HIDRAULICA DE CANALES

“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil “AÑO DEL CENTENARIO DE MACHU PICCHU PARA EL MUNDO”

CATEDRA

: CHAVEZ LOPEZ, Mabel Alicia

INTEGRANTES

: ALANYA HUAMAN, David Erick ARÍZAPANA ESPEZA, Frank Leo CAMPOS MALLMA, Erick MALDONADO SANDOVAL, Efraín QUISPE QUISPE, Florentino Eduardo ROMERO VELIZ, Eduardo VARILLAS OLIVERA José Miguel

CICLO

: “I”

AULA

: A-5 HUANCAYO - PERÚ 2011: I

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil

INTRODUCCIÓN Entre todos los recursos naturales, el más importante para el bienestar de la humanidad es el agua. Durante milenios constituyo un patrimonio enteramente disponible disponible del que los habitantes de la Tierra se servían despreocupadamente. Con el progreso surgieron los agrupamientos urbanos, cuyas múltiples actividades cada día exigen mayor cantidad de agua. El abastecimiento para suplir esta necesidad, se vuelve en extremoo complej extrem complejoo e impli implica ca facto factores res técnicos, sociales, sociales, económi económicos, cos, legales y polít políticos icos administrativos. En muchas ocasiones, el problema no se limita solamente al aprovisionamiento del agua  para uso doméstico e industrial, sino que se extiende a la agricultura y a la ganadería, las que dependen de la cantidad cantidad y distribución distribución de las lluvias. El agua necesaria para satisfacer todas las exigencias del mundo moderno proviene de manantiales superficiales o subterráneos. Como el hombre se ha comportado generalmente como un elem elemento ento contra el orden del sistema natural, las aguas super superfici ficiales ales están casi totalmente contaminadas. El agua no se distribuye uniformemente en el tiempo y el espacio. A veces se encuentran grandes volúmenes lejos de los centros de población o cuando están próximas, pueden resultar resul tar impropias impropias para el consumo. A veces pequeños ríos tienen agua en condic condiciones iones satisfactorias, pero no son aprovechables porque en ciertas épocas del año, su flujo es nulo. La responsabilidad responsabilidad del control y dist distribuci ribución ón de las aguas normalmente normalmente compete a los gobiernos y las comunidades, pero los aspectos técnicos de estas actividades encajan dentro de las res respon ponsab sabili ilidade dadess del inge ingenier nieroo civ civil il.. Le cor corres respond pondee ent entre re otr otras as cosa cosas, s,   proyectar, diseñar, construir y administrar las obras obras relacionadas con ríos, canales,   presas, sistemas de irrigación y drenaje, redes de abastecimiento de agua, alcantarillado  pluvial y sanitario; en realidad, él es e s el ingeniero por excelencia del ambiente. La responsabilidad del ingeniero civil es inmensa porque los conocimientos de la Hidráulica se basan en cientos de años de empirismo, muchos años de estudios teóricos y de análisis científicos, y pocos años de experiencia con las técnicas modernas de instrumentación y computación aplicada a los problemas relacionados con los recursos hidráulicos.

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil El flujo con superficie libre probablemente es el fenómeno de flujo que con más frecuencia se produce en la superficie de la la tierra. Las corrientes de los los ríos y las corrientes de agua de lluvia son ejemplos que suceden en la naturaleza. Las situaciones inducidas por los seres humanos incluyen flujos en canales y alcantarillas, escurrimientos sobre materiales impermeable imper meables, s, tales como lechos y movim movimiento ientoss de las olas en puertos. En todas estas situaciones, el flujo se caracteriza por una interfaz entre el aire aire y la capa superior  superior  del agua, la cual se llama Superficie Libre. En esta superficie libre, la Presión es constante, y en casi todas las situaciones, situaciones, ésta es la presión Atmosférica. Atmosférica. En la práct práctica ica de la ingeniería, el fluido que la mayoría de los canales abiertos transportan es agua. Cuando comprobamos que dos tercios de la población mundial viven en condiciones   precarias y que una de las primeras medidas para mejorar su patrón de vida es el aprovechamiento racional de los recursos hidráulicos y que compete principalmente al ingeniero civil, al estudio de estas medidas, faltan las palabras para describir la importancia de esta profesión.

ANTECEDENTES. Después Despu és del aire que respiramos, respiramos, el agua es el elemento elemento más esencial esencial para el hombre. Sin el agua, la vida animal o vegetal seria imposible. También es un medio CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE ING. CIVIL

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil eficiente de transferencia de calor y energía y es el solvente más universal que se conoce. Desde hace por lo menos 5000 años el hombre ha inventado y construido obras para el aprovechamie aprove chamiento nto del agua; entre las más antig antiguas uas están los CANALES CANALES,, usados para llevar el agua de un lugar a otro. DEFINICIÓN: Los canales son conductos abiertos o cerrados en los cuales el agua circula debido a la acción de la gravedad y sin ninguna presión, pues la superficie libre del líquido líqui do está en contacto con la atmósfera; atmósfera; esto quiere decir que el agua fluye impulsada por la presión atmosférica y de su propio peso. (Figura 1.1).

Figura 1.1. Flujo en conductos. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS CANALES: De acuerdo con su origen los canales se clasifican en: a) Canales naturales: Inclu Incluyen yen todos los cursos de agua que existen de maner maneraa natural en la tierra, los cuales varían en tamaño desde pequeños arroyuelos en zonas montañosas, hasta quebradas, ríos pequeños y grandes, arroyos, lagos y lagunas. Las corrientes subterráneas subterráneas que transportan agua con una superficie libre también son consideradas como canales abiertos naturales. La sección transversal de un canal natural es generalmente de forma muy irregular y variable durante su recorrido (Fig.1.2a, b y c), lo mismo que su alineación y las características y aspereza de los lechos.

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil Figura 1.2a Sección transversal transversal irregular.

Figura 1.2b. Sección transversal irregular.

Figura 1.2c. Sección transversal irregular río “Matamba”, Cuicatlan.  b) Canales artificiales: artificiales: Los canales artificiales son todos aquellos construidos o desarrollados mediante el esfuerzo de la mano del hombre, tales como: canales de riego, de navegac navegación, ión, control de inund inundaciones aciones,, canal canales es de cent centrales rales hidroeléctricas, hidroeléctricas, alcantarillado pluvial, sanitario, canales de desborde, canaletas de madera, cunetas a lo largo de carreteras, cunetas de drenaje agrícola y canales de modelos construidos en el laboratorio. Los canales artificiales usualmente se diseñan con forma geométricas regulares (prismáticos), un canal construido con una sección transversal invariable y una pendiente de fondo constante se conoce como c omo canal prismático. El término sección de canal se refiere refiere a la la sección transversal tomado en forma perpendicular a la direc dirección ción del flujo flujo.. (Fig (Fig.1.3). .1.3). Las secciones transversale transversaless más comunes son las siguientes: Sección trapezoidal: Se usa en canales de tierra debido a que proveen las  pendientes necesarias para estabilidad, y en canales revestidos. Sección rectangular: Debido a que el rectángulo tiene lados verticales, por lo general se util utiliza iza para canal canales es constr construidos uidos con mater materiales iales estab estables, les, acueductos de madera, para canale canaless excavados en roca y para canales revestidos. CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE ING. CIVIL

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil Sección triangular: Se usa para cunetas revestidas en las carreteras, tambiénn en canal tambié canales es de tierr tierraa pequeñ pequeños, os, fundam fundamentalm entalmente ente por facil facilidad idad de tra razo zo.. Tam ambbién se emp emplea leann rev revest estida idas, s, com comoo alc alcant antari arilla llass de las carreteras. Sección parabólica: Se emplea en algunas ocasiones para canales revestidos y es la forma que toman aproximadamente muchos canales naturales y canales viejos de tierra. (Fig.1.3, 1.4 y 1.4.a). SECCIONES CERRADAS Sección circular: El cír círcul culoo es la sec secció ciónn más común para alc alcant antari arilla llados dos y alcantarillas de tamaños pequeño y mediano. Sección parabólica: Se usan comúnmente comúnmente para alcantarillas alcantarillas y estru estructuras cturas hidráulicas importantes.

Fig. 1.3. Canal prismático.

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Sección transversal.

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil

Rectangular 

Semi circular 

Trapecial

Circular 

Compuesta

ura

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil Canale Cana less función.

de

rieg ri egoo

porr po

su

Los canales de riego por sus difer diferentes entes funciones adoptan las siguientes denominaciones: Canal de primer orden.- Llamado también canal principal o de derivación y se le traza siempre con pendiente mínima, normalmente es usado por un solo lado ya que por el otro lado da con terrenos altos (cerros). Canal de segundo orden.- Llamados también laterales, son aquellos que salen del canal principal principal y el gasto gasto que ingresa a ellos, es repartido repartido hacia los sub – laterales, el área de riego que sirve un lateral se conoce como unidad de riego. Canal de tercer orden.- Llamados también sub-laterales y nacen de los canales laterales, el gasto que ingresa a ellos es repartido hacia las las  parcelas individuales a través de las tomas tom as granjas.

Elementos geométricos de los canales: canales: Los elementos geométricos son   propiedades de una sección de canal que pueden ser definidos por completo por la geometría de la sección y la profundidad del flujo. Estos elementos son muy importantes y se utilizan con amplitud en el cálculo de flujo. Para secciones de canal regulares y simples, los elementos geométricos pueden expresarse matemáticamente en términos de la profundidad de flujo y de otras dimensiones de la sección. La formaa mas conocid form conocidaa de la sección transversal transversal de un canal es la trapecial, trapecial, como se muestra en la fig.1.5. T L B 1

t



A

x

d

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil Ancho superficial o espejo de agua “T”: Es el ancho de la superficie libre del agua, en m. Talud “m”: Es la relación de la proyección horizontal a la vertical de la pared lateral (se llama también talud de las paredes laterales del canal). Es decir “m” es el valor de la proyección horizontal cuando la vertical es 1, aplicando relaciones trigonométricas. Es la cotangente del ángulo de reposo del material ( decir 



) , es m  x y depende del tipo d 

de material en que se construya el canal, a fin de evitar derrumbes (ver Tabla 1). Por ejemplo, cuando se dice que un canal tiene talud 1.5:1, quiere decir que la   proyección horizontal de la pared lateral es 1.5 veces mayor que la proyección vertical que es 1, por lo tanto el talud m = 1.5, esto resulta de dividir la proyección horizontal que vale 1.5 entre la vertical que vale 1. Coeficiente de rugosidad (n) : depende del tipo de material en que se aloje el canal (verTabla 2). Pendiente ( S ) : es la pendiente longitudinal de d e la rasante del canal. Área hidráulica (  A) : es la superficie ocupada por el agua en una sección 2 transversal normal cualquiera (Fig. 6), se expresada en m . Perímetro mojado ( P ) : es la longitud de la línea de contorno del área mojada entre el agua y las paredes del canal, (línea resaltada Fig. 6), expresado en m. Radio hidráulico ( R) : es el cociente del área hidráulica y el perímetro  R 

mojado. m.

 A  P 

, en

Ancho de la superficial o espejo del agua (T  T )) : es el ancho de la superficie libre del agua, expresado en m. Tirante medio (dm) : es el área hidráulica dividida por el ancho de la superficie libre del  A

T )) . agua (T 

dm 

T 

, se expresa m.

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“UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA LOS ANDES” Introducción a la ingeniería Civil Velocidad media (V ) : es con la que el agua fluye en el canal, expresado en m/s. Factor de sección para el cálculo de flujo crítico: Es el producto del área mojada y la raíz raíz cuadra cuadrada da de la profun profundidad didad hidrául hidráulica. ica. Fact Fa ctor or de se secc cció iónn Z= Z= =A Tabla 1. Taludes apropiados para distinto tipos de materiales en el diseño de canales. Material

Talud

Valor de

Roca ligeramente alterada Mampostería Roca sana y tepetate duro Concreto Tierra arcillosa, arenisca, tepetate blando Material poco estable, arena, tierra arenisca.

0.25:1 0.4:1 y 0.75:1 1:1 1:1 ó 1.25:1 1.5:1 2:1

7 5º 58’ 6 8º 12’ 45º 4 5º y 38º 40’ 33º 26º

Tabla Tab la 2. Valore Valoress del coef coefici icient entee de rug rugosi osidad dad de(n) para ser aplicado en su Manning ecuación.



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Tipo de Material Roca (con saliente y sinuosa) Tepetate (liso y uniforme) Tierra Mampostería seca concreto Polietileno (PVC)

Mínimo 0.035 0.025 0.017 0.025 0.013 0.007

Valores Normal 0.040 0.035 0.020 0.030 0.017 0.008

Máximo 0.050 0.040 0.025 0.033 0.020 0.009

CARACTERÍ CARACT ERÍST STICA ICASS GEN GENERA ERALES LES DEL FLU FLUJO JO A SUPERFICIE LIBRE. Comparación entre flujo en tuberías y flujo en canales abiertos. El flujo de agua en un conducto puede ser flujo en canal abierto o flujo en tubería. tubería. Estas dos clases de flujo son similares en muchos aspectos pero se diferencian en un aspecto importante. El flujo en canal abierto debe tener una superficie libre, libre , en tanto que el flujo en tubería no la tiene, tiene , debido a que en este caso el agua debe llenar completame completamente nte el conducto. Una superfici superficiee libre está atmosférica. El flujo en tubería, al estar  sometida a la presión atmosférica. confinado en un conducto cerrado, no está sometido a la presión atmosférica de manera directa sino sólo a la presión hidráulica. El flujo de un fluido en un canal se caracteriza por la exposición de una superficie libre a la presión atmosférica. El agua que fluye en un canal se ve afectada por todas las fuerzas que intervienen en el flujo dentro de un tubo, con la adición de las fuerzas de gravedad y de tensión superficial que son la consecuencia directa de la superficie libre. Las dos clases de flujo se comparan en la Figura 1.6. A la izquierda de ésta se muestra el flujo en tubería. Dos piezómetros se encuentran instalados en las secciones (1) y (2) de la tubería. Los niveles de agua en estos tubos se mantienen por acción de la presión en la tubería en elevaciones representadas por la línea conocida como

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distribución de velocidades uniforme y que la pendiente del canal es pequeña. En este caso, la superficie superficie de agua es la línea de gradiente hidráulico, y la profundidad del agua corresponde corresponde a la altura piezométric piezométrica. a.

Figura 1.6 comparación entre flujo en tubería y flujo en canales abiertos. Se considera que el flujo uniforme tiene las siguientes características principales: Ø

La profun profundida didad, d, el área moja mojada, da, la la velocid velocidad ad y el el caudal caudal en la sección del canal son constantes.

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La clasificación del flujo en canales abiertos se resume de la siguiente manera: A. Flujo permanente 1 Flujo uniforme 2. Flujo variado a. Flujo gradualment gradualmentee variado b. Flujo rápidamente variado  b. Flujo no permanente 1. Flujo uniforme no permanente (raro) 2. Flujo variado no permanente a. Flujo gradualmente variado no per perma mane nente nte b. Fluj Fl ujoo rá rápi pida dame ment ntee variado no  permanente En la Figura 1-20 se muestra un canal largo con tres pendientes diferentes: subcrític subcrítica, a, crítica y supercrítica. En la pendiente subcrítica subcrítica el agu aguaa en la zon zonaa de tra transi nsici ción ón apa aparec recee ond ondul ulant ante. e. El fl flujo ujo es uniforme unif orme en el tramo medio del canal canal pero variado en los dos extremos. En la pendiente crítica la superficie del agua del flujo crítico crít ico es ines inestab table. le. En el tramo intermedio intermedio pueden ocur ocurrir  rir  ondulaciones, ondulaci ones, pero en promedio la profundidad es constante y el flujo   pued puedee co consi nsider derars arsee uni unifor forme. me. En la pen pendie diente nte su superc percrít rític icaa la superficie de agua transitoria pasa del nivel subcrítico al nivel supercrítico a través de una caída hidráulica gradual. Después de la

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Concreto. Asbesto cemento. Polietileno y PVC. Fierro fundido (Fo. Fo). Acero. Vidrio, cobre.

0.013 0.09 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.009

0.017 0.010 0.008 0.014 0.015 0.010

0.020 0.011 0.009 0.016 0.017 0.010

ELEMENTOS BASICOS DEL DISEÑO DE CANALES Se consideran algunos elementos topográficos, secciones, velocidades permisibles, entre otros: Trazo de canales.- Cuando se trata de trazar un canal o un sistema de canales es necesario recolectar la siguiente información información básica:  básica: Fotografíass aéreas, para localiza Fotografía localizarr los poblados, caseríos, áreas de cultivo, vías de comunicación,, etc. comunicación Planos topográficos y catastrales. Estudios Estu dios geol geológic ógicos, os, sali salinida nidad, d, suelos y de demá máss in info form rmac ació iónn qu quee pu pued edaa conjugarse en el trazo de canales. Una vez obtenido los datos precisos, se procede a trabajar en gabinete dando un trazo  preliminar, el cual se replantea en campo, donde se hacen los ajustes necesarios, obteniéndose finalmente el trazo definitivo. En el caso de no existir información topográfica básica se procede a levantar el relieve del canal, procediendo con los siguientes pasos: Reconoci Reco nocimien miento to del terr - Se recorre la zona, zona, anotándo anotándose se todos los los detalles detalles •

•

•

•

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la curva no será hidráulicamente más eficiente, en cambio sí será más costoso al darle una mayor longitud o mayor  desarrollo desarrollo.. Las siguientes tablas indican radios mínimos según el autor o la fuente: Tabla DC01. Radio mínimo en canales abiertos para Q > 10 m3/s Capacidad del canal

Radio mínimo

Hasta 10 m3/s

3 * ancho de la base

De 10 a 14 m3/s

4 * ancho de la base

De 14 a 17 m3/s

5 * ancho de la base

De 17 a 20 m3/s

6 * ancho de la base

De 20 m3/s a mayor

7 * ancho de la base

Los radios mínimos deben ser redondeados hasta el próximo metro superior 

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0,5 m3/s

5m

Fuente Fuen te:: Mi Mini nist ster erio io de Agricultura y Alimentación Alimentación,, Boletín Técnico N- 7 "Consideraciones "Considerac iones Generales sobre Canales Trapezoidales" Trapezoidales" Lima 1978. Sobre la base de estas tablas se puede seleccionar el radio mínimo que más se ajuste a nuestro criterio. Elementoss de una curva.Elemento •

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1:2000 para el sentido horizontal y 1:100 o 1:200 para el sentido vertical, normalmente la relación entre la escala horizontal y vertical es de 1 a 10, el dibujo del perfil es recomendable hacerlo sobre papel milimetrado transparente color verde color  verde por ser más práctico que el cánson y además el color verde permite que se noten las líneas milimétricas en las copias ozalid. Para el diseño de la rasante se debe tener en cuenta: La rasante se debe efectuar sobre la base de una copia ozalid del perfil longitudinal del trazo, no se debe trabajar sobre un borrador de él hecho a lápiz y nunca sobre el original. Tener en cuenta los puntos de captación cuando se trate de un canal de riego y los puntos de confluencia si es un dren. La pendiente de la rasante de fondo, debe ser en lo posible igual a la pendiente natura nat urall pro promed medio io del te terre rreno, no, cua cuando ndo est estaa no es pos posib ible le deb debido ido a fue fuerte rtess  pendientes, se proyectan caídas o saltos de agua. Para definir la rasante del fondo se prueba con diferentes cajas hidráulicas, chequeandoo siempre si la velocidad obtenida es soportada por el tipo de material chequeand donde se construirá el canal. •

•

•

•

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1. Determinac Determinación ión de Máxima Eficiencia Hidráulica.

Se dice que un canal es de máxima eficiencia hidráulica cuando para la misma área y pendiente conduce el mayor caudal, ésta condición está referida a un  perímetro húmedo mínimo, la ecuación que determina la sección de máxima eficiencia hidráulica es: siendo q el ángulo que forma el talud con la horizontal, arctan (1/z) Determinación de Mínima Infiltración. Se aplica cuando se quiere obtener la menor pérdida posible de agua por  infiltración en canales de tierra tierra,, esta condición depende del tipo de suelo y del tirante del canal, la ecuación que determina la mínima infiltración es: La siguiente tabla presenta estas condiciones, además del promedio el cual se recomienda.

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 No siempre se puede diseñar de acuerdo a las condiciones mencionadas, al final se imponen una serie de circunstancias locales que imponen un diseño propio  para cada situación. 2. Se Secc cció iónn Hidrá Hidrául ulic icaa Optima Optima 3. Dis Diseño eño de de seccio secciones nes hidr hidrául áulica icas.s.Se debe tener en cuenta ciertos factores, tales como: tipo de material del cuerpo del canal, coeficiente de rugosidad, velocidad máxima y mínima permitida, pendiente del canal, taludes, etc.

La ecuación más utilizada es la de Manning o Strickler, y su expresión es: donde: Q = Caudal (m3/s) n = Rugosidad A = Area (m2)

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Arcilla firma o tierra en canales pequeños

1.5 : 1

Tierra arenosa suelta

2:1

Greda arenosa o arcilla porosa

3:1

Fuente: Aguirre Pe, Julián, "Hidráulica de canales", Dentro Interamericano de Desarrollo de Aguas y Tierras – CIDIAT, Merida, Venezuela Venezuela,, 1974 Tabla DC08. Pendientes laterales en canales según tipo de suelo

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coloidal Limo moss al aluuvi viaale less coloidales Franc Fra ncoo normal

no 0.020

0.60

1.05

0.60

cons co nsiist steent ntee 0.020

0.75

1.05

0.68

0.75

1.05

0.60

Ceniza volcánica

0.020

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Fuente: Krochin Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav. "Diseño Hidráulico", Ed. MIR, MI R, Moscú, 1978 Esta tabla DC10, da valores de velocidad admisibles altos, sin embargo la U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, recomienda que para el caso de revestimiento de canales de hormigón no armado, las velocidades no deben exceder de 2.5 m/seg. Para evitar la posibilidad de que el revestimiento se levante. f. Velocidades máxima y mínima permisible.- La velocidad mínima permisible es aquella velocidad velocidad que no permite sedimentación, sedimentación, este valor es muy variable y no  puede ser determinado con exactitud, cuando el agua fluye sin limo este valor  carece de importancia, pero la baja velocidad favorece el crecimiento de las  plantas,, en canales de tierra, da el valor de 0.762 m/seg. Como la velocidad  plantas

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Hasta 0.8

0.4

0.8 – 1.5

0.5

1.5 – 3.0

0.6

3.0 – 20.0

1.0

ELEMENTOS BASICOS DEL DISEÑO DE CANALES

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Fuen Fu ente te:: Mi Mini nist ster erio io de Agricultura y Alimentación

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color verde color  verde por ser más práctico que el cánson y además el color verde permite

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 No siempre se puede diseñar de acuerdo a las condiciones mencionadas, al final

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