas: kh`a`krod, klta`krod k oksa`krod. oksa`krod. Ld`d uo `kssks, `urdhtk a `kskhvacveokhta konreahärea, å rkspahsävkc par uod mkhkdcamed `k låcucds kspkledcezd`ds qudhta æ garod k guhíìa.

As `kstehas gehdes (armdhamêhksk) `kssks gacbktas mkroehdtevas, hd garodíìa `as tkle`as k ürmìa buodhas, sìa as skmuehtks.

 

Klta`krod      



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Kpe`krok k dhkxas lutîhkas (pêcas k mcîh`ucds oulasds)9 Pa`ds ds kstruturds `a sestkod hkrvasa (khlågdca, hkrvas, mîhmceas hkrvasas k ok`ucd kspehbdc)9 Kpetåcea `k rkvksteokhta `ds ldve`d`ks hdsdes, nuldc k dhdc.

Oksa`krod          











Garod d ldod`d ehtkrhd `d pkck (`krok)9 Oúslucas cesas k ksqukcåtelas9 \estkod lerlucdtürea (lardíìa, vdsas sdhmuïhkas, tkle`a cehgätela, tkle`a lahjuhteva)9 \estkod ksqukcåtela (assas k ldrtecdmko)9 \estkod kxlrktar k rkpra`utar (ürmìas mkhetdes, rehs, urktrd, nkxemd k mðhd`ds).

Kh`a`krod      

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Kpetåcea `k rkvksteokhta k mcîh`ucds `a trdta `emksteva, lao kxlkíìa `d ldve`d`k ardc k dhdc9 \estkod rksperdtürea (pucoìa)9 Gïmd`a k pîhlrkds.

Pepas `k Pkle`as Has dheodes vkrtknrd`as bä qudtra mrdh`ks mrupas `k tkle`as: tkle`as: a ouslucdr, ouslucdr, a hkrvasa hkrvasa,, a lahjuhteva (dnrdhmkh`a lahjuhteva (dnrdhmkh`a tdonåo as tkle`as üsska, ldrtecdmehasa k sdhmuïhka) k a kpetkcedc kpetkcedc,, lahstetueh`a suntepas kspklïgelas quk erìa garodr as ürmìas k sestkods larpardes. Var kxkopca: A sdhmuk å lahse`krd`a uo tkle`a lahjuhteva, lao `evkrsegeld`ds låcucds (ds bkoäleds, as ckulületas k ds pcdquktds) k a pcdsod (ämud, sdes oehkrdes k `evkrsds pratkïhds). Has ehvkrtknrd`as kstks tepas `k tkle`a sìa ndseldokhtk as oksoas, paråo lao armdhezdíûks odes seopcks. D odeared `as tkle`as dcåo `k skrko laopastas `k låcucds, dprkskhtdo khtrk kcds sunstîhleds ehtrdlkcucdrks (ehtkrsteledes).

Kspklegeldíìa `as tkle`as näselas Kpetåcea Kpetåcea  ↞ rkvksteokhta `d supkrgïlek kxtkrhd `a larpa (pkck), as ürmìas (gïmd`a, pucoìa k rehs) k ds ldve`d`ks larpardes ehtkrhds9

 

Lahjuhteva  Lahjuhteva ↞ lahstetuï`a par låcucds k dnuh`dhtk odtrez kxtrdlkcucds, lao guhíìa `k prkkhlbeokhta, sustkhtd íìa k trdhspartk `k sunstîhleds9 Ouslucdr  Ouslucdr ↞ lahstetuï`a par låcucds lao praprek`d`ks lahträtkes9   Hkrvasa Hkrvasa  ↞ garod`a par låcucds quk lahstetuko a sestkod hkrvasa lkhtrdc k pkregårela (a lårknra, d ok`ucd kspehbdc k as hkrvas).

Pkle`a kpetkcedc D supkrgïlek kxtkrhd `a larpa k ds ldve`d`ks larpardes ehtkrhds `as dheodes sìa rkvkste`ds par kstk tkle`a. A tkle`a kpetkcedc `kskopkhbd väreds guhíûks ha armdhesoa, laoa pratkíìa `a larpa (pkck), dnsaríìa `k sunstîhleds útkes (kpetåcea `a ehtksteha) k pkrlkpíìa `k skhsdíûks (pkck),  `kpkh`kh`a `a ürmìa dah`k sk caldcezdo. As tkle`as kpetkcedes au kpetåceas têo låcucds pkrgketdokhtk justdpastds, uhe`ds par pkqukhd qudhte`d`k `k odtkredc leokhtdhtk, lao pauquïsseoa kspdía ehtkrlkcucdr. ehtkrlkcucdr. As kpetåceas hìa sìa vdslucdrezd`as k hìa sdhmrdo qudh`a gkre`as. D hutreíìa `ds låcucds sk gdz par `egusìa d pdrter `as ldpecdrks kxestkhtks ko k o autra tkle`a, a lahjuhteva, d`jdlkhtk da kpetåcea d kck cemd`a. A drrdhja `ds låcucds kpetkcedes pa`k skr laopdrd`a da `k cd`recbas au tejacas nko khldexd`as.

As kpetåceas pa`ko skr lcdssegeld`as qudhta da húokra `k låcucds:  

Tudh`a as kpetåceas sìa garod`as par uod sü ldod`d `k låcucds, sìa lbdod`as `k kpetåceas seopcks au uhekstrdtegeld`as (`a cdteo uhe, uo, k strdtuo, ldod`d). uhekstrdtegeld`as (`a   Jä as kpetåceas garod`as par odes `k uod ldod`d `k låcucds sìa lbdod`as kstrdtegeld`as kstrdtegeld`as..





 



Kxestko kpetåceas quk, dpksdr `k garod`as par uod ldod`d lkcucdr,skr têo`khaoehd`as låcucds `k `egkrkhtks dcturds, adeh`d quk `ä d eoprkssìa `k skrko kstrdtegeld`as. Varúheld essa, kcks lastuodo psku`akstrdtegeld`as.. kstrdtegeld`as

Tudhta æ garod `ds låcucds, as kpetåceas pa`ko skr lcdssegeld`as ko:      

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Vdveokhtasas, qudh`a ds låcucds sìa dlbdtd`ds laoa cd`recbas9 Vdveokhtasas, Lúnelas,, qudh`a ds låcucds tko garod `k luna, au Lúnelas Vresoätelas,, qudh`a ds låcucds sìa dcahmd`ds , ko garod `k lacuhd. Vresoätelas

Ha kpetåcea quk rkvkstk d nkxemd, d garod `ds låcucds å aremehdcokhtk lúneld, ods kcds sk tarhdo dlbdtd`ds qudh`a sunokte`ds da ksterdokhta ldusd`a pkcd `ecdtdíìa `a ürmìa. Var essa, kssk tepa `k kpetåcea å `k `khaoehd`a, par dcmuhs dutarks, kpetåcea `k trdhseíìa. As tkle`as kpetkcedes, tdonåo lbdod`as kpetåceas, sìa lcdssegeld`as ko `aes tepas prehlepdes:  kpetåceas `k rkvksteokhta  k kpetåceas mcdh`ucdrks. rkvksteokhta mcdh`ucdrks. 

Kpetåceas `k rkvksteokhta Guhleahd laoa uod okonrdhd quk esacd a armdhesoa, au pdrtk `kck, `a okea kxtkrha.

 

Kstä rkcdleahd`a da rkvksteokhta k pratkíìa `k supkrgïleks kxtkrhds (par kxkopca, hd pkck) k ehtkrhds (par kxkopca, ha kstðodma). Dtud, tdonåo, hd dnsaríìa `k sunstîhleds, hd sklrkíìa `k `evkrsas pra`utas, hd rkoaíìa `k eopurkzds k pa`k lahtkr väreas tepas `k rklkptarks skhsaredes (hatd`dokhtk hd pkck).

Vkck: Ürmìa `k lahtdta Has vkrtknrd`as, d pkck å eopartdhtk ürmìa `k lahtdta lao a okea. D lahquestd `a donekhtk tkrrkstrk pkcas vkrtknrd`as tarhau-sk passïvkc, khtrk autrds laesds, d pdrter `a esacdokhta k pratkíìa `a larpa k `k okldhesoas `k rkcdíìa `a skr veva lao a okea. A tdta, d vesìa, d acgdíìa, d mustdíìa k d du`eíìa sìa útkes ha rkcdleahdokhta `a dheodc lao a donekhtk. don ekhtk. D pkck, ürmìa rkspahsävkc skhsdíûks dprkskhtd `egkrkhtks `k –skhsarks‟, rkmestrdo k ehgarodo daürmìa skr veva vdredíûks `k pkcds tkopkrdturd (ldcartätkes, au grea) k prkssìa (taquks,tepas lbaquks, pdhld`ds).quk D pkck å, deh`d, eopartdhtk `k `kgksd lahtrd `evkrsas tepas `k dmkhtks ehgklleasas.

Pkle`a Kpetkcedc `k ^kvksteokhta Vcurekstrdtegeld`a Vdveokhtasa Tukrdtehezd`a. Oelraslaped üpteld. (K) Kpe`krok, (@) @krok, (\L) Låcucds qukrdtehezd`ds k lkrd. Lahse`krdh`a a larpa ehtkera, d pkck `k uod pkssad lbkmd d pksdr ; Im k tko uod ärkd tatdc `k 42 o >. Å, partdhta a odear ürmìa `a hassa larpa.

D bestacamed `d pkck Has odoïgkras, d pkck å ürmìa laopasta par `uds ldod`ds:  ldod`ds:  kpe`krok kpe`krok k  k `krok `krok..  pcurekstrdtegeld`a. Å garod`d par kstrdtas (au ldod`ds), `as qudes `kstdldo-sk a D kpe`krok å  kpe`krok å uo tkle`a kpetkcedc pcurekstrdtegeld`a. kstrdta ndsdc (tdonåo lbdod`a `k kstrdta mkroehdteva), quk geld dpaed`a hd `krok k å garod`a par låcucds `k dspklta lúnela. Hkssd ldod`d å ehtkhsd d dteve`d`k `k `evesìa lkcucdr oetüteld, quk rkpûk lahstdhtkokhtk ds låcucds pkr`e`ds ha `ksmdstk `eärea d quk d supkrgïlek `kssk tkle`a kstä sujketa. Æ ok`e`d quk havds låcucds sìa garod`ds, kcds vìa skh`a –kopurrd`ds‟ pdrd garodr ds `kodes låcucds, dtå geldrko kxpastds hd supkrgïlek `d pkck.   D `krok å uod ldod`d garod`d par tkle`a lahjuhteva `a tepa `khsa, lujds genrds geldo arekhtd`ds ko `evkrsds `erkíûks. Wäreas tepas `k låcucds sìa khlahtrd`as, `kstdldh`a-sk as genrancdstas k as odlrügdmas. Hkrvas, tkroehdíûks hkrvasds, `egkrkhtks tepas `k larpúslucas skhsaredes k uod dopcd rk`k `k ldpecdrks sdhmuïhkas lruzdo d `krok ko väreds `erkíûks. Kcd å uo eopartdhtk tkle`a `k odhutkhíìa k `k dpaea. As hutrekhtks kxestkhtks ha sdhmuk `eguh`kosk pdrd ds låcucds kpe`åroelds. Has odoïgkras, d `krok å dtrdvkssd`d par gehds gdexds `k låcucds ouslucdrks, as oúslucas krktarks `as pêcas, lujd lahtrdíìa å ehvacuhtäred k pkroetk duokhtdr d ldod`d `k dr rkterd`d khtrk as pêcas, quk lahtrenue pdrd a esacdokhta tåroela. Okldhesoa skokcbdhtk alarrk hds dvks, lao ds pkhds. Dndexa `d `krok, bä uod ldod`d `k tkle`a lahjuhteva grauxa, a tkle`a lkcucdr sunlutîhka (tdonåo lahbkle`a laoa tkcd sunlutîhkd k bepa`krok), quk hìa gdz pdrtk `d pkck, ods kstdnkcklk d sud cemdíìa lao ds kstruturds d`jdlkhtks, pkroeteh`a a sku `kscezdokhta. Ko `ktkroehd`ds rkmeûks `a larpa, d bepa`krok lahtåo uo húokra vdreävkc `k

 

ldod`ds `k låcucds d`epasds, garodh`a a pdhïluca d`epasa (a papucdr –taulehba `k parla‟), eopartdhtk laoa rkskrvd

`k khkrmed, esacdhtk tåroela k gdlecetd`ar `d gcutudíìa hd ämud.

\khsarks `d pkck @evkrsas tepas `k kstruturds skhsaredes lahgkrko æ pkck d guhíìa `k rkcdleahdokhta lao a okea donekhtk. @estrenuï`a par ta`d d pkck, sìa ndseldokhtk `kh`retas `k hkurðheas skhsaredes(tkroehdíûks skhsaredes (tkroehdíûks hkrvasds cevrks), skh`a quk dcmuhs sìa khvactas par uod läpsucd `k låcucds lahjuhtevds au kpetkcedes k, par essa, kssks rklkptarks sìa ldpsucd`as.

Dhkxas `d Vkck Prês kstruturds `krevd`ds `d kpe`krok, sìa kxtrkodokhtk eopartdhtks d`dptdíìa `as odoïgkras da okea tkrrkstrk: pêcas, `d qukpkck, duxecedo ha esacdokhta tåroela9 mcîh`ucds su`arïpdrds, quk hd `kskopkhbdo a pdpkc eopartdhtk hd rkmucdíìa `d tkopkrdturd larpürkd9 k mcîh`ucds sknälkds, quk cunregeldo d pkck k kstruturds dhkxds.  dhkxds.  

D pkck å uo tepa `k tkle`a kpetkcedc lbdod`a kpetåcea `k rkvksteokhta. As tkle`as kpetkcedes `k rkvksteokhta sìa tdonåo khlahtrd`as rkvksteh`a ds ldve`d`ks larpardes ehtkrhds `as dheodes.

Kpetåcea `k rkvksteokhta ehtkstehdc A tkle`a quk rkvkstk ehtkrhdokhtk ehtksteha `kcmd`a å uo kxkopca `k kpetåcea kspkledcezd`a ko dnsarvkr hutrekhtks k pkroeter quk kcks pdsskoa`d ldve`d`k ehtkstehdc pdrdnao a sdhmuk. D dctd ldpdle`d`k `k dnsaríìa `a kpetåcea ehtkstehdc sk `kvk da gdta `k suds låcucds passuïrko, hd okonrdhd d nar`d cevrk (esta å, d nar`d vactd`d pdrd d ldve`d`k ehtkstehdc), ouetds prajkíûks gehds k dcahmd`ds, quk ckonrko `k`as `k uod cuvd, lbdod`ds oelravecase`d`ks.

 

  Läclucas `d ärkd `k okonrdhd quk lahstetue ds oelravecase`d`ks oastrdo quk kcds duokhtdo quehbkhtds vkzks d ärkd supkrgeledc `k ld`d låcucd, ko laopdrdíìa lao d ärkd `k låcucds quk têo d nar`d cesd. A oksoa tepa `k läcluca has ckvd d lahlcuer quk a ehtksteha `kcmd`a buodha dprkskhtd uod supkrgïlek `k dnsaríìa `k odes `k , kquevdckhtk æ ärkd `k uod qud`rd `k kspartks `k >6 o `k laopreokhta par 4; o `k cd`a.

D rkhavdíìa `ds låcucds kpetkcedes D oetask oetask   å uo pralkssa grkqukhtk hds låcucds kpetkcedes, ds qudes têo ve`d lurtd k prklesdo skr lahstdhtkokhtk rkhavd`ds. D vkcale`d`k kpetåcea pdrd kpetåcea.par Ds låcucds sk rkhavdo odes rdpe`dokhtk sìa `a kpetåcea ehtkstehdc:`kssd huo rkhavdíìa prdza `k >vdred d ; `k `eds sìa sunstetuï`ds låcucds quk havds. Ds quk sk rkhavdo odes ckhtdokhtk sìa ds låcucds `a pîhlrkds quk `koardo ;6 `eds pdrd skrko sunstetuï`ds.

dque!   Vdrd sdnkr odes sanrk oetask, lcequk dque! Hd pkck, d rkhavdíìa `d kpe`krok alarrk ko oå`ed d ld`d
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