Highway Survey

 

ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSRUCTION CHAPTER 1

 

What is Highway Planning? •

  Planning is the basic requirements for any new  projects or expansion programme prog ramme

 

OBJECTIVES OF HIGHWAY PLANNING•

  A highway should be plan  according to the volume of daily traffic flow  from a particular   path.

 

•

  The highways  develop must be efficient, but at a minimum co cosst, espe peci cial allly in cases of  developing and underdeveloped countries.

 

•

•

 The highways should be safe.   The planning must have a   forecast for next several years in order plan fix periods.

 

Type Of Data Is What Type Is Collected Collected And How? How ? •

  Bef Befor oree de deve velo lopi ping ng a high highwa way y,   a number of  sur urv vey eyss ar aree do don ne at var ariiou ouss sites   to co coll llec ectt data. There are various types of surveys Traffic survey

 –

 Environmental

 –

 –

 Social data  Road inventory

 –

 

•

  Traffic Data-   This data is beneficial for the

 best utilized type of road (EW, (EW , NH, SH) to be created on the path.

 

•

•

•

  SO SOCIA CIAL L DA DAT TA   –    Wh While constructing a

highway, many shops many shops and houses got affected  Thus, a social survey is done along done  along road side, town villages and shops. shops.  The surveyors collect data about villagers and have discussions about the project and ask for  cooperation during the years for construction.

 

•

  Enviro Environmen nmentt Data Data--   Envir Environ onme ment nt is an anot other  her 

important factor which must be taken under  consideration before planning p lanning a highway hig hway.. •

  A report regarding affecting number of trees, flora and fauna   nea near con onsstruct ctiion sites, pollutants increased during construction in air and water must be prepared and submitted

to environment ministry ministry to get the green signal for development.

 

•

  Roads Inventory Inventory and condition surveysUnder this survey condition of pavement and structures (bridges and culverts) along the road are taken.

 

•

•

•

 If the condition structures are  poor, they need to be reconstructed.   If If co cond ndit itiion onss ar aree   fair, they are widened or  repaired.  If conditions are good they are retained.

 

Engineering Surveys for Highway locations Before a   hi highway alignment   is is finalised in highway project, the engineering survey are to be carried out. The various stages of engineering surveys are: •

•

  Map study (Provisional alignment alignment Identification). Identification).

•

 Reconnaissance survey.  Preliminary survey.

•

  Final location location and detailed surveys surveys

 

MAP STUDY •

 The probable alignment can be located on the map from the fallowing details available on the map.

•

  Avoiding valleys, ponds or lake lake   Avoiding bend of river 

•

•

  If road road has to cro cross ss a row of hills, hills, possib possibili ility ty of crossing through mountain pass. Map study gives a rough guidance of the routes.

 

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY: •

  1- To To confirm features indicated on map.

•

  2- To examine the general   character of the area in field   for deciding the most feasible routes for detailed studies.

 

From Reconnaissance survey •

•

• • • • •

  Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, hill,  permanent structure and other obstruction.   Value of gradient, length of gradient and radius of  curve.   Number and type of cross drainage drainage structures.  High Flood Level (HFL).  Soil Characteristics  Geological features.   Source of construction materials   –  stone  stone quarries, water sources

 

PRELIMINARY SURVEY Objective of preliminary survey are: •

•

•

 To survey the various  alternative alignments proposed   aft after the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical informati information on and detail of topography, drainage and soil.   To  compare the different  proposals in view of the requirements of the good alignment.  To estimate quantity of  earthwork   earthwork materials and other construction aspect

 

METHODS OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY •

 Conventional approach-survey party : carries out surveys using the required field equipment, taking measurement, collecting topographical(study of shape) and carrying out soil survey.

 

•

 Modern rapid approach: By aerial survey taking the required aerial photographs for

obtaining the necessary topographic and odetails of soil.

 

•

 3- Other studies: Drainage, Hydrological survey, soil survey, Traffic and Material survey

 

FIN FINAL AL LOCATIO LOCATION N AND DETAIL DET AILED ED SURVEY •

  The   alig alignm nmen entt fi fina nali lise sed d at th thee de desi sign gn of offi fice ce after the preliminary survey. It is to be first located on the field by the centreline.

 

LOCATION SURVEY: •

 Transferring the alignment on to ground.

•

  This is done by transit theodolite.

•

•

  Major and minor control points are established on the ground and centre pegs are driven, checking the geometric design requirements. requirements.  Centre lines tacks are driven at suitable intervals, say 50m interval in plane and rolling terrains and 20m in hilly terrain.

 

DETAILED SURVEY •

•

•

• •

•

  Temporary about 250 m.benchmarks are fixed at   intervals of   Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to  be work out from the level books.   Cross sectional sectional levels levels are taken at intervals intervals of 50100min Plane terrain, 50-75min Rolling terrain, 50 min built  – up up area, 20 min Hill terrain.   Detail Detailss of soil surve survey y is is to be carr carried ied out.  CBR value of the soils along the alignment may  be determined for design of pavement.   The data during detailed survey should be elab el abor orat ate e andand coestimates mple mp lete te fo for prep pr epaari ring deta tail ileed  plans, design ofr project. project . ng de

 

DR DRA AWI WING NG AND RE REPO POR RT •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

 Key map  Index map  Preliminary survey plans   Detailed plan and longitudinal longitudinal section  Detailed cross section  Land acquisition plans   Drawings of cross drainage drainage and other other retaining structures  Drawings of road intersections