Heterogeneidade Responsáveis Por Corrosão

 

 

Flstftut` ^upcrf`r Q`hftænlfn` kc ^`li`

Hfnclnfgturg cd Cliclegrfg [crd`tænlfng

>  Ä 

[cdg: EC[C_@ICLCFKGKC^ _C^Q@L^ÇRCF^ Q@_ N@__@^Î@ N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^

[rgoghe` F Kfsncltc:

K`ncltc:

Chfgs Grhflk` Zcng

Cliº. Júhf` Guiust` Dussglc

^@LI@, GO_FH KC ?1?1 

 

Älkfnc Ngpätuh` 7. Fltr`kuéî` c @ojctfv`s  ............................................................................................................... 7.7 

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@ojcntfv`s k` [rgoghe`  ................................................................................................................. >

?.EC[C_@ICLCFKGKC^ ?.EC[C_@ICLCFKG KC^ _C^Q@L^ÇRCF^ Q@_ N@__@^Î@ ............................................................. ; ?.7 DG[C_FGH DC[ÇHFN@  ..................................................................................................................

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9

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73

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72

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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Ngpätuh` 7. Fltr`kuéî` c @ojctfv`s N`rr`sî` æ ud bclþdcl` lgturgh kc irglkc fdp`rtïlnfg lg flkútrfg gssfd suriflk` n`d` sclk` udg fltcrgéî` bäsfn` quädfng (usughdcltc c lgturczg chctr`quädfng) cltrc ud dctgh c ` scu dcf` quc rcsuhtg cd ghtcrgéócs lgs pr`prfckgkcs k` dctgh c quc p`kcd hcvgr g` prcjuäz` kg buléî` k`  prþprf` dctgh, gdofcltc c sfstcdg k` qugh chcs bgzcd pgrtc. @ pr`ncss` n`rr`sfv` clv`hvc kfbcrcltcs pgrïdctr`s n`d fltcrgéócs n`dphcxgs tgfs n`d`: n`dp`sféî` quädfng c dfnr`cstruturg k` dctgh, n`dp`sféî` quädfng c pgrïdctr`s bfsän`s k` dcf`, kcstg b`rdg g n`rr`sî` p`kc `n`rrcr cd kfbcrcltcs dcf`s n`rr`sfv`s, gtrgvæs kc udg særfc kc dcnglfsd`s gprcscltglk` kfbcrcltcs d`rb`h`ifgs. @s dcnglfsd`s kc n`rr`sî` p`kcd scr nhgssfbfngk`s n`d`: N`rr`sî` gtd`sbærfng, pch` s`h`, `xfkgéî`, ighvïlfng, chctr`quädfng ( sclk` ` b`n` k` l`ss` cstuk`), s`hfnftgéócs dcnïlfngs, cr`sî`. @lkc lg dgf`rfg k`s ngs`s cstcs dcnglfsd`s fltcrgicd cltrc sf.

7.7 @ojcntfv`s k` [rgoghe`  @ prcscltc tcdg tcd n`d` `ojcntfv` icrgh:  

Cstukgr gs ectcr`iclcfkgkcs rcsp`lsçvcfs p`r n`rr`sî`

C tcd n`d` cspcnäbfn`:  

Kcsnrcvcr `s tfp`s kc ectcr`iclcfkgkcs kc ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`   Kcsnrcvcr `s tfp`s kc  ectcr`iclcfkgkcs kc dcf` n`rr`sfv`

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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?.EC[C_@ICLCFKGKC^ _C^Q@L^ÇRCF^ Q@_ N@__@^Î@ Kc gn`rk` n`d Icltfh (?179, p. ?;3) G n`rr`sî` chctr`quädfng p`kc `n`rrcr scdprc quc cxfstfr ectcr`iclcfkgkc l` sfstcdg dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`-dcf` n`rr`sfv`, p`fs g kfbcrclég kc p`tclnfgh rcsuhtgltc p`ssfofhftg g b`rdgéî` kc çrcgs glþkfngs c ngtþkfngs. @s ngs`s dgfs brcqucltcs kc ectcr`iclcfkgkcs rcsp`lsçvcfs p`r n`rr`sî` chctr`quädfng cstî` rchgnf`lgk`s n`d:  

@ dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`=   @ dcf` n`rr`sfv`=

?.7 DG[C_FGH DC[ÇHFN@ @ dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` æ rcprcscltgk` s`o sciufltc b`rdg:  

                 

N`lt`rl`s k`s irî`s @rfcltgéî` k`s irî`s Kfbcrclég kc tgdgle` k`s irî`s [rgtgdclt`s tærdfn`s `u dctghúrifn`s kfbcrcltcs Q`hfdclt` kg supcrbänfc dctçhfng Qrcsclég kc csn`rfgéócs c gorgsócs O`rkgs kc supcrbänfc dctçhfng Kfbcrclég kc b`rdg Kcb`rdgéócs kfbcrclnfgfs Qræ-cxp`sféócs kfbcrcltcs

N`lt`rl`s k`s Irî`s  L`s hfdftcs k`s irî`s nrfstghfl`s `s çt`d`s gprcscltgd ncrt` kcsgrrglj` kcn`rrcltc k` cln`ltr` cltrc `s irî`s, ` quc kctcrdflg brcqucltcdcltc ncrtgs fdpcrbcféócs l` fltcrf`r k`s nrfstgfs. Æ cvfkcltc quc ` hfdftc cltrc k`fs irî`s qugfsqucr æ udg rcifî` ectcr`iêlcg cd n`dpgrgéî` n`d ` irî`. Lî` s`dcltc p`kc vgrfgr g `rfcltgéî` k`s çt`d`s, cd irî`s gkjgncltcs, dgs tgdoæd  pcquclgs pgrtänuhgs, kc bgsc kfbcrcltc kg s`huéî` sþhfkg flfnfgh, p`kcd sc b`rdgr schctfvgdcltc lcssg rcifî` k`s n`lt`rl`s k`s irî`s. Ghiudgs cxpcrfêlnfgs d`strgd quc icrghdcltc ` n`lt`rl` k`s irî`s bulnf`lg n`d` çrcg glþkfng cd rchgéî` g` irî`, quc bulnf`lg n`d` çrcg ngtþkfng. Kgä, pr`vgvchdcltc, scr ud bclûdcl` chctr`quädfn` ` gtgquc prcbcrclnfgh k` n`lt`rl` k`s irî`s (gtgquc fltcrirgluhgr) cd duftgs hfigs N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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c dctgfs quc, cltrctglt`, cd ncrtgs s`huéócs, p`kcd gprcscltgr ` n`lt`rl` k` irî` ngtþkfn` cd rchgéî` g` irî` glþkfn`.

@rfcltgéî` k`s irî`s @s irî`s `rfcltgk`s cd kfbcrcltcs kfrcéócs kcvcd gprcscltgr kfbcrcltcs p`tclnfgfs.

Kfbcrclég kc tgdgle` k`s irî`s Sd irî` bfl`, kc ud kgk` dctgh, n`ltæd clcrifg fltcrlg cd vgh`r dgfs ght` k` quc ud irî` ir`sscfr`. H`i`, p`kc-sc cspcrgr, tc`rfngdcltc, kfbcrcltcs p`tclnfgfs pgrg cssgs cspænfcs.

[rgtgdclt`s tærdfn`s `u dctghúrifn`s kfbcrcltcs ^c udg pgrtc kc udg supcrbänfc dctçhfng s`brcr ud trgtgdclt` tærdfn` kfbcrcltc kgs rcstgltcs rcifócs kg supcrbänfc, `n`rrc kfbcrclég kc p`tclnfgh cltrc cssgs rcifócs. Cstg æ udg sftugéî` s ftugéî` n`dud quglk` kg s`hkgicd kc pcégs dctçhfngs, jç quc ` gqucnfdclt` h`ngh rcsuhtg lg d`kfbfngéî` kg lgturczg kgs bgscs prcscltcs `u kc sugs n`dp`sféócs, kglk` n`lkféócs pgrg nrfgéî` kc kfbcrclég kc p`tclnfgh. Æ fltcrcssgltc gssflghgr quc g çrcg glþkfng lî` æ g k` n`rkî` kc s`hkg (fst`, cvfkcltcdcltc, n`lsfkcrglk`-sc quc ` dgtcrfgh kc s`hkg scjg ` dcsd` k` dgtcrfgh g scr s`hkgk`), c sfd g çrcg cd t`rl` k` dcsd`. Cssg n`rr`sî` cd t`rl` kc n`rkî` kc s`hkg cstç icrghdcltc gss`nfgkg g gé`s fl`xfkçvcfs, n`d` `s tfp`s GF^F >1;, >16, >71, >72 `u >79, quc tclegd sfk` gqucnfk`s cd tcdpcrgturgs cltrc ;11-631±N c cd sciufkg n`h`ngk`s cd dcf`s n`rr`sfv`s quc gtgngd `s n`lt`rl`s k`s irî`s. Q`kc tgdoæd `n`rrcr cd `utrgs hfigs, n`d`, p`r cxcdph`, kurghudälf`, n`d` n`lscquêlnfg kc trgtgdclt`s tærdfn`s flgkcqugk`s. @ trgtgdclt` tærdfn` n`lsfstc l` gqucnfdclt` g 7.131-7.711±N, sciufk` kc rcsbrfgdclt` rçpfk`. Cssg chcvgkg tcdpcrgturg kfss`hvc `s ngroct`s prcnfpftgk`s, bfnglk` ` ngro`l` lg s`huéî` sþhfkg c ` nr`d` ulfb`rdcdcltc kfstrfouäk` l` gé`, c ` rcsbrfgdclt` rçpfk` fdpckc sug p`stcrf`r p` stcrf`r b`rdgéî`. Cssc pr`ncss` sþ p`kc scr rcn`dclkgk` quglk` ` tgdgle` c g sftugéî` k`s cqufpgdclt`s  pcrdftfrcd, p`fs p` fs lcd scdprc æ n`lvclfcltc, jç quc q uc p`kcd ``n`rrcr n`rrcr `xfkgéî` c cdpclgdclt` `u kcb`rdgéî` kgs pcégs g cssgs tcdpcrgturgs, ocd n`d` ne`quc tærdfn` l` rcsbrfgdclt` rçpfk`. G rckuéî` k` tc`r kc ngro`l` kfdflufrç g tclkêlnfg á sclsftfzgéî` c, n`lscqucltcdcltc, á n`rr`sî` fltcrirgluhgr. Q`r fss`, quglk` sc tcd s`hkgicd pr`h`ligkg kc gé`s fl`xfkçvcfs rcn`dclkgd-sc gé`s n`ltclk` dcl`s kc 1,1>% kc ngro`l`, n`d` p`r cxcdph` `s gé`s GF^F >1; H `u >72 H. @  ogfx` tc`r kc ngro`l` lcs lcsscs scs gé`s kfdfluf duft` g tclkêlnfg tclkêl nfg á prcnfpftgéî` pr cnfpftgéî` kc ngroct`s, ngro ct`s, dgs llî` î` N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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 p`kcd scr n`lsfkcrgk`s t`tghdcltc fdulcs á n`rr`sî` fltcrirgluhgr, prflnfpghdcltc sc e`uvcr  p`ssfofhfkgkc kc gos`réî` kc ngro`l` kurgltc g bgorfngéî` `u utfhfzgéî` k` dgtcrfgh.

Q`hfdclt` kg supcrbänfc dctçhfng ^upcrbänfcs dctçhfngs ghtgdcltc p`hfkgs p`kcd gprcscltgr p`tclnfgfs kfbcrcltcs k`s kc supcrbänfcs rui`sgs. Cssg kfbcrclég p`kc scr kcvfkg g` bgt` kc g pchänuhg b`rdgkg cd supcrbänfc rui`sg scr dcl`s n`ltälug k` quc g b`rdgkg cd supcrbänfc hfsg. @s kgk`s quc sc sciucd gprcscltgd `s p`tclnfgfs k` gé`, cd s`huéî` kc LgNh g 71% c ?3±N, usglk` n`d` pgkrî` ` chctr`k` kc ngh`dchgl` 1,7 L:  

gé` n`d p`hfdclt` dctgh`irçbfn`   gé` p`hfk` n`d hfxg 111   gé` p`hfk` n`d Gh`xftc l.± 7?1

+ 1,;>5 R + 1,369 R + 1,2?9 R

Qrcsclég kc csn`rfgéócs c gorgsócs @ cbcft` kc csn`rfgéócs c gorgsócs lg supcrbänfc dctçhfng sc bgz l`tgr cd dcf`s n`rr`sfv`s `lkc ` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` b`rdg udg pchänuhg n`d ngrgntcrästfngs pr`tct`rgs. _fsnglk`-sc cssg supcrbänfc eç kcstruféî` kg pchänuhg, bulnf`lglk` g pgrtc rfsngkg n`d` çrcg glþkfng, p`rtglt` sujcftg á kcstruféî`. Fss` p`kc `n`rrcr cd tuouhgéócs cd quc sc cdprcigd huvgs r`squcgkgs, p`fs sc `s grrgleócs pr`kuzfk`s p`r chgs lî` b`rcd ocd fs`hgk`s k` dcf` n`rr`sfv`, chcs sc n`lstftufrî` cd çrcgs glþkfngs cd rchgéî` g` rcst` kg tuouhgéî`, quc sc trglsb`rdg cd ngt`k`. ^c cssgs pfhegs sc t`rlgrcd gtfvgs eç n`rr`sî` fltclsg, p`fs têd-sc irglkcs çrcgs ngtþkfngs pgrg pcquclgs çrcgs glþkfngs.

O`rkgs kc supcrbänfc dctçhfng Cssgs rcifócs sî` dgfs susnctävcfs g` gtgquc t`rlglk`-sc çrcgs glþkfngs c, cltrc `s bgt`rcs quc  p`kcd n`ltrfoufr pgrg cssg ectcr`iclcfkgkc, kcvcd scr nftgkgs gs o`rkgs quc sî` duftgs vczcs rui`sgs c kcsfiugfs c, quglk` pr`vclfcltcs kc n`rtcs, sî` suodctfkgs g kcb`rdgéócs g brf`, nrfglk`, cltî`, n`lkféócs kc scrcd gtgngkgs cd kctcrdflgk`s dcf`s n`rr`sfv`s. Cdo`rg icrghdcltc glþkfngs, gs o`rkgs p`kcd bulnf`lgr n`d` çrcgs ngtþkfngs, n`d` l` ngs` kc hfig kc ghudälf` (3?^  „  7/?E)   7/?E) cd s`huéî` kc  Lg? N@   71%, c á tcdpcrgturg kc >7±N. Lcssc ngs`, l`tg-sc quc gs  o`rkgs k` dgtcrfgh sî` rcsfstcltcs g` gtgquc, g` n`ltrçrf` k` rcstgltc kg supcrbänfc dctçhfng.

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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Kfbcrclég kc b`rdg G b`rdg kc ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` p`kc `ngsf`lgr pr`ohcdgs kc n`rr`sî`. ^upcrbänfcs n`lvcxgs d`strgd dcl`rcs s`orctclsócs pgrg ` efkr`iêlf` k` quc supcrbänfcs nûlngvgs, kgä p`tclnfgfs kfbcrcltcs: bf`s kc pcqucl` kfïdctr` sc n`rr`cd dgfs rgpfkgdcltc k` quc bf`s kc kfïdctr`s dgf`rcs.

Kcb`rdgéócs kfbcrclnfgfs Wughqucr pgrtc kc ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` sujcft` g kcb`rdgéócs p`kc gprcscltgr p`tclnfgh kfbcrcltc kgquchc kc udg pgrtc lî` kcb`rdgkg. Gssfd, quglk` ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cstç suodctfk` á tclsî`, `oscrvg-sc quc g rcifî` tclsf`lgkg `u kcb`rdgkg bulnf`lg n`d` gl`k`.

Qræ-cxp`sféócs kfbcrcltcs @n`rrcd quglk` sc cxpóc s`dcltc udg pgrtc k` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` g ud dcf` n`rr`sfv` c cd sciufkg sc n`h`ng t`k` ` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cd ud dcf` n`rr`sfv` ulfb`rdc. N`rrcltcs kc n`rr`sî`  p`kcd csn`gr cltrc gs çrcgs kfbcrcltcdcltc kfb crcltcdcltc cxp`stgs.  L` ngs` kc udg supcrbänfc dctçhfng, cxp`stg pgrnfghdcltc g` gr, `xfiêlf`, `x fiêlf`, çiug qucltc `u `utr` dcf` gdofcltc quc b`rdg pchänuhg pr`tct`rg c, cd sciufkg, cxp`stg t`tghdcltc g ud dcf` n`rr`sfv`, `oscrvg-sc gtgquc prcbcrclnfgh lg rcifî` lî` cxp`stg prcvfgdcltc, fst` æ, scd pchänuhg  pr`tct`rg c quc bulnf`lgrç, cltî`, n`d` çrcg glþkfng.

?.? DCF@ N@__@^FR@ Gqucnfdclt` kfbcrclnfgh Cd ncrt`s pr`ncss`s `n`rrc gqucnfdclt` kfbcrclnfgh, fst` æ, pgrtc kc udg supcrbänfc dctçhfng p`kc cstgr cd n`ltgt` n`d ud häqufk` cd udg tcdpcrgturg c `utrg pgrtc k` dcsd` dgtcrfgh cstgr cd n`ltgt` n`d ` häqufk` cd udg `utrg tcdpcrgturg, ` quc `ngsf`lg n`rrcltcs kc n`rr`sî`. Cstg sftugéî` `n`rrc cd tr`ngk`rcs kc ngh`r, `lkc, lg rcifî` kc cltrgkg, tcd-sc udg çrcg dgfs gqucnfkg. B`rdg-sc cltî` udg pfheg tcrd`ighvïlfng n`lstftuäkg kcssg pcquclg çrcg glþkfng, n`d tcdpcrgturg dgfs chcvgkg, c kc irglkc çrcg ngtþkfng n`d tcdpcrgturg dgfs ogfxg. @s kgk`s g sciufr d`strgd gs kfbcrclégs kc p`tclnfgfs pgrg ghiuls dgtcrfgfs d gtcrfgfs n`h`ngk`s cd s`huéî` g 71% kc LgNh c tcdpcrgturgs kc 92 c ?3±N:

Ghudälf` (?^ „  7/?E)

1,1>R N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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Gé` fl`xfkçvch, 75-5

1,75R

N`orc

1,1>R

 L`s ngs`s gnfdg, g çrcg glþkfng æ g kc k c tcdpcrgturg dgfs ghtg.

Fhudflgéî` kfbcrclnfgh Wuglk` çrcgs kc udg supcrbänfc dctçhfng, fdcrsg cd udg s`huéî`, sî` kfbcrcltcdcltc fhudflgkgs,  p`kcd gprcscltgr p`tclnfgfs kfbcrcltcs. Gpgrcltcdcltc, g supcrbänfc fhudflgkg sc t`rlg ngtþkfng, n gtþkfng,  p`kclk`, l` ngs`, g prcsclég k` `xfiêlf` kfss`hvfk` lg s`huéî` gudcltgr g géî` kg huz, b`rdglk` tghvcz pchänuhgs pr`tct`rgs.

Giftgéî` kfbcrclnfgh N`lsfstc lg giftgéî` b`rtc kc ud häqufk` prþxfd` g udg pgrtc k` dctgh, clquglt` `utrg pgrtc  pcrdglcnc scd giftgéî` `u n`d   giftgéî` dcl`r, p`kclk` `ngsf`lgr n`rrcltcs kc n`rr`sî`. ^c ` häqufk` quc s`brc giftgéî` cstfvcr cd gtd`sbcrg kc gr `u `xfiêlf`, p`kcd-sc vcrfbfngr cbcft`s kc gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh, p`fs ` häqufk` n`d giftgéî` pcrdftfrç quc, cd ud kgk` tcdp`, dgfs `xfiêlf` cltrc cd n`ltgt` n`d g supcrbänfc dctçhfng prþxfdg á giftgéî`. @ bcrr` c ` ghudälf` gprcscltgd n`d` çrcgs glþkfngs gs rcifócs cd n`ltgt` n`d ` häqufk` lî` giftgk` (prcvghcnc ` cbcft` kc gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh). @ n`orc gprcscltg n`dp`rtgdclt` n`dp`r tgdclt` flvcrs`, fst` æ, gs çrcgs glþkfngs sî` gs prþxfdgs g` häqufk` giftgk` (tghvcz kcvfk` á rcd`éî` k`s ä`ls n`orc,   ?+ , rcd`vfk`s k` häqufk` gkjgncltc á supcrbänfc dctçhfng).

N`lncltrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh Wuglk` ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cstç fdcrs` cd s`huéócs kc chctrþhft`s n`d kfbcrcltcs n`lncltrgéócs, tcd-sc g n`rr`sî` p`r n`lncltrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh (gquchg n`lstftuäkg kc chctr`k`s kc ud sþ dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cd n`ltgt` n`d ud dcsd` chctrþhft`, dgs gprcscltglk` rcifócs n`d kfbcrcltcs tc`rcs kc igscs kfss`hvfk`s) `u n`lncltrgéî` fûlfng (b`rdgkg p`r dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` kc dcsdg lgturczg, cd n`ltgt` n`d sugs s`huéócs kc kfbcrcltcs n`lncltrgéócs), quc æ g n`rr`sî` chctr`quädfng kcn`rrcltc kg cxp`sféî` kc ud dctgh cd udg s`huéî` n`rr`sfvg n`d kfbcrcltcs n`lncltrgéócs kc ä`ls.  Lg pfheg b`rdgkg, g rcifî` glþkfng, p`rtglt` n`rr`äkg, æ gquchg `lkc g n`lncltrgéî` k` ä`l dctçhfn` æ dcl`r, c g rcifî` ngtþkfng æ gquchg `lkc g n`lncltrgéî` k` ä`l dctçhfn` æ dgf`r.

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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Æ n`dud `n`rrcr cssg pfheg quglk` sc têd supcrbänfcs dctçhfngs supcrp`stgs c cd n`ltgt`, egvclk`, cltrc chgs, pcquclgs brcstgs p`r `lkc ` chctrþhft` p`ssg pclctrgr. @n`rrc tgdoæd l` n`ltgt` cltrc supcrbänfcs dctçhfngs c lî` dctçhfngs, kcskc quc egjg brcstgs. G brcstg kcvc scr subfnfcltcdcltc cstrcftg pgrg dgltcr ` dcf` n`rr`sfv` cstgilgk` c subfnfcltcdcltc gocrtg pgrg  pcrdftfr quc ` dcf` n`rr`sfv` pclctrc lchg. ^up`lk`-sc supcrbänfcs dctçhfngs, D, supcrp`stgs c n`d brcstgs, p`kc-sc gkdftfr quc l` chctrþhft` cd rcp`us`, dcsd` quc egjg fiughkgkc kc n`lncltrgéî` cltrc gs s`huéócs kc chctrþhft` lgs pgrtcs dgfs fltcrlgs c dgfs cxtcrlgs kg brcstg, `n`rrg ud pr`ncss` kc kfss`huéî` k` dctgh n`d g n`lscqucltc b`rdgéî` kc ä`ls dctçhfn`s, + . Q`kc-sc, cltî`, cstgochcncr ud irgkfcltc kc n`lncltrgéî` kcvfk` g` pr`ncss` kc kfbusî` k`s ä`ls scr hclt`, c g s`huéî` k` chctrþhft` pgssg g scr dgfs n`lncltrgkg cd ä`ls Dl+ l` fltcrf`r kg brcstg k` quc lg pgrtc dgfs cxtcrlg, p`fs lcstg pgrtc eç bçnfh gncss` k` chctrþhft` c `s ä`ls dctçhfn`s gä b`rdgk`s p`kcrî` scr grrgstgk`s, kcskc quc ` chctrþhft` sc d`vfdcltc. G kfbcrclég kc n`lncltrgéî` `ngsf`lgrç, cltî`, udg kfbcrclég kc p`tclnfgh c g  b`rdgéî` kc udg  pfheg kc n`lncltrgéî` fûlfng n`d n`rr`sî` lg pgrtc cxtcrlg kg brcstg, p`fs cstg bulnf`lg n`d` gl`k` kg pfheg b`rdgkg, n`lb`rdc g Bfi.7.

Bfi.7 Çrcgs glþkfngs c ngtþkfngs cd brcstgs.

G n`rr`sî` lcsscs ngs`s æ n`lecnfkg p`r n`rr`sî` p`r n`ltgt` `u n`rr`sî` cd brcstgs `u gflkg n`rr`sî` p`r nrcvfnc (nrcvfnc n`rr`sf`l). N`lecnclk`-sc ` dcnglfsd` kcstc pr`ncss` n`rr`sfv`, cltclkc-sc pcrbcftgdcltc p`r quc sc  pr`nurg, n`d` dckfkgs kc pr`tcéî`:  

usgr dgssgs kc vckgéî`, `u schgltcs, á ogsc kc sfhfn`lcs, cpþxf, p`hfurctglg `u gsbght` cd h`ngfs `lkc p`ssg egvcr b`rdgéî` kc brcstgs c prcsclég kc chctrþhft`= N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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 

gzcr, quglk` p`ssävch, g e`d`iclcfzgéî` k` chctrþhft`, g bfd kc sc necigr g udg dcsdg n`lncltrgéî` cd t`kgs gs rcifócs kc ud cqufpgdclt`. Cssg e`d`iclcfzgéî` p`kc scr bcftg, cd ghiuls ngs`s, p`r dcf` kc giftgéî` `u turofhe`lgdclt`.

Gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh [cd-sc g gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh quglk` ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cstç fdcrs` cd rcifócs kfbcrcltcdcltc gcrgkgs, n`lstftuflk` tfp` brcqucltc kc ectcr`iclcfkgkc quc n`lkuz á b`rdgéî` kc udg pfheg kc gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh. N`d` icrghdcltc ` `xfiêlf` æ quc fltcrvæd fltcrv æd l` pr`ncss` kc gcrgéî`, æ tgdoæd negdgkg kc pfheg p`r `xficlgéî` kfbcrclnfgh, sclk` ` gl`k` g çrcg dcl`s gcrgkg c ` ngt`k` g dgfs gcrgkg. Gs rcgéócs quc sc pgssgd lg n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh sî`:  

çrcg glþkfng

 

çrcg ngtþkfng

G bcrruicd, ?  .  ?  , vgf sc b`rdgr ludg rcifî` fltcrdckfçrfg cltrc g çrcg ngtþkfng c g glþkfng

Æ udg n`rr`sî` h`nghfzgkg c, p`rtglt`, pr`kuz gtgquc gncltugk` cd kctcrdflgkgs rcifócs, `n`rrclk` g b`rdgéî` kc pftcs `u ghvæ`h`s.  Lg juléî` kc pcégs dctçhfngs p`r rcoftcs rcoftcs `u pgrgbus`s p`kcd cxfstfr brcstgs c, n`d` lcssgs brcstgs g gcrgéî` æ pcquclg, rcsuhtg udg ogfxg n`lncltrgéî` kc `xfiêlf` l` chctrþhft` quc sc cln`ltrg l` fltcrf`r kgs dcsdgs c cd udg n`lncltrgéî` dgfs chcvgkg kc `xfiêlf` l` chctrþhft` quc sc cln`ltrg cd n`ltgt` n`d ` dctgh b`rg kgs brcstgs. Gssfd, l` cxcdph` kc negpgs ulfkgs p`r dcf` kc pgrgbus`s (Bfi. ?) `oscrvg-sc quc g rcifî` glþkfng, quc s`brc g n`rr`sî`, kcvc scr g gssflghgkg, jç quc gä eç dcl`r n`lncltrgéî` kc `xfiêlf`,  p`fs æ g pgrtc dcl`s gcrgkg.

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Bfi.? Çrcgs glþkfngs cd negpgs n`d n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh.

Q`kc-sc vcrfbfngr quc g n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh c g n`rr`sî` p`r n`lncltrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh têd cbcft`s `p`st`s, fst` æ, udg n`lkuz á pr`tcéî` `lkc g `utrg n`lkuz á n`rr`sî`. G  prck`dflïlnfg kc ud cbcft` s`orc ` `utr` æ buléî` kg lgturczg k` dctgh, jç quc l`s l` s dctgfs gtfv`s n`d` bcrr` c zfln` prck`dflg g n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh, c l`s dctgfs dcl`s gtfv`s, n`d` ` n`orc, prck`dflg g n`rr`sî` p`r n`lncltrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh. Cssg prck`dflïlnfg kcvc scr buléî`, tgdoæd, kg gocrturg c kg pr`bulkfkgkc kg brcstg. Gtrgvæs k`s gl`s, kfvcrs`s dcnglfsd`s b`rgd pr`p`st`s, d`kfbfngk`s, flvghfkgk`s, rcjcftgk`s `u gncft`s, duftgs vczcs n`d cxncéócs, pgrg cxphfngr g n`rr`sî` cd brcstgs (nrcvfnc n`rr`sf`l) `u n`rr`sî` s`o kcpþsft` `u, gflkg, n`rr`sî` p`r n`ltgt`. Ghiuls gut`rcs, ogscgk`s cd cstuk`s rcghfzgk`s, gkdftcd g pgrtfnfpgéî` kg n`rr`sî` p`r n`lncltrgéî` fûlfng `u p`r p` r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh, dgs gbfrdgd quc lî` sî` gs ngusgs oçsfngs. B`ltglg c Ircclc, pgrg cxphfngr ` dcnglfsd` pr`p`st`, n`lsfkcrgrgd phgngs kc dctgh D, supcrp`stgs c rcoftgkgs, gprcscltglk` pcquclgs brcstgs br cstgs c fdcrsgs cd çiug k` dgr gcrgkg c n`d pE 4 9. [cd-sc, cltî`:  

flfnfghdcltc, `xfkgéî` ulfb`rdc k` dctgh cd t`kg supcrbänfc cxp`stg,  flnhusfvc l` fltcrf`r kg brcstg, kc gn`rk` n`d gs cqugéócs

quc b`rlcncd g cqugéî` bflgh

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gpþs ud pcqucl` tcdp`, ` `xfiêlf` cxfstcltc l` fltcrf`r kg brcstg æ t`tghdcltc n`lsudfk`,  p`fs g n`lvcnéî` æ rcstrftg, ncssglk` g rckuéî` k` `xfiêlf`=   n`d` g çrcg kcltr` kg brcstg æ l`rdghdcltc duft` pcquclg, n`dpgrgkg n`d g çrcg cxtcrlg, g tgxg t`tgh kc rckuéî` k` `xfiêlf` pcrdglcnc qugsc flvgrfçvch=   cdo`rg, l` fltcrf`r kg brcstg, lî` dgfs `n`rrg rckuéî` k` `xfiêlf`, n`ltflug g `xfkgéî` k` dctgh D, quc tclkcrç g pr`kuzfr ud cxncss` kc ngrigs p`sftfvgs lg s`huéî`, quc sî`  oghglncgkgs pchg dfirgéî` prcbcr prcbcrclnfgh clnfgh kc ä`ls nh`rct` (têd dgfs d gfs d`ofhfkgkc quc `s ä`ls  ∟ ) pgrg dgltcr g fiughkgkc kc ngrigs. Cssc pr`ncss` gudcltg g n`lncltrgéî` kc nh`rct` dctçhfn` l` fltcrf`r kg brcstg c, n`d` sc sgoc, ghiuls sgfs, c cltrc chcs cstî` `s nh`rct`s, s`brcd g géî` kg çiug, fst` æ, sc efkr`hfsgd, kc gn`rk` n`d g rcgéî` icrgh, b`rdglk` çnfk` nh`räkrfn`, ENh,

`u

quglk` g n`rr`sî` gudcltg l` fltcrf`r kg ∟brcstg, g rckuéî` k` `xfiêlf`lgs supcrbänfcs gkjgncltcs á brcstg tgdoæd nrcsnc b`rdglk`  , dcf` ghnghfl`, lg çrcg ngtþkfng. Cssc bgt`, cd n`lscquêlnfg, pr`tcic ngt`kfngdcltc gs supcrbänfcs gkjgncltcs á brcstg c, cd rgzî` kcstg pr`tcéî`, g supcrbänfc cxtcrlg á brcstg s`brc p`un` `u lcleud kgl`.

Ngs`s kc N`rr`sî` p`r Gcrgéî` Kfbcrclnfgh G n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh æ rcsp`lsçvch p`r irglkc lúdcr` kc ngs`s kc n`rr`sî` lgs dgfs vgrfgkgs flstghgéócs c cqufpgdclt`s flkustrfgfs. Qgrg cvfkclnfgr g sug fdp`rtïlnfg scrî` gprcscltgk`s ghiuls kcsscs ngs`s. Cd rcnfpfcltcs `u tglqucs kc gé` n`ltclk` s`huéócs gqu`sgs cstgilgkgs, `oscrvg-sc duftgs vczcs udg n`rr`sî` fltclsg gogfx` kg fltcrbgnc gr-s`huéî` gqu`sg, n`lb`rdc cvfkclnfgk` lg Bfi.>.

Bfi. > N`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh lg fltcrbgnc gr-s`huéî` gqu`sg sghflg.

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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N`d g b`rdgéî` k` dclfsn` têd-sc gs rcgéócs lgs çrcgs glþkfng (dcl`s gcrgkg)

c ngtþkfng (dgfs gcrgkg)

Rcrfbfng-sc, cltî`, g b`rdgéî` k` pr`kut` kc n`rr`sî`, Bc(@E) ?  `u Bc(@E)   , cd udg çrcg fltcrdckfçrfg, c p`kc-sc gkdftfr quc:  

` efkrþxfk` kc bcrr` (FFF), Bc (@E)    , gtuc n`d` udg dcdorglg kfbfnuhtglk` ` gncss` kc `xfiêlf` pgrg gs rcifócs k` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`, cdogfx` kchc, p`ssfofhftglk` g b`rdgéî` kg  pfheg kc gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh=   ` dcf` oçsfn` `u ghnghfl`, `rfiflgk` pchg rcgéî` lg çrcg ngtþkfng, scjg rcsp`lsçvch pchg fdulfkgkc k` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` cd n`ltgt` n`d g s`huéî` gqu`sg fdckfgtgdcltc gogfx` k` dclfsn`.

Cd cstruturgs dctçhfngs n`h`ngkgs l` dgr, n`d` cstgngs kc päcrcs kc gtrgngéî` c kc phgtgb`rdgs suodgrflgs, têd-sc gs sciufltcs çrcgs sujcftgs á géî` n`rr`sfvg:  

   

 

 

 pgrtc gærcg, sujcftg á géî` kg læv`g sghflg= z`lg kc rcspfli`s: çrcg n`dprcclkfkg pchg hfleg kc dgræ ogfxg c udg hfleg ncrng kc 21 nd gnfdg kg hfleg kc dgræ ghtg= bgfxg kc vgrfgéî` kc dgræ=  pgrtc scdprc suodcrsg=  pgrtc kc bfxgéî` l` bulk` k` dgr.

@oscrvg-sc n`rr`sî` gncltugkg lg bgfxg kc vgrfgéî` kc dgræ c dgfs scvcrg lg z`lg kc rcspfli`s. Q`kc-sc justfbfngr cssc bgt` gkdftflk`-sc, p`r cxcdph`, quc ghæd kg géî` dcnïlfng kg çiug k` dgr, gss`nfgkg n`d ` d`vfdclt` kgs `lkgs,  egjg g n`rr`sî` p`r gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh, nujgs çrcgs glþkfngs c ngtþkfngs vî` kcsh`nglk`-sc n`d g vgrfgéî` kc dgræ, fst` æ, dçxfdg c dälfdg. Q`kc-sc n`lsfkcrgr, gflkg, g b`rdgéî` kc vçrfgs pfhegs kc gcrgéî` kfbcrclnfgh kcvfkgs ás i`tgs kc çiug sghigkg pr`vclfcltcs k`s rcspfli`s kgs `lkgs sc ne`nglk` lgs cstgngs. Qgrg cvftgr n`rr`sî`, lgs vçrfgs çrcgs kgs cstgngs, vcd sclk` usgk` n`d o`ls rcsuhtgk`s `s sciufltcs dæt`k`s:  

lg pgrtc gærcg ‛  jgtcgdclt`  jgtcgdclt` gorgsfv` c rcvcstfdclt` n`d tfltg kc ghngtrî` kc euheg-cpþxf (n`gh-tgr cp`xf) n`d cspcssurg kc pchänuhg kg `rkcd kc 311 θd=    lg z`lg kc rcspfli`s c bgfxg kc vgrfgéî` kc dgræ d græ ‛  jgtcgdclt`  jgtcgdclt` gorgsfv`, dcsd` suodcrs`, c gphfngéî` kc rcvcstfdclt` n`d dgssg cpþxf nurgkg n`d p`hfgdfkg, gtfliflk`-sc cspcssurg kc ncrng kc > dd. Cssc rcvcstfdclt` tcd g vgltgicd kc p`kcr scr gphfngk` N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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dcsd` cd cstgngs jç d`ltgkgs, p`fs g dgssg cpþxf gkcrc á cstgng c p`hfdcrfzg kcogfx` k‖çiug=    lg pgrtc scdprc suodcrsg c kc bfxgéî` l` bulk` k` dgr ‛  pr`tcéî`  pr`tcéî` ngtþkfng p`r n`rrcltc fdprcssg `u b`régkg. N`d` ghtcrlgtfvgs kc pr`tcéî` p`kcd scr gprcscltgk`s:    

us` kc cstgngs kc d`lch gé` n`ltclk` c bþsb`r`= cvcstfdclt` n`d (hfig kcläquch, läquch)n`orc lg bgfxg kc vgrfgéî` kc dgræ c z`lg kc rcspfli`s=   clngdfsgdclt` n`d dgltgs kc dgtcrfgh p`hfdærfn` n`d`, p`r cxcdph`, p`hfctfhcl`, `u n`d n`lnrct`, lgs çrcgs dgfs nrätfngs=   rcvcstfdclt` n`d chgstûdcr`, gphfngk` prcvfgdcltc, lg pgrtc kg cstgng quc vgf bfngr lg bgfxg kc vgrfgéî` kc dgræ c z`lg kc rcspfli`s.

Dckfkgs Icrgfs kc Qr`tcéî` n`ltrg N`rr`sî` p`r N`lncltrgéî` Fûlfng c p`r Gcrgéî` Kfbcrclnfgh

@s pr`ncss`s kc n`rr`sî` p`r n`lncltrgéî` fûlfng c p`r gcrgéî`, quglk` lî` sc `oscrvgd ncrtgs  prcnguéócs, sî` brcqucltcs c, p`r fss`, têd duftg fdp`rtïlnfg gs sciufltcs dckfkgs quc vfsgd dflfdfzgr gs p`ssfofhfkgkcs kc `n`rrêlnfg kc n`lkféócs ngusgk`rgs:    

 

 

   

rckuzfr, g` dälfd` lcncssçrf`, g p`ssfofhfkgkc kc brcstgs, prflnfpghdcltc cd dcf`s gqu`s`s gqu`s` s n`ltclk` chctrþhft`s `u `xfiêlf` kfss`hvfk`= cspcnfbfngr jultgs kc t`p` c rcssghtgr g lcncssfkgkc kc pclctrgéî` n`dphctg k` dctgh kc s`hkg pgrg cvftgr g pcrdglêlnfg gtæ dcsd` kc pcquclgs bclkgs= usgr jultgs s`hkgkgs cd vcz kc jultgs pgrgbusgkgs `u rcoftgkgs= fdpckfr g pclctrgéî` k` dcf` n`rr`sfv` lgs brcstgs p`r dcf` kc dgssgs kc vckgéî`, quglk` p`ssävch, bhcxävcfs= cvftgr brcstgs cltrc ud fs`hgltc c ` dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`=

 

cstgochcncr udg r`tflg kc brcqucltc c n`dphctg hfdpczg kc çrcgs dctçhfngs sujcftgs g` gnúduh` kc kcpþsft`s c flnrustgéócs=   rcd`vcr sþhfk`s cd suspclsî`=   cvftgr ` us` kc dgkcfrg, `u dgtcrfgh quc bfquc bgnfhdcltc udckcnfk` c rctcleg çiug, n`d` gp`f` pgrg supcrbänfcs dctçhfngs, p`r cxcdph`, negpgs, tuo`s c pfhgrcs=    pr`nurgr, hfdftgk` pchgs kfdclsócs, usgr tglqucs `u rcscrvgtþrf`s gp`fgk`s cd pfhgrcs c lî` l` s`h`.

N@__@^Î@ C Q_@[CNÉÎ@ KC DC[GF^  

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>. N`lnhusî` G n`rr`sî` chctr`quädfng p`kc `n`rrcr scdprc quc cxfstfr ectcr`iclcfkgkc l` sfstcdg dgtcrfgh dctçhfn`-dcf` n`rr`sfv`, p`fs g kfbcrclég kc p`tclnfgh rcsuhtgltc p`ssfofhftg g b`rdgéî` kc çrcgs glþkfngs c ngtþkfngs. Sd irî` bfl`, kc ud kgk` dctgh, n`ltæd clcrifg fltcrlg cd vgh`r dgfs ght` k` quc ud irî` ir`sscfr`. H`i`, p`kc-sc cspcrgr, tc`rfngdcltc, kfbcrcltcs p`tclnfgfs pgrg cssgs cspænfcs. @ trgtgdclt` tærdfn`  kcstcs dgtcrfgfs n`lsfstc l` gqucnfdclt` g 7.131-7.711±N, sciufk` kc rcsbrfgdclt` rçpfk` gssfd sclk` g b`rdg kc ud dgtcrfgh dctçhfn` p`kc `ngsf`lgr pr`ohcdgs kc n`rr`sî` sclk` lcncssçrf` t`dgr ghiudgs dckfkgs icrgfs kc pr`tcéî` n`ltrg N`rr`sî` quc sî` gs sciufltc: cvftgr ` us` kc dgkcfrg, `u dgtcrfgh quc bfquc bgnfhdcltc udckcnfk` c rctcleg çiug, n`d` gp`f`  pgrg supcrbänfcs dctçhfngs, p`r cx cxcdph`, cdph`, negpgs, tuo`s c pfhgrcs= usgr gp`f` n`d pcquclg pcqu clg çrcg kc n`ltgt`, n`d` gp`f`s tuouhgrcs kc gé` `ukc p`hfpr`pfhcl`.  

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;.Ofohf`irgbfg Icltfh, R. N`rr`sî`. 2.ck. _f` kc Jglcfr` : H[N, ?179.

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