Hiligaynon Language

Hiligaynon language

1

Hiligaynon language Hiligaynon Ilonggo Pronunciation

/hɪlɨˈɡeɪnən/

Native to

Philippines

Region

Western Visayas, some parts of Masbate and most parts of Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat provinces

Ethnicity

Hiligaynon people

Native speakers

[1] 8.2 million  (2007) 4th most spoken native language in the Philippines

Language family

Austronesian •

Malayo-Polynesian •

Philippine •

Central Philippine •

Visayan •

Hiligaynon

Dialects

Hiligaynon, Kawayan, Kari[citation needed]

Writing system

Latin script (Ilongo alphabet) Hiligaynon Braille Baybayin (c. 13th–19th centuries) Official status

Official language in Regional language in the Philippines Regulated by

Commission on the Filipino Language Language codes

ISO 639-2

hil

ISO 639-3

hil

Areas where Hiligaynon is spoken

Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Guimaras and Capiz, but is also spoken in the other provinces of Panay Island, including Negros Oriental, Antique and Aklan, and in many parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and in other parts of North Cotabato. It is also spoken as a second language by Karay-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon and Malaynon speakers in Aklan, and Capiznon speakers

Hiligaynon language in Capiz. There are approximately 7,000,000 people in and outside the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon, and an additional 4,000,000 who are capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.[2] It is a member of the Visayan language family. The language is also often referred to as Ilonggo (Spanish: ilongo) in Iloilo and in Negros Occidental. Many argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the word "Ilonggo." In precise usage, "Ilonggo" should only be used in relation to the ethnolinguistic group that are native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers, they argue. The disagreement over the usage of "Ilonggo" to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laymen. Historical evidences from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago point out to the fact that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la playa"), whom Loarca called Yligueynes [3] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as "Siná"). In contrast, the "Kinaray-a" has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which is most probably a Spanish misconception (as they often misinterpreted what they heard from the natives) of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a (highlanders - people of Iraya [highlands]).[4]

Classification Dialects Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Some of the widely-recognized varieties of the language are urban Iloilo or Ilonggo, Bacolodnon, Guimaras and Koronadal. Native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (or Antiqueño) and Capiznon as dialects of Hiligaynon; however, these have been classified by linguists as separate languages.[5][6] Related languages According to H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people of Panay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. In fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.[7]

Writing system Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ABECEDARIO: A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L Ll M N Ng Ñ N͠g/Ng̃/Ñg O P Q R Rr S T U V W X Y Z The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an upper case and lower case variety.

2

Hiligaynon language

3

Alphabet The 1st to 10th letters Symbol Name

Aa

Bb Kk Dd Ee

Gg Hh Ii

Ll Mm

a

ba

ka

da

e

ga

ha

i

la

[aj] [b]

[k]

[d]

[ɛ/e] [ɡ]

[h]

[ɪ/i] [ɪo]

[l] [m]

k

d

e

h

i

Pronunciation [a/ə] [aw] in context

a

aw/ao ay

b

g

iw/io l

ma

m

The 11th to 20th letters Symbol

N n Ng ng O o

Pp Rr Ss

Tt Uu

Ww Yy

na

nga

o

pa

ta

wa

ya

Pronunciation [n]

[ŋ]

[ɔ/o] [oj] [p] [r]

[s] [ʃʲ] [t] [ʊ/u] [w] [w]

[j]

ng

o

s

y

Name

in context

n

oy

p

ra

r

sa

sy t

u

u

ua

w

Additional symbols The apostrophe(') and dash(-) also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered letters. The dash, in particular, is used medially in some words to indicate the glottal stopglottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening; night’. It is also used to indicate the point in a word where reduplication is present: adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, sun’. However, the use of this means of marking reduplication is not always consistent: pispis ‘bird’. In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words.

Grammar Determiners Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon. Absolutive

Ergative

Oblique

singular impersonal ang

sang, sing*

sa

plural impersonal

ang mga

sang mga, sing mga* sa mga

singular personal

si

ni

kay

plural personal**

sanday

nanday

kanday

(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the, however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replace by sang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech (**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using less Spanish loan words. The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.

Hiligaynon language

4

Example Ang lalaki nagkaon sang tinapay. ≈ Ang tinapay ginkaon sang lalaki. "The man ate the bread"

"The bread was eaten by the man" (literal)

Personal pronouns Absolutive

Ergative₁ Ergative₂ Oblique (Postposed) (Preposed)

1st person singular

ako, ko

nakon, ko

akon

sa akon

2nd person singular

ikaw, ka

nimo, mo

imo

sa imo

3rd person singular

siya

niya

iya

sa iya

1st person plural inclusive kita

naton, ta

aton

sa aton

1st person plural exclusive kami

namon

amon

sa amon

2nd person plural

kamo

ninyo

inyo

sa inyo

3rd person plural

sila

nila

ila

sa ila

Demonstrative pronouns Absolutive Ergative/Oblique Locative Existential Nearest to speaker (this, here) *

iní

siní

dirí

(y)ári

Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee (that, there) inâ

sinâ

dirâ

(y)ára'

Remote (yon, yonder)

sadtó

didtó

(y)á(d)to

ató

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder.

Copula Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion "ay" of Tagalog/Filipino or "hay" of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula. Examples: "Si Inday ay maganda" (Tagalog) "Si Inday matahum/ Si Inday guapa" (Hiligaynon) = "Inday is beautiful." "Inday is beautiful" (English) There is no direct translation for the English copula "to be" in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively. Example: Manámî mangin manggaranon "It is nice to become rich" The Spanish copula "estar" (to be) has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have become corrupted. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as "istar" and means "to live (in)/location"(Compare with the Hiligaynon word "puyo"). Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba "I live in tabuc suba" "tabuc suba" translates to "other side of the river" and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.

Hiligaynon language

Existential To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used. Example: May idô (a)ko "I have a dog"

Hiligaynon Linkers When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two. Example: Itom nga ido Black dog Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga and maayong aga. The first meaning: (the) good morning; while the other is the greeting for 'good morning'. The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun. Example: Anum ka ido six dogs

Interrogative words The interrogative words of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila Diin means where. Example: Diin ka na subong? "Where are you now?" A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener. Example: Tagadiin ka? "Where are you from?" San-o means when Example: San-o inâ? "When is that?" Sin-o means who Example: Sin-o imo abyan? "Who is your friend?" Nga-a means why Example: Nga-a indi ka magkadto? "Why won't you go?" Kamusta means how, as in "How are you?" Example:

5

Hiligaynon language Kamusta ang tindahan? "How is the store?" Ano means what Example: Ano ang imo ginabasa? "What are you reading?" A derivative of ano, paano, means how, as in "How do I do that?" Example: Paano ko makapulî? "How can I get home?" A derivative of paano is paanoano an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamusta Example: Paanoano ikaw? "How art thou?" Pila means how much/how many Example: Pila ang maupod sa imo? "How many are with you?" A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent. Example: Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya? "What place were you born into your family?" A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?" Example: Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka? "How much is this beef?"

Verbs Focus As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister with his hands.

Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject: The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man. In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon

6

Hiligaynon language

7

translations of the above sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod. Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda ang iya utod. Ikawat sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod ang iya kamot. (lalaki = man; kawat = to steal; bugas = rice; tinda = market; sister = utod; kamot = hand)

Summary

Trigger, Mode and Aspect Affixes for Hiligaynon TRIGGER

ASPECT

MODE Neutral Purposive

Agent

Goal

Referent

Accessory

Actor

Patient

Actor

Goal

Durative

Causative Distributive

Cooperative

Dubitative

Unreal

-on

pag—on

paga—on

pa—on

pang—on

pakig—on

iga—on

Real

gin-

gin-

gina-

ginpa-

ginpang-

ginpakig-

ø

Unreal

-an

pag—an

paga—an

pa—an

pang—an

pakig—an

iga—an

Real

gin—an

gin—an

gina—an

Unreal

i-

ipag-

ipaga-

ipa-

ipang-

ipakig-

iga-

Real

gin-

gin-

gina-

ginpa-

ginpang-

ginpakig-

ø

Unreal

-um-

mag-

maga-

ø

mang-

makig-

ø

Real

-um-

nag-

naga-

ø

nang-

nakig-

ø

Unreal

maka-

makapag- makapaga-

makapa-

makapang-

mapapakig-

ø

Real

naka-

nakapag-

nakapaga-

nakapa-

nakapang-

napapakig-

ø

Unreal

ma-

mapag-

mapaga-

mapa-

mapang-

mapakig-

ø

Real

na-

napag-

napaga-

napa-

napang-

napakig-

ø

ginpa—an ginpang—an ginpakig—an

ø

Reduplication Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used nominally, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class. Note the following examples.

Hiligaynon language

8

(1) balày-bálay house-house toy-house, playhouse

(2) maèstra-maéstra teacher-teacher make-believe teacher

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5). (3) Nag-a-

hìbî-híbî ang

NAG-IMP- cry-cry

bátâ.

FOC

child

The child has been crying and crying.

(4) Nag-a-

tìnlo-tínlo

akò

sang

lamésa

NAG-IMP- clean-clean 1SG.FOC UNFOC table I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).

(5) Nag-a-

kàon-káon gid silá

NAG-IMP- eat-eat

sang

mag-abót

ang

íla

bisíta.

just 3PL.FOC UNFOC MAG-arrive FOC 3PL.UNFOC visitor

They were just eating when their visitor arrived.

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Note that superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dakô. While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), maàyoáyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), maàyoayó suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated áyo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.

Hiligaynon language

9

(6) Iní

nga

kwárto ma-dulùm-dulúm sang

this.FOC LINK room

MA-dark-dark

sa

sinâ

UNFOC OBL that.UNFOC

This room is darker than that one.

(7) (a) dakô-dakô big-big bigger (b) dakô-dákô (gid) big-big (really) biggest

(8) (a) Ma-áyo MA-good

ang

reló.

FOC watch

The watch is good/functional. (b) Ma-àyo-áyo

na

ang

reló.

MA-good-good now FOC

watch

The watch is semi-fixed.

(9) (a) Ma-áyo MA-good

akó. 1SG.FOC

I'm well. (b) Ma-àyo-ayó

na

MA-good-good now

akó. 1SG.FOC

I'm so so.

Sounds Hiligaynon has sixteen consonants: /p t k b d ɡ m n ŋ s h w l ɾ j/. There are three main vowels: /a/, /ɛ ~ i/, and /o ~ ʊ/. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron (to forgive) [from patawad, forgiveness] but not patawadon, and tagadiín (from where) [from diín, where] but not tagariín.

Loan words Hiligaynon has a large number of words that derive from Spanish words including nouns (e.g., santo from santo, saint), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, green), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, before), and conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, but). Moreover, Spanish provides the Ilonggo base for items introduced by Spain, e.g., barko (barco, ship), sapatos (zapatos, shoes), kutsilyo (cuchillo, knife), kutsara (cuchara, spoon), tenedor (fork), plato (plate), kamiseta (camiseta, shirt), and kambiyo (cambio, change). Spanish verbs used in Hiligaynon often remain unconjugated (have the verb endings -ar, -er or -ir) which in Filipino would almost always be conjugated in the 'vos' form,[citation needed] e.g., komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer,

Hiligaynon language

10

mantener, and asistir.

Examples Numbers Number

Hiligaynon

1

Isá

2

Duhá

3

Tatlo

4

Apat

5

Limá

6

Anum

7

Pitó

8

Waló

9

Siyám

10

Púlô

100

Gatús

1000

Libó

First

Tig-una

Second

Ika-duhá

Third

Ikatlo / Ika-tatlo

Fourth

Ikap-at / ika-apat

Fifth

Ika-limá

Sixth

Ikan-um / ika-anum

Seventh

Ika-pitó

Eighth

Ika-waló

Ninth

Ika-siyám

Tenth

Ika-púlô

Days of the week The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.

Hiligaynon language

11

Day

Adlaw

Sunday

Domingo

Monday

Lunes

Tuesday

Martes

Wednesday Miyerkoles Thursday

Huwebes

Friday

Biyernes

Saturday

Sabadó

Months of the year The first set of Hiligaynon names of the months are derived from Spanish. Month

Bulan

January

Enero; ulalong

February

Pebrero; dagangkahoy

March

Marso; dagangbulan

April

Abril; kiling

May

Mayo; himabuyan

June

Hunio; kabay

July

Hulyo; hidapdapan

August

Agosto; lubad-lubad

September Septiyembre; kangurolsol October

Oktubre; bagyo-bagyo

November Nobiyembre; panglot-diotay December Disiyembre; panglot-daku

Quick phrases English

Hiligaynon

Yes.

Hu-o.

No.

Indî.

Thank you.

Salamat.

I'm sorry.

Patawaron mo ako. / Pasaylo-a 'ko. / Pasensyahon mo ako. / Pasensya na.

Help me!

Buligi ako! / Tabangi (a)ko! /

Delicious!

Namit!

Take care.

Halong.

Are you mad?

Akig ka?

I don't know.

Ambot. / Wala ko kabalo.

That's wonderful! Námì-námì ba! / Nami ah!

Hiligaynon language

12

Greetings English

Hiligaynon

Good morning.

Maayong aga.

Good noon.

Maayong ugto./Maayong udto

Good afternoon.

Maayong hapon.

Good evening.

Maayong gab-i.

How are you?

Kamusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?/Musta na?

I'm fine.

Maayo man.

I am fine, how about you? Maayo man, ikaw ya? How old are you?

Pila na ang edad (ni)mo? / Ano ang edad mo? / Pila ka tuig ka na?

I am 25 years old.

Beinte singko anyos na (a)ko./ Duha ka pulo kag lima ka tuig na (a)ko.

I am Erman.

Ako si Erman./Si Erman ako.

What is your name?

Ano imo ngalan?/ Ano ngalan (ni)mo?

I love you.

Palangga ta ka./Ginahigugma ko ikaw.

Thank you very much.

Salamat gid./ Madamo gid nga salamat.

This, that, and whatnot... English

Hiligaynon

What is this?

Ano (i)ni?

This is a sheet of paper.

Isa ni ka panid sang papel./Isa ka panid ka papel ini.

What is that?

Ano (i)nâ?

That is a book.

Libro (i)nâ.

What will you do?

Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni)mo? / Maano ka?

What are you doing?

Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo? / Gaano ka?

I don't know.

Ambot / wala ko kabalo

My girl friend/boy friend Ang akon miga/migo My girlfriend/boyfriend

Space and time

Ang akon uyab

Hiligaynon language

13

English

Hiligaynon

Where are you now?

Diin ka subong?

Where shall we go?

Diin (ki)ta makadto?

Where are we going?

Diin (ki)ta pakadto?

Where are you going?

(Sa) diin ka makadto?

We shall go to Bacolod.

Makadto (ki)ta sa Bacolod.

I am going home.

Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). / (Ma)puli na ko.

Where do you live?

Diin ka naga-istar?/Diin ka naga-puyô?

Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?) Diin ka (nag)-halin? Have you been here long?

Dugay ka na di(ri)?

(To the) left.

(Sa) wala.

(To the) right.

(Sa) tuo.

What time is it?

Ano('ng) takna na?/Ano('ng) oras na?

It's ten o'clock.

Alas diyes na.

What time is it now?

Ano ang oras subong? or Ano oras na?

The marketplace English May I buy?

Hiligaynon Pwede ko ma(g)-bakal?

How much is this/that? Tag-pilá iní/inâ?

The Lord's Prayer Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian Matuman ang imo buot Diri sa duta subong sang sa langit Hatagan mo kami nian sing kan-on namon Sa matag-adlaw Kag ipatawad mo ang mga sala namon Subong nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon Kag dili mo kami nga ipagpadaug sa mga panulay Gino-o luwason mo kami sa kalaut Amen. Translation of Ten Commandments written in photo: 1.Believe in God and worship only him 2.Do not use the name of God without purpose

The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon in Molo Church at Molo, Iloilo.

Hiligaynon language

14

3.Honor the day of the Lord 4.Honor your father and mother 5.Do not kill 6.Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery) 7.Do not steal 8.Do not lie 9.Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man 10.Do not covet the riches of your fellow man

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutanon nga Pahayag sang mga Katarungang Pangkataohan) Ang tanan nga tao ginbun-ag nga hilway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungog kag katarungan. Sila ginhatagan sang pagpamatu-od kag konsensya kag nagakadapat nga magbinuligay sa kahulugan sang pag-inuturay.

“ “

”

Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.

”

Children's books Ang Bukid nga Nagpalangga sang Pispis Ang Bukid nga Nagpalangga sang Pispis is a fully illustrated, colored children's picture book. The original story is The Mountain That Loved A Bird by Alice McLerran. Originally published in the United States with illustrations by Eric Carle, the story has been translated to Hiligaynon by Genevieve L. Asenjo and illustrated with new art by Beaulah Pedregosa Taguiwalo drawn from the landscapes of the Philippines. The publisher is Mother Tongue Publishing Inc.[8], a new publishing company based in Manila, Philippines formed in November 2006 by Mario and Beaulah Taguiwalo. Their mission is to publish books in as many languages as possible. They are inspired by the words of science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin: “Literature takes shape and life in the body, in the wombs of the mother tongue.”[citation needed] They also agree with neuro-scientist Elkhonon Goldberg who refers to mother tongues as “an extremely adaptive and powerful device for modeling not only what is, but also what will be, what could be, and what we want and do not want to be.”[citation needed]

Noted Hiligaynon Writers • Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) Lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro, lived in Bacolod City. • Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) Journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro. • Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) Lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan. [9][10]. • Conrado Saquian Norada (1921– ) Lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969–1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Iloilo City. [11] • Ramon Muzones (?-?) Born in Molo. [12] • Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) Prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[13]

Hiligaynon language • Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) Writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[14][15] • Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) Noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan. [16]

References [1] Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007 [2] Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000 [3] Cf. BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 120-121. [4] Cf. Miguel de Loarca, Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo, June 1582) in BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803. Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0554259598. OCLC 769945704. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century.", pp. 128 and 130. [5] http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=cps [6] http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=krj [7] G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122-123. [8] http:/ / mothertonguepublishinginc. wordpress. com/ [9] http:/ / en. wikipilipinas. org/ index. php?title=Flavio_Zaragoza_Cano [10] http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph/ downloads/ ca0045. pdf [11] http:/ / www. panitikan. com. ph/ authors/ n/ csnorada. htm [12] http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=v8Xk_10M4icC& pg=PA1& lpg=PA1& dq=Ramon+ Muzones& source=bl& ots=4rCNeKWm7_& sig=jqPAW0uJFaOUa15Lr_sNTK4PPZI& hl=en& ei=wWEmTrOJPIensQLO6t2TDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA [13] http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph/ downloads/ lt0021. pdf [14] http:/ / www. thenewstoday. info/ 2008/ 08/ 05/ angel. m. magahum. sr. html [15] http:/ / fil. wikipilipinas. org/ index. php?title=Angel_Magahum%2C_Sr. [16] http:/ / bayanihan. org/ 2010/ 05/ 21/ today-in-history-87/

• English-Tagalog Ilongo Dictionary (2007) by Tomas Alvarez Abuyen, National Book Store. ISBN 971-08-6865-9.

External links • Omniglot on Hiligaynon Writing (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hiligaynon.htm) • Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board (http://www.dinagyang.com/forum/index.php) Dictionaries • • • • •

Hiligaynon to English Dictionary (http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-HE.pdf) English to Hiligaynon Dictionary (http://kalibo.tukcedo.nl/dictionary-EH.pdf) Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary (http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/hil/) Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line (http://www.bohol.ph/kved.php) Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (http://books.google.com.ph/ books?id=95VkAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false) (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)

Learning Resources • Some information about learning Ilonggo (http://ciaran.compsoc.com/languages.html#ilonggo) • Hiligaynon Lessons (http://www.archive.org/details/HiligaynonLessons) (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971) • Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (http://www.archive.org/details/HiligaynonReferenceGrammar) (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)

15

Hiligaynon language Writing System (Baybayin) • Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines (http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm) • The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet (http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html) • The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide (http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ ggrivera_2001_04_24_genocide_tagalog.html) • The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet (http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ ggrivera_2001_04_24_future_tagalog.html) Primary Texts • Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aql6284. 0001.001&q1=hiligaynon&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=1&size=100), published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps, in the early 20th century) Secondary Literature • Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/ Villareal-Hiligaynon_lang_desire.pdf) (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006) • Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003 (http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ancRNeJEAukC&printsec=frontcover& hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false) (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen

16

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Hiligaynon language  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=591648922  Contributors: 23prootie, 4pq1injbok, A380 Fan, AeLJei, Ahoerstemeier, Akoinidiri, Amire80, Archduke of Kaliburan, Arctic Kangaroo, Avicennasis, Babbage, Bacoleño, Bbb23, Berniemack, Bluemask, Bruce Hall, Burotsoy, Canterbury Tail, ChavacanBen, Chowbok, Christopher Sundita, Cjpanila, DVdm, Dangnad, Danny, Dbmag9, Deflective, Dmitri Lytov, Dominicalojado, Edward, Emperor Zemeckis, Enzino, Erythrii, Ettrig, Florian Blaschke, Foxmajik, Frietjes, Furittsu, Garzo, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, GracianoFord, Greatgavini, Grendelkhan, Gronky, Gwapa27, Hmains, Hottentot, Ilonggonet, Iokama, Isa-duha, Ish ishwar, JL 09, Jiggsokeken, JmT, Joemaza, Johnbrillantes, Jondel, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpers36, JungerMan Chips Ahoy!, Kaiged, Kam Solusar, Kate, Kguirnela, Khoikhoi, Kristjohn92, Kwamikagami, LilHelpa, LordBrain, Mahmudmasri, Michael Devore, Mikhailov Kusserow, Mk32, Mkh85, Namayan, Nasugbu batangas, Nikai, Niscen, Obiwankenobi, Obsidian Soul, Ohconfucius, Oldman4278, Padihut panghunahuna, Pansitkanton, Pare Mo, PhnomPencil, Pne, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rjwilmsi, Samito1050, Seav, Sedotes, SenyoritaMaestra, Stevey7788, Sverdrup, THSlone, Tabletop, Taylortheturtle, The Rambling Man, The Show-Ender, Themadbluebird, Toussaint, VicIlongo, Wapogwapo, Wavelength, Wiki.Tango.Foxtrot, Wtmitchell, Wuzur, Xeltran, Youkokurama, Zachlipton, Zollerriia, 321 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Hiligaynon language map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hiligaynon_language_map.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Namayan, User:TheCoffee File:The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Iloilo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ten_Commandments_in_Hiligaynon_at_Molo_Church,_Iloilo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Jayzl Nebre-Villfania

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

17