HIMAS Handbook on Spa and Massage

Handbook on Spa and Massage A Reference Tool for Spa/Salon Operators, Clients and Massage Enthusiasts

Benjamin Eugenio Jr. LMT Lorinda de Guzman, LMT Lalaine Olubalang, LMT

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

INTRODUCTION

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pa and massage are two of the most interesting buzz words in this unprecedented time and age of health and wellness. However, due to some constraints, not everyone is familiar with the existing laws and regulations pertaining to the spa and massage industry. This handbook is divided into four major areas: a) things one has to know about spa and massage; b) government regulations being implemented by DOH and TESDA; c) relevant information pertaining to licensing and certification of massage practitioners, relative to DOH exams and various kinds of massage; d) hiring and placement of qualified massage therapists/practitioners. We hope you will find this handbook indispensable. The Authors

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Things You Have to Know About Spa and Massage 4 Types of Spas 4 Practice of Massage 6 Different Kinds of Massage in the Philippines 7 DOH Massage Code of Ethics 15 Government Regulations on Massage 16 Requirements for DOH Massage Licensure Examinations 20 Tips on Taking the DOH Massage Licensure Examinations 21 Helpful Facts on Human Anatomy (Massage Related) 22 List of DOH Accredited Training Institutions 33 Spa and Massage Associations in the Philippines 36 References 37

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Handbook on Spa and Massage THINGS YOU HAVE TO KNOW ABOUT SPA AND MASSAGE According to the Webster‟s Dictionary, a spa is a „mineral spring or a locality in which such springs exist‟. Commercially, it means, “Salus per Aqua‟ or „healing through water”. At present, there are several types of spas: day spa, hotel or resort spa, destination spa and medical spa. 1. Day Spa – this is a business establishment where people go for professionally administered personal care such as massages, and facials. It is similar to a beauty salon. It is only visited for the duration of the treatment. 2. Hotel or Resort Spa – this is owned by or located within a hotel or resort that offers professional services such as massage, fitness and wellness components and a variety of spa cuisine menus. 3. Destination spa – this is a short term residential lodging facility with the HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage primary purpose of providing individual services for spa goers to help develop healthy habits. 4. Medical spa – is a hybrid between a medical clinic and a day spa. This operates under a medical doctor. It combines elements of a cosmetic surgery, aesthetics clinic and a beauty salon. A spa must have a clean, safe, calming and nurturing environment. It should have private treatment rooms. shower and changing rooms, professional massages, professional body treatments, therapeutic spa ingredients, hydrotherapy or steam or sauna. People reasons: o o o o

avail of spa services for the following to relieve stress. ( 47%) to reduce stress. (46% ) to soothe the sore joints and muscles. ( 3%) to feel better about oneself. (31%)

The current international spa trends: Based on a study made by Pilzer, hotels and resorts that HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage offer excellent spa services generate additional revenues. Furthermore, survey shows that the (hotel spas) tend to attract more leisure travelers. In the Philippines, especially in some key cities, it is quite noticeable that more people have become more health conscious. One best indicator is the proliferation of spa establishments in almost every part of the cities. According to Paul Zane Pilzer, author of the “ Wellness Revolution”, the wellness industry is the „next trillion dollar‟ industry in the next decade.” PRACTICE OF MASSAGE Massage is the systematic manipulation of soft body tissues through manual or mechanical means for relaxation or therapeutic purposes. There are two general types of massage: oil massage- a kind of massage that uses oil and other form of lubricants, such as Swedish and Balinese massage; dry massage – massage that uses bare thumbs and fingers. This occasionally uses powder instead of oil.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage DIFFERENT KINDS OF MASSAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Balinese massage- Balinese massage is

one of the traditional Indonesian massages. This is a full body, deep-tissue, holistic treatment that combines acupressure, reflexology, stretching and aromatherapy.

Known personality – Mangku Made Pogog (Indonesia)

Contribution to Wellness: a Balian (healer) is known for his unique combination of massage, yoga and mantra. Because of his healing prowess, he was well-sought among the rich and powerful people everywhere.

2. Foot Reflexology – Foot Reflexology is a

simple, non-invasive method used to help balance the body. It is based on the principle that there are reflexes in the body which corresponds to every part of the body. When done properly, it could provide a truly relaxing experience, while enjoying its therapeutic benefits as well.

Known personality -Dr. William H. HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage Fitzgerald (USA)

Contribution to wellness: Dr. Fitzgerald is

better known as the Father of Reflexology. He was brought to prominence because of his 10 zone theory concept which says that every part of the foot is connected to a specific part of the human body. 3. Foot spa includes soaking of foot in a slightly warm water and then scrub it to feel its relaxing effects. Its variations may include foot massage and nail treatments. 15-20 minutes warm foot soak affects the entire vascular system and helps improve blood circulation. 4. Indian head massage – this is an Ayurvedic form of massage that has been practiced for thousands of years. It is a very relaxing treatment and is excellent for neck and shoulder tension. In earlier times, this was enjoyed only by the elite classes in India. It was only recently that a vast majority of people begin to enjoy its wide range of benefits. Champi is the Indian word for head massage. Champissage is another term for Indian Head massage. HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

5. Hawaiian Lomi Lomi Massage- Lomi Lomi means to „rub‟ or „massage‟ in Hawaiian. This is a traditional Hawaiian massage treatment used to bring about physical as well as mental relaxation. This massage aims to rid the body of physical and mental stresses and increase energy flow.

Known Personality: Auntie Margaret Machado (Hawaii, USA)

Contribution to wellness: She is known

Hawaiian “kahunan” or healer whose lomi based healing skillls brought her to international prominence. Because of Aunt Margaret‟s efforts, Lomi Lomi, an ancient form of healing, became popular. 6. Mukha Alaga (Facial) – Facial massage is an easy and important part of beauty regimen. Besides softening the skin, another good effect of facial massage is the stimulation of blood circulation and removal of dead skin. Author:Lorinda de Guzman, LMT This type of massage is accredited by the Department of Health HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

7. Bilis Sarap Chair Massage is a form of chair massage that is aimed at providing a quick massage treatment that covers the head, shoulder, hands and legs. It is non-invasive and does not use oil. It is inspired by Namikoshi seated massage. Chair massage is popular in Japan, and is often found in subway train stations. 8. Namikoshi Shiatsu is an authentic method of massage which was made popular in Japan by its author, the late Todujiro Namikoshi. Originally this massage is meant for therapeutic purposes only. Today, more and more individuals avail of this excellent form of massage treatment as well. Essentially, this shiatsu massage carefully observes prescribed shiatsu points and Japanese style of body mechanics.

Known personality: Tokujiro Namikoshi

(Japan)

Contribution to Wellness: Mr. Namikoshi

started giving shiatsu treatment at age 7 to his sick mother. HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage The healing made him an instant folk hero in his hometown. 9. Pindot Sarap, also called Pisil Sarap, is a Filipino verson of shiatsu. It observes three point massage system representing a triad: first, the west, where knowledge of anatomy came from; second, Japan, where shiatsu originally was developed, and third, Philippines. The Filipino therapist, whose innate desire to care for others is the heart and soul of this massage style Author: Benjamin B. Eugenio, Jr. LMT This style of massage is accredited by the Department of Health 10. Spa Hilot/Pinoy Hilot/Philippine massage Hilot is a traditional form of healing among Filipinos especially during the pre-Spanish era. According to tradition, „hilot‟ helps remove blockages in the body also known as „lamig‟ when done with slightly heated and oiled banana leaves. Once the „lamig‟ is removed through Hillot, a balanced state of well-being is achieved.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage The warm oiled banana leaf is believed to have an absorbent power. Hilot is the only massage method in the world thatsees „lamig‟ as a sign of ill-health or imbalance.

11. Swedish Massage is the basic, classic

form of Western massage that uses pressure to make it‟s client relax and calm. It generally uses the so called 5 basic classical movements, such as: effleurage (to glide), petrissage (to knead), friction (to rub), tapotement (to tap) and vibration (to shake). Majority of modern-day massage in the world follows some of the massage strokes mentioned above.

Known personality : Per Henrik Ling

(Sweden)

Contribution to wellness: His writings

regarding the five classical movements (mentioned above) helped made Swedish massage the most sought-after massage method in the world.

12. Thai massage is a form of massage

that involves stretching and deep massage. It is believed to have been developed by Thai monks 2,500 years ago. It integrates HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage movements for the entire skeletal system, enhancing joint range of motion, removing blockages and improving blood circulation. Due to its wide range of movements, it is better done on the floor.

Father of Thai massage- Dr. Shivago

Komarpaj (Jivaka Kumarabhacca) Thai massage has been practiced as a form of medical science in Thailand for over 2,500 years. TIPS ON GIVING AND RECEIVING MASSAGE For the Therapist:  Make sure that you are physically, mentally and psychologically prepared to give massage  Hands must be clean and nails properly trimmed.  Make sure that everything needed for the treatment is at hand. For the receiver/Client:  Never have a full stomach before the massage  Communicate clearly what you want.  Enjoy the entire session  Give tips to your favorite therapist HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

DOH MASSAGE CODE OF ETHICS An excerpt from the Preamble of DOH Code of Ethics for Massage Therapists: “Massage therapists are duly licensed individuals who possess, maintain and uphold at all times the dignity, integrity and reputation of the profession with high moral values, as well as technical skills and professional competence. They strictly adhere to the principles, standards and values of the profession. Massage therapists are guided by the code if ethics in his/her relationships with his/her clients, co-practitioners, employers, members of the allied profession and the public, in general.” General Responsibilities: a. Duties toward the client - client‟s health and well-being and comfort are of paramount concern. b. Duties toward the profession - strived for excellence and advance the moral reputation of the profession

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Handbook on Spa and Massage c.

Duties toward co-practitioners – foster fellowship, mutual assistance and professional respect.” d. Duties toward employers – fair, honest and loyal in dealing with a e. Duties toward allied professionals - working harmoniously with allied professionals f. Duties toward the general public – obey the laws of the land, and all laws governing the practice of the profession.” GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ON MASSAGE 1. Top government agencies that regulates the massage practices * Department Of Health (DOH) * Technical Education and Skills Devt. Authority (TESDA) 2. Philippine Law that regulates the practice of massage  Presidential Decree 856, Code of Sanitation of the Phil Chapter XIII “Massage and Sauna Bath Establishments” Date issued: Dec. 1975 HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage 3. Latest government directive on massage.  Administrative Order 2010-2003 issued by the Dept of Health on Dec. 10, 2010 entitled: Revised implementing rules and regulations governing massage clinics and sauna bath establishments.” - Key provisions of the AO issued by DOH a. Lowering of the age requirements for DOH exam applicants from 2118 years of age – section 3.3.1 b. “Only persons holding a valid certificate of registration issued by the Committee and approved by the Secretary of Health shall be allowed to practice massage as a profession in the Philippines” Section 5.1.1 c. Removal of the mandatory bimonthly check up among massage therapists - Section 5.1.7 d. The minimum base pay of licensed massage therapist shall not be below the minimum wage mandated by the Dept of Labor (DOLE)- Sec.5.2.2 HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage d.

However, for small establishments, the management and spa therapist may agree on a payment scheme acceptable to both parties

- Compromised made by the spa association (PHILWELL) with the DOH relative to AO 2010-0034. There shall be a 3 year moratorium in the implementation of the AO among existing spas – that is: January 2011 to December 2014. - The penalty for violation or refusal to comply with the AO.The Penal Provision, Section 7.1, says that guilty parties shall be prosecuted before the Court of Justice as provided for by PD 856. C. Mandate of TESDA TESDA provides direction, policies, programs and standards towards quality technical education and skills development (TESDA) Mission: www.tesda.gov.ph

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

The TESDA National Certification is not valid as a massage license. Based on PD856. the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines and AO 2010-0034, Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations Governing Massage and Sauna Bath Establishments.” Both the Dept. of Health (DOH) and TESDA are perfect partners in the professionalization of the local massage and spa industry. With DOH giving the entry level massage regulatory requirements and TESDA to provide for advance massage skills certification. Latest information received from DOH states that TESDA is sending its assessors to DOH for massage licensure examinations. REQUIREMENTS FOR DOH MASSAGE LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS Takers of licensure examinations must be: a. Filipino citizen, eighteen years of age b. of good moral character HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage c.

have clearance from NBI or provincial fiscal

d. physically and mentally fit to take the exams e. at least a high school graduate f.

have a certificate from a DOH accredited training provider of at least 60 hours of practical massage.

g. have a certificate from a DOH accredited training center that he/she received basic instructions. h. have a passing grade: 75% general average on theoretical exams; 75% general average on oral/practical exams. TIPS ON TAKING THE DOH MASSAGE EXAMINATIONS 1. Study hard but a day before the exams drop all notes and take time to relax. 2. Wake up early, pray, eat a full meal HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage 3. Dress well and bring pens, and Exam Slip. 4. Be on time. 5. Follow instruction from examination proctors carefully. 6. Read all questions fully as well as the answers. 7. Do not rush, the DOH exams were never been time-pressured. But don‟t stay too long on any difficult item. 8. Expect the best results. 9. Bring pen and exam permit for written exam 10. Bring 2 pcs of towel, white scrub suit for practical exam. Note: DOH may announce from time to time what other items to bring REVOCATION OF DOH LICENSE. Grounds for the cancellation of DOH License: As provided by AO 2010-0034, DOH license will be revoked or cancelled due to the following:   

Court conviction involving moral turpitude Insanity Fraud in the acquisition or renewal of license

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Handbook on Spa and Massage Gross negligence, incompetence and ignorance in the practice of the profession..  Addiction to alcoholic drinks and prohibited drugs.  False or unethical advertisement and practice  Physical incapacity impairing the performance of duty as therapist  Failure to renew license for at least 5 years.  Similar grounds affecting the profession. HELPFUL FACTS ON HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy is the study of the functional areas or parts of human body. Physiology is the study of biological and chemical processes in the human body. Cells are the simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves. Every person is made up of billions of cells. A cell is composed of 3 major parts: a) the cell membrane; b) the cell nucleus; (main body) and c) cytoplasm (liquid). HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage The human body can be likened to the universe “made up of very small parts organized to function as a unit”, according to Susan Salvo in her Book, “Massage Therapy, Principles and Practice.” The stages of life are as follows: a) Chemical stage – deals with the biochemistry of the body. b) Cellular stage – deals with cells and its internal processes. c) Tissue stage – group of cells that performs specific functions. d) Organ stage – contains two or more groups that carry on specific functions. e) Organism stage – highest stage of organization presenting a living individual. The human body systems:

A. Skeletal system - it consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of the body weight. They provide a rigid HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage frame work, known as the skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of the body. The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when standing. The skeleton also protects the soft body parts. The fused bones of the cranium surround the brain to protect it from injury. Vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord and bones of the rib cage help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax. Fast facts:  



There are 206 bones in the human body. The bone which is commonly broken is the clavicle, also called the collar bone. Bones help in the production of white and red blood cells.

B. Muscular System – gives shape to the individual‟s physique. It also helps in the movement of the body by contraction. Fast facts: 

An adult person have at least 650

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

 

muscles in his body. Satorius muscle, found between the hip and the inner thigh is considered to be the longest muscle. Stapedius, found in the middle of the ear , is the smallest muscle.

C. Integumentary system or skin system – is the

organ system that includes the skin, hair, nails and related glands. Fast facts: 

Skin is the largest organ in the human body.  It s weight is 12-15% of the total body weight.  The three layers of the skin are: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat.  The dermis is sometimes called the true skin because it consists of elastic layers containing blood vessels that nourish the skin.

D. Circulatory system - is composed of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. It is the organ system that passes HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells and other nutrients to and from cells of the body. Blood is pumped by the heart around a closed circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through the various "circulations" of the body. Fast facts:    

It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. Blood travels in veins back to the right side of the heart. The average size of a heart is as big as one‟s own fist. The heart is located at the middle part of the chest and tilted a little towards the left.

E. Lymphatic and immune system - consists of

organs, ducts, and nodes. It is home to lymphocytes, small white blood cells that are the key players in the immune system. The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria,viruses, parasites, and fungi.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage Fast facts:   

The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system Enlarged lymph nodes are a sign of infection in colds and sore throats. The system acts life a filter that removes foreign bodies to prevent Infections.

F. Digestive system – is a series of complex

organs and glands that process food for utilization of body cells. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine rectum and anus. The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are major accessory organs that have a role in digestion.

Fast facts:   

The human mouth can produce 3 pints of saliva a day. Chewing is the first stage of digestion. The enzymes in the mouth help break down food.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

Diagram of the digestive system

G. Respiratory system – helps supply blood with

oxygen for transport to all parts of the body. It works with the circulatory system to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. It also helps to regulate pH of the blood. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are parts of the respiratory system. Fast facts: 

In human beings, the right lung is larger than the left lung to accommodate the heart.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage



The droplets that come out from coughing are spread up to 3 feet. People are advised to cover the mouth when coughing.

Diagram of the respiratory system

H. Urinary system – is the organ system that

produces, stores and eliminates urine and waste products of cellular metabolism. It includes the two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra and two sphincter muscles. The principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits. HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

Fast facts:   

The health status of a person can be determined through his/her urine. Urine can be tested to find out if a person has urinary tract infection. The ancient Romans used urine as a bleaching agent in washing clothes.

I. Nervous system - is responsible for sending,

receiving and processing of nerve impulses in the body. It is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us in touch with our environment, both external and internal. It consist of two parts: The central nervous system (main) and the peripheral nervous system (accessory). Fast facts:  

There are millions of nerve cells in the human body. As we grow older, the brain loses a gram of its weight every year.

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Handbook on Spa and Massage 

The nervous system transmits nerve impulses at a tremendous speed of 100 meters per second.

J. Endocrine system – acts through chemical

messengers called hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolic activities. It coordinates the activities of the organ systems. The pituitary gland at the base of the brain is the master gland. Fast facts:   

A specialist in the endocrine system is an endocrinologist The sex hormones are produced in the gonads. Gonads are ovaries in females, testes in males. The endocrine system influences cell and function of the body

K. Reproductive system - is a system within an

organism which works together toward reproduction. It consists of gonads, associated ducts and external genital. Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:  To produce egg and sperm cell.  To transport and sustain these cells HIMAS Asian Wellness and Spa Academy

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Handbook on Spa and Massage  

To nurture the developing offspring To produce hormones

Fast facts:   

The urologist is a physician that specializes in male reproductive system. The specialist on women‟s reproductive system is called a gynecologist. Dysmenorrhea is the term called „painful‟ or difficult menstruation‟.

LIST OF DOH ACCREDITED TRAINING INSTITUTIONS 

AKLAN – Hand-Med Integartive Health Center (HMIHC) Osmena Ave., Kalibo, Aklan Tel. No. (036) 268-2910 Mobile No. 0929 7350080

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ANGELES CITY – NMA Center of Aquatic Therapy and Massage (NMACATM) #2 Brgy Court Villa, Angela Subd., Angeles City Tel No. (0929) 8062688

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CEBU/QUEZON CITY

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Handbook on Spa and Massage Cebu – International NKYR Academy (INKYRA) Quezon City – Unit D, Pro Vita Bldg, 26, Columbia cor. Yale St. Cubao, Quezon City, Tel. No. (02) 473 5115 

ILOILO- Early Divine School Forever Alternative Medicine Rehabilitation and Training Center (EDSFAMRTC). 59-A Escarilla Subd. Mandurriao, Iloilo City. Tel. No. 0927 6898089

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ILOILO – Remnant Institute of Alternative Medicine (RIAM) Jamerian Bld., Iznart St., Iloilo City Tel. No. (033) 3379298 Mobile No. 0920 9513598

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LAGUNA – Hilot at Hilom Pilipinas (HIHIP) #33 Bakersfield St. Laguna Bel Air I Don Jose Sta. Rosa, Laguna Tel. No. (049) 544 0704 Mobile No. 0917 5457494

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MAKATI – Spa@Work Suite 2205,Cityland 10 Tower #2/154 H.V. dela Costa cor Valero St., Salcedo Village, Makati

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Handbook on Spa and Massage Tel. No. 840-1239 

PAMPANGA – Central Luzon Alternative Health and Devt. Inc (CLHAD) 2nd flr. ABN Bldg, MacArthur Highway, Del Rosario,San Fernando, Pampanga Tel. No. (045) 861 2493 – Mobile No. 0915 9970969

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QUEZON CITY/DAVAO-HIMAS Asia Wellness and Spa Academy (AWSA)

Manila main – 3F Crispina Bldg. Quezon Ave., Quezon City Tel. No. (02) 4107369 Mobile No. 0917 5117744

Davao Branch

D2, Sazon Bldg. Ponciano St., Davao City Tel. No./ (082) 305 1013 Mobile No. 0927 6076543 

TAGUM CITY – Ventura College of Natural Therapeutic Health and Science (VCNTHS) Tagum City, Davao Tel. No. (084) 218 2152

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Handbook on Spa and Massage SPA AND MASSAGE ASSOCIATIONS 

Philippine International Association of Massage Practitioners, Inc. (PHILPRAC) Secretariat Office, 3F Crispina Bldg. 1589 Quezon Ave. Quezon City Tel. No. 4107369 Mobile No. 0917 5117744

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Philippine Wellness and Spa Association (PHILWELL) Rm 412,Office of the Product Research and Development Dept. of Tourism, TM Kalaw St., Manila Tel. Nos. (02) 5466738 Mobile No. 0917 8975678

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Philippine Association of Massage Therapists, Inc. (PALMT) 2nd Flr. ABN Bldg, Mc Arthur Highway, Del Rosario, San Fernando, Pampanga Tel. No. 045) 861 2493 Mobile No. 0915 997099969

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Handbook on Spa and Massage

REFERENCES 

      

Administrative Order 2010-004, “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations Governing Massage and Sauna bath Establishments” DOH Massage Therapy Manual (2010) PD 856- “Code of Sanitation of the Philippines” Pilzer, Paul Zane, The Wellness Revolution Salvo, Susan, Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice TESDA, www. tesda.gov.ph Wikipedia- www.en.wikipedia.org Google – www.google.com

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NOTES____________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

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