Hidrostatica Primera

 

AOZ]A]T]G RGCA]DJOAJG ONJAGONC Jdotrg md Dstumags Jadotåiajgs Q ]djogcúkajgs Og. 9 –Eakudc Gtfúo md Edomazî`nc―

Iåsajn  

 

ÅOMAJD 

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Famrgstîtajn

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Famrgmaoîeajn

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]depdrnturn y jncgr 

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]dregmaoîeajn

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Egvaeadotg gomucntgrag y sgoamg

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Dcdjtrgstîtajn

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Jnepg dcájtrajg

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Rgtdojanc dcájtrajg

 

 FAMPGZ]N]AJN

 Cn famrgstîtajn ds cn pnrtd md cn iåsajn qud dstuman n cgs icuamgs do rdpgsg. Dc jgojdptg md icuamgs sd npcajn tnotg pnrn knsds jgeg pnrn cåquamgs md`amg n qud enoaiadstno prgpadmnmds jgeuods qud cgs súcamgs súcam gs og tadod tadodo. o. Eadotrns qud cgs súcamgs tadodo igren y vgcue vgcuedo do prgpags, cgs icuamgs icuamgs nmquadrdo cn igren mdc rdjapadotd qud cgs jgotadod

RPDZAÚO Q RPGITOMAMNM

Dc vgcuedo md cn jgcueon nascnmn md cåquamg ds akunc n cn ncturn md cn jgcueon euctapcajnmn pgr dc îrdn md su `nsd, g `ado, v 5 f N. Rgr cg tnotg, dsjra`aegs I5 w 5 ek 5 pYk 5pkfN Jgeg p 5 I/N, cn prdsaúo n uon prgiuomamnm f, md`amg nc pdsg md cn jgcueon, ds p 5 pkf Dstd ds uo rdsuctnmg kdodrnc pnrn cåquamgs aojgeprdsa`cds. Cn prdsaúo ds cn easen pnrn tgmgs cgs puotgs md uo pcnog fgrazgotnc n uon prgiuomamnm f (sa p y k  sgo  sgo jgostnotds).  

RPAOJARAG MD RNZJNC Junomg sd aojrdedotn cn prdsaúo (maknegs, cn mdc nard) sg`rd tgmn cn supdriajad n`adrtn md uo cåquamg aojgeprdsa`cd do rdpgsg, cn prdsaúo do juncquadr puotg mdc cåquamg g do cns supdriajads caeåtrgids nuedotn nuedot n do cn easen jnotamn jnotamnm. m. Dc didjtg ds dc easeg sa sd npcajn prdsaúo prdsaúo jgo uo pastúo n juncqu juncquadr  adr  supdriajad md uo icuamg dojdrrnmg. Rnsjnc dstumaú cn trnoseasaúo md cn prdsaúo do icuamgs, y dc didjtg qud sd g`sdrvn sd mdogeaon praojapag md Rnsjnc. Do dc jnsg md uo cåquamg aojgeprdosa`cd, dc jne`ag md prdsaúo sd trnoseatd md igren prîjtajnedotd aostnotîodn. Do dc jnsg md uo kns, uo jne`ag md prdsaúo pgr cg kdodrnc vn njgepnþnmg md uo jne`ag md vgcuedo g md tdepdrnturn (g md ne`gs)8 pdrg, uon vdz qud sd fn rddstn`cdjamg dc dquaca`rag, ds vîcamg dc praojapag md Rnsjnc. Dotrd cns npcajnjagods prîjtajns eîs jgeuods mdc praojapag md pnsj pn sjnc nc dstîo stîo cgs cgs sast sastde dens ns md ir irdo dogs gs famr famrîu îucacajg jgss md cgs cgs nutgeúvacds. Nc pasnr dc pdmnc mdc irdog sd trnoseatd uon iudrzn n trnvás md mdcknmgs tu`gs ccdogs md cåquamg fnstn cgs jacaomrgs md ir irdo donm nmg g md cn cnss rud rudmns mns.. Ns Nsae aeas aseg eg,, sd us usno no dc dcdvn dvnmgr mgrds ds y knt kntgs gs famrî famrîuc ucaj ajgs gs pn pnrn rn cd cdvno vnotn tnr  r  nutgeúvacds y gtrgs g`ldtgs pdsnmgs. Tsnomg dc praojapag md Rnsjnc, Rnsjnc, mdegstrnegs júeg tnc sastden ogs pdreatd pdreatd og sgcg trnose trnoseatar atar iudrzn md uo cuknr n gtrg, saog tne`aáo tne`aáo euctapcajnr euctapcajnr dsn iudrzn. Cn prdsa prdsaúo úo md dotrnmn ß a  sueaoastrnmn pgr  nard jgepraeamg n uo dcdvnmgr md tnccdr edjîoajg. I> /N  /N> 5 I0 /N  /N0 EDMAJAÚO MD CN RPDZAÚO Cn prdsaúo pudmd edmarsd jgo maspgsatavgs edjîoajgs qud n edoumg tadodo uo rdsgrtd tdosnmg (jgeg dc edmamgr md prdsaúo md cgs odueîtajgs). Gtrg tapg md aostruedotg ccnenmg enoúedtrg, utacazn uo cåquamg ‚kdodrncedotd edrjurag- pnrn edmar cn prdsaúo.

 

n)  Do uo enoúedtrg md tu`g n`adrtg, cn prdsaúo md kns do dc rdjapadotd sd dquaca`rn jgo cn prdsaúo md cn jgcueon md cåquamg, y jgo cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn qud njtün sg`rd cn supdriajad n`adrtn mdc cåquamg. cåqua mg. Cn prdsaúo prdsaúo n`sg n`sgcutn cutn mdc K Kns ns ds akun akuncc n cn suen md ccn n prdsaúo nt ntegsiár egsiárajn ajn (p n) y  pkf, cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn. `) To edmamgr md prdsaúo md odueîtajgs eamd prdsaúo enogeátrajn, cn maidrdojan md cn prdsaúo mdotrg mdc odueîtajg y cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn< p eno5p ‚ pn. Md dstn enodrn, sa dc edmamgr aomajn 022 hpn (:2 C`/ao 0), cn prdsaúo rdnc mdotrg mdc odueîtajg ds > nte eîs nctn, ds mdjar, :22 hpn. j) uo `nrúedtrg ds uo enoúedtrg md tu`g jdrrnmg qud sd dxpgod n cn nteúsidrn y, pgr cg tnotg, sgcg enrjn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn. Jgo igren md u dstî n`adrtg n cn nteúsidrn y dc gtrg dstî jgodjtnmg nc rdjapadotd md kns juyn prdsaúo sd mdsdn edmar. Dc cåquamg do dc tu`g do T njtün jgeg mdpúsatg n trnvás mdc junc cn prdsaúo sd trnoseatd sdküo dc praojapag md Rnsjnc. Cn prdsaúo mdc kns (p) sd dquaca`rn jgo dc pdsg md cn jgcueon mdc cåquamg (md ncturn f, cn maidrdojan md ncturn md cns jgcueons) y cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn (p n) do cn supdriajad n`adrtn md cåquamg<   R5pn + pkf

  Cn prdsaúo p sd mdogeaon prdsaúo n`sgcutn. ^uazîs ustdm fnyn edmamg prdsagods jgo uo enoúedtrg, qud ds dc aostruedotg qud sd usn pnrn edmarnjdptn`cd, cn prdsaúo cn mdcprdsaúo nard doenogeátrajn< cgs odueîtajgs odueîtajgs cgs nutge nutgeúvacds. úvacds. ]nc ]ncds ds maspgsat maspgsatavgs avgspgr eamdo, md(g igren euy dc md enoúedtrg sgcg rdkastrn cn prdsaúo nrra`n pgr  md`nlg) md cn prdsaúo ntegsi ntegsiárajn. árajn. Rgr cg tnotg pnrn g`tdodr cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn (p), ds odjdsnrag suenr cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn (p n) n cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn (pk) R5pn + pk 

Cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn md uo odueîtajg cg enotadod råkamg y iuojagonc. Do táreaogs md cn uoamnm eîs jgogjamn ca`rns pgr pucknmn junmrnmn (psa g A`/ao 0), uo odueîtajg jgo prdsaúo enogeátrajn md :2 psa tadod uon prdsaúo n`sgcutn md uogs =4 psa (:2+>4, yn qud cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn5 >4 psa). Rgr cg tnotg, cn prdsaúo sg`rd dc aotdragr mdc odueîtajg ds md =4 psa8 y sg`rd dc dxtdragr, >4 psa. Dc ∉p md :2 psa enotadod aoicnmg dc odueîtajg. Za n`raegs cn vîcvucn g suiraegs uon paojfnmurn, cns prdsagods aotdron y dxtdron sd akuncno ¡y tdodegs uon pgojfnmurn!

Cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn pudmd edmarsd jgo uo `nrúedtrg. To `nrúedtrg saepcd jgosastd do uo tu`g ccdog md edrjurag qud sd aovadrtd md uo mdpúsatg. Nckg md edrjurag sncd mdc tu`g fnjan dc mdpúsatg, pdrg do dc tu`g qudmn uon jgcueon sgstdoamn pgr cn prdsaúo mdc nard sg`rd cn supdriajad mdc mdpúsatg. Dstd mdpúsatg sd jgosamdrn uo enoúedtrg md tu`g jdrrnmg 8 cn prdsaúo qud eamd ds üoajnedotd cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn, pgrqud cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn (cn prdsaúo pgr nrra`n md cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn) ds jdrg. Dotgojds, cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn ds akunc akunc n cn prdsaúo md`amn nc pdsg md cn jgcueon md edrjurag, ds mdjar,

 

R n5pkf Ton nteúsid nteúsidrn rn dstîomnr dstîomnr sd mdiaod jgeg cn prdsaúo qud sgstadod uon jgcueon md edrjurag md dxnjtnedotd ;9 je md ncturn nc oavdc mdc enr n 2² J. Cgs jne`ags md prdsaúo ntegsiárajn pudmdo g`sdrvnrsd jgeg jne`ags do cn ncturn md uon jgcueon md edrjurag. ]ncds jne`ags sd md`do praegrmancedotd n ensns md nard md nctn y `nln prdsaúo qud vanlno pgr cn supdriajad tdrrdstrd. Cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn sudcd aoigrenrsd do táreaogs md ncturn md cn jgcueon mdc `nrúedtrg y cgs prgoústajgs edtdgrgcúkajgs aomajno qud dc `nrúedtrg dstî su`adomg g dstî `nlnomg. Ds mdjar,

> nte (nprgx. >2> HRn)5 ;9 je Fk5 ;92 ee Fk 5 01.10 ao. Fk (nprgx. :2 ao. Fk)   Do fgogr n ]grrajdcca, sd mag dc oge`rd tgrr n uon prdsaúo qud sgstadod > ee md edrjurag<   > eeFk5 > tgrr  > nte5 ;92 tgrr* Jgeg dc edrjurag ds euy tgxajg, sd cd sdccn mdotrg md cgs `nrúedtrgs. To maspgsatavg eîs sdkurg y edogs jgstgsg qud sd usn nepcanedotd pnrn edmar cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn ds dc `nrúedtrg nodrgamd (–sao icuamg―). Do uo `nrúedtrg nodrgamd, uo manirnken manirnken edtîcajg sdosa`cd sdosa`cd dojdrrn dojdrrnmg mg do uo rdjapadotd nc vnjåg (pnrdjamg n uo tne`gr) rdspgomd n cgs jne`ags md prdsaúo, cgs juncds sd aomajno do uon jnrntucn. Dstd ds dc tapg md `nrúedtrg qud vdegs do cns jnsns, egotnmg do uo enrjg mdjgrntavg.

Rudstg qud dc nard ds jgeprdsa`cd, cn mdosamnm y cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn sgo enygrds do cn supdriajad tdrrdstrd y maseaouydo jgo cn nctatum. Yavaegs do dc igomg md cn nteúsidrn, pdrg og ogtnegs eujfg su prdsaúo do oudstrns njtavamnmds jgtamanons. Pdjgrmdegs qud do krno pnrtd oudstrg judrpg sd jgepgod md icuamgs, cgs juncds dldrjdo uon prdsaúo akunc fnjan niudrn. Md fdjfg, cn prdsaúo dxtdron md cn nteúsidrn ds tno aepgrtnotd pnrn dc iuojagoneadotg ogrenc qud cn ccdvnegs jgo ogsgtrgs sadeprd qud pgmdegs. Cgs trnlds prdsuraznmgs qud usno cgs nstrgonutns do dc dspnjag g do cn cuon sgo odjdsnrags og sgcg pnrn sueaoastrnr gxåkdog, saog tne`aáo pnrn jrdnr uon prdsaúo dxtdron saeacnr n cn qud fny do cn supdriajad tdrrdstrd.

ICG]N@ACAMNM Q DC RPAOJARAG MD NP^TAEDMDZ   Junomg uo g`ldtg sd jgcgjn do uo icuamg, g icgtn g sd fuomd. Dstg sd g`sdrvn eîs jgeüoedotd do cgs cåquamgs8 pgr dldepcg, cgs g`ldtgs icgtno g sd fuomdo do nkun. Zao de`nrkg, sd prdsdotn dc easeg didjtg do knsds< uo g`ldtg qud jnd sd fuomd do cn nteúsidrn eadotrns qud gtrgs g`ldtgs icgtno. Cns jgsns dcicgtno pgrqud dc nicuamg sgstadod.y Rgr dldepcg, sa suedrkaegs uo jgrjfg domdnkun y cg sgctnegs, jgrjfg su`arî cn supdriajad icgtnrn nfå. Rgr oudstrgs jgogjaeadotgs iudrzns,

 

sn`degs qud tnc egvaeadotg rdquadrd uon iudrzn odtn fnjan nrra`n sg`rd dc g`ldtg. Ds mdjar, md`d md njtunr sg`rd dc g`ldtg uon iudrzn fnjan nrra`n enygr qud cn iudrzn fnjan md`nlg md su pdsg. Cns iudrzns sd akuncno junomg dc g`ldtg icgtn do dquaca`rag. Cn iudrzn fnjan nrra`n md`amn n cn aoedrsaúo tgtnc g pnrjanc md uo g`ldtg do uo icuamg sd mdogeaon iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm. Zd g`sdrvn júeg gjurrd cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm sa jgosamdrnegs uo g`ldtg icgtnotd qud sd sgstadod pgr md`nlg md cn supdriajad md uo icuamg. Cns prdsagods sg`rd cns jnrns supdragr d aoidragr mdc g`ldtg sgo p>5pi kf kf> y p0 rdspdjtavnedotd, mgomd pi  ds  ds cn mdosamnm mdc icuamg. Rgr cg tnotg, fny uon maidrdojan md prdsaúo ∉p 5 p 0 ‚

0 p> 5 pi kmd(ficgtn`acamnm)  ‚ f>) dotrd Icns. Dstn jnrnsiudrzn supdragr d aoidragrjgo mdc `cgqud, qud prgmujd uon iudrzn fnjan nrra`n (cn iudrzn sd dquaca`rn ` cn iudrzn npcajnmn y jgo dc pdsg mdc `cgqud.

 Og ds maiåjac maiåjac mdmujar uon dxprdsaúo pnrn cn enkoatum md cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm. Zn`degs qud cn prdsaúo ds iudrzn pgr uoamnm md îrdn. Nså, sa dc îrdn md ne`ns jnrns mdc `cgqud, supdragr d aoidragr, ds N, cn enkoatum md cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm odtn do táreaogs md cn maidrdojan md prdsaúo ds   I` 5 p0 N ‚ p> N 5 (∉p) N5 Ri k(f k(f0 ‚ f>) N 0 Rudst Rudstg g qudY (f  ‚f >) N dscndcdxprdsaúo vgcuedo mdc dc `cgqud, ,i  dsjra`aegs pnrn`cgqud I ` nså0 n.j.) n tnrdn md mdtdreaonr sa uon jgrgon fdjfn pnrn jadrtg rdy drn md grg purg g jgotdoån nckg md pcntn. Judotn cn cdydomn qud cn sgcujaúo mdc prg`cden sd cd gjurraú junomg dstn`n mdotrg md uon taon md `nþg. Zd majd qud tnc iud su degjaúo qud sncaú md cn taon y jgrraú (mdsoumg) pgr cns jnccds md cn jaumnm kratnomg –¡Durdhn! ¡Durdh ¡Durdhn!― n!― (–cg dojgotrá―, do kradkg).  Nuoqud do cn sgcujaúo nc prg`cden qud fnccú Nrquåedmds aotdrvdoåno mdosamnm y vgcuedo, sd supgod qud dccg cg pusg n pdosnr do cn icgtn`acamnm.

 

AOZ]PT AOZ] PTJJ JJAG AGOD ODZ< Z< PD PDNC NCA\ A\N N CN ZA ZAKT KTAD ADO] O]D D CD CDJ] J]TP TPN N Q JG JGO] O]DZ DZ]N ]N CG CGZ Z JTDZ]AGONPAGZ, JPTJAKPNEN Q RPG@CDENZ. TO DIDJ]G N]EGZIÁPAJG< RGZA@CD MGCGP MD GAMG Cns vnranjagods do cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn pudmdo tdodr uo didjtg iasagcúkajg jgeüo< jne`ag md prdsaúo do cgs gåmgs nc jne`anr cn nctatum. Ds irdjudotd sdotar qud cgs gåmgs –sd tnpno― y –sd mdstnpno― nc nsjdomdr g mdsjdomdr pgr jneaogs egotnþgsgs g nc vanlnr do nvaúo. Dc tåepnog, tno aepgrtnotd pnrn går, ds uon ede`rnon qud sdpnrn dc gåmg edmag mdc gåmg dxtdrog. Dc gåmg edmag sd jgodjtn jgo cn knrknotn n trnvás md cn trgepn md Dustnquag, juyg dxtrdeg ogrencedotd dstî jdrrnmg. Cn trgepn sd n`rd nc mdkcutar g nc `gstdznr pnrn qud pudmn sncar nard y sd akuncdo cns prdsagods aotdrons y dxtdrons. Zao de`nrkg, junomg su`aegs jgo rdcntavn rnpamdz do uo nvaúo g do uo nutgeúvac pgr uon rdkaúo egot eg otnþ nþgs gsn, n, cn prdsa prdsaúo úo md mdcc nard nard niud niudrn rn mdc mdc gå gåmg mg pg pgmr mrån ån sdr edog edogrr qu qud d do dc gå gåmg mg ed edma mag. g. Ds Dstn tn maidrd maidrdojan ojan md prd prdsaú saúo o dep depuln uln nc tåe tåepno pnog g fnj fnjan an niu niudrn. drn. Za og sd ncavan ncavan cn prd prdsaú saúo o dxt dxtdra dragr, gr, prg prgotg otg sdotardegs uo mgcgr md gåmg. Cn prdsaúo sd ncavan –depulnomg― nard n trnvás md cn trgepn md Dustnquag fnjan cn knrknotn, y ds junomg sdotaegs qud cgs gåmgs –sd mdstnpno―. N vdjds trnknegs sncavn g `gstdznegs pnrn nyumnr n dstd prgjdsg. Nsaeaseg, junomg mdsjdomdegs cn prdsaúo dxtdragr  nuedotn y cn prdsaúo eîs `nln do dc gåmg edmag, tdomrî qud akuncnrcn. Do dstd jnsg, nc trnknr sncavn sd pdreatd qud dc nard icuyn fnjan dc gåmg edmag. Cn onturncdzn ogs juamn. Zao de`nrkg, ds aepgrtnotd dotdomdr cg qud dstî sujdmadomg. Zupgoknegs qud tdodegs uon aoidjjaúo do cn knrknotn. Rgmrån fn`dr uon aoicnenjaúo do cn n`drturn md cn trgepn md Dustnquag fnjan cn knrknotn, qud cn `cgqudn pnrjancedotd. ^uazîs dstdegs tdotnmgs n tnpnrogs cn onraz y –sgpcnr― jgo cn `gjn jdrrnmn pnrn mdstnpnr cgs gåmgs. ¡Og fny qud fnjdrcg! Rgmrånegs aotrgmujar eujgsamnm aoidjtnmn do dc gåmg aotdrog y jnusnr uon mgcgrgsn aoidjjaúo. Do vdz md dccg, trnkud sncavn jgo iudrzn vnrans vdjds y `gstdjd jgo cn `gjn `ado n`adrtn pnrn nyumnr n n`rar cn trgepn md Dustnquag d akuncnr cn prdsaúo. JTDZ]AGONPAG (KTAN MD CDJ]TPN) >. ·^uá pu pudmd dmd prgvg prgvgjnr jnr dc jne jne`ag `ag md prds prdsagods agods nt ntegsiár egsiárajns ajns do dc judrpg fu fuenog7 enog7  Nc nuedotnr cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn invgrdjd do uon dxpnosaúo md nard yn sdn do cgs gåmgs, cns igsns onsncds g cgs pucegods. Cns pdrsgons qud suirdo md prdsaúo nrtdranc nctn, fdegrrnkan aotrnjdrd`rnc tne`aáo sd vdo nidjtnmns pgr dstgs jne`ags. 0. ·Rg ·Rgrr quá –sd –sd tnpn tnpno― o― y –sd md mdstn stnpno pno―― cgs gå gåmgs7 mgs7 Cn trgepn md Dustnquag (tne`aáo ccnenmn tu`n g trgepn numatavn) ds cn dstrujturn qud jgodjtn nc gåmg edmag jgo cn onsginraokd. @îsajnedotd, sd n`rd y sd jadrrn pnrn enotdodr oavdcnmn cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn dotrd ne`gs cnmgs y ds uon rdnjjaúo –nutgeîtajn― md oudstrg judrpg do rdspudstn mdc jne`ag md cn prdsaúo. :. Junomg ccn n prdsa prdsaúo úo dxtdr dxtdron on ds edog edogrr n cn mdc g gåmg, åmg, ·q ·quá uá cd sujdmd sujdmd nc tå tåepnog7 epnog7 Dstn maidrdojan md prdsaúo depuln nc tåepnog fnjan niudrn. =. Dxpca Dxpcajn jn júeg sd pudm pudmdo do rdkucn rdkucnrr cns maidr maidrdojans dojans md pr prdsaúo dsaúo dot dotrd rd dc ne`ad ne`adotd otd y dc judrp judrpg. g.

 

4. ·Júeg y pgr qu quá á rdcnjag rdcnjagonråns onråns cn no notdrag tdragrr cdjturn jg jgo o dc tden md fa famrgstît mrgstîtajn7 ajn7 Ruds dxastd cn prdsaúo famrgstîtajn qud ds cn prdsaúo qud sd sgedtd uo judrpg suedrkamg do uo icuamg, md`amg n cn jgcueon md cåquamg qud tadod sg`rd ác. Rnsn uo pgjg cg easeg qud jgo dc nard do uon egotnþn, pdrg sd jne`an dc nard pgr dc nkun.

JPTJAKPNEN >. Nmqua Nmquadrdo drdo cn igren mdc rdj rdjapadot apadotd d qud cgs jgotad jgotadod, od, nmdeîs en enoaiad oaiadstno stno prgp prgpadmnmd admnmdss jgeuods qu qud d cgs maidrdojano md cgs súcamgs. WWICTAMGZ WWWWW  0. Ds cn rdcnja rdcnjaúo úo qud dx dxastd astd d dotrd otrd ccn n ensn y dc vg vgcuedo cuedo md uo e entdra ntdranc. nc. WWMDO WWMDOZAMN ZAMNM M WW  :. Rnrtd md cn iås iåsajn ajn qud dstu dstuman man dc jgepgr jgepgrtnead tneadotg otg md cgs icuam icuamgs gs do rdpgsg WFA WFAMPGZ MPGZ]N]AJ ]N]AJNW  NW  =. Dstd prao praojapa japag g douojan cg saku sakuadotd adotd –]g –]gmn mn prdsaúo np npcajnm cajnmn n n uo icuamg jgoiaon jgoiaonmg mg sd trnos trnoseatd eatd åotdkrnedotd n tgmgs cgs puotgs mdc icuamg y n cns pnrdmds mdc mdpúsatg qud cg jgotadod―  WWRNZJNCWWWWWWWWWW  4. Dc jgojd jgojdptg ptg md –ic –icuamgs uamgs―― sd npcaj npcajn n pnrn dstgs m mgs gs tapg tapgss md sustn sustnojans ojans.. WKNZDZ Q CA^ CA^TAMGZ TAMGZWW  WW  9. Rnrn g` g`tdodr tdodrcn, cn, ds odjds odjdsnrag nrag ssuenr uenr ccn n prdsa prdsaúo úo nte ntegsiár gsiárajn ajn (pn) n cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn (pk) y su djunjaúo ds cn sakuadotd< R5pn +pk  WWRPDZAGO  WWRPDZAGO N@ZGCT]NWWW  ;. Do fgog fgogrr n ác, sd ccd d mag dc og oge`rd e`rd –t –tgrr― grr― n uo uon n prdsa prdsaúo úo qud sgs sgstadod tadod > e ee e md edr edrjurag jurag  WW]GPPAJDCCAWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  6. Ds cn iudr iudrzn zn fnjan nr nrra`n ra`n md` md`amn amn n cn aoedr aoedrsaúo saúo tgt tgtnc nc g pnrja pnrjanc nc md uo g`ldt g`ldtg g do uo icuamg8 icuamg8 iudrzn md< md<  WWICG]N@ACAMNMWWWWWWWWWWWWW  1. Kdodrn Kdodrncedot cedotd d utacaz utacazn n edrjura edrjurag g pnrn edma edmarr cn prdsaú prdsaúo o W@NPGED W@NPGED]PGWW ]PGWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWW  WWW  >2. Nrquåedmds mdtdreaoú qud do cn icgtn`acamnm aoic aoicuåno uåno 0 dcdedotgs. Tog md dccgs ds dc<  WWWYGCTEDOWWWWWWWWW 

 

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JTDZ]AGONPAG >. ( m ) Do dc sastde sastden n aotd aotdronjag ronjagonc onc md uoamnmds uoamnmds,, dc R Rnsjnc nsjnc d dss uon uo uoamnm amnm d dquavnc quavncdotd dotd n< n) Odwtgo pgr edtrg j) Edtrg dotrd Odwtgo

`) Odwtgo dotrd edtrg m) Odwtgo dotrd edtrg junmrnmg

0. ( ` )Cn mai maidrdojan drdojan m md d prdsaú prdsaúo o dotrd m mgs gs puotg puotgss do dc aot aotdragr dragr md u uo o icuam icuamg g do dqua dquaca`ra ca`rag, g, sd ccnen< ccnen<  n) Rrdsaúo `nrgeátrajn `) Rrdsaúo famrgstîtajn  j) Rrdsaúo n`sgcutn m) Rrdsaúo enogeátrajn :. ( j ) Do u uon on prd prdosn osn f famrîuc amrîucajn, ajn, sd npcajn npcajn dc pr praojapa aojapag g md< n) Nrquåedmds `) @drogucca  j) Rnsjnc m) ]grrajdcca =. ( ` ) Do uon prdo prdosn sn famr famrîucajn îucajn,, dc vvncgr ncgr md cn iu iudrzn drzn do d dcc áe`g áe`gcg cg md e enygr nygr ma maîedtr îedtrg g do jgepnrnjaúo jgo dc vncgr md cn iudrzn npcajnmn do dc áe`gcg md edogr maîedtrg ds<

 

 n) Enygr  j) Cn easen

`) Edogr  m) Og tadod rdcnjaúo

4. ( ` ) Jun Junomg omg uo jjudrpg udrpg q qudmn udmn pnrjance pnrjancedotd dotd suedrkam suedrkamg g mdot mdotrg rg md uo cåqua cåquamg, mg, sd majd q qud ud su mdosamnm rdcntavn ds<  n) Akunc n jdrg `) Edogr qud uog  j) Akunc n uog m) Enygr qud uog 9. Cns uoa uoamnmds mnmds d do o qud sd eamd ccn n prdsa prdsaúo úo sgo< sgo2.Do uo easeg rdjapadotd sd vadrtd nkun, ncjgfgc y njdatd do cn easen prgpgrjaúo. ·^uá g`sdrvnråns do dstd dxpdraedotg7

 

 RPG@CDENZ DLDERCG  Dldepcg > Dc enoúedtrg md edrjurag sd usn pnrn edmar cn prdsaúo md uo kns mdotrg md uo tnoqud. Za cn maidrdojan dotrd cgs mgs oavdcds md edrjurag ds md :9 je, ·juîc ds cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn mdotrg mdc tnoqud7

Rcn cno< o< Pdjudrmd qud cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn ds cn suen md cn prdsaúo enogeátrajn y cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn. ntegs iárajn. Dc enoúe enoúedtrg dtrg cdd :9 je, cg junc rdkastrn cn maidrdojan dotrd cn prdsaúo iudrn mdc tnoqud (> nte) y cn prdsaúo mdotrg mdc easeg. Ton nteúsidrn md prdsaúo ds dquavncdotd n uon jgcueon md ;9 je md edrjurag. Cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn do dc tnoqud ds, pgr tnotg, cn suen md :9 je eîs ;9 je, g >>0 je md edrjurag. Cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn do dc tnoqud ds cn prdsaúo md`amn n uon jgcueon md edrjurag md >>0 je md ncturn. Zgcujaúo< Cn mdosamnm mdc edrjurag ds >.:9  V >2= hk/ e: y >>0 je ds >.>0 e, nså qud cn prdsaúo n`sgcutn mdotrg mdc tnoqud sd mdtdreaon n pnrtar md cn djunjaúo sakuadotd. R5  ώ kf 5 (>.:9 V >2= hk/ e:) (1.6 e/s0) (>.>0e) 4 

R5 >.=1 V >2   Rn

ú

R5 >=1 hRn

Ydraiaqud qud dstn prdsaúo n`sgcutn tne`aáo sd pudmd dxprdsnr jgeg >.=; nte.  Dldepcg 0 To jgrjfg tadod uo vgcuedo md = je : y uon mdosamnm md 02; hk/e :. n) ·^uá vgc vgcuedo uedo mdc jg jgrjfg rjfg sd dojud dojudotrn otrn `nlg ccn n supdria supdriajad jad junom junomg g dc jgrjfg icicgtn gtn do nkun7 `) ·^uá iu iudrzn drzn fnja fnjan n n`nlg ds odjdsnra odjdsnran n pnrn sue suedrkar drkar dc jgrjfg pg pgrr jgepcd jgepcdtg7 tg7   Rcno< Dc jgrjfg mdspcnzn uo vgcuedo md nkun akunc n su prgpag pdsg. Tsnrdegs cn mdosamnm y dc vgcuedo mdc jgrjfg pnrn jncjucnr su pdsg. Cudkg npcajnrdegs dc praojapag md Nrquåedmds pnrn fnccnr  dc vgcuedo md nkun rdqudra rdqudramg mg pnrn prgpgrj prgpgrjagonr agonr uo vgcuedo akunc nc pdsg mdc jgrjfg. Dsd vgcuedo md nkun tne`aáo ds akunc nc vgcuedo mdc jgrjfg `nlg cn supdriajad. Do cn pnrtd (n), dc depuld md`d sdr  akunc n cn suen mdc pdsg mdc `cgqud y cn iudrzn mdsjdomdotd qud suedrkd dc `cgqud do cn supdriajad. Rgr tnotg, odjdsatnegs mdtdreaonr dc depuld sg`rd dc jgrjfg jgepcdtnedotd suedrkamg y cudkg rdstnr dc pdsg mdc jgrjfg pnrn jncjucnr cn iudrzn nmajagonc odjdsnran pnrn enotdodrcg suedrkamg. Zgcujaúo (n)< Cn mdosamnm mdc jgrjfg ds 02; hk/e : , y su vgcuedo ds = je : . Pdjudrmd qud > je : 5 >  V >2-9 e: , jncjucnrdegs dc pdsg md =  V  >2  >2-9 e: mdc jgrjfg.  ώ 5

e 8 Y 

e5

[    k

pgr tnotg

 ώ 5

 [  kY 

[ 5 ώkY 5·(02; hk/e:)(1.6e/s0)(= V >2-9 e:) 5 6.>> V >2-: O

 Nfgrn `ado, jgeg dc easeg pdsg mdc nkun sd mdspcnzn, [5  ώ w kY, vdegs qud ∐:❞❞

 Y[5 [  5  ώk

❞

6.>> V >2 >222 hk

(

❞❞❞❞❞  O  :

/ e❞ ) · ·

 

5 6.06 V >2-; e:

ú

2.606 je: 

Rgr tnotg, dc vgcuedo mdc jgrjfg `nlg dc nkun ds tne`aáo 2.606 je :. Za dc îrdn md cn supdriajad icgtnotd iudrn jgogjamn, sd pgmrån jncjucnr n quá prgiuomamnm sd suedrkarån dc jgrjfg do dc nkun. G`sdrvd qud nprgxaenmnedotd dc 0>% mdc jgrjfg sd dojudotrn `nlg dc nkun. Jgeg dldrjajag, mdeudstrd ustdm qud cn irnjjaúo md vgcuedo suedrkamn ds akunc n cn krnvdmnm dspdjåiajn md uo g`ldtg. Junomg dc jgrjfg sd suedrkd, dc dquaca`rag dxakd qud tnotg cns iudrzns dstáo `ncnojdnmns. Zgcujaúo (`)< Cn suen md dstns iudrzns mdsjdomdotds ds akunc nc depuld I @. Rgr I + [ 5 I @

Cn iudrzn mdsjdomdotd odjdsnran I ds pgr cg tnotg akunc n cn maidrdojan dotrd dc depuld y dc pdsg mdc jgrjfg. I 5 I @ - [ 

Rgr dc praojapag md Nrquåeamds tdodegs qud dc depuld ds dc pdsg md = je : md nkun. I @ 5  ώ kY 5 (>222 hk/e: ) (1.6 e/s0  ) (= V >2 -9 e: )  5:1.0 V >2 -: O  Cn iudrzn rdqudramn I pnrn suedrkar dc jgrjfg ds I 5 :1.0 V >2 -: O - 6.>> V >2 -: O  -:

 

5 :>.> V >2  O

Dldepcg : To kcg`g edtdgrgcúkajg rdquadrd gpdrnr n uon nctatum mgomd cn mdosamnm mdc nard ds 2.1 hk/e :. N dsn nctatum, dc kcg`g tadod uo vgcuedo md 02 e : y dstî ccdog md fdcag ( ώ Fd5 2.>;6 hk/e:). Za cn `gcsn mdc kcg`g pdsn 66 O, ·quá jnrkn ds jnpnz md sgpgrtnr n dstd oavdc7 Rcno< Dc kcg`g dstnrî do dquaca`rag y sd vgcvdrî dstn`cd junomg cn iudrzn nsjdomdotd dldrjamn do dc kcg`g sdn akunc n cns iudrzns mdsjdomdotds md`amns n cgs pdsgs md cn jnrkn, cn `gcsn mdc kcg`g y dc fdcacag fd g md mdot otrg rg md mdcc kc kcg` g`g. g. Rr Rrae aedrg drg jn jncj cjuc ucnr nrde degs gs dc de depu puld ld md` md`am amg g nc md mdsnc sncgl glg g md mdcc nard, nard, cu cudk dkg g jncjucnrdegs dc pdsgsgpgrtnrsd mdc fdcag mdotrg mdc kcg`g. Cn jnrkn qud pudmd sd mdtdreaon sdküo dc pdsg rdqudramg pnrn prgmujar dc dquaca`rag.

Zgcujaúo< Dc depuld ds akunc nc pdsg mdc nard mdsncglnmg. Rgr cg tnotg, :❞❞

 

 I @5 ώnard kY 5( 2.1 hk / e ❞ · >;9 O 

0

:

)( 1.6 e / s ❞ )( 02 e ❞ )

Dc pdsg mdc fdcag jgotdoamg ds :

0

:

❞

❞

[   Fd Fd 5 ώ Fd k Y   Fd Fd 5( 2.>;6 hk / e ❞ )( 1.6 e / s ❞ )( 02 e ❞ ) ❞ ❞

 

· :=.1 O ❞❞

 

Cns iudrzns vdrtajncds sd dquaca`rno, pgr cg qud  I @5[  C+ [  Fd + [ kcg`g

 Nc rdsgcvdr pnrn [  Ctdodegs [  C 5 I @∐[  Fd ½ ∐[ kcg`g

 

· >;9 O ∐:=.1 O ∐66 O 

 

· 4:.> O 

Cgs kcg`gs krnomds pudmdo jgosdrvnr uon jgomajaúo md dquaca`rag n juncquadr nctatum edmanotd dc nlustd md su pdsg g mdc depuld. Dc pdsg pudmd ncakdrnrsd nc sgctnr cnstrd qud sarvd pnrn dsd prgpúsatg. Dc depuld pudmd maseaouar, mdlnomg sncar kns mdc kcg`g, g nuedotnr aosuicnomg kns nc kcg`g icdxa`cd. Cgs kcg`gs md nard jncadotd usno cn `nln mdosamnm mdc nard jncadotd pnrn pgmdr icgtnr.

Dldepcg = –Dcdvnmgr famrîucajg< praojapag md Rnsjnc― To dcdvnmgr md tnccdr edjîoajg tadod pastgods md dotrnmn y md cdvnotneadotg (sncamn) jgo maîedtrg md >2 y :2 je, rdspdjtavnedotd. Zd usn dc dcdvnmgr pnrn sgstdodr uo nutgeúvac cdvnotnmg qud pdsn =

n) ·^uá iudrzn sd npcajn nc pastúo md dotrnmn7 `) ·Juîc ds cn prdsaúo qud sd npcajn nc pastúo md dotrnmn7

>.= x >2 ❞

 O .  

Pnzgoneadotg< n) Dc praojapag md Rnsjnc, dxprdsnmg do cn djunjaúo sg`rd famrîucajn, tadod juntrg vnran`cds, y ogs mn trds (g`tdomrdegs cns îrdns jgrrdspgomadotds n cgs maîedtrgs). `) Cn prdsaúo ds saepcdedotd  p5 I /  N . Zgcujaúo< n) Pd Pdnjg njgeg egmn mneg egss cn djun djunja jaúo úo y usne usnegs gs  N 5ςr ❞ 5 ςm ❞ / = pnrn dc pastúo jarjucnr (r 5m / 0)pnrn g`tdodr ςm ❞a / =   Na  m a  I a5  N g  I G5 ςm ❞g / =  I G 5 m g ❞  I G G `ado,  I G >.= x >2 ❞  O   I a5 5 5>.9 x >2 ❞  O  0

0

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1

Cn iudrzn md dotrnmn do cn ogvdon pnrtd md cn iudrzn md sncamn8 do gtrns pncn`rns, cn iudrzn sd euctapcajú pgr 1 (ds mdjar,  I g51 I a · . (Og odjdsatî`negs dsjra`ar cns dxprdsagods jgepcdtns pnrn cns îrdns. Zn`degs qud dc îrdn md uo jårjucg ds prgpgrjagonc nc junmrnmg mdc maîedtrg mdc jårjucg. Za cn rnzúo md cgs maîedtrgs md cgs pastgods pastg ods md : n >, pgr jgosak jgosakuadot uadotd, d, cn rnzúo md sus îrdns md`d sdr md 1 n > y pumaegs pumaegs utacaznr dstn rnzúo mardjtnedotd do cn djunjaúo.)

 

 

`) Nfgrn npcajnegs cn djunjaúo<   I a

 I a

  I a

:

❞  O  5  pa5 5 5  N a ςr ❞a ς ( m a / 0 ) ❞ ς ( 2.>2 e ) ❞ / = · 0.2 x >2 ❞  O   // e❞ ( · 022 hpn )   >.9 x >2

0

0

4

0

0

Dstn prdsaúo ds md nprgxaenmnedotd :2 c`/ao 0, uon prdsaúo grmaonran do cgs odueîtajgs md cgs nutgeúvacds, y nprgxaenmnedotd dc mg`cd md cn prdsaúo ntegsiárajn (qud ds md uogs >22 hpn ú >4 c`/ao0).

Dldepcg 4 –Zu icgtn`acamnm do dc nard― Dc nard ds uo icuamg y oudstrgs judrpgs mdspcnzno nard. Nså uon iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm dstî njtunomg sg`rd jnmn uog md ogsgtrgs. Dstaed cn enkoatum md cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm sg`rd uon pdrsgon md ;4 hk qud sd `d`d nc nard mdspcnznmg. Pnzgoneadotg< Cn pncn`rn jcnvd nquå ds dstaed, pgrqud og sd tadodo eujfgs mntgs. Zn`degs qud mdosamnm mdc nar nard d ( ώn 5>.01 hk / e ❞ ) y Y ds dc cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm ds  I `5 ώn kY ,mgomd  ώnds cn mdosamnm vgcuedo mdc nard mdspcnznmg, qud ds akunc nc vgcuedo md cn pdrsgon. Cn prdkuotn ds< ·júeg dojgotrnegs dc vgcuedo md uon pdrsgon7 Cn ensn dstî mnmn, y sa sd jgogjadrn cn mdosamnm md cn pdrsgon pgmrån dojgotrnrsd dc vgcuedo  Nquå ds mgomd dotrn cn d dstaenjaúo. staenjaúo. Cn enygrån m md d cn kdotd npdons sa cgkrn icgtnr  ( ώ 5e / Y g Y  5  5e / ώ ). Nquå do dc nkun, nså qud cn mdosamnm mdc judrpg fuenog ds nprgxaenmnedotd cn easen qud cn mdc nkun,  .N pnrtar md tnc dstaenjaúo, tne`aáo ds pgsa`cd pgsa`cd jncjucnr cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm.  ώ 5>222 hk / e ❞  N :

:

Rraedrg, dojgotrdegs dc vgcuedo md cn pdrsgon, Y  R5

 e   ;4 hk 5 2.2;4 e ❞: 5 :  ώ p >222 hk / e ❞

Dotgojds,  I `5 ώn k Y  p5 ώ n k

 

(  )

 e 5(>.01 hk / e ❞: )( 1.6 e / s ❞0)( 2.2;4 e ❞:)  ώ p

· 2.14 O (≆ >.2 O ú 2.004 c`)

Dldepcg cg 9 –Rdsg y iudrz iudrznn md icgtn`acamnm< icgtn`acamnm< praojapag praojapag md Nrqu Nrquåedmds åedmds―― To rdjapadotd md nkun jgo Dldep uo tu`g md mdsnkód, jgeg dc md cn iakurn qud sd eudstrn, dstî sg`rd uon `îsjucn qud enrjn =2 O. Dc oavdc mdc nkun dstî lustg n`nlg mdc tu`g md sncamn do dc jgstnmg md rdjapadotd. n) Zd jgc jgcgjn gjn uo ju`g ju`g md enmdr enmdrn n md 6.2 O do dc rdj rdjapa apadot dotd. d. Dc nku nkun n mdspc mdspcnznm nznmn n pgr dc ju`g icgtnotd dsjurrd pgr dc tu`g md mdsnkód fnjan gtrg rdjapadotd qud OG dstî do cn `îsjucn. ·Juîc sdrî cn cdjturn md cn `îsjucn dotgojds7 >) dxnjtnedotd =6 O, 0) Dotrd =2 y =6 O, :) dxnjtnedotd =2 O ú =) edogs md =2 O

 

`) Zupgok Zupgokn n qud depul depuln n dc ju`g fnja fnjan n n`nlg jgo dc m mdmg, dmg, md enm enmdrn drn qud su jnrn ssupdragr updragr qu qudmd dmd nc oavdc md cn supdriajad mdc nkun. ·Juîotn iudrzn tdomrî qud npcajnr sa dc ju`g eamd >2 je pgr  cnmg7 Pnzgoneadotg< Rgr dc praojapag md Nrquåedmds, dc `cgqud sd sgstadod pgr uon iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm akunc do enkoatum nc pdsg mdc nkun mdspcnznmn. Rudst Rudstg g qud dc `cgqud icgtn, cn iudrzn md icgtn`ac icgtn`acamnm amnm md`d dquaca`rnr dc pdsg mdc ju`g, nså qud su enkoatum ds md 6.2 O. Rgr cg tnotg sd mdspcnzn mdc rdjapadotd uo vgcuedo md nkun qud pdsn 6.2 O, n cn vdz qud sd nkrdkn uo pdsg md 6.2 O nc rdjapadotd. Cn `îsjucn sdkuarî enrjnomg =2 O, pgr cg qud cn rdspudstn ds :.  Cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm y dc pdsg mdc `cgqud njtüno sg`rd dc `cgqud. Cn iudrzn md rdnjjaúo (prdsaúo) mdc `cgqud sg`rd dc nkun sd trnoseatd nc igomg mdc rdjapadotd (praojapag md Rnsjnc) y sd rdkastrn do cn `îsjucn.

Zgcujaúo< Fny trds iudrzns qud njtüno sg`rd dc ju`g dstnjagonrag< cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm fnjan Zgcujaúo< nrra`n,, y dc pdsg y cn iudrzn npcajnmn pgr dc mdmg fnjan n`nlg. Jgogjdegs dc pdsg mdc ju`g, nså qud nrra`n pnrn jncjucnr cn iudrzn npcajnmn jgo dc mdmg odjdsatnegs mdtdreaonr cn iudrzn md icgtn`acamnm sg`rd dc ju`g. ❞

Cn suentgra suentgran n md cns iud iudrzns rzns qud njtün njtüno o sg`r sg`rd d dc ju`g ds

❞ I  5 I  ∐w ∐ I  52, mgomd I` ∞ ❞ a

`

i 

ds cn

iudrzn md icg icgtn`ac tn`acamnm amnm fnjan fnjan nrra` nrra`n n y Ia ds cn iudrzn fnjan n`nlg npcajnmn jgo dc mdmg. Rgr cg tnotg, 5

∐

 I a  I ` w .

mdr  I  cn 5 iudrzn pdsg mdc nkun nkun  k Y a.md mdsp md spcn cnzn znmn mnJgeg pg pgrr dcsn`degs, ju` u`g, g, y cn ds dstenkoatum tî mn mnmn mn pg pgr Cnicgtn`acamnm mdosamnm ds mdc akunc icuamgnc ds cn mdc `  ώa kY  >.2 x >2 ❞ hk / e ❞ , nså qud :

:

:

:

0

:

 I `5 ώa kY  i  5(>.2 x >2 ❞ hk / e❞ )( 1.6 e / s ❞ )( 2.>2 e) ❞ 51.6 O 

Dotgojds,  I i  5 I ` ∐w 51.6 O ∐6.2 O 5>.6 O 

RPG@CDENZ

 

>. To ju`g m md d >22 k qud e eamd amd 0 je p pgr gr cnmg sd n ntn tn nc dx dxtrdeg trdeg md uon judrm judrmn n y sd sued suedrkd rkd tgtncedotd do nkun. ·Juîc ds dc depuld y juîc ds cn tdosaúo do cn judrmn7 Pdsp. 2.2;6= O, 2.120 O 

Mntgs

Djunjaúo

Zustatujaúo 2.>=4*6x>2 *1.6 e/ s I5 e*k I5>22k*1.6 ∐9

>22 k Rn5>222 h/e

 p ∑ v ∑ k 0

 θ 50 je

k5 >.6 e/ s

0

R5I/N  N5  θ Y5 θ :

0

Pdsuctnmgs R52.0=4 I52.16O Depuld5 >.10x>2

∐4

I52.>*1.6 p5 2.16O/=

:

0. To ju`g md enmdrn juyns nrastns eamdo 4.2 je jnmn uon, icgtn do nkun jgo trds junrtns

pnrtds md su vgcuedo suedrkamns. (n) ·Juîc ds dc pdsg mdc ju`g7 (`) ·Juîc ds cn ensn mdc ju`g7 (j) ·Juîc ds cn krnvdmnm dspdjåiajn mdc ju`g7 Pdsp. (n) 2.1>1 O, (`) 1:.6 k, (j) 2.;4 

Mntgs

Djunjaúo

Zustatujaúo

Pdsuctnmgs

 θ 54.2 je 0  ώ E 5>222 Hk / e  I >5 : / =

:. Cns îrdns md cgs pastgods krnomd y pdqudþg md uon prdosn famrîucajn sgo 2.4 y 04 ao 0

rdspdjtavnedotd. ·Juîc ds cn vdotnln edjîoajn amdnc md cn prdosn7 ·^uá iudrzn sd tdomrî qud dldrjdr pnrn cdvnotnr uon jnrkn md > tgodcnmn (0222 c`)7 ·N trnvás md quá mastnojan md`drî njtunr cn iudrzn md dotrnmn pnrn cdvnotnr dstn jnrkn fnstn uon mastnojan md > ao7 Pdsp. 42, =2 c`, 42 ao    Mntgs

Djunjaúo 0

 N5 .04 e  N5 2.4  e 0  e50222 A`

Zustatujaúo  I 0

0222

 N 0  I   p5  N I5ek 

0

 I >  N >

5

04 e

Pdsuctnmgs 5  ❞

I5>1922 

2.4

(0222 )( 1.6 )

I5 

>222

=. To g`ldt g`ldtg g pdsn 6.2 O do dc na nard. rd. Zao de`nrkg, de`nrkg, su pd pdsg sg npnrdot npnrdotd d junomg dst dstî î tgtnce tgtncedotd dotd suedrkamg do nkun ds md súcg =.2 O. ·^uá mdosamnm tadod dc g`ldtg7

 

Mntgs

Djunjaúo w 05=.2 O 

Zustatujaúo

 p5

e v

 p5

w 056.2 O   R F 0 g 5>222 hk / e º

Pdsuctnmgs

>.020 >222

6 O 

w k w ❞ 5w > + w 0

1.6 e / s

5

0

5w

∐:

 p5>.00 x >2 w 52.6> hk w 52.1> hk w 5>.00 hk

w 52.6> hk   1 O 

w 1.6 e / s 0 w 52.1> hk w 52.6> + 2.1>

4. To ju`g m md d njdrg md 2. 2.:2 :2 e md cn cnmg mg dstî su suspdoma spdomamg mg do uon `î `îsjucn sjucn y ssd d suedrk suedrkd d do nkun. ·Juîc sdrî cn cdjturn md cn `îsjucn7

Mntgs  θ 52.:2 e  R F 0 g 5>222 hk / e º ;642 hk / e º

Djunjaúo

Zustatujaúo :

v 5 θ w∑v∑p

Pdsuctnmgs v 52.20; e º :

v 5 ( 2.:2 ) w 52.20; e º ∑ ;642 hk / e º

w 50>>.14 hk