Highway and Traffic Engineering

DCC3113 - Highway and Traffic Engineering Lecturer’s name: Sapinah binti Hadi Civil Engineering Department (Level 0) DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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Course outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Introduction to Highway and Traffic Transportation Planning Pavement Materials Construction of Flexible Pavement Construction of Rigid Pavement Traffic Control Equipment and Road Furniture Flexible Pavement Design Junction Design Traffic Management Highway Maintenance

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Assessment  Final Examination Assessment (FE) – 50%  Coursework Assessment (CA) – 50% Assessment

Percentage (%)

Test(2)

20%

Quiz(2)

5%

Case Study(2)

15%

Presentation (2)

10%

TOTAL

50%

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Highway and Traffic DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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Subtopic: O 1.1 History of highway construction and road laws and

acts O 1.2 Concept of traffic, highway and road laws and acts in Malaysia O 1.3 Concept of road laws and acts of traffic and transportation

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What is traffic engineering? “ Traffic Engineering is an engineering division which involved planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads and highways, road network maintenance of roads, road drainage, road furniture”

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What is highway engineering? Definition : Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering which involves the design, construction and maintenance of Highway Systems.  Highway Engineers must take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance. 

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O Transportation

Is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. O Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles, and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles. O

O Transportation Engineering O Is the application of technology and scientific principles to the

planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport.

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Functions of Transportation

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Construction structure

Flexible Pavement Structure DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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Flexible DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Rigid

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Profession 

Profession that involve in transportation construction of road and highway: a. b.

c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Surveyor Road and highway engineer Traffic engineer Geologist Structural engineer Hydrologist Mechanical engineer Electrical engineer Electronic engineer Socialist Psychologist Architect

l. DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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Act related to road a)Road Transport Act 1976 b)Environmental Quality Act 1974 c)Urban and Rural Planning Act 1976 d)Local Government Act 1976 and Federal Territory Act 1973.

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a)Road Transport Act 1976 rev. 1987 O An Act to make provision; • for the regulation of motor vehicles and of traffic on roads and • • •

• •

other matters with respect to roads and vehicles thereon; for the protection of third parties against risks arising out of the use of motor vehicles for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for transport; for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for construction and adaptation of motor vehicles; for connected purposes.

ENACTED by the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong with the advice and consent of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat in Parliament assembled, and by the authority.

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Local Authority Parking Notice

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b)Environmental Quality Act 1974 O Environmental Quality Act 1974 came into

force on 1 April 1988. Act relating to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution, coordinate all activities relating to discharge of wastes into the environment and enhancement of environment quality.

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c) Urban And Rural Planning Act 1976 O An act for the proper control and regulation

of town and country planning in peninsular Malaysia. O Local authorities responsible for organizing, controlling and planning of land use and building development in the area, the Structure Plan and Local Plan.

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Local Government Act 1976 And Federal Territory Act 1973.

O An act to revise and consolidate the laws

relating to local government. Local authority area, boundaries and status of an area declared by the state authority.

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History of Development of Roads a) Early Road (laterite road) b) Roman Road c) After Roman Road

d) Modern Road

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a)Early Road (Laterite Road) • After invention of wheel, animal drawn

bullock carts continued to be popular mode of transport for quiet a long time. • This necessitated providing hard surface for wheeled carts. • The first hard surface was discovered in Mesopotamia at about 3500 B.C.

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b)Roman Road • Roman’s developed very elaborate systems of

roads mainly for the purpose of military movements. • The main characteristics of Roman roads were as follows:  They were very thick. In some places the road was

as much as 1.22metres thick.  They were straight  They were usually made for military purposes.  Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard stratum reached after excavation. DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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Cross section of Roman Road

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c)After Roman Roads Pierre Tresaguet ii. John Metcalf iii. Thomas Telford iv. John Macadam i.

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i.Pierre Tresaguet O The main characteristics of Tresaguet’s design were: O He improved the drainage by the formation of

O O O

O

convex. Thickness of the road was about 30cm. Wearing surface are camber. He also emphasised the need for continuous maintenance of road to keep it in good shape. A cross slope of about 1 in 45 was used to be developed in the road surfaced by adjusting thickness mainly in top and intermediate layers.

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Cross section of Pierre Tresaguet

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ii.John Metcalf O The main characteristics of John Metcalf’s design

were: O Drainage is important to maintain strength of road. O The strength of road depend to the stability of

foundation layer. Used large stone at foundation layer.

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Cross section of John Metcalf

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iii.Thomas Telford The main characteristics of Telford’s design were: O Used big sized stones in foundation wearing from 17-22cm to develop a firm base. O Provided cross drains under foundation layer to keep the subgrade in dry condition. O Level sub-grade on embankment or cutting was prepared in the required width. O It was essential that each stone of the base course should be laid perpendicular to the finished surface or subgrade.

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Cross section of Thomas Telford

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iv.John Macadam The main characteristics of Macadam’s design were: O Using entirely new concept of road construction. O Recognized the importance of sub-grade compaction and drainage. O Using a broken stone layer of few centimeter thickness can sustain much heavier load than a thick layer of big size stones. O Size of the aggregate to be used in wearing course was decided according to requirements of stability under the effect of vehicles. O Subgrade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the road. O Prepared subgrade was given the same camber, as to be given to the finished road surface.

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Cross section of John Macadam

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Comparison between Macadam and Telford Roads. Telford Road

Macadam Road

Roads are costlier.

They were cheaper.

Subgrade was kept horizontal due to which drainage of subgrade was not proper.

Subgrade was given in 1 in 36 cross slope. This aspect helped in better subgrade drainage.

Used larga sized for foundation. Size of stone varied from 17cm near egdes to 22cm at the centre of road.

A 5cm was the maximum size of the aggregate used for foundation layer.

There have four layers namely foundation layer, two layers of intermediate coat and 4cm thick wearing top layer.

There have three layers which is two layers each of 13cm compacted thickness as foundation layers and 5cm thick surfacing layer.

Total thickness of road structure was about 40cm

Total thickness of road structure was about 25cm.

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History Of Road Laws In Malaysia •

Road Transport Department (RTD) had been set up on 1937, under the Traffic Enactment 1937, British Army Law of Federated Malay States. By that time, the administration was known as Road Transport Board, performed its function to control and issue the license of good transportation vehicles manufacturing and public vehicles. Since the administration of Tanah Melayu on 1st April 1946, the authority of the board has been replaced by Register Office and Motorcar Inspection for the whole Tanah Melayu.

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Before 1937, the controlling of motorcars was placed under 4 (four) Federated Malay States governed by Perak and Selangor District Police, Chief Inspector of Negeri Sembilan and six (6) District Officer in Pahang. The controlling was not enforced at Federated Malay States. Apart 4 (four) states mentioned above, there were 11 (eleven) separated administration was given the authority of motorized vehicles until Traffic Enactment 1037 was approved.

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Due to launching of the department, a road law which was known as Road Traffic Ordinance 1958, was approved to replace Traffic Enactment 1937. Since the duty of enforcing the laws was very important especially for commercial vehicles, Enforcement Department had been set up to carry out the function of enforcement. • On 1st April 1946, Road Transport Department had been set up purposely to coordinate all aspects related to transportation of the nationwide. Accordingly to its existence, various acts related to the roads transportation have been regulated such as Road Traffic Ordinance 1958 and Road Transport Act 1987. The objectives is to standardize the nation transportation system increased rapidly in 1980. By each day, RTD getting loaded with its burden of responsibilities in improving its quality of service. • Therefore, restructuring has been done to improve the efficiency in order to suit the need and current interests. Since there is existence of the various functions in every department, the various innovations have been created to improve the quality of efficiency in the services. The era of 90's showed the rapid development because there was quite a high demand in the transportation system. DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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RTD is one of the organization under land department of Ministry of Transport. It is responsible to cater the counter services for vehicle and driving license and enforces Road Transport Act 1987 to ensure the quality of good driver and the road worthiness vehicle. RTD is also an organization that directly give its services to public and committed to provide high quality services, managing its income and enforce the transportation act transparently and effectively.

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Category of highway in Malaysia • Toll Highway • Federal Road

• State Road • Council/city Road • Rural road

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a)Toll highway O Prepared to continue the path of moving

O

O O O

vehicles in and out of control and involves the interchange, has two land and one emergency lane. Highway maintenance work is under the Federal Government and implemented by the Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM) Have interchanges, especially in the exit path. Has two to three lanes and one emergency lane. Rest and reaction facilities, places of refuge for motorcyclists shelter when it rains, the emergency phone and other.

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b)Federal Road O The ordinance is enacted under the Federal Roads. O Linking the state capital, airport, railway station and

ports. O There is 3 way: O Federal Road 1, Kangar – JB O Federal Road 2, KL – Kuantan O Federal Road 3,Kuantan – Kota Bahru. O Federal government is responsible for maintaining this road. O Maintenance work done through the State Public Work Department and paid by the federal government. DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

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c)State Road O Is the branches of the federal route to

connect the cities and towns. O Work on state maintenance is the duty of the State Government and implemented by the State Public Works Department.(PWD)

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d)Council/city Road O Roads within the jurisdiction of local

authorities such as the Town Council, City Council, District Council. O Where is the ability of local council workers is limited, so maintenance work can be carried out by PWD District. O Branch of the state road.

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e)Rural Road O Road are not paved with gravel if the lower

specification O Under the jurisdiction of the District Office. O Road types of land. O The maintenance work is the responsibility of the District Office.

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Agencies That Are Involved In Highway And Roads: • Road and Highway construction •

Public Work Department (JKR), Malaysia Highway Authority(LLM), Town/City/District/Local Council, Highway Planning Unit,

• Road Laws and Acts •

Jabatan Alam Sekitar

• Traffic •

Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan

• Transportation •

Lembaga Pelesenan Pengangkutan Jalan

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Summary of the function government agencies in road and transport administration Function

Department/agency involved

Planning, financing, and control of road construction

Economic Planning Unit Highway Planning Unit

Design, construction and maintenance of roads and highways

Public work Department Malaysian Highway Authority

Road licensing

Road Transport Department Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board

Control and enforcement

State Police Road Transport Department

Road Safety

Road Safety Council

Preservation of environment

Department of Environment.

Town and country planning

Department of town and country planning

Providing urbanAND traffic facilities DCC 3113 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ENGINEERINGLocal Authorities

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Important/purpose of the introduction of acts related to roads O An Act to provide for the safety of Malaysia,

preventive detention, the prevention of subversion, elimination of organized violence against persons and property in certain areas in Malaysia, and for matters incidental thereto.

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Important of act enforcement aspect related to roads and road laws O To change the mentality of road user has

tough and arrogant on the road. O To reduce the rate of road accidents and fatalities O Improvement approaches or methods of operation.

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Environmental Quality Act 1974 • Air • Sound

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