Herramientas para La Planificacion y Manejo de Inventarios en Constructura

 

 

AGH^IVGF FN PEXVMRGFE VNXCX FN PEXVMRGFE DNRRGKCNJVGX PGRG IG PIGJCACHGHCØJ S KGJNLE FN CJQNJVGRCEX NJ HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG

X^XVNJVGFE PER< GRICJ XEACG REXGINX HR^\ MGBRCNIG SEIGJC K^RCIIE ERFE×N\

PRNQCG CJQNXVCF^RG GI VËV^IE FN KGXVNR NJ ACJGJ\GX

XGJ PNFRE X^IG, HERVNX, DEJF^RGX, H.G.   NJNRE, 2020 7

 

 

^JCQNRXCFGF VNHJEIEMCHG HNJVREGKNRCHGJG ^JCVNH AGH^IVGF FN PEXVMRGFE

G^VERCFGFNX ^JCQNRXCVGRCGX RNHVER KGRIEJ GJVEJCE BRNQÃ RNSNX

XNHRNVGRCE MNJNRGI REMNR KGRVCJN\ KCRGIFG

QCHNRRNHVERG GHGFÃKCHG FNXCRNN VNLGFG HGIQE

QCHNRRNHVERG HGKP^X XPX HGRIG KGRËG PGJVELG ERVNMG

FNHGJG FN PEXVMRGFE HIG^FCG KGRËG HGXVRE QGIIN

 

 

DNRRGKCNJVGX PGRG IG PIGJCACHGHCØJ S KGJNLE FN CJQNJVGRCEX NJ HEJXVR^HVERG IEPN\ RCQNRG

VRGBGLE PRNXNJVGFE NJ H^KPICKCNJVE FN IEX RNW^CXCVEX NTCMCFEX PGRG EPVGR GI VËV^IE FN KGXVNR NJ ACJGJ\GX

GXNXER KNVEFEIØMCHE GBNI NFMGRFE XGIG\GR KNLËG

GXNXER VNKÇVCHE S^RS GIEJXE RGKEX

KCNKBREX FN IG VNRJG< LEXN REFEIAE XERVE S^RS RGKEX V^ICE B^NXE

 

 

FNRNHDEX FN G^VER

© Hepyrcmdt 2020 GRICJ XEACG REXGINX HR^\ MGBRCNIG SEIGJC K^RCIIE ERFE×N\

Vefes ies fnrnhdes sej rnsnrvgfes.

 

 

G^VERC\GHCØJ FN IGX G^VERGX PGRG IG HEJX^IVG, RNPREF^HHCØJ RNPREF^H HCØJ PGRHCGI E VEVGI S P^BICHGHCØJ  NINHVRØJCHG FNI VNTVE HEKPINVE FN VNXCX FN PEXVMRGFE  Xn÷erns HNJVRE FN RNH^RXEX PGRG

NI GPRNJFC\GLN S IG CJQNXVCMGHCEJ (HRGC) ^JCQNRXCFGF VNHJEIØMCHG HNJVREGKNRCHGJG (^JCVNH) Hcufgf Nstckgfes Xn÷erns<  Jesetrgs, Gricj Xeacg Resgins Hruz y Mgbrcnig Seigjc Kurciie Erfe÷nz, fn Xgj Pnfre Xuig, gutergs fni trgbgle fn pestmrgfe tctuigfe< Dnrrgkcnjtgs pgrg ig pigjcachghcøj y kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg, prnsnjtgfe y gprebgfe nj

, heke rrnqucscte nqucscte prnvce pgrg eptgr

gi tëtuie fn kçstnr nj Acjgjzgs y rnhejehcnjfe qun ig prnsnjtghcøj fni prnsnjtn fehuknjte aerkg  pgrtn fn ies rnqunrckcnjtes nstgbinhcfes fni premrgkg fn kgnstrëgs fn ig ^jcvnrscfgf Vnhjeiømchg Hnjtregknrchgjg (^JCVNH), per nstn knfce guterczgkes g igs Bcbicetnhgs fn ies Hnjtres fn Rnhurses pgrg ni Gprnjfczgln y ig Cjvnstcmghcøj (HRGC) fn ig ^JCVNH, pgrg qun hej acjns ghgfãkches, punfgj icbrnknjtn rnmcstrgr, hepcgr e utciczgr ig cjaerkghcøj hejtnjcfg nj ãi, hej acjns nfuhgtcves, cjvnstcmgtcves e sehcgins fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg< 7)  Ies usugrces punfgj hejsuitgr ni hejtnjcfe fn nstn trgbgle nj igs sgigs fn nstufce fn ig  bcbicetnhg y/e ig pçmcjg ]nb fn ig ^jcvnrscfgf. 2)  Pnrkctg ig hejsuitg, ig rnprefuhhcøj, g ies usugrces cjtnrnsgfes nj ni hejtnjcfe fn nstn trgbgle, pgrg tefes ies uses qun tnjmgj acjgicfgf ghgfãkchg, yg sng nj aerkgte HF e fcmctgi fnsfn Cjtnrjnt, Cjtrgjnt, nth., y nj mnjnrgi nj hugiqucnr etre aerkgte hejehcfe e per hejehnr. Fn hejaerkcfgf hej ie nstgbinhcfe nj ies grtëhuies 3.2, 74, 73, 8> y 12 fn ig Iny fn Fnrnhdes fn Guter y fn ies Fnrnhdes Hejnxes? ies fnrnhdes kergins pnrtnjnhnj g igs gutergs y sej  pnrsejgiësckes, crrnjujhcgbins, ckprnshrcptcbins n cjgicnjgbins, gsckcske, per trgtgrsn fn ujg ebrg heinhtcvg, igs gutergs hnfnj fn aerkg cickctgfg y nxhiuscvg g ig ^JCVNH ig tctuigrcfgf fn ies

 

  fnrnhdes pgtrckejcgins. Ns njtnjfcfe qun hugiqucnr hepcg e rnprefuhhcøj fni prnsnjtn fehuknjte hej acjns fn iuhre je nstç pnrkctcfg scj prnvcg guterczghcøj per nshrcte fn pgrtn fn ^JCVNH. Nj an fn ie hugi, sn sushrcbn ni prnsnjtn fehuknjte nj ig hcufgf fn Xgj Pnfre Xuig g ies 23 fëgs fni kns fn Njnre fni 2020

Gricj Xeacg Resgins Hruz 27478766

Mgbrcnig Seigjc Kurciie Erfe÷nz  27478771

 

 

AGH^IVGF FN PEXVMRGFE DNRRGKCNJVGX PGRG IG PIGJCACHGHCØJ S KGJNLE FN CJQNJVGRCEX NJ HEJXVR^HVERG IEPN\ RCQNRG G^VERNX< GRICJ XEACG REXGINX HR^\ MGBRCNIG SEIGJC K^RCIIE ERFE×N\  Rnsuknj Ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces ns uj prehnse aujfgknjtgi nj ig gfqucschcøj fn kgtnrcgins y nqucpes nj igs nkprnsgs hejstruhtergs yg qun fnbn fn gbgstnhnrsn fn ie jnhnsgrce pgrg hukpicr hej ig anhdg fn njtrnmg fn hgfg preynhte. Hgse qun je sn hukpin nj ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ig hugi je hunjtg hej uj gfnhugfe kefnie qun rnmuin ni cjvnjtgrce mnjnrgjfe uj fnshejtrei nj sus rnmcstres. Ni prepøscte fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj ns njhejtrgr igs agiigs nj ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces nj ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg tekgjfe nj hunjtg ni prehnse, ni ckpghte nhejøkche y ni gfnhugfe gikghnjgkcnjte fn sus kgtnrcgins. Ig dcpøtnscs fn cjvnstcmghcøj cjfchg qun ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg je prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. Xn ckpinknjtø ujg kntefeiemëg fn njaequn kcxte, fcsn÷e je nxpnrcknjtgi, trgjsvnrsgi y gihgjhn nxpichgtcve. Ies rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes kunstrgj qun ig nkprnsg je hunjtg hej jcjmüj kefnie herrnhte pgrg kgjnlgr sus cjvnjtgrces, per ie qun sn rnhdgzg ig dcpøtnscs fn cjvnstcmghcøj y sn ghnptg ig dcpøtnscs juig. Xn hejhiuyn qun ig nkprnsg je tcnjn prehnses nstgbinhcfes pgrg ni kgjnle fn sus cjvnjtgrces. Ckpinknjtgr aerkgtes y prehnses pgrg igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn kgtnrcgins, nstgbinhnr pujtes fn rnerfnj y igs fnkçs prepunstgs fn knlergkcnjte pnrkctcrç g ig nkprnsg fcskcjucr sus agiigs nj ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces.

Pgigbrgs higvns< kefnie fn cjvnjtgrce, cjfustrcg fn ig hejstruhhcøj, fnkgjfg, scstnkg GBH

 

 

PEXVMRGF^GVN AGH^IVS VEEIX AER VDN PIGJJCJM GJF KGJGMNKNJV EA CJQNJVERCNX CJ HEJXVR^HVERG IEPN\ RCQNRG G^VDERX< GRICJ XEACG REXGIN HR^\ MGBRCNIG SEIGJC K^RCIIE ERFE×N\ Gbstrght Cj hejstruhtcej hekpgjcns tdn cjvnjtery hejtrei cs g aujfgknjtgi prehnss cj tdn ghqucsctcej ea kgtnrcgis gjf nqucpknjt gs ct kust suppiy wdgt cs jnhnssgry te knnt tdn fnicvnry fgtn ea nghd  prelnht. Hgsn tdgt cs jet knt cj tdn Hejs Hejstruhterg truhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg wdchd fens jet dgvn gj gfnqu gfnqugtn gtn systnk te rnmuigtn tdn cjvnjtery mnjnrgtcjm g igho ea hejtrei cj cts rnherfs. Vdn purpesn ea tdn cjvnstcmgtcej cs te acjf tdn aigws cj tdn cjvnjtery hejtrei cj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg tgocjm cjte ghheujt tdn prehnss, tdn nhejekch ckpght gjf tdn gfnqugtn stergmn ea cts kgtnrcgis. Vdn rnsngrhd dypetdnscs cjfchgtns tdgt tdn cjvnjtery kefni ea Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg fens jet sdew gjy aigws cj cts epnrgtcej. G kntdefeiemy ea kcxnf gppreghd, jej-nxpnrcknjtgi fnscmj, trgjsvnrsgi gjf nxpichgtcvn shepn wgs fnvniepnf. Vdn rnsuits ebtgcjnf sdewnf tdgt tdn hekpgjy fens jet dgvn gjy herrnht kefni te kgjgmn cts cjvnjtercns, se tdn rnsngrhd dypetdnscs cs rnlnhtnf gjf tdn juii dypetdnscs cs ghhnptnf. Ct cs hejhiufnf tdgt tdn hekpgjy dgs je nstgbicsdnf prehnssns pr ehnssns aer kgjgmcjm cts cjvnjtercns. Ckpinknjtcjm aerkgts gjf prehnssns aer tdn cjputs gjf eutputs ea kgtnrcgis, nstgbicsdcjm rnerfnr pecjts gjf etdnr ckprevnknjt prepesgis wcii giiew tdn hekpgjy te rnfuhn cts agciurns cj cjvnjtery hejtrei.

Onywerfs< cjvnjtery kefni, hejstruhtcej cjfustry, fnkgjf, GBH systnk.

 

 

GMRGFNHCKCNJVE Gmrgfnhnkes prcknrgknjtn g Fces tefepefnrese per brcjfgrjes ig sgbcfurëg jnhnsgrcg pgrg pefnr fnsgrreiigr hej ãxcte tefgs junstrgs higsns y nstg cjvnstcmghcøj. G junstres pgfrns per su gker y gpeye brcjfçjfejes brcjfçjfeje s aunrzgs y hejsnles pgrg gihgjzgr hgfg ujg fn junstrgs kntgs pnrsejgins y preanscejgins. G ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg per pnrkctcrjes p nrkctcrjes fnsgrreiigr nstn preynhte y g tefes ies fehnjtns qun hekpgrtcnrej sus hejehckcnjtes g ie igrme fn ig kgnstrëg. G junstres gsnserns Cjm. Gbni Nfmgrfe Xgigzgr Knlëg n Cjm. Sury Giejse Rgkes per ni tcnkpe brcjfgfe pgrg ni fnsgrreiie nxctese fni nstufce.

cx

 

 

ËJFCHN FN HEJVNJCFE 7.  HGPËV^IE C PIGJVNGKCNJVE FN IG CJQNXVCMGHCØJ

7 

7.7  CJVREF^HHCØJ

7 

7.2  GJVNHNFNJVNX FNI PREBINKG

2 

7.2.7 

7.2.2 

NXV^FCEX PRNQCEX

8 

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 7

8 

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 2

6 

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 8

> 

PRCJHCPGI PREBINKÇVCHG FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG.

7.8  FNACJCHCØJ FNI PREBINKG

1  4 

7.8.7  7.8.2 

NJ^JHCGFE FNI PREBINKG AERK^IGHCØJ FNI PREBINKG

4  3 

7.8.8 

PRNM^JVGX FN CJQNXVCMGHCØJ

3 

7.6  EBLNVCQEX FNI PRESNHVE

70 

7.6.7 

EBLNVCQE MNJNRGI

70 

7.6.2 

EBLNVCQEX NXPNHËACHEX

70 

7.>  L^XVCACHGHCØJ 2.  HGPËV^IE CC KGRHE VNØRCHE 2.7  GJÇICXCX FN IG XCV^GHCØJ GHV^GI

70  72  72 

2.7.7 

GJÇICXCX FNI KGHRE-NJVERJE

72 

2.7.2 

GJÇICXCX FNI KCHRE-NJVERJE

76 

2.7.8 

GJÇICXCX IEHGI

71 

2.7.6 

GJÇICXCX CJVNRJE

74 

2.2  VNERËG FN X^XVNJVE 2.2.7 

GFKCJCXVRGHCØJ FN CJQNJVGRCEX

73  20  x

 

  HIGXCACHGHCØJ FN IEX KEFNIEX FN CJQNJVGRCEX

20 

HEKPEJNJVNX FN ^J KEFNIE FN CJQNJVGRCEX

27 

XCXVNKG FN HIGXCACHGHCØJ GBH S XO^

22 

XCXVNKGX FN CJQNJVGRCEX

26 

2.2.7.6.7  XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCE FN RNQCXCØJ HEJVCJ^G

2> 

2.2.7.6.2  XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCEX FN RNQCXCØJ PNRCØFCHG

82 

CXE 3007 HEJVREI FN CJQNJVGRCEX

67 

2.2.2 

CFNJVCACHGHCØJ

62 

VRG\GBCICFGF

62 

PRNXNRQGHCØJ

66 

2.8  HEJHNPV^GIC\GHCØJ

6> 

2.8.7 

QGRCGBIN FNPNJFCNJVN KEFNIE FN CJQNJVGRCEX

61 

2.8.2 

QGRCGBINX CJFNPNJFCNJVNX

61 

HEXVEX

61 

FNKGJFG

6= 

VCNKPE FN GJVCHCPGHCØ J

64 

2.6  CJXVR^KNJVEX

64 

2.6.7 

NJVRNQCXVG

64 

2.6.2 

EBXNRQGHCØJ

63 

2.6.8 

RNQCXCEJ FEH^KNJVGI

>0 

2.6.6 

ICXVGFE FN QNRCACHGHCØJ

>7 

2.6.> 

KGVRC\ FN FNHCXCEJNX PER KNFCE FN KNVEFE FN P^JVEX

>2 

8.  HGPËV^IE CCC KNVEFEIEMËG 8.7  HEJMR^NJHCG KNVEFEIØMCHG 8.7.7 

EPNRGHCEJGIC\GHCØJ FN IGX QGRCGBINX

>6  >6  >>  xc

 

  8.7.2 

DCPØVNXCX

10 

8.2  NJAEW^N S KÃVEFEX

10 

8.8  FCXN×E FN IG CJQNXVCMGHCØJ

17 

8.8.7 

PEBIGHCØJ

18 

8.8.2 

K^NXVRG

16 

8.8.8 

^JCFGF FN GJÇICXCX

16 

8.8.6 

^JCFGF FN RNXP^NXVG

16 

8.6  VÃHJCHGX N CJXVR^KNJVEX GPICHGFGX 8.6.7 

8.6.2 

1> 

CJXVR^KNJVEX

1> 

NJVRNQCXVG

11 

ICXVGFE FN QNRCACHGHCØJ

11 

VÃHJCHGX

11 

EBXNRQGHCØJ

1= 

RNQCXCØJ FEH^KNJVGI

1= 

KGVRC\ FN FNHCXCEJ PER KNFCE FN KNVEFE FN P^JVEX

1= 

8.>  A^NJVNX FN CJAERKGHCØJ

1= 

8.>.7 

A^NJVNX PRCKGRCGX

14 

8.>.2 

A^NJVNX XNH^JFGRCGX

14 

6.  HGPËV^IE CQ RNX^IVGFEX S GJÇICXCX

13 

6.7  FCGMJØXVCHE XCV^GHCØJ GHV^GI

13 

6.2  GJÇICXCX FN RNX^IVGFEX

== 

6.8  EPERV^JCFGFNX FN KNLERG

41 

6.8.7 

PREP^NXVG FN XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCEX

6.8.7.7  AERKGVE S RNMCXVRE PGRG NJVRGFGX S XGICFGX 6.8.2 

PREP^NXVG XCXVNKG FN HIGXCACHGHCØJ GBH

41  44  43  xcc

 

  6.8.8 

PREP^NXVG FNXGRREIIE KEFNIE FN FNKGJFG QGRCGBIN S

VCNKPE FN GJVCHCPGHCØJ HEJXVGJVN 6.8.6 

34 

PREP^NXVG XEAV]GRN XWI EBRGX PGRG KGJNLE FN

CJQNJVGRCEX >.  HGPËV^IE Q HEJHI^XCEJNX S RNHEKNJFGHCEJNX >.8  HEJHI^XCEJNX >.6  RNHEKNJFGHCEJNX

770  77>  77>  771 

1.  BCBICEMRGAËG

774 

=.  GJNTEX

722 

4.  GJNTE 7. XCXVNKG XCOC

722 

3.  GJNTE 2. XCXVNKG ^JSXEAV

728 

70. 

GJNTE 8 FCXVRCB^HCØJ FN PREBGBCICFGFNX HNKNJVE

726 

77. 

GJNTE 6 PREBGBCICFGF FN FCXVRCB^HCØJ V^BE

721 

72. 

GJNTE > FCXVRCB^HCØJ FN PREBGBCICFGF QGRCIIG

724 

78. 

GJNTE 1 AERKGVEX NJVRGFGX S XGICFGX

780 

xccc

 

 

ËJFCHN FN VGBIGX  Vgbig 7 Hejmrunjhcg Kntefeiømchg ......................................................................................... >6   Vgbig 2 Epnrghcejgiczghcøj fn igs vgrcgbins ............................................................................ >1   Vgbig 8 Pigj nstrgtãmche fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj ............................................................................ 12  Vgbig 6 Cjstruknjtes gpichgfes ............................................... ................................................................................................ ................................................. 1>   Vgbig > Rnsuknj fn igs hgrghtnrëstchgs fn igs befnmgs. be fnmgs. ........................................................... ........................................................ ... =0  Vgbig 1 Nsqunkg fn njtrnvcstg. Befnmunres nj ebrgs. ............................................................ =7   Vgbig = Nsqunkg fn njtrnvcstg. Njhgrmgfe fn befnmg prcjhcpgi. ............................................ =8  Vgbig 4 Achdg fn ebsnrvghcøj. .................................................................................................. =6  Vgbig 3 Icstg fn vnrcachghcøj CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces ............................................... =>   Vgbig 70 Gjçicscs fn ies rnsuitgfes. Njtrnvcstg befnmgs nj ebrgs vnrsus ebsnrvghcøj. ........... ==  Vgbig 77 Gjçicscs fn ies rnsuitgfes. Njtrnvcstg vnrsus vnrsu s ebsnrvghcøj. Befnmg prcjhcpgi ........... 40  Vgbig 72 Njtrnvcstg pnrsejgi gfkcjcstrgtcve ............................................................................ ...................................................... ...................... 47  Vgbig 78 Gjçicscs fn rnsuitgfes. CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces .......................................... 48  Vgbig 76 Rnsuitgfes higusuig cfnjtcachghcøj ............................................................................ 46   Vgbig 7> Rnsuitgfes higusuig trgzgbcicfgf ............................................................................... 46  Vgbig 71 Rnsuitgfes higusuig prnsnrvghcøj .............................................................................. ............................................... ............................... 46  Vgbig 7= Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte nj igs higusuigs CXE 3007 ........................................... 4>   Vgbig 74 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 760 .............................................................................. 30   Vgbig 73 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 762 .............................................................................. 37   Vgbig 20 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 766 .............................................................................. 32   Vgbig 27 Higscachghcøj GBH befnmg pprcjhcpgi rcjhcpgi......................................................................... ................................................... ...................... 32  Vgbig 22 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 760 ................................................................ 31   Vgbig 28 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 762 ................................................................ 31   Vgbig 26 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 766 ................................................................ 3=   Vgbig 2> Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi befnmg prcjhcpgi .......................................................... 3=  Vgbig 21 Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte kgjtn jckcnjte hnknjte ............................................................................. .............................................. ............................... 33  Vgbig 2= Rnsuknj hestes y VG hnknjte ................................................................................. .................................................. ............................... 33  Vgbig 24 Heste kgjtnjckcnjte vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts ................................................................... 33  Vgbig 23 Rnsuknj hestes y VG vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts .................................................................. 33   xcv

 

  Vgbig 80 Heste kgjtnjckcnjte tube fn 6‛ hnf 60 ................................................................... 33 

Vgbig 87 Rnsuknj hestes y VG tube fn 6 ‛ hnf 60 ................................................................ 700  Vgbig 82 Fnkgjfg hnknjte ................................................................................................... 700  Vgbig 88 Fnkgjfg vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts .................................................................................... 700  Vgbig 86 Fnkgjfg tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  .................................................................................... 707 

Vgbig 8> Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg hnknjte .............................................................................. 702   Vgbig 81 Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg vgrciig .................................................................................. ..................................................... ............................. 702  Vgbig 8= Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg tube ............................................... ..................................................................................... ...................................... 708  Vgbig 84 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG hnknjte ......................................................................... 70>  Vgbig 83 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts .......................................................... 70>  Vgbig 60 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  .......................................................... ................................................ .......... 70> 

Vgbig 67 Rcnsme fn fãachct hnknjte ....................................................................................... 701   Vgbig 62 Rcnsme fn fãachct vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts ........................................................................ 701   Vgbig 68 Rcnsme fn fãachct tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  ........................................................................ 701 

Vgbig 66 Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf hnknjte.............................................. ........................................................................... ............................. 70=  Vgbig 6> Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf s nmurcfgf vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts ............................................................ .................................................. .......... 70=  Vgbig 61 Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf tube fn 6‛ hnf 60 .................................................. ............................................................ .......... 704  Vgbig 6= Rnsuknj kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces ............................................................................. 770   Vgbig 64 kgtrcz fn fnhcscøj ................................................................................................... 777 

xv

 

 

ËJFCHN FN ACM^RGX Acmurg 7 Jcvni fn cjvnjtgrces y vnjtgs fn XGKLC X. fn R.I. .................................................... 6  Acmurg 2 Fcstrcbuhcøj fn ies ghtcves tetgins ............................................................................... >  Acmurg 8 Fnspnrfchce fn kgtnrcgins preynhte G. Kgtnrcgi< pcjturgs vgrcgs ................................ =  Acmurg 6 Fnspnrfchce fn kgtnrcgins preynhte B. Kgtnrcgins< pnm pnmgkcx gkcx y mreut hnkcx ............... =  Acmurg > Brnhdg. Prnsupunste vnrsus Nlnhuhcøj ........................................................................ 3   Acmurg 1 Preynhtes rnmcstrgfes g kgrze 2073 .......................................................................... 7=   Acmurg = kgpg fn prehnses pr ehnses Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ........................................................... ........................................................ ... 73  Acmurg 4 aiule fn pujte fn rnerfnj ................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................ 2>  Acmurg 3 aiule fn rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg ......................................................................................... 88   Acmurg 70 Rnighcøj njtrn vgrcgbin fnpnjfcnjtn y vgrcgbins cjfnpnjfcnjtns............................. 6>   Acmurg 77 Fcgmrgkg fn Qgrcgbin .............................................................................................. >>  Acmurg 72 Njaequn y kãtefes .................................................................................................. 17  Acmurg 78 Perhnjtgln hukpickcnjte hu kpickcnjte n cjhukpickcnjte ................................................ ............................................................ ............ 4>  Acmurg 76 Xcstnkg njtrgfgs y sgicfgs ....................................................................................... 44  Acmurg 7> Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf p rebgbcicfgf hnknjte ............................................... ................................................................... .................... 707  Acmurg 71 Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf vgrciig ...................................................................... 702  Acmurg 7= Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf tube ......................................................................... 708 

xvc

 

 

7.  HGPËV^IE C PIGJVNGKCNJVE FN IG CJQNXVCMGHCØJ 7.7  CJVREF^HHCØJ Vrns fn ies prcjhcpgins prebinkgs qun sn prnsnjtgj heküjknjtn nj igs nkprnsgs fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj nj ig mnstcøj fn sus preynhtes sej igs hekprgs nrrøjngs, ig agitg fn kgtnrcgins y ni nxhnse fn nxcstnjhcgs. Nj ni kujfe igbergi ghtugi gitgknjtn hekpntctcve, ies fcrnhtcves fn igs nkprnsgs fn hejstruhhcøj fnbnj hekprnjfnr ig ckpertgjhcg fni kgjnle nachcnjtn fn ies cjvnjtgrces nj hgfg ujg fn sus preynhtes, heke pcnzg higvn g ig derg fn fcskcjucr e hejtreigr ies hestes. Fnjtre fn nstn hejtnxte ies njhgrmgfes fn ig iemëstchg fn igs nkprnsgs, gsë heke sus fcrnhtcves fnbnj kgjnlgr fn kgjnrg nachcnjtn igs gfqucschcejns fn kgtnrcgins y nqucpes, kgjtnjnr uj prehnse gfnhugfe pgrg ni kgjnle fn igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs, gsë heke ni gikghnjgkcnjte fn ies kcskes pgrg kgxckczgr ig rnjtgbcicfgf fn ig nkprnsg. Igstckesgknjtn kuhdgs nkprnsgs fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj je hejscfnrgj ni nstufce herrnhte pgrg ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces fnjtre fn sus befnmgs nj sus preynhtes. Per ie qun hej ni  prnsnjtn preynhte sn prntnjfn fnkestrgr ig ckpertgjhcg qun tcnjn fnjtre fn igs nkprnsgs ni kgjnle herrnhte fn ies kcskes. G trgvãs fn kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces qun gyufnj nj ig iemëstchg fn ig nkprnsg. Hej ni prnsnjtn preynhte sn bushg rngiczgr uj fcgmjøstche fn ies prehnses fn cjvnjtgrces ghtugins nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Fntnhtgr sus agiigs y nxpejnr igs vnjtglgs qun ebtnjfrëgj gi herrnmcrigs knfcgjtn ig ckpinknjtghcøj fn uj kefnie qun hejtrein fn kgjnrg nachcnjtn igs njtrgfgs, sgicfgs y pnrkgjnjhcgs fn kgtnrcgins y nqucpes nj sus preynhtes. Hekprnjfcnjfe qu qunn ig nlnhuhcøj fn nstes kefnies je seie punfn knlergr prebinkgs fn pnrfcfgs, scje qun tgkbcãj punfn cjaiucr fn kgjnrg pesctcvg nj ig huiturg ermgjczghcejgi nj ni çrng fn gikghãj fn ig nkprnsg. Pgrg hukpicr hej ni prepøscte fn nstg cjvnstcmghcøj sn hekcnjzg rngiczgjfe uj fcgmjøstche fni prehnse fn cjvnjtgrces, knfcgjtn hejsuitgs g ies cjveiuhrgfes, rnvcscøj fn fehuknjtes y rnmcstres nj igs befnmgs nj ies prcjhcpgins preynhtes fn ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg g fnsgrreiigrsn fn ehtubrn g fchcnkbrn fni 2073. Vekgjfe nj hunjtg igs hgusgs rngins fni prebinkg fnjtre fn ig nkprnsg, sn fnsgrreiigrç uj kefnie fn hejtrei cjtnrje fn cjvnjtgrces pgrg pefnr snr 7

 

  kçs nachcnjtn nj ni fnsgrreiie fn ies preynhtes nj nlnhuhcøj. Hejscfnrgjfe ujg fn igs tnerëgs gpichgfgs nj ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces nj igs nkprnsgs hejstruhtergs pgrg sustnjtgr y hekprebgr qun ni bunj kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces rnfuhcrç ies fnspnrfchces fn kgtnrcgins nj hgfg  preynhte tnrkcjgfe. Vnjcnjfe uj pgjergkg kçs higre fn igs hgusgs rngins fni prebinkg fnjtre fn ig nkprnsg, sn fnsgrreiigrç uj kefnie fn hejtrei cjtnrje fn cjvnjtgrces, bgsçjfesn nj ies hejhnptes hej hnptes tnørches.

7.2  GJVNHNFNJVNX FNI PREBINKG

^je fn ies gspnhtes hejstgjtns nj ig dcstercg fni snr dukgje, ns ni prebinkg fn ies cjvnjtgrces, ig gfqucschcøj y ig prnsnrvghcøj fn ies bcnjns pgrg ni hejsuke yg sng fcrnhte e ies rnqunrcfes pgrg ig nigberghcøj fn prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes. Ies cjvnjtgrces dgj nxcstcfe fnsfn qun sn fntnrkcjø qun ni snr dukgje ns hgpgz fn prefuhcr grtëhuies nj mrgj hgjtcfgf y je seie pgrg hejsuke cjfcvcfugi. Nj rnspunstg g nstg hgpghcfgf prefuhterg sn mnjnrg ni prebinkg cjknfcgte fn ujg mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrce y fni qun dghnr hej ies nxhnfnjtns. ’Aun g pgrtcr fn ig Rnveiuhcøj Cjfustrcgi, nj ies cjchces fni scmie TT, y hej ig fnfuhhcøj

fn ig aørkuig fni ’Vgkg÷e Nhejøkche fni Ietn‛ hugjfe surmn fn kgjnrg hcnjtëachg ig  prnehupghcøj sebrn ies cjvnjtgrces. Punste nj ig pnrspnhtcvg nhejøkchg fn bgigjhngr ies hestes fn kgjtnjckcnjte, nshgsnz y gbgstnhckcnjte‛. (Pejset, 2004, p. 48) ’G ie igrme fn ig dcstercg, kuhdes cjvnstcmgferns dgj fnsgrreiigfe fcanrnjtns kãtefes e

scstnkgs fn mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrce pgrg rnfuhcr ies hestes fn cjvnjtgrces. Nj uje fn ies trgbgles fn kgyer rninvgjhcg fn ]gtts, Dgjd y Xedj qun prnsnjtgj ujg tãhjchg mrçachg fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrce fejfn pnrkctn fgrin snmuckcnjte gi rnjfckcnjte fn uj scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrce y rnerfnjgr sus pujtes knfcgjtn scstnkgs fn kejcterne, fn tgi aerkg qun ies prebinkgs fn f n cjvnjtgrce sn punfgj cfnjtcachgr y aujhcejgr heke sn nspnrg‛. (Hdnjm L-H, 2004).

2

 

  7.2.7  NXV^FCEX PRNQCEX

Pgrtn fn igs cjvnstcmghcejns rngiczgfgs nj nstn trgbgle aunrej sebrn nstufces prnvces pgrg snr tekgfes heke rnanrnjhcg y muëg. Heke prcknr pgse sn hejsuitgrej igs fcanrnjtns bcbicetnhgs fn igs ujcvnrscfgfns nj ig hcufgf fn Xgj Pnfre Xuig. Fejfn sn ebtuve rnspunstg fn qun je nxcstn tnscs prnvcgs pujtugiknjtn sebrn scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces nj hejstruhtergs, pnre sc tnscs rnighcejgfgs g ckpinknjtghcøj fn scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces nj nkprnsgs fn fcanrnjtns rubres. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiigj fes tnscs qun aunrej aunre j tekgfgs heke rnanrnjhcg kçs ujg tnscs fni nxtnrcer qun sc ns ercnjtgfg g ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces nj nkprnsg fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj.

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 7

(Hdcjhdciig & Pgighces, 2071).  Nvgiughcøj fn Xcstnkg fn Gikghnjgln y Hejtrei fn  Cjvnjtgrces nj ig nkprnsg XGKLC X. fn R.I.  Aghuitgf fn Pestmrgfe, Kgnstrëg nj Fcrnhhcøj

Nkprnsgrcgi, ^jcvnrscfgf Vnhjeiømchg Hnjtregknrchgjg, Xgj Pnfre Xuig Eblntcves< 7)  Nvgiugr nj quã knfcfg ckpghtg ies aghterns fn hestes y fnkgjfg nj ni scstnkg nachcnjtn fn gikghnjgln y hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces nj ig nkprnsg XGKLC X. fn R.I. 2)  Nxgkcjgr ies aghterns qun ckpghtgj nj hestes fn cjvnjtgrces, y qun nanhte tcnjnj sebrn ni scstnkg nachcnjtn fn gikghnjgln y hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces nj ig nkprnsg XGKLC X. fn R.I. 8)  Gjgiczgr ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce fn XGKLC X. fn R.I. y heke ganhtg ni scstnkg nachcnjtn fn nstes. G hejtcjughcøj, sn prnsnjtg ni jcvni fn cjvnjtgrces y igs vnjtgs fn ig nkprnsg nj ies fes üitckes g÷es, nj fejfn sn ebsnrvg ni nstgjhgkcnjte nj igs vnjtgs kcnjtrgs qun ies jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrces vgj nj hrnhckcnjte. Per ie tgjte, ns ckpnrgtcve rngiczgr uj scstnkg qun eptckchn ies jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce y guknjtn igs utcicfgfns fn ig nkprnsg.

8

 

 

Acmurg 7 Jcvni fn cjvnjtgrces y vnjtgs fn XGKLC X. fn R.I. Hejhiuscejns< Nj hugjte g ies rnsuitgfes fn ies prehnses fn gikghnjgln y hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces qun hejaerkgj ig sctughcøj ghtugi fn ig nkprnsg, sn hejhiuyø qun nstçj rnighcejgfes nstrnhdgknjtn hej igs vgrcgbins fnkgjfg y heste.

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 2

(Qnrey & Knfcjg, 2076). Nvgiughcøj fn ies Xcstnkgs fn Hejtrei fn Cjvnjtgrces nj VERJCV^NRHGX X. fn R.I.  Aghuitgf fn Pestmrgfe, Kgnstrëg nj Fcrnhhcøj Nkprnsgrcgi,

^jcvnrscfgf Vnhjeiømchg Hnjtregknrchgjg, Xgj Pnfre Xuig Eblntcves< 7)  Nvgiugr nj quã knfcfg ckpghtg ies aghterns fn hestes y fnkgjfg nj ig gfkcjcstrghcøj nachcnjtn fn cjvnjtgrces nj VerjcVunrhgs X. fn R.I. 2)  Nxgkcjgr ies aghterns qun ckpghtgj nj hestes fn cjvnjtgrces y qun nanhte tcnjnj sebrn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj nachcnjtn fn nstes nj VerjcVunrhgs X. fn R.I. 8)  Gjgiczgr ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce fn VerjcVunrhgs X. fn R.I. y heke ganhtg sebrn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj nachcnjtn fn nstes. 6

 

 

Acmurg 2 Fcstrcbuhcøj fn ies ghtcves tetgins Ig acmurg kunstrg ujg fcstrcbuhcøj 40-20, fejfn ni =4% fn ies ghtcves sn njhunjtrgj hejhnjtrgfe nj ies cjvnjtgrces, fnjetgjfe ig ckpertgjhcg fn ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn ies rnhurses, nspnhëachgknjtn nj ies cjvnjtgrces, per nste aun hejscfnrgfe uj pujte hrëtche, ni hugi rnqucnrn fn uj gjçicscs pgrg fntnrkcjgr sc dg scfe mnstcejgfe gfnhugfgknjtn. Hejhiuscejns< 7)  Ni scstnkg ghtugi fn kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces sn vn ganhtgfe mrgjfnknjtn hej hestes gites rnighcejgfes g su gfkcjcstrghcøj y nstes ganhtgj nstrgtãmchg y acjgjhcnrgknjtn ni jnmehce. 2)  Ig fnkgjfg fn VerjcVunrhgs ns gingtercg y nj nsn snjtcfe sn fnbn fgr uj snmuckcnjte hnrhgje g ies jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrces fn ies XO^¶s qun ig nkprnsg kgjnlg nj sus gjgqunins.

VNXCX FN RNANRNJHCG 8

(Knlëg, 2000). Gjçicscs fni Aiule fn Kgtnrcgins Kgtnrcgins nj ujg Nkprnsg Hejstruhterg, Aghuitgf fn Pestmrgfe, Kgnstrëg nj Gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ig Hejstruhhcøj, Vnhjeiømche fn ig Hejstruhhcøj, Kãxche. Qnjtglgs nj su gpichghcøj fn gfkcjcstrghcøj fn kgtnrcgins<

>

 

  Igs vnjtglgs qun sn punfnj ebtnjnr hej ig gpichghcøj fn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn kgtnrcgins sej kuhdgs, njtrn nstgs nstçj igs scmucnjtns< 7)  Xn kcjckczg ni rcnsme fn rebe e nxtrgvëe, puns ni fnpgrtgknjte fn rnhnphcøj sn njhgrmg fn vnrcachgr ies nkbgrquns fn kgtnrcgins qun sn rnhcbnj fnsfn ni keknjte nj qun iinmgj dgstg su gikghnjgkcnjte. Gquë pgsg ig rnspejsgbcicfgf gi fnpgrtgknjte fn gikghãj qun tcnjn ig aujhcøj fn cjvnjtgrcgr ies kgtnrcgins, gikghnjgries y rngiczgr ies rnmcstres fn cjmrnse fn kgtnrcgins, tefe nste pgrg nvctgr gimüj fg÷e, rebe e use cjgfnhugfe. 2)  Nvctg ies rntrgses nj ni premrgkg fn gvgjhns gi prehurgr knfcgjtn ig heerfcjghcøj fn ies fnpgrtgknjtes fn hekprgs y gikghãj ni gbgstnhckcnjte fn kgtnrcgins jnhnsgrce pgrg iinvgr g hgbe ig prefuhhcøj nj ni tcnkpe premrgkgfe. 8)  Ig ebtnjhcøj fn uj hejtrei kçs nachcnjtn nj hugjte g igs guterczghcejns fn hekprgs y gpichghcøj fn kgtnrcgins nj ig prefuhhcøj. 6)  Hej ni aiule herrnhte fn ig cjaerkghcøj sebrn igs hekprgs rngiczgfgs, sn nvctgj trgsterjes gfkcjcstrgtcves njtrn ies fnpgrtgknjtes cjveiuhrgfes hej ig ghtcvcfgf fn hekprg, rnhnphcøj, gikghnjgkcnjte, pgme y utciczghcøj fn kgtnrcgins nj ig prefuhhcøj.

7.2.2  PRCJHCPGI PREBINKÇVCHG FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG.

Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ns ujg nkprnsg qun sn fnfchg g ig hejstruhhcøj fn preynhtes  pgrg ni snhter pübiche y prcvgfe. Ig nkprnsg dg vnjcfe fntnhtgjfe fnachcnjhcgs fnbcfe g qun je sn hunjtg hej ujg nstruhturg herrnhtgknjtn nstgbinhcfg nj hugjte gi hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces, jc fehuknjtghcøj fn igs tekgs fcgrcgs fn cjvnjtgrce. Mnjnrgjfe pãrfcfgs fn kgtnrcgins e hekprgs cjjnhnsgrcgs y qunlgs per pgrtn fni pnrsejgi fn ies preynhtes gi je hejtgr hej ies kgtnrcgins e kgqucjgrcg g ig derg fn rngiczgr ies preynhtes. Heke rnsuitgfe sn prnsnjtgj gtrgses nj sus hrejemrgkgs fn trgbgle, pnrfcfgs per hekprgs nrrøjngs, nxcstnjhcgs cjsuachcnjtns n cjsgtcsaghhcøj nj ies hicnjtns. Xus ghtcvcfgfns sn vnj ganhtgfgs per ni kgi kgjnle y hejtrei qun tcnjnj nj sus befnmgs gi je hukpicr hej uj prehnse gfnhugfe fn cjvnjtgrce. Ig prebinkçtchg prcjhcpgi qun tcnjnj nj sus  befnmgs sn prnsnjtg per ig i g agitg fn ogrfnx e rnmcstres qun aghcictnj ig fntnhhcøj fn igs agiigs nj ies  pnfcfes e fnspghdes y ni gikghnjgkcnjte cjgfnhugfe fn sus sebrgjtns. 1

 

  Rnsuitgfe fn nstg prebinkçtchg sn prnsnjtgrej pnrfcfgs per agitg fni gfnhugfe kgjnle fn ies sebrgjtns fn cjvnjtgrce nj preynhtes. Nj igs scmucnjtns mrçachgs sn punfn gprnhcgr ig agitg fn hejtrei fn ies kgtnrcgins. Gi dgbnr sebrgjtns fn uj preynhte tnrkcjgfe je sn rnmcstrgrej nj jcjmüj rnpertn y sn gikghnjgrej nj befnmg. Hugjfe sn prnsnjtgrej junves preynhtes nstn cjvnjtgrce je aun tekgfe nj hejscfnrghcøj y gi keknjte qun sn fnshubrcø ni prefuhte yg dgbëg vnjhcfe e sn dgbëg fntnrcergfe. Mnjnrgjfe nste pnrfcfg y mgstes cjjnhnsgrces pgrg ig nkprnsg. Pãrfcfg kgtnrcgi 77%

Kgtnrcgi ^tciczgfe 43%

Acmurg 8 Fnspnrfchce fn kgtnrcgins preynhte G. Kgtnrcgi< pcjturgs vgrcgs Aunjtn>>.00 y je sn utciczø ni 77% qun mnjnre ujg pãrfcfg fn I21,221.10. Ni kgtnrcgi aun fnvunite g befnmg, je sn jetcachø ni sebrgjtn fni kcske per nstg rgzøj je sn tekø nj hunjtg heke cjvnjtgrce g utciczgr nj etre preynhte. Pãrfcfg Kgtnrcgi >%

Kgtnrcgi ^tciczgfe 3>%

Acmurg 6 Fnspnrfchce fn kgtnrcgins preynhte B. Kgtnrcgins< pnmgkcx y mreut hnkcx   Aunjtn< (Iepnz-Rcvnrg, 2073)

=

 

  Ig acmurg jüknre hugtre jes kunstrg qun nstn preynhte sn utciczø seie ni 3>% fn pnmgkcx y mreut hnkcx qun rnprnsnjtg I.72,6=6.00 y je sn utciczø ni >% qun mnjnre ujg pãrfcfg fn I.128.=0. Ni kgtnrcgi aun fnvunite g befnmg, je sn jetcachø ni sebrgjtn fni kcske per nstg rgzøj je sn tekø nj hunjtg heke cjvnjtgrce g utciczgr nj etre preynhte.

7.8  FNACJCHCØJ FNI PREBINKG

^jg vnz rngiczgfg ig rnvcscøj bcbicemrçachg pgrg fntnrkcjgr ies fcvnrses nstufces qun sn dgj rngiczgfe y punfnj snrvcr heke gpeye nj ig cjvnstcmghcøj y fnacjcfg ig cfng prcjhcpgi, sn fnickctg y pigjtng ni prebinkg qun fg ercmnj g ig cjvnstcmghcøj. Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn aerkuigj igs prnmujtgs fn cjvnstcmghcøj g igs hugins sn bushgr fgr rnspunstg. 7.8.7  NJ^JHCGFE FNI PREBINKG

Ni prepøscte fn tefg nkprnsg cjfnpnjfcnjtnknjtn fni rubre nj qun sn njhunjtrn, ns kgjtnjnr su cjvnjtgrce nj sctughcejns cføjngs fn hejtrei. Nj ig ghtugicfgf uje fn ies kgyerns rntes qun qu n sn prnsnjtgj nj igs nkprnsgs ns n s ig fnachcnjhcg nj ni hejtrei fn ies cjvnjtgrces ie qun mnjnrg fcvnrses prebinkgs nj hugjte g ermgjczghcøj y aujhcejgkcnjte øptcke fn igs kcskgs. Heke ns ni hgse fn ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ig hugi je hunjtg hej uj gfnhugfe kefnie qun rnmuin ni cjvnjtgrce mnjnrgjfe uj fnshejtrei nj sus rnmcstres. Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ns ujg nkprnsg qun sn fnfchg g ig hejstruhhcøj fn preynhtes  pgrg ni snhter pübiche y prcvgfe. Ig nkprnsg dg vnjcfe fntnhtgjfe fnachcnjhcgs fnbcfe g qun je sn hunjtg hej ujg nstruhturg herrnhtgknjtn nstgbinhcfg nj hugjte gi hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces. Je hunjtg hej fehuknjtghcøj fn igs tekgs fcgrcgs fn cjvnjtgrce, mnjnrgjfe pãrfcfgs fn kgtnrcgins e nj hgse hejtrgrce hekprgs cjjnhnsgrcgs fn kgtnrcgins. Vgkbcãj ehurrnj qunlgs per pgrtn fni pnrsejgi fn ies preynhtes gi je hejtgr hej ies kgtnrcgins e kgqucjgrcg g ig derg fn rngiczgr uj preynhte. Mnjnrgjfe nste gtrgses nj sus hrejemrgkgs fn trgbgle, pnrfcfgs per hekprgs nrrøjngs, nxcstnjhcgs cjsuachcnjtns n cjsgtcsaghhcøj nj ies hicnjtns. 4

 

 

Brnhdg 20

>

7> 70 >

74

78

0 Vetgi Preynhtes Preynhtes 2074 Preynht Preynhtes es Nlnhutgfes Nlnhutgfes Preynhtes Prebinkgs hej Nxctes Cjvnjtgrces

Acmurg > Brnhdg. Prnsupunste vnrsus Nlnhuhcøj Aunjtn< (Iepnz-Rcvnrg, 2073) Xn tekø heke rnanrnjhcg ni g÷e 2074 hekpinte fn trgbgle fn ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg fejfn sn hejhiuyn qun sn nlnhutgrej uj tetgi fn fcnz y ehde preynhtes fn ies hugins trnhn preynhtes aunrej nlnhutgfes fnjtre fn ie prnsupunstgfe y hcjhe preynhtes prnsnjtgrej ujg nlnhuhcøj acjgi kgyer gi prnsupunstgfe per prebinkgs nj ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces. Nste qucnrn fnhcr qun ig nkprnsg prnsnjte uj 24% fn nrrer nj su nlnhuhcøj, brnhdg qun sn nspnrg fcskcjucr e nickcjgr hej igs prepunstgs qun sn prnsnjtnj ni nstufce.

7.8.2  AERK^IGHCØJ FNI PREBINKG

µHuçins sej igs agiigs qun prnsnjtg ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg nj su ghtugi kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces5

7.8.8  PRNM^JVGX FN CJQNXVCMGHCØJ

7.  µHuçi ns ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg fn ies kgtnrcgins per pgrtn pgr tn fn ies prevnnferns fn ig nkprnsg5 nkpr nsg5 2.  µWuã hestes cjhurrn ig nkprnsg nj ni kgjtnjckcnjte fn sus cjvnjtgrces5 3

 

  8.  µHuçi ns ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg y qun nanhte tcnjn sebrn su gikghnjgln y hejtrei5

7.6  EBLNVCQEX FNI PRESNHVE 7.6.7  EBLNVCQE MNJNRGI Fntnrkcjgr igs agiigs nj ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg.

7.6.2  EBLNVCQEX NXPNHËACHEX

7.  Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg fn ies kgtnrcgins per pgrtn fn ies prevnnferns fn ig nkprnsg. 2.  Fcgmjestchgr ies hestes qun cjhurrn ig nkprnsg nj ni kgjtnjckcnjte fn sus cjvnjtgrces. 8.  Gjgiczgr ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg, ni nanhte sebrn su gikghnjgln y hejtrei.

7.>  L^XVCACHGHCØJ

Igs ermgjczghcejns qun je pesnnj prehnfckcnjtes prehnf ckcnjtes gfnhugfes pgrg iehgiczgr hgfg ujcfgf fn nxcstnjhcgs fnjtre fn sus cjstgighcejns cjhurrnj nj nxhnscves hestes fn kgje fn ebrg, ’pnrfcfg‛

fn prefuhtes qun hgusg qun sn hekprnj grtëhuies gfchcejgins pgrg usgries nj iumgr fn ies qun sn njhunjtrgj nj ni iehgi, pnre je nstçj fcspejcbins f cspejcbins hugjfe sn jnhnsctgj, fnachcnjtn snrvchce snrv chce gi hicnjtn y hejauscøj mnjnrgiczgfg. (Kuiinr, 2002, p. 38) Ns ckpertgjtn dghnr nstn nstufce perqun ni kgjnle nachcnjtn fn ies cjvnjtgrces snrvcrç g ig nkprnsg pgrg kgjtnjnr ni hejtrei fn sus kgtnrcgins. Iemrgr prnsnjtgr nj tefe keknjte uj nstgfe hejacgbin fn ig sctughcøj nhejøkchg nj hugjte gi kgjnle fn sus cjsukes. Gsë kcske pnrkctcrç ermgjczgr fn kgjnrg gfnhugfg ies kgtnrcgins y nqucpes qun ehupgrëgj pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fn ies fcvnrses preynhtes qun nstçj nj nlnhuhcøj. 70

 

  Ies iemres qun sn ebtnjfrçj gi rngiczgr nstg cjvnstcmghcøj ns tekgr nj hunjtg tefes ies  prehnses qun ghtugiknjtn rngiczgj pgrg p grg prepejnr gitnrjgtcvgs ffnn knlerg nj hgfg uje fn niies. F Fgr gr g hejehnr heke sn fnbnj iinvgr, uj nsqunkg qun in gyufn gi hejtrei y gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ies kgtnrcgins qun jnhnsctgj. Ni çrng fn hekprgs fn ujg nkprnsg ns uj ninknjte aujfgknjtgi pgrg uj hejtrei nstrchte fn tefe ie qun sn jnhnsctg pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fn ig kcskg, gsë qun ig mnstcøj qun sn fnbn rngiczgr ns vctgi pgrg qun sn hukpig hej ni prnsupunste gprebgfe nj hgfg preynhte. Ies hestes fnrcvgfes fn hekprg fn kgtnrcgins y nqucpes sej ninvgfes per nstg rgzøj sn fnbn fn fnacjcr ig kgjnrg kçs nachcnjtn pgrg rngiczgrigs, hukpicnjfe hej ies rnqunrckcnjtes seichctgfes per ies cjmnjcnres njhgrmgfes fn ies preynhtes pgrg qun ni kcske sng njtrnmgfe nj ig anhdg gherfgfg. Ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces aujfgknjtgfe nj ujg tnerëg hejiinvg g fnsgrreiigr igs fcanrnjtns vgrcgbins qun sn punfgj rnighcejgr, utciczgjfe ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ies cjvnjtgrces qun gyufn g kctcmgr ies fnspnrfchces fn ies kgtnrcgins nj hgfg preynhte. Jes hejvcnjn rngiczgr nstn nstufce  perqun njhejtrgrëgkes igs fnachcnjhcgs fnachcnj hcgs nj sus prehnses gi vnrcachgr v nrcachgr g fntgiin høke fnbn rngiczgrs rngiczgrsnn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj nanhtcvg fn ies cjvnjtgrces nj igs hejstruhtergs.

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2.  HGPËV^IE CC KGRHE VNØRCHE Sg qun ni prnsnjtn trgbgle ns fn cjvnstcmghcøj hcnjtëachg, sn prehnfn g rnhepcigr cjaerkghcøj sustnjtgfg per fcvnrses guterns, hej ni acj fn fgrin sepertn y vgicfnz gi trgbgle rngiczgfe. Ercnjtgjfe ig cjvnstcmghcøj dghcg ies eblntcves pigjtngfes. ^jg vnz pigjtngfe ni prebinkg fn nstufce (ns fnhcr, hugjfe yg sn tcnjnj ies eblntcves y  prnmujtgs fn cjvnstcmghcøj) y hugjfe gfnkçs sn dg nvgiugfe su rninvgjhcg y aghtcbcicfgf, ni scmucnjtn pgse hejscstn nj sustnjtgr tnørchgknjtn ni nstufce.  (Dnrjgjfnz Xgkpcnrc, Anrjçjfnz Heiigfe, & Bgptcstg Iuhce, 2076, p. 10)

2.7  GJÇICXCX FN IG XCV^GHCØJ GHV^GI Ig acjgicfgf qun sn prntnjfn gihgjzgr gi nxpejnr ig sctughcøj ghtugi, nj tnrkcje mnjnrgins, ns ig fn ercnjtgr gi inhter pgrtcnjfe fnsfn ujg pnrspnhtcvg gkpicg sebrn ig sctughcøj nj ig qun sn njhunjtrg ig cjfustrcg fn ig hejstruhhcøj g jcvni kujfcgi, igtcjegknrchgje y iehgi. Gsë heke ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces fnjtre fn ig cjfustrcg nj sus rnspnhtcves njterjes.

2.7.7  GJÇICXCX FNI KGHRE-NJVERJE

Pgrg hekprnjfnr bcnj ig sctughcøj fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj g jcvni kujfcgi sn fnbn fn hejehnr prcknre heke sn njhunjtrg nj tãrkcjes nhejøkches y ni hrnhckcnjte qun sn prejestchg g auture. Per ie qun g hejtcjughcøj sn fntgiigj fgtes ebtnjcfes fn fcanrnjtns cjaerkns e  pubichghcejns. Xnmüj ni cjaerkn ’Miebgi Hejstruhtcej 2080‛, sn prejestchg qun ni veiuknj fn prefuhhcøj

fn ig hejstruhhcøj hrnhnrç nj uj 4>% g $ 7>.> bciiejns nj tefe ni kujfe pgrg ni g÷e 2080, hej trns  pgësns, Hdcjg, NN. ^^. n Cjfcg, icfnrgjfe ni hgkcje y rnprnsnjtgjfe ni >=% fn tefe ni hrnhckcnjte miebgi. (Miebgi Hejstruhtcej Pnrspnhtcvns, 207>)

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  Ni nstufce miebgi fn rnanrnjhcg, ni hugrte fn ujg uj g snrcn fn nstufces fn ig er ermgjczghcøj mgjczghcøj Miebgi Hejstruhtcej Pnrspnhtcvns y Exaerf Nhejekchs, kunstrg kunstr g uj hrnhckcnjte fn ig hejstruhhcøj miebgi  preknfce fni 8.3% gjugi dgstg 2080, supnrgjfe ni fni PCB kujfcgi nj kçs fn uj pujte perhnjtugi, ckpuisgfe per ies pgësns fnsgrreiigfes qun sn rnhupnrgj fn ig cjnstgbcicfgf nhejøkchg y pgësns nknrmnjtns qun hejtcjügj cjfustrcgiczçjfesn. (Miebgi Hejstruhtcej Pnrspnhtcvns, 207>) Ni hrnhckcnjte fn ig hejstruhhcøj nj Hdcjg sn fnsghninrgrç hejscfnrgbinknjtn hej ujg hgëfg nj ig vcvcnjfg y nstn g÷e sn rnmcstrgrç ni prcknr fnshnjse nj ig prefuhhcøj fn vcvcnjfgs pgrg Hdcjg. Pnre su trgjschcøj g ujg nhejekëg ercnjtgfg gi hejsukcfer y ies snrvchces, brcjfg ig epertujcfgf fn hrnhnr nj junves tcpes fn hejstruhhcøj nj sgiuf, nfuhghcøj n cjargnstruhturg sehcgi, gsë heke nj ni knrhgfe kcjercstg y etres knrhgfes acjgins fn hejsuke. Ni knrhgfe fn ig hejstruhhcøj nj Cjfcg hrnhnrç hgsc ni febin fn rçpcfe qun Hdcjg dgstg 2080, preperhcejgjfe uj junve keter fn hrnhckcnjte miebgi nj ies knrhgfes nknrmnjtns. Xn nspnrg qun ig pebighcøj urbgjg fn ig Cjfcg hrnzhg nj ig gsekbresg hcarg fn 71> kciiejns pgrg 2080, ie qun guknjtgrç g Fnidc nj 70.6 kciiejns fn pnrsejgs pgrg hejvnrtcrsn nj ig snmujfg hcufgf kçs mrgjfn fni kujfe. Hugjfe sn trgtg fn Nurepg, sc bcnj je sn rnhupnrgrç pgrg gihgjzgr ies jcvnins gjtnrcerns g ig hrcscs dgstg 202>, ni Rncje ^jcfe ns uj knrhgfe fn hrnhckcnjte sebrnsgicnjtn, supnrgjfe g Ginkgjcg pgrg hejvnrtcrsn nj ni kçs mrgjfn fn Nurepg y ni snxte knrhgfe fn hejstruhhcøj kçs mrgjfn fni kujfe pgrg 2080. (PwH, 2073) Mrgj pgrtn fn ies hrnhckcnjtes ghninrgfes fn igs nkprnsgs fn ig hejstruhhcøj g jcvni kghre sn fnbn gi nachcnjtn kgjnle fn sus rnhurses nj sus fcanrnjtns fnpgrtgknjtes, nspnhcgiknjtn nj ni çrng fn iemëstchg n cjvnjtgrces. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiig gimujes fn ies scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces utciczgfes per igs prcjhcpgins nkprnsgs fn ig hejstruhhcøj qun tcnjnj cjaiunjhcg g jcvni kghre.   Xcstnkg XCOC< hej nstn scstnkg sn iemrg eptckczgr, mnstcejgr y hejtreigr tefes ies prehnses

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gfkcjcstrgtcves n cjaerkghcøj acjgjhcnrg nj tcnkpe rnherf y g bgle heste. XCOC X. G. X ns uj seatwgrn fn mnstcøj fn preynhtes fn hejstruhhcøj qun pnrkctn rngiczgr ig ermgjczghcøj,  pigjcachghcøj, snmuckcnjte y eptckczgr ni use fn ies rnhurses qun mgrgjtchnj gihgjzgr ies eblntcves y tcnkpes fn njtrnmg. (XCOC - XEAV]GRN hejtgbin y gfkcjcstrgtcve pgrg hejstruhtergs, 2071) (vnr Gjnxe 7). 78

 

    Preghtcvg Jnt< ns uj prefuhte f fnn Nspcrgi Kchrescstnkgs, agbrchgjtn nspg÷ei fn seatwgrn

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nspnhcgiczgfe nj gpichghcejns pgrg ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn scstnkgs cjaerkçtches. Pnrkctn hejehnr gi cjstgjtn y fn kgjnrg nxdgustcvg ni cjvnjtgrce fn tefe ni pgrqun cjaerkçtche, gsë heke sus ichnjhcgs y hej﬇murghcøj fn ujg kgjnrg gutekçtchg y hekpintgknjtn fnsgtnjfcfg.   Xn

nspnhcgiczg nj scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces nj hejstruhtergs y gimujgs nkprnsgs qun utciczgj su gpichghcøj sej igs scmucnjtns< HCXG Hejstruhhcøj, Hejstruhterg Ies Çigkes, Cfngi Kãxche y Aujfghcøj Igbergi fn ig Hejstruhhcøj. (Preghtcvg Jnt, 2000)   Preansscejgi Hejstruhtcej Gpps< ns uj scstnkg fn mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrces ni hugi utciczg njtrgfgs

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fn kgtnrcgins y ghepces fn ebrg qun snrçj fn mrgj utcicfgf pgrg nstgbinhnr rnsuitgfes fn ebrg nj tcnkpe rngi. ^j hginjfgrce fn jnhnscfgfns fn hekprgs vcscbins g tefe ni nqucpe fn mnstcøj  prcerczg sus tgrngs nj aujhcøj fn igs jnhnscfgfns qun fntnrkcjg ig nveiuhcøj fn igs ebrgs. (Preansscejgi Hejstruhtcej Gpps, 2000)

2.7.2  GJÇICXCX FNI KCHRE-NJVERJE ’Ig ghtcvcfgf fn ig hejstruhhcøj rnprnsnjtg nj Gkãrchg Igtcjg ni 3,7% fni knrhgfe

kujfcgi fn ig hejstruhhcøj, hej cjvnrscejns rngiczgfgs per uj vgier fn ^$X 841.000 kciiejns. Brgsci ns ni prcjhcpgi knrhgfe fn ig rnmcøj, kcnjtrgs qun Grmnjtcjg rnprnsnjtg ni 1,6% fn Igtcjegkãrchg ni 0,1% fni knrhgfe kujfcgi. Nj ig Grmnjtcjg, ig pgrtchcpghcøj fni PBC fn ig hejstruhhcøj eshcig njtrn uj >% y 1%. Ni snhter sn hgrghtnrczg per rntrgses arnhunjtns nj ies pigzes, nxhnses prnsupunstgrces y prebinkgs  pgrg kgjtnjnr ig hgicfgf. Ni snhter fn ig hejstruhhcøj nj Grmnjtcjg, furgjtn ies üitckes ü itckes g÷es tuve ujg kgrhgfg nxpgjscøj nj igs tgsgs fn girnfnfer fni 70% gjugi, fnpnjfcnjfe fn igs çrngs nspnhëachgs. Nj ies üitckes 7> g÷es, fnsfn 2008, ig ghtcvcfgf fn ig hejstruhhcøj guknjtø fn 77,000 g 21,000 nkprnsgs rnmcstrgfgs, fn igs huçins kçs fni 30% sej Pykn y hrnhcnrej fn =0,000 g 6>0,000 nkpingfes gprexckgfgknjtn. Nj ni gspnhte tnhjeiømche, ni knrhgfe fn ig hejstruhhcøj nstç hgtgiemgfe heke trgfchcejgi‛. (Nvgiugjfe Xeatwgrn, 2074)

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  ^je fn ies prebinkgs kçs hekujns ns ig gpichghcøj cjfnbcfg fn ies kgtnrcgins nj ig  prefuhhcøj. Nste sn prefuhn hugjfe sn njvëg ujg rnqucschcøj fn kgtnrcgins gi gikghãj per ujg hgjtcfgf kgyer g ig jnhnsgrcg. (Knlëg, 2000) Ig kgyerëg fn nkprnsg hejstruhtergs sn ins fcachuitg ni hejtrei fn kgtnrcgins y nqucpes qun sej jnhnsgrces pgrg ig rngiczghcøj fn ies preynhtes qun nstçj nj nlnhuhcøj. Nxcstnj kãtefes qun jes gyufgj gi knler hejtrei fn igs befnmgs fejfn sn njhunjtrgj ies kgtnrcgins g utciczgr nj hgfg  preynhte. ^j scstnkg fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces ns pgrtn vctgi fn ig iemëstchg fn ujg nkprnsg, yg qun gyufg g iemrgr ig hgicfgf qun sn rnqucnrn nj ig heerfcjghcøj fn prevnnferns, vnjtgs, gikghnjns y nxcstnjhcgs? ies cjvnjtgrces rnprnsnjtgj uj aiule fn cjaerkghcøj qun fnbn snr scstnkgtczgfe y nstgjfgrczgfe hej bgsn g cjaerkghcøj rngi fn ig mnstcøj fcgrcg fn ujg hejstruhterg. (Bcjf NRP) Rngiczgj ujg rnvcscøj fn ies kefnies fn mnstcøj pgrg ni fcsn÷e fn peiëtchgs fn cjvnjtgrces fn prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes y fn kgtnrcgs prckgs nj hgfnjgs fn gbgstnhckcnjte, tnjcnjfe nj hunjtg ig vgrcgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg y ies tcnkpes fn sukcjcstres. Ni nsqunkg fn rnvcscøj sn higscachg nj hugtre snhhcejns< 7) Kefnies fn gingtercnfgf fn ig fnkgjfg, 2) Kefnies fn gingtercnfgf fn ies tcnkpes fn sukcjcstre, 8) Kefnies fn peiëtchgs fn cjvnjtgrces, y 6) kefnies cjtnmrgfes pgrg ig mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrces. (Xnrjg, 207=) Ies prcjhcpgins seatwgrns sebrn scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces utciczgfes per nkprnsgs hej  prnsnjhcg g jcvni igtcje gknrchgje sej ies scmucnjtns<   Gffhejtrei< Ni eblntcve prcjhcpgi fn GffHejtrei ns cjhrnknjtgr ig rnjtgbcicfgf fn ies

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 preynhtes gi nstgjfgrczgr prehnses, sn bgsg nj uj scstnkg NRP pgrg hejtrei fn ebrg n cjkebcicgrcg, preperhcejg ujg knler mnstcøj prnsupunstgi nachcnjtn n cjaerkghcøj nj tcnkpe rngi pgrg ig tekg fn fnhcscejns, tefe bgsgfe nj ujg aunjtn üjchg fn cjaerkghcøj. Ghtugiknjtn GffHejtrei hunjtg hej uj mrgj jüknre fn hicnjtns heke< Nspghce fn Grquctnhtes, Jãknscs, PREFNKNT, VNKBE, FCHG y kçs. (GffHejtrei, 2001)   ^jyseat NRP< prnsnjtg ig kgyer mgkg fn pescbcicfgfns pgrg qun igs nkprnsgs hunjtnj hej

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seiuhcejns cjtnmrgfgs qun aghcictnj ig mnstcøj fn sus rnhurses. rnhur ses. ^jg fn igs vnjtglgs hekpntctcvgs fn nstn scstnkg ns ni hejtgr hej prnhces ghhnscbins y ni kgyer rnspgife tnhjeiømche fni knrhgfe. Gfnkçs, supejn ujg ckpertgjtn fcskcjuhcøj fn hestes y fnfchghcøj fn dergs dekbrn nj 7>

 

  kgjtnjckcnjte cjaerkçtche, pnrkctcnjfe hnjtrgr su gtnjhcøj nj su jnmehce. Gimujgs nkprnsgs qun utciczgj nstn scstnkg sej< Hejstruhterg Vrnbei, Kgipe Hejstruhterg n Cjkebcicgrcg, Hejstruhterg Pctgmerg, Prnhej Hejstruhterg. (^jyseat, 2071) (vnr Gjnxe 2)

2.7.8  GJÇICXCX IEHGI Ig sctughcøj ghtugi fn igs nkprnsgs hejstruhtergs sn vg fnsgrreiigjfe fn kgjnrg pesctcvg yg qun dg guknjtgfe hejscfnrgbinknjtn per ies küitcpins preynhtes qun sn dgj mnjnrgfe y ig  prekehcøj g ig cjvnrscøj fn nfcachghcejns y ig hejstruhhcøj fn hgrrntnrgs, nste gyufg g ujg nstgbcicfgf fn igs nkprnsgs. Ig cjfustrcg fn ig hejstruhhcøj hrnhnrç g jcvni jghcejgi, girnfnfer fni 8.>% gi acjgi fn g÷e, ies qun scmjcachgrç ujg kntg fn cjvnrscøj fn 7=,000 kciiejns fn inkpcrgs.  (Fcgrce Ni Pgcs DJ, 2073) Xn njtcnjfn per Gfkcjcstrghcøj e Mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrces tefe ie rnigtcve gi hejtrei y kgjnle fn igs nxcstnjhcgs fn fntnrkcjgfes bcnjns, nj ig huçi sn gpichgj kãtefes y nstrgtnmcgs qun  punfnj dghnr rnjtgbin y pr prefuhtcve efuhtcve ig tnjnjhcg fn nstes bcnjns y g ig vnz scrvn pgrg nvgiugr ies  prehnfckcnjtes fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn fchdes prefuhtes. (Gmucigr, 2003). Ig Lchg (Ig Gmnjhcg fn Heepnrghcøj Cjtnrjghcejgi fni Lgpøj) jes fg grtëhuies pgrg aghcictgr ig ckpinknjtghcøj fni kgjnle gfnhugfe fn ies cjvnjtgrces< Fcgmjøstche fni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrce, Hejehckcnjte bçsche fni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce, >–X pgrg aghcictgr ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce, higscachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce,

kgjnle fn hekprgs y kgjnle epnrgtcve fn ëtnks prcerctgrce. (Gmucrrn, 2076) G fcanrnjhcg fn ies njterjes kghre y kchre, nj Dejfurgs je nxcstnj seatwgrns fn scstnkgs fn cjvnjtgrces nspnhëachgknjtn pgrg nkprnsgs fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj. Pnre sc sn dgj fnsgrreiigfe scstnkgs qun sej gfgptgbins pgrg ies fcanrnjtns rubres fn nkprnsgs qun nxcstnj nj ig nhejekcg dejfurn÷g. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiigj fes fn niies<   VnhGpre BEX< ns ujg gpichghcøj fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces qun hejstruyn uj ogrfnx fntgiigfe,

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 prnsnjtg nxcstnjhcgs per befnmgs fn prefuhtes, nxcstnjhcgs per iëjngs y hejtrei fn vnjhckcnjte fn prefuhtes pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fn uj gfnhugfe kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces qun brcjfn

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  seiuhcejns y snrvchces pgrg ig mnstcøj fn jnmehces nj Dejfurgs. (VNHGF - Vnhjeiemëg Gfkcjcstrgtcvg, 7334)   HieufBcz< preperhcejg dnrrgkcnjtgs pgrg prespnrgr y iinvgr ni hejtrei fn igs nkprnsgs.

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Hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces per suhursgi, kuitcbefnmgs, njtrgfgs, sgicfgs, aiule per ëtnk, mnjnrgi y tefe nj tcnkpe rngi. Ns utciczgfe per nkprnsgs qun sn fnfchgj g ig hejstruhhcøj y ns gfgptgfe g tefe tcpe fn jnmehce. (HieufBcz, 2071)

Xnmüj ies fgtes preperhcejgfes per ig Hçkgrg Dejfurn÷g fn ig Cjfustrcg fn ig Hejstruhhcøj (HDCHE) ies preynhtes fn hejstruhhcøj rnmcstrgfes g kgrze fni 2073 nj Dejfurgs sej<

Acmurg 1 Preynhtes rnmcstrgfes g kgrze 2073 (Hçkgrg Dejfurn÷g fn ig Cjfustrcg fn ig Hejstruhhcøj , 2073, p. 80)

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  2.7.6  GJÇICXCX CJVNRJE Ni hejtrei fni cjvnjtgrce ns uje fn ies gspnhtes fn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj qun nj ig kchre y  pnqun÷g nkprnsg ns kuy pehgs vnhns gtnjfcfe, scj tnjnrsn rnmcstres andghcnjtns, uj rnspejsgbin,  peiëtchgs e scstnkgs qun in gyufnj g nstg açhci pnre tnfcesg tgrng. tgrn g. (Gmucigr, 2003) Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg aun aujfgfg per ni Cjm. Rebnrte G. Iøpnz Rcvnrg ni = fn fchcnkbrn fn 73=0 nj ig hucfgf fn Vnmuhcmgipg hejstctucfg heke heknrhcgjtn cjfcvcfugi. Ni hrnhcnjtn fnsgrreiie fn ebrgs hcvcins nj ig hestg jertn ketcvø su trgsigfe g ig hucfgf fn Xgj Pnfre Xuig. Nj ies scmucnjtns g÷es ig nkprnsg iemre fnsgrreiigr preynhtes trgshnjfnjtgins peschcejçjfesn heke ujg fn igs hejstruhtergs iëfnrns fn ig rnmcøj. Nj 7330 ni Cjm. Rebnrte Iøpnz Rcvnrg fnhcfcø aerkgr ujg sehcnfgf hej sus dcles nstgbinhcnjfe ig nkprnsg heke sehcnfgf gjøjckg fn hgpctgi vgrcgbin. Ghtugiknjtn ig nkprnsg hej kçs fn 60 g÷es fn nxpnrcnjhcg hejtcjüg gpertgjfe gi fnsgrreiie fn Dejfurgs g trgvãs fn ig hejstruhhcøj fn ebrgs hcvcins nj ni çkbcte pübiche y prcvgfe. Hejstruynjfe Hejs truynjfe preynhtes heke jgvns cjfustrcgins, pigjtgs fn trgtgkcnjte fn gmug, pigjtgs fn njnrmëg tãrkchg, punjtns, nfcachces heknrhcgins, detnins y ebrgs hcvcins nj mnjnrgi. Ies snrvchces qun brcjfg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg sej ies scmucnjtns< 7)  Hejstruhhcøj y rndgbcictghcøj fn punjtns 2)  Nstruhturg Kntçichg 8)  Agbrchghcøj n dcjhgfe fn pcietns 6)  Nfcachghcejns cjfustrcgins, heknrhcgins y dgbctghcejgins >)  Pigjtgs fn trgtgkcnjte fn gmugs rnscfugins 1)  Pigjtgs tãrkchgs =)  Mgvcejns 4)  Ebrgs Hcvcins nj mnjnrgi Kcscøj< Xekes ujg nkprnsg iëfnr nj ig hejstruhhcøj fn ebrgs hcvcins? gtnjfcnjfe igs fcstcjtgs jnhnscfgfns fn junstrg sehcnfgf, hejstruynjfe hej hgicfgf, cjtnmrcfgf y prnhcscøj pgrg fn rnhejehcfes g jcvni jghcejgi.

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  Qcscøj< Hrnhnr heke nkprnsg iëfnr nj fcsn÷e y hejstruhhcøj fn ebrgs hcvcins, knlergjfe junstres snrvchces pgrg earnhnr ig knler hgicfgf y hestes nj junstres preynhtes.

Acmurg = kgpg fn prehnses Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg (Iepnz-Rcvnrg, 2073) Ghtugiknjtn ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg prnsnjtg fnachcnjhcgs nj ni kgjnle fn sus kgtnrcgins. Nstn ns hejscfnrgfe uj prebinkg fn gbgstnhckcnjte e agitg fn erfnj fejfn ies kgtnrcgins g utciczgr je nstçj fcspejcbins nj ni keknjte gfnhugfe. Per nstg rgzøj gi fnsgrreiigr fcvnrsgs ebrgs herrnj ni rcnsme fn rngiczgr mgstes cjjnhnsgrces gi je hejtgr hej he j uj rnmcstre gfnhugfe nj fejfn sn njhunjtrgj ies kgtnrcgins e ni nqucpe g utciczgr. 2.2  VNERËG FN X^XVNJVE

Hej ni prepøscte fn fgrin sepertn gi tnkg fn cjvnstcmghcøj, sn hejsuitgrej ujg snrcn fn  bcbicemrgaëgs fn fcvnrses guterns rnan rnanrnjtn rnjtn gi tnkg fn gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces he hejj ni acj fn ercnjtgr ni preynhte y g ig vnz brcjfgr ujg rnspunstg g ig prnmujtg aerkuigfg gi cjchce, fgjfe g su vnz rnspunstgs g ies prebinkgs njhejtrgfes nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg.

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  2.2.7  GFKCJCXVRGHCØJ FN CJQNJVGRCEX Pgrg pefnr hekprnjfnr ni hejhnpte fn gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces ns jnhnsgrce nkpnzgr  per njtnjfnr ie qun ssej ej ies cjvnjtgrces. ’Ies cjvnjtgrces fn ujg hekpg÷ëg nstçj hejstctucfes per sus kgtnrcgs prckgs, sus prefuhtes nj prehnse, ies sukcjcstres qun utciczg nj sus epnrghcejns y ies  prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes‛. (Kuiinr, 2002, p. 4) ^jg vnz njtnjfcfe qun sej ies cjvnjtgrces pefnkes fnacjcr ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces heke uje fn ies tnkgs kçs hekpinles y gpgscejgjtns fn ig iemës iemëstchg tchg y fn ig pigjnghcøj y gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ig hgfnjg fn gbgstnhckcnjtes. Ns ig gpichghcøj fn prehnfckcnjtes y tãhjchgs qun tcnjnj per eblnte gbgstnhnr y kgjtnjnr igs hgjtcfgfns jnhnsgrcgs fn kgtnrcg prckg, prefuhtes nj prehnse, prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes y etres tcpes fn cjvnjtgrces. Bushgjfe kcjckczgr ies hestes pgrg igs nkprnsgs. Fn ig kcskg kgjnrg nj qun igs nkprnsgs dgj cfe kefnrjczçjfesn y hrnhcnjfe, ies gfkcjcstrgferns dgj hrnhcfe nj hejehckcnjte y hekprnjfcfe ig jnhnscfgf fn ckpinknjtgr herrnhtes prehnses nj hugjte gi gjçicscs, pigjcachghcøj, hejtrei y eptckczghcøj fn sus cjvnjtgrces. Ig rgzøj fn nstn cjtnrãs per pgrtn fn ies gfkcjcstrgferns sn bgsg nj qun ies cjvnjtgrces rnprnsnjtgj ujg bunjg pgrtn fn ies ghtcves hcrhuigjtns, y per njfn rnprnsnjtgj fcjnre. Ni dnhde fn qun nstes sn ghukuinj rnprnsnjtg cjkevciczghcøj fni hgpctgi. ’Ig hrnhcnjtn jnhnscfgf fn igs nkprnsgs fn rnfuhcr ies hestes nj sus epnrghcejns fcgrcgs  n

cjhrnknjtgr ies bnjnachces pgrg ies ghhcejcstgs dg mnjnrgfe qun vngj g igs ghtcvcfgfns iemëstchgs heke uj aehe pgrg gihgjzgr nstes eblntcves‛  (Hdeprg & Kncjfi, 2004, p. >>2) Xn njtcnjfn qun ig kgjnrg nj qun sn gfkcjcstrn ies cjvnjtgrces, je ns ujg seig aørkuig e tnerëg mnjnrgiczgfg g ckpinknjtgrsn nj tefgs igs nkprnsgs. Hgfg ujg fnpnjfn fni rubre fn ig nkprnsg, ni prefuhte qun sn heknrhcgiczg, ies nspghces fn gikghnjgkcnjte y ies rnhurses hej ies qun hunjtnj, nstgs sej gimujes fn ies pujtes g hejscfnrgrsn gi keknjte fn nshemnr uj scstnkg fn gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces. HIGXCACHGHCØJ FN IEX KEFNIEX FN CJQNJVGRCEX Nxcstnj juknresgs aerkgs fn høke gfkcjcstrgr ies cjvnjtgrces, fnsfn høke fnbnj fn snr higscachgfes, snmüj sus hgrghtnrëstchgs aëschgs, su utcicfgf e jnhnscfgfns aëschgs fn ig nkprnsg. ’Ig

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  higscachghcøj mnjnrgi fn ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces fnpnjfn fni tcpe fn fnkgjfg qun tnjmg ni grtëhuie. Nstg fnkgjfg seie punfn snr fn fes tcpes< fntnrkcjëstchg e prebgbciëstchg? nj ni prcknr hgse ig fnkgjfg fni grtëhuie pgrg uj pnrëefe auture ns hejehcfg hej nxghtctuf y prebgbciëstchg nj ni hgse qun ig fnkgjfg fni grtëhuie pgrg uj pnrëefe auture je sn hejehn hej hnrtnzg. Gfnkgs fn nsgs fes mrgjfns higscachghcejns nxcstnj subhigscachghcejns< 7.  Vcpe fn prefuhte< punfnj snr prefuhtes pnrnhnfnres, sustctutes e furgfnres. 2.  Hgjtcfgf fn prefuhtes< nxcstnj kefnies pgrg uj seie prefuhte e pgrg vgrces. 8.  Kefnies qun pnrkctnj e je, fãachct. 6.  Ies tcnkpes fn njtrnmg< punfnj snr gi cmugi qun ig fnkgjfg fntnrkcjëstches e  prebgbciëstches. >.  Kefnies qun cjveiuhrgj e je, hestes acles. 1.  Vcpe fn rnvcscøj< ig rnvcscøj fn uj fntnrkcjgfe grtchuie punfn snr hejtcjug e pnrcøfchg. =.  Vcpe fn rnpeschcøj< fnpnjfcnjfe fni tcpe fn rnpeschcøj sn fchn uj kefnie pefnr snr fn rnpeschcøj cjstgjtçjng hugjfe ni grtëhuie ns hekprgfe y fn rnpeschcøj hejtcjug hugjfe ni grtëhuie ns prefuhcfe nj ujg pigjtg kgjuaghturnrg. 4.  Derczejtn fn pigjnghcøj< ni derczejtn fn pigjnghcøj punfn cjhiucr uj seie pnrcefe e vgrces.‛ (Xgigs, 2003, p. 74)

HEKPEJNJVNX FN ^J KEFNIE FN CJQNJVGRCEX

’Fnjtre fn ies hekpejnjtns fn uj kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces sn punfnj njuknrgr ies scmucnjtns<   Hestes< ies hestes fn uj scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces punfnj snr kgjtnjckcnjte, per erfnjgr,

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 pnjgiczghcøj y vgrcgbin.   Fnkgjfg< ig fnkgjfg fn uj fntnrkcjgfe grtëhuie ns ni jüknre fn ujcfgfns qun sn preynhtg

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vnjfnr nj uj pnrcefe auture? kçs vgin ghigrgr qun je ns ig hgjtcfgf vnjfcfg.   Vcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj< tcnkpe qun trgjshurrn njtrn ni keknjte nj qun sn heiehg ujg

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erfnj fn prefuhhcøj e hekprg y ni cjstgjtn nj qun sn cjchcg ig prefuhhcøj e sn rnhcbn ig hekprg‛. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 73)

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  XCXVNKG FN HIGXCACHGHCØJ GBH S XO^ ’Igs fnhcscejns sebrn cjvnjtgrces sn bgsgj, nj üitckg cjstgjhcg, nj ëtnks cjfcvcfugins. ^j

Xteho Onnpcjm ^jct (XO^) ns uj ëtnk cjfcvcfugi qun sn punfn fcanrnjhcgr higrgknjtn fn etre. Ns fnhcr, qun tcnjn fcanrnjtns høfcmes nj ni scstnkg fn cjaerkghcøj gsehcgfe e cjhiuse, qun, guj tnjcnjfe ni kcske høfcme, sn iehgiczg nj rnmcejns mnemrçachgs fcanrnjtns. Punfnj nxcstcr XO^ hej fcanrnjhcgs nj fntgiins kuy pnqun÷es, per nlnkpie, su heier. Nj etrgs ehgscejns, fnpnjfcnjfe fn ies eblntcves qun sn pnrscmgj, ig higscachghcøj punfn snr kçs gmrnmgfg gmr nmgfg y uj XO^ punfn rnprnsnjtgr agkcicgs fn grtëhuies snknlgjtns, gujqun fn fcanrnjtn heier. Nste herrnspejfn g ig hejehcfg higscachghcøj GBH‛. (Deimucj, 2070, p. 26)

Ni kãtefe GBH fn ies cjvnjtgrces ns tgkbcãj hejehcfe heke ni kãtefe fn Pgrnte e ni kãtefe 40-20, huyg tnerëg sn bgsg nj qun ni 40% fn ig rcqunzg nstç fcstrcbucfg nj ni 20% fn ig  pebighcøj. Munrrnre fnacjn ni scstnkg GBH heke uj scstnkg fn higscachghcøj fn ies prefuhtes pgrg aclgrins uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn hejtrei fn nxcstnjhcgs? pgrg hej nste rnfuhcr tcnkpes fn hejtrei, nsaunrzes y hestes nj ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces. Ni scstnkg GBH higscachg ies prefuhtes nj trns mrupes fn prefuhtes prcjhcpgins, ies hugins sej< G)  Prefuhtes tcpe G< cjveiuhrg ies grtëhuies qun, per su heste ninvgfe, gitg cjvnrscøj nj ni cjvnjtgrce, jcvni fn utciczghcøj e gpertn g igs utcicfgfns jnhnsctgj fn uj 700% nj ni hejtrei fn nxcstnjhcgs. B)  Prefuhte tcpe B< hekprnjfn gquniies prefuhtes qun q un sej fn knjer heste y knjer ckper ckpertgjhcg? tgjhcg? y ies hugins rnqucnrnj uj knjer mrgfe fn hejtrei. H)  Prefuhte tcpe H< nj nstg üitckg higscachghcøj sn heiehgj ies prefuhtes fn kuy bgle heste, cjvnrscøj bglg y pehg ckpertgjhcg pgrg ni prehnse prefuhtcve? y qun tgj seie rnqucnrnj fn kuy  pehg supnrvcscøj sebrn ni jcvni fn sus nxcstnjhcgs. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 27)

Fnjtre fn ies scstnkgs kçs hekujns utciczgfes pgrg rngiczgr nstg higscachghcøj sn njhunjtrgj< 7)  Higscachghcøj per prnhce ujctgrce< Nstn sn hejscfnrg ni kãtefe kçs açhci fn gpichgr y hejscstn fni scmucnjtn prehnse< 22

 

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Pgse 7< preknfcgr ies prnhces ujctgrces fn ies cjvnjtgrces fn ies prefuhtes fn uj fntnrkcjgfe pnrcefe.

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Pgse 2< erfnjgr ies grtëhuies fni cjvnjtgrce nj erfnj fnshnjfnjtn hej bgsn nj su  prnhce.

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Pgse 8< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe G, gi 7>% fni tetgi fn grtëhuies. grtëhuies . Nstes grtëhuies fnbnj herrnspejfnr g ies prcknres icstgfes.

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Pgse 6< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe B, gi 20% fn ies grtëhuies rnstgjtns nj ni n i kcske erfnj.

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Pgse >< higscachgr heke prefuhtes tcpe H, gi rnstgjtn fn ies grtëhuies. Nstes herrnspejfnj g ies fn knjer vgier.

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Pgse 1< hej bgsn nj ig higscachghcøj sn nstgbinhn peiëtchgs fn hejtrei y pnrcefchcfgf fn ies pnfcfes. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 24)

2)  Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi< Nstn ns kuy sckcigr gi utciczgfe pgrg higscachgr per prnhce e heste ujctgrce? seie qun sn tekg nj hunjtg pgrg ig higscachghcøj ni vgier tetgi fni cjvnjtgrce y rnqucnrn qun ni gjgicstg acln uj jcvni e perhnjtgln fn ckpertgjhcg pgrg hgfg jcvni fn higscachghcøj. Xu prehnfckcnjte gfnhugfe ns ni scmucnjtn<  

Pgse 7< preknfcgr ies vgierns tetgins cjvnrtcfes nj ies cjvnjtgrces fn ies prefuhtes fn uj fntnrkcjgfe pnrcefe.

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Pgse 2< erfnjgr ies grtëhuies fni cjvnjtgrce nj erfnj fnshnjfnjtn fnshnjf njtn hej bgsn nj ni tetgi fn fcjnre cjvnrtcfe.

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Pgse 8< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe G, gi perhnjtgln fni tetgi fn grtëhuies qun fntnrkcjn ni gjgicstg pgrg nstg higscachghcøj. Nstes grtëhuies fnbnj herrnspejfnr g ies prcknres fni icstgfe.

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Pgse 6< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe B, g ig hgjtcfgf fn prefuhtes qun herrnspejfgj herrns pejfgj gi perhnjtgln fntnrkcjgfe hej bgsn nj ig ckpertgjhcg pgrg nstg higscachghcøj.

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Pgse >< higscachgr heke prefuhtes tcpe H ni rnste fn ies grtëhuies. Nstes herrnspejfnj herrns pejfnj g ies fn knjer cjvnrscøj nj ni cjvnjtgrce.

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Pgse 1< hej bgsn nj ig higscachghcøj sn nstgbinhnj igs peiëtchgs fn hejtrei y  pnrcefchcfgf fn ies pnfcfes. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 24)

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  8)  Higscachghcøj per utciczghcøj y vgier< Pgrg nstn kãtefe søie sn tekg nj hunjtg, knfcgjtn fgtes dcstørches, ig utciczghcøj e hejsuke fn hgfg uje fn ies grtëhuies hej su herrnspejfcnjtn heste. Gi cmugi qun nj ni kãtefe gjtnrcer sn rnqucnrn qun ni gjgicstg acln uj jcvni e perhnjtgln fn ckpertgjhcg pgrg hgfg jcvni fn higscachghcøj. Xu prehnfckcnjte gfnhugfe ns ni scmucnjtn<  

Pgse 7< ebtnjnr ni hejsuke fn hgfg grtëhuie pgrg ujg kcskg ujcfgf fn tcnkpe y ni heste fn hgfg ujcfgf fn prefuhte. Hej bgsn nj nstes fgtes sn ebtcnjn ni vgier fni cjvnjtgrce hejsukcfe.

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Pgse 2< erfnjgr ies grtëhuies fni cjvnjtgrce nj erfnj er fnj fnshnjfnjtn hej bgsn nj ni vgier fni cjvnjtgrce hejsukcfe.

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Pgse 8< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe G, gi perhnjtgln fni tetgi fn grtëhuies fntnrkcjgfe per ni gjgicstg pgrg nstg higscachghcøj. Nstes grtëhuies fnbnj herrnspejfnr g ies prcknres fni icstgfe.

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Pgse 6< higscachgr heke grtëhuies tcpe B, g ig hgjtcfgf fn prefuhtes qun herrnspejfgj herrns pejfgj gi perhnjtgln fntnrkcjgfe hej bgsn nj ig ckpertgjhcg pgrg nstg higscachghcøj.

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Pgse >< higscachgr heke prefuhtes tcpe H gi rnste fn ies grtëhuies. Nstes herrnspejfnj herrnsp ejfnj g ies fn knjer vgier fnjtre fn ies prefuhtes hejsukcfes.

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Pgse 1< hej bgsn nj ig higscachghcøj sn nstgbinhnj igs peiëtchgs fn hejtrei y  pnrcefchcfgf fn ies pnfcfes. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 86)

6)  Higscachghcøj per su gpertn g igs utcicfgfns Nj nstn kãtefe ig higscachghcøj fn ies prefuhtes sn rngiczg fn ig kcskg aerkg qun sn utciczø nj ig higscachghcøj per prnhce ujctgrce? hej ig fcanrnjhcg qun sn rngiczg hej ni fgte fn utcicfgfns fn hgfg uje fn ies prefuhtes. Heke ns nvcfnjtn sn rnqucnrn hgihuigr ni prnhce fn vnjtg y ies hestes ujctgrces fn hgfg ujg fn igs rnanrnjhcgs. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 86)

XCXVNKGX FN CJQNJVGRCEX

^j scstnkg e kefnie fn cjvnjtgrce sn fnacjn heke ujg nstruhturg qun scrvn pgrg hejtreigr ni jcvni fn nxcstnjhcg y pgrg fntnrkcjgr huçjte dgy qun pnfcr fn hgfg ninknjte y hugjfe dgy qun dghnrie. Nxcstnj fes tcpes fn kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces< 26

 

  2.2.7.6.7  XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCE FN RNQCXCØJ HEJVCJ^G Nj nstn kefnie sn kgjtcnjn uj rnmcstre fn igs nxcstnjhcgs fcspejcbins pgrg hgfg grtëhuie. Hugjfe igs nxcstnjhcgs fnshcnjfnj dgstg ni fnjekcjgfe pujte fn pnfcfe e pujte fn rnerfnj, sn heiehg ujg erfnj pgrg rnpejnr ni cjvnjtgrce. Nstg erfnj hejscstn nj ujg hgjtcfgf aclg fn kgtnrcgi qun kcjckczg ies hestes tetgins fn cjvnjtgrce (hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn pnfcfe ). Ig prcjhcpgi vnjtglg fn nstn kefnie rnscfn nj qun nj tefe keknjte sn hejehn ni nstgfe fni cjvnjtgrce. Nste ns nspnhcgiknjtn ckpertgjtn pgrg ies sukcjcstres hrëtches fn ig nkprnsg, tgins heke igs kgtnrcgs prckgs. Xcj nkbgrme, ni heste fn kgjtnjnr uj kefnie fn nstn tcpe punfn snr ujg mrgj fnsvnjtglg fnbcfe gi heste mnjnrgfe per ig rnvcscøj hejstgjtn fni cjvnjtgrce. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 700) Vgi heke sn ebsnrvg nj ig scmucnjtn acmurg sn cjtrefuhn ujg erfnj fn hekprg (hgjtcfgf aclg W) luste nj ni keknjte nj qun ni cjvnjtgrce iinmg gi pujte fn pnfcfe (PP), hej uj tcnkpe fn gjtnighcøj (VG) y ujg vnz trgjshurrcfe nsn tcnkpe sn fg ig iinmgfg rngi fni pnfcfe.

Acmurg 4 aiule fn pujte fn rnerfnj Aunjtn< (Xgigs, 2003, p. 707)

Fnjtre fn nstn kefnie nxcstnj trns gitnrjgtcvgs pescbins< G.  Fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn< nj nstn tcpe fn sctughcøj sn supejn qun ig fnkgjfg je ns fntnrkcjëstchg (hejstgjtn) scje qun per ni hejtrgrce pesnn ujg fcstrcbuhcøj nkpërchg fn prebgbcicfgf? ie hugi dghn qun nj hugiqucnr pnrcefe fn tcnkpe sn punfg prnsnjtgr

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  hugiqucnr fnkgjfg. Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns hejstgjtn, ns fnhcr sn hejehn hej nxghtctuf huçjte tcnkpe fnkerg ni prevnnfer nj njtrnmgr su pnfcfe. Pgrg gpichgr nstn kefnie sn rnhekcnjfg tnjnr nj hunjtg ni scmucnjtn prehnse< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce. Pgrg nste sn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 7777 + 2222 + 8888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 7 fnkgjfg preknfce

Fejfn r rnprnsnjtg ig fnkgjfg y ƕ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg. 2)  Pgse 2< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr< pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr sn utciczg u tciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fn hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn pnfcfe fni kefnie fntnrkcjëstche f ntnrkcjëstche fn hekprg scj fãachct, rnnkpigzgjfe nj ni tãrkcje fn ig fnkgjfg ni vgier fn fnkgjfg preknfce hgihuigfe nj ni  pujte gjtnrcer. Xu nhughcøj qunfg nstgbinhcfg nstgbin hcfg fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg.

Nhughcøj 2 hgjtcfgf g pnfcr 

2  ;  2

 

Fejfn He rnprnsnjtg heste per erfnjgr y Hk rnprnsnjtg heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte. 8)  Pgse 8< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj? heke ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns hejstgjtn sn nstgbinhnj tefes ies pescbins hejsukes nj nsn tcnkpe? qun ns ni cjvnjtgrce qun sn tnjfrç fcspejcbin pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg fni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj, ns fnhcr, cjvnjtgrce pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg kcnjtrgs iinmg ni junve pnfcfe. Gsehcgfe g nste sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn fchdg fnkgjfg. 6)  Pgse 6< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct? nj nstn pujte sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce e pujte fn pnfcfe (pgrg nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg). Gsehcgfe g nstn rcnsme fn fãachct, gutekçtchgknjtn sn nstç nstgbinhcnjfe ni jcvni fn snrvchce gi hicnjtn. (tefes ies pgses p gses fn gquë nj gfnigjtn fnpnjfnj fni rcnsme fn fãachct). 21

 

 

>)  Pgse >< Hgihuigr ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj? ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj ie fntnrkcjg ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj pgrg ni rcnsme rcns me fn fãachct gsukcfe e ghnptgfe. 1)  Pgse 1< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe? ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe sn fnacjn dghcnjfe uj pnfcfe scnkprn per ig kcskg hgjtcfgf W, hgfg vnz qun ni cjvnjtgrce iinmun gi pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj. =)  Pgse =< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf? igs nxcstnjhcgs nxcstnjhcg s fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ig fnkgjfg tekn ies vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<  

 ;  − 

Nhughcøj 8 nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf  Fejfn  NX sej igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf, kgx  ns ig fnkgjfg nj ni jcvni fn rcnsme ghnptgfe, r ns ig fnkgjfg preknfce y VG rnprnsnjtg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj (tcnkpe fnsfn ig heiehghcøj fn uj pnfcfe dgstg ig iinmgfg fni kcske).

4)  Pgse 4< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce? pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn hekprg scj fãachct, hgkbcgjfe ig fnkgjfg fnkgjf g per ig fnkgjfg  preknfce. Nste ns gsë<

 ; ∜ 2 2 + 

 

Nhughcøj 6 heste tetgi preknfce

3)  Pgse 3< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi? ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse ns ig scmucnjtn<

 ;  + 

 

Nhughcøj > heste tetgi (Xgigs, 2003, p. 707, 702)

2=

 

  B.  Fnkgjfg hejstgjtn y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj vgrcgbin< nj nstn ëtnk ig fnkgjfg ns fntnrkcjëstchg (hejstgjtn) y ni gspnhte prebgbciëstche ie hejaerkg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj, ni hugi yg je ns acle. Pgrg gpichgr nstg gitnrjgtcvg sn rnhekcnjfg tnjnr nj hunjtg ni scmucnjtn prehnfckcnjte< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce. Pgrg nste sn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 7 777 + 2 222 + 8 888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 1 tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce

Fejfn VG rnprnsnjtg hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj y rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn hgfg uje fn nses tcnkpes.

2)  Pgse 2< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr< pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fn hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn pnfcfe fni kefnie fntnrkcjëstche fn hekprg scj fãachct. Nste ns gsë<

Nhughcøj = hgjtcfgf g pnfcr

2  ;  2

 

Fejfn He rnprnsnjtg heste per erfnjgr y Hk rnprnsnjtg heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte. 

8)  Pgse 8< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj prebgbin. Fgfe qun ig fnkgjfg nj nstn hgse ns hejstgjtn, üjchgknjtn sn nstgbinhnj ies hejsukes nj hgfg uje fn ies  pescbins tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj hej qun sn hunjtg. Gsehcgfe g nste sn s n fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig  prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg pgrg hgfg tcnkpe. 6)  Pgse 6< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct. Nj nstn pujte sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce e pujte fn pnfcfe (pgrg nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg). Gsehcgfe g nstn rcnsme fn 24

 

  fãachct, gutekçtchgknjtn sn nstç nstgbinhcnjfe ni jcvni fn snrvchce gi hicnjtn. (tefes ies pgses p gses fn gquë nj gfnigjtn fnpnjfnj fni rcnsme fn fãachct). >)  Pgse >< Hgihuigr ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj. Ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj ie fntnrkcjg ig fnkgjfg nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj pgrg ni rcnsme fn fãachct gsukcfe e ghnptgfe. 1)  Pgse 1< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe. Ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe sn fnacjn dghcnjfe uj pnfcfe scnkprn per ig kcskg hgjtcfgf W, hgfg vnz qun ni cjvnjtgrce iinmun gi pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj. =)  Pgse =< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf. Igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj tekn ies vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<

 ;  − 

 

Nhughcøj 4 nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf

Fejfn  NX sej igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf, r   kgx ns ig fnkgjfg nj ni jcvni fn rcnsme ghnptgfe, r ns ig fnkgjfg hejstgjtn y ( VG) rnprnsnjtg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce.

4)  Pgse 4< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn

 ; ∜ 22  + 

utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn hekprg scj fãachct. Nste ns gsë<  

Nhughcøj 3 heste tetgi preknfce

3)  Pgse 3< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi. Ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse ns ig scmucnjtn<

 ;  + 

 

Nhughcøj 70 heste tetgi 23

 

  Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn punfn utciczgr ig scmucnjtn nhughcøj<  

  ;  +  ( ) +  (2) +  

 

Nhughcøj 77 heste tetgi (Xgigs, 2003, p. 70=, 704)  H.  Fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj vgrcgbin< tgjte ig fnkgjfg heke ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj sej vgrcgbins, ie qun cjfchg qun lujtes sej fn tcpe prebgbciëstche. Pgrg nstn tcpe fn gpichghcejns sn rnhekcnjfg snmucr ni scmucnjtn prehnfckcnjte< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce. Xn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 7777 + 2222 + 8888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 72 fnkgjfg preknfce

Fejfn r rnprnsnjtg ig fnkgjfg y e rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg. 2)  Pgse 2< Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce. Xn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aerkuig<

 ; 77 + 22 + 88+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 78 tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce

Fejfn VG rnprnsnjtg hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj y Ρ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn hgfg uje fn nses tcnkpes. 8)  Pgse 8< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr. Pgrg fntnrkcjgr f ntnrkcjgr ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fn hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn pnfcfe fni kefnie fntnrkcjëstche f ntnrkcjëstche fn hekprg scj fãachct, rnnkpigzgjfe nj ni tãrkcje fn ig fnkgjfg, ni vgier fn fnkgjfg preknfce hgihuigfe nj ni  pgse 7. Xu nhughcøj qunfg nstgbinhcfg nstgb inhcfg fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg<

2  ;   

 

80

 

 

Nhughcøj 76 hgjtcfgf g pnfcr Fejfn He rnprnsnjtg heste per erfnjgr y Hk rnprnsnjtg heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte. 6)  Pgse 6< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj prebgbin. Heke ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns vgrcgbin sn nstgbinhnj tefes ies pescbins hejsukes nj hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj? ie hugi pnrkctcrç nstgbinhnr ies pescbins jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce qun sn tnjfrçj fcspejcbins pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg fni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj? ns fnhcr cjvnjtgrce pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg kcnjtrgs iinmg ni junve pnfcfe. Gsehcgfe g nste sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn fchdg fnkgjfg. >)  Pgse >< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct. Nj nstn pujte sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce e pujte fn pnfcfe (pgrg nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg). Gsehcgfe g nstn rcnsme fn fãachct, gutekçtchgknjtn sn nstç nstgbinhcnjfe ni jcvni fn snrvchce gi hicnjtn. (tefes ies pgses p gses fn gquë nj gfnigjtn fnpnjfnj fni rcnsme fn fãachct). 1)  Pgse 1< Hgihuigr ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj. Ni pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj ie fntnrkcjg ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj pgrg ni rcnsme fn fãachct gsukcfe e ghnptgfe. =)  Pgse =< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe< ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe sn fnacjn dghcnjfe uj pnfcfe scnkprn per ig kcskg hgjtcfgf W, hgfg vnz qun ni cjvnjtgrce iinmun gi pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj. 4)  Pgse 4< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf. Igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ig fnkgjfg tekn ies vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce, gi cmugi qun sc ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj tekg uj vgier  per grrcbg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<  

 ;  − 

Nhughcøj 7> nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf

87

 

  Fejfn  NX sej igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf, r   kgx ns ig fnkgjfg nj ni jcvni fn rcnsme ghnptgfe, r ns ig fnkgjfg preknfce y (VG) rnprnsnjtg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce. 3)  Pgse 3< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn hekprg scj fãachct, hgkbcgjfe ig fnkgjfg per ig fnkgjfg preknfce. Nste ns gsë<

 ; ∜ 2 2 +  

 

Nhughcøj 71 heste tetgi preknfce

70) Pgse 70< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi. Ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse ns ig scmucnjtn<  

 ;  +   ;  +  ( ) + (2) + 

Nhughcøj 7= heste tetgi

Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn punfn utciczgr ig scmucnjtn nhughcøj<

 

Nhughcøj 74 heste tetgi  (Xgigs, 2003, p. 777, 772) 2.2.7.6.2  XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCEX FN RNQCXCØJ PNRCØFCHG Pgrg nstn scstnkg, ni jcvni e hgjtcfgf g pnfcr sn hugjtcachg pnrcøfchgknjtn (je dgy ujg hgjtcfgf aclg fn pnfcfe), ns fnhcr qun sn rngiczg yg sng hgfg h gfg snkgjg, gi acjgi fn kns, hgfg 8 snkgjgs, nth. G nstn tcnkpe qun sn nstcpuig fnpnjfcnjfe fn ig cjaerkghcøj nspnhëachg sn in iigkg cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes y nj nstn scstnkg ns ie qun pnrkgjnhn hejstgjtn. ^jg vnz dnhdg ig rnvcscøj herrnspejfcnjtn, sn dghn uj pnfcfe per ig hgjtcfgf fn kgtnrcgi jnhnsgrcg pgrg dghnr qun ni cjvnjtgrce vunivg g su jcvni fnsngfe. Ni hestn fn rnvcscøj fni scstnkg ns rnfuhcfe, perqun je sn rnvcsgj igs nxcstnjhcgs njtrn ig heiehghcøj fn fes pnfcfes. Xcj nkbgrme, 82

 

  gi nstgr rngiczgjfe rnvcscejns pnrcøfchgs ni hejtrei sebrn ies jcvnins fn nxcstnjhcgs ns kuhde knjer? per ie tgjte, je sn rnhekcnjfg pgrg prefuhtes e pgrtns hrëtchgs fn ig prefuhhcøj. Gderg, ni nkpine fn nstn kefnie hejfuhn g qun sn gihgjhnj jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce kçs ninvgfes, hej ni hejscmucnjtn cjhrnknjte nj ni heste. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 77=) Nj ig scmucnjtn acmurg sn punfn gprnhcgr qun yg je dgy uj pujte acle fni cjvnjtgrce (pujte fn pnfcfe), scje uj cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes acles y hejstgjtns g trgvãs fn tefe ni derczejtn fn  pigjnghcøj.

Acmurg 3 aiule fn rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg Aunjtn< (Xgigs, 2003, p. 77=)

Gi cmugi qun ni kefnie fn rnvcscej hejtcjug, nj nstn kefnie nxcstnj trns gitnrjgtcvgs pescbins< G.  Fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn< nj nstn tcpe fn sctughcøj sn supejn qun ig fnkgjfg je ns fntnrkcjëstchg (hejstgjtn) scje qun per ni hejtrgrce pesnn ujg fcstrcbuhcøj nkpërchg fn prebgbcicfgf? ie hugi dghn qun nj hugiqucnr pnrëefe fn tcnkpe sn punfg prnsnjtgr hugiqucnr fnkgjfg. Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns hejstgjtn, ns fnhcr sn hejehn hej nxghtctuf huçjte tcnkpe fnkerg ni prevnnfer nj njtrnmgr su pnfcfe. Pgrg gpichgr nstn kefnie sn rnhekcnjfg tnjnr nj hunjtg ni scmucnjtn prehnfckcnjte< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce. Pgrg nste sn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 7777 + 2222 + 8888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 73 fnkgjfg preknfce

Fejfn r rnprnsnjtg ig fnkgjfg y Ρ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg. 2)  Pgse 2< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf W< Nstg hgjtcfgf gquë je pnrkctn fntnrkcjgr ig hgjtcfgf g  pnfcr? pnre sc scrvn fn kuhde gpeye pgrg nstgbinhnrig kçs gfnigjtn. Gfnkçs, hej nstg

88

 

  hgjtcfgf sn nvgiüg ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. Xu nhughcøj ns ig kcskg fni kefnie fn rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg.

2  ;  2

 

Nhughcøj 20 hgjtcfgf Fejfn He rnprnsnjtg heste per erfnjgr y Hk rnprnsnjtg heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte. 

8)  Pgse 8< Dgiigr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes pn fcfes sn supejn qun sn hunjtg hej ujg hgjtcfgf W nj cjvnjtgrce? y sn nstgbinhn pgrg hugjte tcnkpe gihgjzg nstg hgjtcfgf sc sn supejn ujg fnkgjfg preknfce. Xu nhughcøj ns ig scmucnjtn<

 ; 

 

Nhughcøj 27 cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes

6)  Pgse 6< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj kçs ni cjtnrvgie njtrn  pnfcfes. Vgi vnz, nstg ns ig fcanrnjhc fcanrnjhcgg mrgjfn njtr njtrnn ies fes kefnies, puns, nj ni kefnie fn rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg ns jnhnsgrce tnjnr nj hunjtg nj ies hçihuies, ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes, yg qun je dgy rnvcscejns cjtnrknfcgs njtrn uj pnfcfe y ni scmucnjtn. Gsehcgfe g nste sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn fchdg fnkgjfg. >)  Pgse >< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct< nj nstn pujte sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj cjtnrvgie fn tcnkpe nspnhëache (pgrg nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg). Gsehcgfe g nstn rcnsme fn fãachct, gutekçtchgknjtn sn nstç nstgbinhcnjfe ni jcvni fn snrvchce snr vchce gi hicnjtn (tefes ies pgses fn gq gquë uë nj gfnigjtn fnpnjfnj fni rcnsme fn fãachct).

86

 

  1)  Pgse 1< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf. Igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ig fnkgjfg tekn ies vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<

 ;  − ++ 

 

Nhughcøj 22 nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf

Fejfn  NX sej igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf, r   kgx ns ig fnkgjfg nj ni jcvni fn rcnsme ghnptgfe, r ns ig fnkgjfg preknfce, (GV) rnprnsnjtg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj (tcnkpe fnsfn ig heiehghcøj fn uj pnfcfe dgstg ig iinmgfg fni kcske n CP rnprnsnjtg ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. =)  Pgse =< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe. Xn fnacjn dghcnjfe ujg rnvcscøj gi cjvnjtgrce fn hgfg cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes y heiehgjfe ujg erfnj fn pnfcfe (sc ns jnhnsgrce, ns pescbin qun ig aerkuig grreln vgierns knjerns e cmugins g hnre, nj huye hgse je sn heiehg erfnj) nstgbinhcfg per ig scmucnjtn rnighcøj<

 ;  +  −  −  + 

 

Nhughcøj 28 peiëtchg fn pnfcfe

Nj nstg aørkuig Wp rnprnsnjtg ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr, W ns ig hgjtcfgf hgihuigfg nj ni pgse 2, cjv ns ni cjvnjtgrce nxcstnjtn nj ni keknjte fn ig rnvcscøj, ^P sej igs ujcfgfns qun yg sn  pcfcnrej gi prevnnfer pnre qun nj ni keknjte fn ig rnvcscøj je dgj iinmgfe, r ns ig fnkgjfg  preknfce y VG ns ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj.

4)  Pgse 4< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug. Nste ns gsë<

 ; ∜ 2 2 +  

 

Nhughcøj 26 heste tetgi preknfce 8>

 

 

3)  Pgse 3< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi. Ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse ns ig scmucnjtn (ig kcskg fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug)<

Nhughcøj 2> heste tetgi

 ;  + + 

 

Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn punfn utciczgr ig scmucnjtn nhughcøj<

 ;  +  ( ) +  (2) +  

 

Nhughcøj 21 heste tetgi 

(Xgigs, 2003, p. 774, 773) B.  Fnkgjfg hejstgjtn y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj vgrcgbin< nj nstn ëtnk ig fnkgjfg ns fntnrkcjëstchg (hejstgjtn) y ni gspnhte prebgbciëstche ie hejaerkg ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj, ni hugi yg je ns acle, ns fnhcr sn fnshejehn ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg per pgrtn fn ies prevnnferns. Pgrg gpichgr nstn kefnie sn rnhekcnjfg tnjnr nj hunjtg ni scmucnjtn prehnfckcnjte< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce. Pgrg nste sn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 7 777 + 2 222 + 8 888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 2= tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn 

Fejfn VG rnprnsnjtg hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj y Ρ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn hgfg uje fn nses tcnkpes. 2)  Pgse 2< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf W. Pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig hgjtcfgf W, qun gi cmugi g ig gitnrjgtcvg gjtnrcer je ns ig hgjtcfgf g pnfcr, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fn hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn  pnfcfe fni kefnie fntnrkcjëstche fn hekprg scj fãachct. Nste ns gsë<

81

 

 

2  ;  2

Nhughcøj 24 hgjtcfgf

 

8)  Pgse 8< Dgiigr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes sn supejn qun sn hunjtg hej ujg hgjtcfgf W nj cjvnjtgrce? y snjhciigknjtn sn nstgbinhn pgrg hugjte tcnkpe gihgjzg nstg hgjtcfgf sc sn sgbn qun dgy ujg fnkgjfg hejstgjtn. Nste sn rngiczg hej ig scmucnjtn nhughcøj<

Nhughcøj 23 cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes

 ; 

 

6)  Pgse 6< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj prebgbin kçs ni cjtnrvgie njtrn  pnfcfes. Gsehcgfe g nste sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg pgrg hgfg tcnkpe. >)  Pgse >< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct. Nj nstn pujte sn nstgbinhn ni jcvni rcnsme fn fãachct qun sn vg ghnptgr hej bgsn nj ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf fn ig iinmgfg fn ies pnfcfes. (pgrg nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg). 1)  Pgse 1< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf. Igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj tekn vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<

 ;  − ++ 

 

Nhughcøj 80 nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf

=)  Pgse =< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe. Xn nstgbinhn fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg< rnvcsgr ni cjvnjtgrce hgfg CP ujcfgfns fn tcnkpe y pnfcr ig hgjtcfgf qun grreln ig scmucnjtn aerkuig<  

 ;  + +  −  −  ++

Nhughcøj 87 peiëtchg fn pnfcfe 

8=

 

  Nj nstg nhughcøj ies üjches vgierns qun je sn hejehnj sej ni cjvnjtgrce y igs ujcfgfns  pnjfcnjtns fn rnhcbe. Nstes fes fgtes sn nstgbinhnj nj ig prçhtchg nj ni kcske cjstgjtn fn ig rnvcscøj.  

4) Pgse 4< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug. Nste ns gsë<

 ; ∜ 2 2 +  

 

Nhughcøj 82 heste tetgi preknfce 3)  Pgse 3< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi. Ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse ns ig scmucnjtn (kcskg fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug)<

 ;  + + 

 

Nhughcøj 88 heste tetgi  (Xgigs, 2003, p. 728, 726) H.  Fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj vgrcgbin< tgjte ig fnkgjfg heke ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj sej vgrcgbins, ie qun cjfchg qun lujtes sej fn tcpe prebgbciëstche. Pgrg nstn tcpe fn gpichghcejns sn rnhekcnjfg snmucr ni scmucnjtn prehnfckcnjte< 7)  Pgse 7< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce. Xn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aørkuig<

 ; 77 + 22 + 88+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 86 fnkgjfg preknfce

Fejfn r rnprnsnjtg ig fnkgjfg y Ρ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg.

84

 

  2)  Pgse 2< Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj preknfce. Xn utciczg ig scmucnjtn aerkuig<

 ; 7 777 + 2 222 + 8 888+ . . +

 

Nhughcøj 8> tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj

Fejfn VG rnprnsnjtg hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj y Ρ rnprnsnjtg ig prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg fn hgfg uje fn nses tcnkpes. 8)  Pgse 8< Hçihuie fn ig hgjtcfgf W. Pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig i g hgjtcfgf W sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fn hgjtcfgf nhejøkchg fn pnfcfe fni kefnie fntnrkcjëstche fn hekprg scj fãachct, rnnkpigzgjfe nj ni tãrkcje fn ig fnkgjfg, ni vgier fn fnkgjfg preknfce hgihuigfe nj ni  pgse 7. Xu nhughcøj qunfg nstgbinhcfg nstgbinhcf g fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg<

 ;  22 

 

Nhughcøj 81 hgjtcfgf 6)  Pgse 6< Dgiigr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes sn supejn qun sn hunjtg hej ujg hgjtcfgf W nj cjvnjtgrce? y snjhciigknjtn sn nstgbinhn pgrg hugjte tcnkpe gihgjzg nstg hgjtcfgf sc sn sgbn qun dgy ujg fnkgjfg preknfce nj ni derczejtn fn  pigjnghcøj. Nste sn rngiczg hej ig scmucnjtn nhughcøj<

 ; 

 

Nhughcøj 8= cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes >)  Pgse >< Fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj prebgbin kçs ni cjtnrvgie njtrn pnfcfes. Heke ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns vgrcgbin sn nstgbinhnj tefes ies  pescbins hejsukes nj hgfg uje fn ies tcnkpes fn gjtchcpghcøj kçs ni cjtnrvgie njtrn  pnfcfes, ie hugi pnrkctcrç nstgbinhnr ies pescbins jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce qun sn tnjfrçj 83

 

  fcspejcbins pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg fni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj? ns fnhcr cjvnjtgrce pgrg hubrcr ig fnkgjfg kcnjtrgs iinmg ni junve pnfcfe. Gsehcgfe g nste sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ig  prebgbcicfgf fn eehurrnjhcg hurrnjhcg fn fchd fchdgg fnkgjfg. Nstn pgse nj nstg gitnrjgtcvg ns fnkgscgfe nxtnjse pgrg pefnr rngiczgrie, per ie hugi sn rnhekcnjfg trgbglgr hej uj jcvni fn rcnsme fn fãachct juie e uj jcvni qun sng fn açhci hugjtcachghcøj scj hgihuigr tefgs igs pescbins fnkgjfgs. 1)  Pgse 1< Nspnhcachgr uj rcnsme fn fãachct. Pgrg Pgr g nste sn jnhnsctg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg y hej bgsn nj niig sc sn nstgbinhnj ies fcanrnjtns jcvnins fn rcnsme fn fãachct. Gsehcgfe g nstn rcnsme fn fãachct, gutekçtchgknjtn sn nstç nstgbinhcnjfe ni jcvni fn snrvchce gi hicnjtn. (tefes ies pgses fn gquë nj gfnigjtn fnpnjfnj fni rcnsme fn fãachct). =)  Pgse =< Nstgbinhnr igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf. Igs nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf sej igs ujcfgfns qun sn tcnjnj fcspejcbins pgrg ni nvnjte nj qun ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj y ig fnkgjfg teknj vgierns qun nstçj per njhckg fn su preknfce y sn hgihuigj fn ig scmucnjtn aerkg<

 ;  − ++ 

 

Nhughcøj 84 nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf

4)  Pgse 4< Fnacjcr ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe. Ig peiëtchg fn pnfcfe sn nstgbinhn fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg< rnvcsgr ni cjvnjtgrce hgfg CP ujcfgfns fn tcnkpe y pnfcr ig hgjtcfgf qun grreln ig scmucnjtn aerkuig<

 ;  +  −  −  + 

 

Nhughcøj 83 peiëtchg fn pnfcfe  Nj nstg nhughcøj ies üjches vgierns qun je sn hejehnj sej ni cjvnjtgrce y igs ujcfgfns  pnjfcnjtns fn rnhcbe. Nstes fes fgtes sn nstgbinhnj nj ig prçhtchg nj ni kcske cjstgjtn fn ig rnvcscøj. 60

 

 

3)  Pgse 3< Fntnrkcjgr ni heste tetgi preknfce. Pgrg nstgbinhnr ni heste tetgi preknfce, sn utciczg ig kcskg nhughcøj fni kefnie fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug. Nste ns gsë<

 ; ∜ 22  + 

 

Nhughcøj 60 heste tetgi preknfce

70) Pgse 70< Hgihuigr ni heste tetgi. Ig nhughcøj g utciczgr nj nstn hgse hgs e ns ig scmucnjtn (ig kcskg fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug)<

 ;  + + 

 

Nhughcøj 67 heste tetgi (Xgigs, 2003, p. 72=, 724)

2.2.2  CXE 3007 HEJVREI FN CJQNJVGRCEX 

G knfcfg qun sn preaujfczg nj igs hiçusuigs y rrnqucsctes nqucsctes fntgiigfes fn hejtrei fn  prefuhhcøj fn CXE 3007, gimujgs ermgjczghcejns, nspnhcgiknjtn igs ercnjtgfgs gi snrvchce, punfnj njhejtrgr qun gimujes fn nstes rnqucsctes je sn gpichgj g sus epnrghcejns nspnhëachgs. Xcj nkbgrme, sc bcnj je pgrnhnj gpichgrsn nj ig supnrachcn, nj rngicfgf punfnj gpichgrsn g ies jnmehces, y tekgr ujg nxnjhcøj g ujg hiçusuig qun sng rngiknjtn gpichgbin punfn hgusgr prebinkgs furgjtn su gufcterëg fn hnrtcachghcøj CXE 3007. (KhBrcfn, 2074) Nj nstn gpgrtgfe, sn fcshutnj igs scmucnjtns hiçusuigs CXE 3007<  

>.2 - Cfnjtcachghcøj y trgzgbcicfgf

 

>.6 ‘  Prnsnrvghcøj   Prnsnrvghcøj





67

 

  CFNJVCACHGHCØJ

Xeie tcnjn snjtcfe ntcquntgr y hejtreigr gfnhugfgknjtn tefes ies prefuhtes, kgtnrcgins, njsgkbiglns, hekpejnjtns, sukcjcstres, nth. (njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn prehnse) g ie igrme fn sus ghtcvcfgfns fn prefuhhcøj y njterje. Ies rnqucsctes fni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrce CXE 3007 nstgbinhnj qun ig cfnjtcachghcøj fnbn snr uj knfce gfnhugfe pgrg mgrgjtczgr ig hejaerkcfgf fn ies prefuhtes y snrvchces. Ig aerkg nj qun sn cfnjtcacqunj ies rnsuitgfes fn uj prehnse fnpnjfn tetgiknjtn fn qun sng scnkprn nachgz y gprepcgfg pgrg ies prehnses y prefuhtes. Xn punfnj usgr ntcquntgs, hgihekgjëgs, ntcquntgs, fehuknjtghcøj (vcglnres, njrutgferns, ørfnjns fn trgbgle) e hugiqucnr etre kãtefe qun aujhcejn pgrg ig nkprnsg. Pgrg hekpejnjtns e hejlujtes g mrgjni, sn punfn usgr hejtnjnferns, tcjgs e ubchghcejns nspnhëachgs scnkprn qun nstãj higrgknjtn cfnjtcachgfes y nvctn hejauscejns e hejtgkcjghcøj hruzgfg. Cjhiuse sn punfn hejscfnrgr utciczgr ig tnhjeiemëg y usgr høfcmes fn bgrrgs e ntcquntgs RAC. (KhBrcfn, 2074) Ig CXE 3007 hctg uj rnqucscte nspnhëache qun fnacjn ig jnhnscfgf fn cfnjtcachgr ni ns nstgfe tgfe fn ies rnsuitgfes hej rnspnhte g ies rnqucsctes fn kejcterne y knfchcøj. Nste sunin snr fes pcnzgs fn cjaerkghcøj< µXn dg kejcterngfe e knfcfe ni rnsuitgfe snmüj sng jnhnsgrce y huçins aunrej ies rnsuitgfes fn ig ghtcvcfgf5 Per ie mnjnrgi, ies rnsuitgfes fn hugiqucnr ghtcvcfgf fn vnrcachghcøj sn hgpturgj nj vgrces rnmcstres fn prefuhhcøj, tgins heke ørfnjns fn trgbgle, icstgs fn vnrcachghcøj, delgs fn trgbgle fn vnrcachghcøj e cjspnhhcøj, nth. Je ns jnhnsgrce qun sngj fehuknjtes ckprnses nj pgpni, scje qun sn punfnj hgpturgr utciczgjfe bgsns fn fgtes ninhtrøjchgs gprepcgfgs y etres scstnkgs fn hejtrei fn seatwgrn fn prefuhhcøj.

VRG\GBCICFGF

Nstn ns uj rnqucscte fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrce fn CXE 3007 qun punfn gpichgrsn e je g ig ermgjczghcøj, prefuhtes e snrvchces. Ig nkprnsg fnbnrç fntnrkcjgr sc sn gpichg y, fn snr gsë, quã tcpe fn trgzgbcicfgf y nj quã knfcfg. Ig jnhnscfgf fn trgzgbcicfgf mnjnrgiknjtn nstç ckpuisgfg  per sus prepces rnqucsctes cjtnrjes, rnqucsctes fni hicnjtn e rnqucsctes rnmigknjtgrces. (KhBrcfn, 2074) 62

 

  Ig trgzgbcicfgf preperhcejg uj kãtefe pgrg fntnrkcjgr gimujes fn ies ninknjtes nspnhëaches qun njtrgrej njtr grej e ns nstuvcnrej tuvcnrej gsehcgfes hej ies prefuhtes. Nste pefrëg ckpichgr ig trgzgbcicfgf fn prefuhtes cjfcvcfugins g trgvãs fn jüknres fn snrcn dgstg ietns fn prefuhhcøj e mrgj hgjtcfgf fn kgtnrcgi prefuhcfe. Ig cjaerkghcøj fn trgzgbcicfgf punfn nstgr rnighcejgfg hej< 7)  Kgtnrcgs prckgs utciczgfgs (jekbrn fni prevnnfer nxtnrje, jüknres fn ietn, jüknres fn snrcn,

jüknres fn hgier, anhdgs fn prefuhhcøj, ubchghcejns, nth.), 2)  Ig anhdg, derg, ubchghcøj, iëjng fn prefuhhcøj, dnrrgkcnjtgs e nqucpes utciczgfes, nth. fnjtre

fn sus prepces prehnses fn prefuhhcøj, 8)  Igs pnrsejgs qun prefulnrej ni prefuhte, 6)  Ies fcvnrses nqucpes fn prunbg y knfchcøj utciczgfes pgrg vnrcachgr ni prefuhte, >)  Hugiqucnr etrg cjaerkghcøj hejscfnrgfg hrëtchg pgrg hekpintgr igs cjvnstcmghcejns fn qunlgs,

ghhcejns herrnhtcvgs, etrg rnseiuhcøj fn etres prebinkgs nj uj keknjte pestnrcer. (KhBrcfn, 2074) Ig trgzgbcicfgf je rnqucnrn ni snmuckcnjte y ni hejtrei fn tefes ies grtëhuies qun njtrgj nj ies prehnses fn prefuhhcøj, pnre fnbn nstgbinhnrsn pgrg gquniies grtëhuies qun sn dgj fnacjcfe heke higvn e hrëtches pgrg ni prefuhte. Nstgs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs higvn e hrëtchgs mnjnrgiknjtn sn fntnrkcjgj g trgvãs fn ghtcvcfgfns fn fnsgrreiie fn prefuhtes (fcsn÷e y fnsgrreiie) heke rnvcscejns fn fcsn÷e y nvgiughcøj fn rcnsmes. (KhBrcfn, 2074) Ig trgzgbcicfgf tgkbcãj vcnjn nj fes vgrcnfgfns<  



Vrgzgbcicfgf dghcg gtrçs< nstn ns ni tcpe kçs heküj y preperhcejg cjaerkghcøj sebrn ies  prehnses y kgtnrcgins qun sn utciczgrej pgrg prefuhcr uj prefuhte e prnstgr uj snrvchce. Nste sn usg mnjnrgiknjtn pgrg cjvnstcmgr prebinkgs y hgusgs rgëz fn agiigs fni prefuhte nj ni hgkpe e nj kgjes fni hicnjtn.

 

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Vrgzgbcicfgf dghcg gfnigjtn< nstg mnjnrgiknjtn nstç gsehcgfg hej cjfustrcgs y prefuhtes rnmuigfes, n cjaerkg g ujg ermgjczghcøj sebrn ies hicnjtns qun rnhcbcnrej prefuhtes cjfcvcfugins nspnhëaches e ietns fn prefuhtes. Nste pnrkctn g igs ermgjczghcejns fntnrkcjgr quã hicnjtns dgj rnhcbcfe uj prefuhte nspnhëache, ujg mgkg fn prefuhtes (jüknres fn snrcn) e uj 68

 

  ietn fn prefuhtes y tekgr knfcfgs tgins heke rntcres fni knrhgfe e jetcachghcejns sebrn  prebinkgs e je hejaerkcfgfns fni prefuhte. prefu hte. (KhBrcfn, 2074)

PRNXNRQGHCØJ

Nstes rnqucsctes fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrce CXE 3007 nstgbinhnj qun ies kgtnrcgins, sukcjcstres e grtëhuies utciczgfes nj ig prnstghcøj fn snrvchces tgkbcãj fnbnj hejscfnrgrsn hej ies rnqucsctes fn hejsnrvghcøj. Prebgbinknjtn, ni knler njaequn pgrg sgtcsaghnr nstn rnqucscte snrëg rnherrnr rnherr nr tefgs igs agsns,  prehnses y pgses gsehcgfes hej ig prefuhhcøj y njtrnmg fn sus prefuhtes y snrvchces. Xn hekcnjzg hej ig rnhnphcøj fn kgtnrcgins njtrgjtns fn prevnnferns nxtnrjes y sn fnbn snmucr hgfg pgse fni  prehnse dgstg ig njtrnmg fn prefuhtes g ies hicnjtns acjgins. G knfcfg qun sn hekpintn nstn nlnrhchce, sn fnbn fntnrkcjgr ies rnqucsctes pgrg mgrgjtczgr qun ni prefuhte sn hejsnrvn y pretnlg hejtrg fg÷es, hejtgkcjghcøj e pãrfcfg. (KhBrcfn, 2074) Ig nkprnsg e ni njhgrmgfe fnbn fn dghnrsn igs scmucnjtns prnmujtgs< µHejscfnrg høke fnbnj kgjnlgrsn ies prefuhtes furgjtn ni prehnsgkcnjte5 µNxcstnj rnqucsctes qun ickctgj ni fg÷e aësche (hgëfg, sghufcfgs, fnrrgkns), nxpeschcøj (tnkpnrgturg, duknfgf, iuz, sejcfe) e ickpcnzg e nstnrciczghcøj5 µHuçins sej ies kãtefes fn trgjspertn fnjtre fn ig cjstgighcøj, njtrn igs cjstgighcejns y furgjtn fur gjtn ig njtrnmg g ies hicnjtns5 h icnjtns5 µHøke fnbnj nkpgquntgrsn, nkpgqu ntgrsn, njhglejgrsn,  pgigtgiczgrsn, ntcquntgrsn ies prefuhtes5 (KhBrcfn, 2074) Xc ies prefuhtes sej fnichgfes, arçmcins, tcnjnj rnstrchhcejns e rnqucsctes fn njvëe nspnhëaches, sn fnbn hejscfnrgr hekpintgr ies nstufces fn nkpgqun y vgicfghcøj fn njvëe pgrg mgrgjtczgr qun sus nspnhcachghcejns y kãtefes fn njvëe sngj suachcnjtns pgrg pretnmnr ies  prefuhtes. Xc ies prefuhtes fnbnj rntnjnr uj hcnrte jcvni fn ickpcnzg e nstnrcicfgf, ns jnhnsgrce hekpintgr igs ghtcvcfgfns fn vgicfghcøj gprepcgfgs pgrg fnkestrgr hejaerkcfgf, hugjfe herrnspejfg. Vgkbcãj sn punfn ckpinknjtgr hejtreins rebustes pgrg prevnnferns nxtnrjes qun sukcjcstrgj kgtnrcgins fn nkbgigln, snrvchces fn nstnrciczghcøj y trgjspertn. (KhBrcfn, 2074)

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  G knjufe igs ermgjczghcejns hubrnj bcnj ies rnqucsctes fn nkbgigln y njvëe, pnre pgsgj  per gite ies rnqucsctes y kãtefes fn gikghnjgkcnjte cjtnrje. Per ie qun fnbnj pigjtngrsn igs scmucnjtns prnmujtgs p rnmujtgs µNstçj igs çrngs fn gikghnjgkcnjte cjtnrje bcnj pretnmcfgs pr etnmcfgs y hejtreigfgs5 µNs ni knfce gkbcnjtn suachcnjtn pgrg nvctgr ni fntnrcere e ig hejtgkcjghcøj5 µIg snmurcfgf ns gfnhugfg pgrg nvctgr ni rebe e ig pãrfcfg5 µHøke sn mnstcejg y hejtreig ig retghcøj fn nxcstnjhcgs (prcknre nj njtrgr, prcknre nj sgicr)5 µWuã pgsg hej ig pretnhhcøj hejtrg cjhnjfces, hejtrei fn pigmgs, ickpcnzg, nth.5 (KhBrcfn, 2074)

2.8  HEJHNPV^GIC\GHCØJ

Nj nstg snhhcøj sn hejhnptugiczgj igs vgrcgbins fn nstufce, sus fcknjscejns n cjfchgferns tekgjfe nj hunjtg ies tãrkcjes nspnhëaches fni nstufce. Xn nxpichg ni mrgfe fn ganhtghcøj qun tcnjnj hgfg ujg fn igs vgrcgbins cjfnpnjfcnjtns sebrn ig vgrcgbin fnpnjfcnjtn fni nstufce. Ig scmucnjtn acmurg kunstrg igs vgrcgbins fni nstufce y sn rnsukn ig ganhtghcøj fn hgfg ujg fn igs cjfnpnjfcnjtns sebrn ig fnpnjfcnjtn. fnpnjfcnj tn. Rnainlçjfesn ig ganhtghcøj yg sng hej uj scmje pesctcve e jnmgtcve. Fnkgjfg Hestes -

Vcnkpe fn Gjtchcpghcøj -

Kefnie fn Cjvnjtgrce

Acmurg 70 Rnighcøj njtrn vgrcgbin fnpnjfcnjtn y vgrcgbins cjfnpnjfcnjtns

6>

 

  2.8.7  QGRCGBIN FNPNJFCNJVN KEFNIE FN CJQNJVGRCEX Xn in fnjekcjg ig vgrcgbin fnpnjfcnjtn nj ig cjvnstcmghcøj y ns ig hcnjhcg utciczgfg pgrg ni use nachcnjtn y øptcke fn ies cjvnjtgrces nj igs nkprnsgs. ’Vefgs igs ermgjczghcejns kgjtcnjnj cjvnjtgrces. Ies cjvnjtg rces fn ujg hekpg÷ëg nstçj

hejstctucfes per sus kgtnrcgs prckgs, sus prefuhtes nj prehnse, ies sukcjcstres qun utciczg nj sus epnrghcejns y ies prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes‛ (Kuiinr, 2002, p. 7)

^jg vnz njtnjfcfe qun sej ies cjvnjtgrces pefnkes fnacjcr kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces heke uje fn ies tnkgs kçs hekpinles y gpgscejgjtns fn ig iemëstchg y fn ig pigjnghcøj y gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ig hgfnjg fn gbgstnhckcnjtes. Ns ig gpichghcøj fn prehnfckcnjtes y tãhjchgs qun tcnjnj per eblnte gbgstnhnr y kgjtnjnr igs hgjtcfgfns jnhnsgrcgs fn kgtnrcg prckg, prefuhtes nj prehnse,  prefuhtes tnrkcjgfes y etres tcpes fn cjvnjtgrces. Bushgjfe kcjckczgr ies hestes pgrg igs nkprnsgs.

2.8.2  QGRCGBINX CJFNPNJFCNJVNX HEXVEX ’Xn fnacjn heke ni vgier sghrcachgfe fn uj cfgfns kejntgrcgs pgrg gfqucrcr bcnjns e snrvchces hej ni acj fn ebtnjnr bnjnachces prnsnjtns e autures‛. (Bgrrgzg, 2003, p. 3=)

Ni nstufce fn ies hestes fn ies prefuhtes y per njfn fn ies cjvnjtgrces, rnqucnrn hekprnjfnr y fcanrnjhcg hgfg uje fn ies hejhnptes fn hestes jnhnsgrces pgrg ujg gfnhugfg vgierghcøj fn niies. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiigj ies fcanrnjtns hestes cjveiuhrgfes nj ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces< 7)  Hestes fn kgjtnjckcnjte< nstn heste sn hgusg nj ni keknjte qun sn nanhtüg ni gikghnjgkcnjte fn uj fntnrkcjgfe grtchuie? y fnjtre fn ãi sn punfnj cjveiuhrgr ni heste fni fcjnre cjvnrtcfe e iuhre hnsgjtn, ni heste fn grrnjfgkcnjte e gikghnjgln, ies sgigrces cjveiuhrgfes nj ni pnrsejgi fn vcmcigjhcg y gfkcjcstrghcøj fn ies gikghnjns, snmures, ckpunstes, knrkgs, pnrfcfgs y hestes mnjnrgfes per snrvchces pübiches. 61

 

 

2)  Hestes fn pnjgiczghcøj< nstn heste sn hgusg nj ni keknjte qun uj hicnjtn pcfg uj grtëhuie y je sn tnjmg? nj etrgs pgigbrgs, sej ies hestes gsehcgfes g ig epertujcfgf per ig je sgtcsaghhcøj fn ig fnkgjfg. 8)  Hestes per erfnjgr e acle< nstn heste sn hgusg nj ni kcske cjstgjtn qun sn igjzg ujg erfnj fn prefuhhcøj e ujg erfnj fn hekprg. Xn iigkg acle perqun je fnpnjfn fn ig hgjtcfgf pnfcfg e agbrchgfg, pnre g fcanrnjhcg fni heste acle hejtgbin qun scnkprn sn hgusg, nstn sn hgusg sc sn fg ig erfnj (sc je sn fg ig erfnj je sn hgusg). Nj etrgs pgigbrgs, sc dgy qun rngiczgr uj tcpe fn ghejfchcejgkcnjte nspnhcgi pgrg cjchcgr ig prefuhhcøj fn uj grtëhuie y je dgy fnkgjfg fni grtchuie? ni heste je sn hgusg yg qun ni ghejfchcejgkcnjte nspnhcgi je sn rngiczg. 6)  Hestes vgrcgbins< nstn heste sc fnpnjfn fn ig hgjtcfgf prefuhcfg, yg qun sc sn prefuhnj prefuh nj trns ujcfgfns ni heste sn hgusg trns vnhns. Hugjfe ni grtëhuie ns hekprgfe, nstn heste snjhciigknjtn ns ie qun hebrg ni prevnnfer per hgfg ujcfgf njtrnmgfg? kcnjtrgs qun, sc ni grtëhuie ns  prefuhcfe, nstn heste cjveiuhrg ig kgje fn ebrg, kgtnrcg prckg y mgstes mnjnrgins fn agbrchghcøj mnjnrgfes per hgfg ujcfgf prefuhcfg. (Xgigs, 2003, p. 73) Ies hestes tcnjnj ujg rnighcøj jnmgtcvg hej ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces. Xc ies hestes guknjtgj ni cjvnjtgrce sn vunivn kçs hgre y per njfn rnprnsnjtg kgyer sgicfg fn fcjnre pgrg ig nkprnsg.

FNKGJFG Ig fnkgjfg fn uj fntnrkcjgfe grtëhuie ns ni jüknre fn ujcfgfns qun sn preynhtg vnjfnr nj uj pnrcefe auture? kçs vgin ghigrgr qun je ns ig hgjtcfgf vnjfcfg Nstg punfn snr fntnrkcjëstchg e prebgbciëstchg. Nstgs sn fnacjnj fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg< 7)  Fntnrkcjëstchg e hejstgjtn< ig fnkgjfg fn uj grtëhuie pgrg uj pnrcefe auture ns hejehcfg hej nxghtctuf, nstn hgse sn fg nj nkprnsgs qun trgbglgj bgle pnfcfe.

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  2)  Prebgbciëstchg e vgrcgbin< ig fnkgjfg fn uj grtëhuie pgrg uj pnrcefe auture ns fnshejehcfg,  pnre sn in punfn gscmjgr ujg fcstrcbuhcøj fcstr cbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf fn ehurrnjhcg. (Xgigs, (X gigs, 2003, p. 74) Ig fnkgjfg tcnjn ujg rnighcøj jnmgtcvg hej ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces. Gi guknjtgr ig fnkgjfg fn ies cjvnjtgrces guknjtg ni mgste cjhurrcfe nj ies kcskes.

VCNKPE FN GJVCHCPGHCØ J Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns hejehcfe tgkbcãj heke tcnkpe fn njtrnmg e ingf tckn. Nstn ns ni rntrgse qun trgjshurrn njtrn ig nkcscøj fn ujg erfnj fn hekprg y ig njtrnmg acjgi per pgrtn fni prevnnfer. (Qnrkerni, 2076) Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj tcnjn ujg rnighcøj jnmgtcvg hej ies kefnies fn cjvnjtgrces. Gi guknjtgr ies tcnkpes fn njtrnmg e hchie fn ies prehnses fn gbgstnhckcnjte, knjer hejtrei sn tcnjn sebrn ni cjvnjtgrce.

2.6  CJXVR^KNJVEX ^j cjstruknjte ns ni knhgjcske utciczgfe per pgrtn fni cjvnstcmgfer pgrg rnheinhtgr y rnmcstrgr ig cjaerkghcøj fnsngfg. G hejtcjughcøj, sn prnsnjtgj ies fcanrnjtns cjstruknjtes qun snrçj utciczgfes pgrg fnsgrreiigr ni prnsnjtn nstufce.

2.6.7  NJVRNQCXVG ’Nj igs njtrnvcstgs, ig cjaerkghcøj sn ebtcnjn g trgvãs fn ujg njhunstg y ns rnmcstrgfg per

njhunstgferns. Igs njtrnvcstgs nstruhturgfgs sn iinvgj g hgbe utciczgjfe aerkuigrces fn njhunstg, kcnjtrgs qun nj igs njtrnvcstgs gbcnrtgs sn tekgj jetgs kcnjtrgs sn dgbig hej ies njhunstgfes. Igs jetgs sn nstruhturgj (cjtnrprntgj) iunme pgrg su pestnrcer gjçicscs. Igs njtrnvcstgs gbcnrtgs, qun fnbnj cjtnrprntgrsn y gjgiczgrsn cjhiuse furgjtn ig njtrnvcstg, fnbnj rngiczgrigs ebsnrvgferns y/e

64

 

  njhunstgferns bcnj aerkgfes.‛  (Ermgjczghcøj fn igs Jghcejns ^jcfgs pgrg ig Gmrchuiturg y ig Gicknjtghcøj, 2007) Igs njtrnvcstgs punfnj snr gbcnrtgs e nstruhturgfgs. Nstgs sn nxpichgj y fntgiigj g hejtcjughcøj< 7)  Njtrnvcstgs gbcnrtgs< Igs njtrnvcstgs gbcnrtgs hubrnj ujg snrcn fn ghtcvcfgfns fn rnhepcighcøj fn fgtes qun cjhiuynj vgrces kãtefes fn cjvnstcmghcøj fn igs hcnjhcgs sehcgins. g)  Ies mrupes fn kunstrg sej pnqun÷es (>-7> pnrsejgs) y nstçj hekpunstes per kcnkbres rnprnsnjtgtcves fn uj mrupe huygs gprnhcghcejns, prçhtchgs u epcjcejns sn nstçj  bushgjfe.  b)  Igs njhunstgs fn mrupe hekpertgj ig sninhhcøj gingtercg fn uj rnfuhcfe jüknre fn  pnrsejgs qun rnprnsnjtgj g uj mrupe y qun sn prnstgj g nstgr fcspejcbins furgjtn uj  pnrëefe fn tcnkpe preiejmgfe, g knjufe fn uje g trns g÷es. Furgjtn nsn pnrëefe, scrvnj heke kunstrg gingtercg nstrgtcachgfg fn pnrsejgs fn igs qun punfnj nxtrgnrsn fgtes sebrn ujg snrcn fn tnkgs. 2)  Njtrnvcstgs nstruhturgfgs< Nj mnjnrgi, igs njtrnvcstgs nstruhturgfgs sn iinvgj g hgbe hej uj aerkuigrce bcnj fcsn÷gfe prnvcgknjtn nstgbinhcfe. Xn fcanrnjhcgj fn ies hunstcejgrces nj qun sej ies cjvnstcmgferns qucnjns rniinjgj ies aerkuigrces nj iumgr fn ies njhunstgfes. Gujqun nstg seiuhcøj rnsuitg kçs hestesg, punfnj dghnrsn prnmujtgs kçs hekpinlgs y ies fgtes  punfnj vgicfgrsn nj ni keknjte fn rnhepcigries, knlergjfe gsë ig hgicfgf fn ies kcskes. Igs njtrnvcstgs punfnj iinvgrsn g hgbe hej vgrcgs aunjtns fn fgtes y g trgvãs fn knfces gitnrjgtcves, heke per tniãaeje e nj pnrsejg. (Ermgjczghcøj fn igs Jghcejns ^jcfgs pgrg ig Gmrchuiturg y ig Gicknjtghcøj, 2007)

2.6.2  EBXNRQGHCØJ Ns ujg tãhjchg qun hejscstn nj ebsnrvgr gtnjtgknjtn ni anjøknje, dnhde e hgse, tekgr cjaerkghcøj y rnmcstrgrig pgrg su pestnrcer gjçicscs. Ig ebsnrvghcøj ns uj ninknjte aujfgknjtgi fn tefe prehnse cjvnstcmgtcve? nj niig sn gpeyg ni cjvnstcmgfer pgrg ebtnjnr ni kgyer jüknre fn fgtes. Mrgj pgrtn fni ghnrve fn hejehckcnjtes qun hejstctuyn ig hcnjhcg dg scfe iemrgfg knfcgjtn 63

 

  ig ebsnrvghcøj. Nxcstnj fes higsns fn ebsnrvghcøj< ig ebsnrvghcøj je hcnjtëachg y ig ebsnrvghcøj hcnjtëachg. Ig fcanrnjhcg bçschg njtrn ujg y etrg nstç nj ig cjtnjhcejgicfgf< ebsnrvgr hcnjtëachgknjtn scmjcachg ebsnrvgr hej uj eblntcve higre, fnacjcfe y prnhcse< ni cjvnstcmgfer sgbn quã ns ie qun fnsng ebsnrvgr y pgrg quã qucnrn dghnrie, ie hugi ckpichg qun fnbn prnpgrgr hucfgfesgknjtn ig ebsnrvghcøj. Ebsnrvgr je hcnjtëachgknjtn scmjcachg ebsnrvgr scj cjtnjhcøj, scj eblntcve fnacjcfe y,  per tgjte, scj prnpgrghcøj prnvcg. (Pertgi (Pe rtgi fn Rnighcejns Pübichgs, 207=) Ig ebsnrvghcøj punfn snr fn fcanrnjtns aerkgs< 7)  Ebsnrvghcøj fcrnhtg y ig cjfcrnhtg< Ns fcrnhtg hugjfe ni cjvnstcmgfer sn pejn nj hejtghte  pnrsejgiknjtn hej ni dnhde e anjøknje qun trgtg fn cjvnstcmgr. Ns cjfcrnhtg hugjfe ni cjvnstcmgfer njtrg nj hejehckcnjte fni dnhde e anjøknje ebsnrvgjfe g trgvãs fn igs ebsnrvghcejns rngiczgfgs gjtnrcerknjtn per etrg pnrsejg. 2)  Ebsnrvghcøj nstruhturgfg y je nstruhturgfg< Ebsnrvghcøj je nstruhturgfg iigkgfg tgkbcãj sckpin e icbrn, ns ig qun sn rngiczg scj ig gyufg g yufg fn ninknjtes tãhjches nspnhcgins. Ebsnrvghcøj nstruhturgfg ns nj hgkbce, ig qun sn rngiczg hej ig gyufg fn ninknjtes tãhjches gprepcgfes, tgins heke< achdgs, hugfres, tgbigs, nth., per ie hugi sn ies ig fnjekcjg ebsnrvghcøj scstnkçtchg. (Pertgi fn Rnighcejns Pübichgs, 207=)

2.6.8  RNQCXCEJ FEH^KNJVGI

’Ns ujg tãhjchg fn ebsnrvghcøj hekpinknjtgrcg, nj n j hgse fn qun nxcstg rnmcstre fn ghhcejns

y premrgkgs. Ig rnvcscøj fehuknjtgi pnrkctn dghnrsn ujg cfng fni fnsgrreiie y igs hgrghtnrëstchgs fn ies prehnses y tgkbcãj fn fcspejnr fn cjaerkghcøj qun hejacrkn e dgmg fufgr fn ie qun ni mrupe njtrnvcstgfe dg knjhcejgfe‛. (Hekujchghcøj n Cjvnstcmghcøj, 2072) Ig rnvcscøj fehuknjtgi sn punfn rngiczgr g trgvãs fn<   Hgrtgs



  Ghtgs



  Pigjciigs



  Cjaerkns

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>0

 

    Icbres



  Ckçmnjns

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  Aeiintes



  Kgjushrctes





  Qcfnes

2.6.6  ICXVGFE FN QNRCACHGHCØJ

 Je nxcstn ujg icstg fn hejtrei ujcvnrsgi, qun pufcnsn sgtcsaghnr igs jnhnscfgfns fn igs ermgjczghcejns g ig pnranhhcøj, yg qun hgfg ujg ns kuy fcanrnjtn. Pnre sc ns pescbin nigbergr ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj fn gufcterëg pgrg prehnses CXE 3007, hej kuhdg aghcicfgf. (Nshunig Nurepng fn Nxhninjhcg, 207=) Ies pgses pgrg hejstrucr ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj fn gufcterëg pgrg prehnses CXE 3007 sej tgkbcãj gpichgbins g hugiqucnr gufcterëg cjtnrjg fn jerkgs fn mnstcøj< 7)  Rnvcscøj fn ig fehuknjtghcøj< Nj nstg ntgpg ns prnhcse innr tefg ig fehuknjtghcøj fni Xcstnkg fn Mnstcøj fn ig Hgicfgf, hej ni eblntcve prckgrce fn cfnjtcachgr ’je hejaerkcfgfns‛

nj rnighcøj hej ig jerkg CXE 3007. 2)  Icstg fn vnrcachghcøj fn ig hrnghcøj< Xn fnbn prnpgrgr ujg icstg fn hejtrei nj pgrginie hej ig rnvcscøj fn ig fehuknjtghcøj  ‘   sn inn ghnrhg fn ies rnqucsctes nspnhëaches (peiëtchgs,  prehnfckcnjtes, pigjns) ‘   fn fn kgjnrg qun sn punfg hekprebgr furgjtn ig gufcterëg fn hgkpe. 8)  Hgkpe fn pigjcachghcøj fn ig gufcterëg< Fnbcfe g qun snrçj kuhdes ies prehnses g hekprebgr, ns prnhcse pigjcachgr ig igber per fnpgrtgknjtes, iehghcejns, suhursgins, nth. Ig  prcknrg icstg qun sn nigbern, kgrhgrç ig muëg pgrg pgr g ig hejanhhcøj fn igs fnkçs. 6)  Ig gufcterëg nj ni hgkpe< G fcanrnjhcg fn ies pgses gjtnrcerns, ig gufcterëg nj ni hgkpe ns uj  prehnse jntgknjtn prçhtche. Ns prnhcse rnherrnr igs cjstgighcejns aëschgs fn ig ermgjczghcøj, dgbigr hej ies nkpingfes, hekprebgr igs hekputgfergs y etres nqucpes ninhtrøjches, ebsnrvgr ig snmurcfgf aëschg, nth. Nj nstn pujte, ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj ns hruhcgi. Fni kcske kefe, snrç jnhnsgrce tekgr jetgs fntgiigfgs fn tefe ie qun sn njhunjtrn.

>7

 

  >)  Cjaerkgr fn ies rnsuitgfes< ^jg vnz dgyg hejhiucfe ig gufcterëg nj ni hgkpe, sn fnbn rnsukcr tefgs igs je hejaerkcfgfns njhejtrgfgs y rnfghtgr uj cjaerkn fn gufcterëg cjtnrjg. Ns higre qun, scj ig nxcstnjhcg fn ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj y fn jetgs fntgiigfgs fn ig ghtcvcfgf, je snrç  pescbin nshrcbcr uj cjaerkn prnhcse. (Nshunig (Ns hunig Nurepng fn Nxhninjhcg, 207=)

µWuã cjhiucr nj ig icstg fn vnrcachghcøj pgrg prehnses CXE 30075 Per ie mnjnrgi, ig icstg fn vnrcachghcøj pgrg ig gufcterëg cjtnrjg hejtnjfrç hugtre heiukjgs< g)  Rnanrnjhcg< jüknre fn hiçusuig nstçjfgr e ni jüknre fn snhhcøj fn peiëtchg.  b)  Ie qun fnbn bushgr< gquë ns fejfn sn nshrcbn ie qun sn bushg nj ni hgkpe fn ig gufcterëg. µWuã gsujtes bushgr5, µquã nqucpes vnrcachgr5, µquã prehnses hekprebgr5 h)  Hukpickcnjte< nj nstg heiukjg sn fntnrkcjg sc ig ermgjczghcøj hukpin hej ni rnqucscte fn ig jerkg. Nj kuhdes hgses ns sckpinknjtn uj së e uj je, gujqun punfn snr tgkbcãj uj ’je gpichg‛. 

f)  Fnshubrckcnjtes< nj nstg heiukjg sn fntgiig ies dgiigzmes fn ig gufcterëg fn hgkpe. Igs  pnrsejgs hej igs qun sn dgbiø, ies fehuknjtes nxgkcjgfes, ies rnmcstres, ig fnshrcphcøj fns hrcphcøj fn igs cjstgighcejns vcsctgfgs y igs ebsnrvghcejns sebrn ig hekprebghcøj fn ies prehnses. (Nshunig Nurepng fn Nxhninjhcg, 207=)

2.6.>  KGVRC\ FN FNHCXCEJNX PER KNFCE FN KNVEFE FN P^JVEX

Ig kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns hejscstn nj ujg snrcn fn hrctnrces pejfnrgfes utciczgfes pgrg ninmcr njtrn uj hejlujte fn ephcejns per knfce fn kgtnkçtchgs sckpins. (Bntgjheurt, 2074) µHøke dghnr ujg kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns5 Ies pgses g hejtcjughcøj punfnj vgrcgr uj pehe snmüj ni tcpe fn kgtrcz g nkpingr, pnre së sn punfnj nstgbinhnr 6 pgses aujfgknjtgins< 7)  Pgse 7< Fnacjcr ni eblntcve pnrsnmucfe hej ig kgtrcz< Ni eblntcve fnbn snr higre, hejhrnte, nspnhëache. Fchde fn etrg aerkg, fnbnj prnmujtgrsn, µquã ns ie qun sn bushg sgbnr hej ig kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns5

>2

 

  2)  Pgse 2< Huçins sej igs ephcejns< Xc je nstçj fnacjcfgs, ns jnhnsgrce fnacjcrigs. Xc ig kgtrcz sn rngiczgrg nj nqucpe, ujg bunjg cfng ns rnpgrtcr pest-ct g hgfg pnrsejg pgrg qun nshrcbg igs ephcejns qun hejscfnrn, pgrg iunme knjhcejgr igs ephcejns qun hgfg uje gjetø y ninmcr igs kçs gprepcgfgs. 8)  Pgse 8< Nstgbinhn ies hrctnrces< Ies hrctnrces sn ebtcnjnj g pgrtcr fn igs ephcejns. µNstç nvgiugjfe epertujcfgfns fn knlerg pgrg ckpinknjtgr5 Ies hrctnrces punfnj snr tcnkpe fn ckpinknjtghcøj, hekpinlcfgf, hejehckcnjte rnqunrcfe y rnhurse acjgjhcnre. Ie ckpertgjtn ns fntnrkcjgr µquã hgrghtnrëstchgs fnbnrëgj hukpicr igs ephcejns5 6)  Pgse 6< Pnses pejfnrgfes fn ies hrctnrces< Nj nstn pgse sn fnacjn ni pnse qun tnjfrç hgfg hrctnrce. Xc ni mrupe fn trgbgle je iinmg g uj ghunrfe, sn punfn cr kçs gi fntgiin y heknjzgr g hruzgr hgfg hrctnrce hej ies fnkçs nj ujg kgtrcz nj aerkg fn I hej bgsn nj ujg tgbig fn vgierns yg nstgbinhcfg. >)  Pgse >< Njarnjtgr igs ephcejns pgrg ni prcknr hrctnrce< Fn junve, nj ujg kgtrcz tcpe I tnjcnjfe heke njaequn uj seie hrctnrce, sn tekg ujg ephcøj y sn hruzg hej igs fnkçs. Njtejhns sn aerkuigj igs scmucnjtns prnmujtgs< µIg ephcøj T (heiukjg) ns kçs ckpertgjtn qun ig ephcøj S (acig) tnjcnjfe nj hunjtg ni hrctnrce \5 Ni rnsuitgfe snrç ig hgicachghcøj per ephcøj pgrg ni hrctnrce fntnrkcjgfe. 1)  Pgse 1< Njarnjtgr igs ephcejns pgrg ies fnkçs hrctnrces< Xn rnpctn ni pgse > pgrg ies fnkçs hrctnrces, ns fnhcr sn njarnjtg igs ephcejns njtrn së pgrg hugjtg hgjtcfgf fn hrctnrces nxcstg. (Bntgjheurt, 2074)

>8

 

 

8.  HGPËV^IE CCC KNVEFEIEMËG KNVEFEIEMËG 8.7  HEJMR^NJHCG KNVEFEIØMCHG

Xn fntgiig fn aerkg ermgjczgfg heke sn iemrgrç hukpicr hej ies eblntcves y qun hgfg hgpëtuie tnjmg hejmrunjhcg nj tefes sus njujhcgfes pgrg ni herrnhte fnsgrreiie fnsgr reiie fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj. (Relgs, 2077) gacrkg< ¨Xn njtcnjfn heke ni hejlujte scstnkçtche fn nstrgtnmcgs, prehnfckcnjtes, tãhjchgs, pgses y tgrngs qun sn scmunj pgrg rnheinhtgr ies fgtes y gberfgr su gjçicscs, hej kcrgs g dgiigr ujg seiuhcøj gi prebinkg¨ (p. =3).

Vgbig 7 Hejmrunjhcg Kntefeiømchg

Vëtuie

Prebinkg

Eblntcves

Prnmujtgs fn Cjvnstcmghcøj Eblntcve Mnjnrgi

µHuçins sej igsprnsnjtg agiigs Dnrrgkcnjtgs qun  pgrg ig ig gpichghcøj y Hejstruhter  kgjnle fn g Iøpnz cjvnjtgrces nj Rcvnrg nj su Hejstruhterg ghtugi Iøpnz Rcvnrg. kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces5

µHuçi ns ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg fn ies kgtnrcgins  per pgrtn fn ies  prevnnferns fn ig nkprnsg5 µWuã hestes cjhurrn ig nkprnsg nj ni kgjtnjckcnjte fn sus cjvnjtgrces5 µHuçi ns ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg y qun nanhte tcnjn sebrn su gikghnjgln y hejtrei5

Eblntcves Nspnhëaches Fntnrkcjgr ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg fn ies kgtnrcgins  per pgrtn fn ies  prevnnferns fn ig nkprnsg.

Fntnrkcjgr Fcgmjestchgr ies igs agiigs nj hestes qun cjhurrn ies kefnies ig nkprnsg nj ni fn cjvnjtgrces kgjtnjckcnjte fn nj sus cjvnjtgrces. Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Gjgiczgr ig fnkgjfg fni cjvnjtgrce nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg, ni nanhte sebrn su gikghnjgln y hejtrei.

Qgrcgbins Cjfnpnjfcnjtn Fnpnjfcnjtn

Vcnkpe fn Gjtchcpghcøj

Hestes

Kefnie fn Cjvnjtgrces

Fnkgjfg

>6

 

  Nj ig tgbig jüknre uje sn hekprunbg ig nxcstnjhcg fn ujg snhunjhcg iømchg njtrn igs vgrcgbins y su rnighcøj hej ies eblntcves fni nstufce y ni pigjtngkcnjte fni prebinkg.

8.7.7  EPNRGHCEJGIC\GHCØJ FN IGX QGRCGBINX

^jg vnz qun sn dg nstgbinhcfe ig hejmrunjhcg gfnhugfg pgrg ig cjvnstcmghcøj y sn dgj fntnrkcjgfe igs vgrcgbins. Ns jnhnsgrce njujhcgr sus fnacjchcejns hejhnptugins y sus fnacjchcejns epnrghcejgins. Vgkbcãj sn njuknrgj igs fcknjscejns qun igs hekpejnj y ies cjfchgferns qun igs knfcrçj. Pgrg ujg knler hekprnjscøj sn nigberg ni scmucnjtn fcgmrgkg.

Acmurg 77 Fcgmrgkg fn Qgrcgbin >>

 

 

Vgbig 2 Epnrghcejgiczghcøj fn igs vgrcgbins Qgrcgbins

s

Fnacjchcøj Hejhnptugi

Fnacjchcøj Epnrghcejgi Epnrghcejgi

Nstn ns ni rntrgse qun Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj trgjshurrn njtrn ig nkcscøj Vcnkpe fn ns hejehcfe tgkbcãj fn ujg erfnj fn hekprg y ig Gjtchcpghcøj heke tcnkpe fn njtrnmg e njtrnmg acjgi per pgrtn fni ingf tckn.  prevnnfer. n t j n c f j n p n f j C

Fcknjscejn Fcknjscejnss Cjfchgferns

Fnkgjfg  prebgbin

Hchie fn hekprg

Prnmujtgs

Rnspunstgs Nshgig

Vãhjchg

µHuçjte tcnkpe tgrfgj ies  prevnnferns nj njtrnmgr ies kgtnrcgins5

Gbcnrtg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

µHøke fntnrkcjgj nj qun keknjte cjmrnsgr ujg seichctuf fn hekprg fn cjvnjtgrce5

Gbcnrtg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

µNj su epcjcøj, nxcstn gimüj  prebinkg nj ig rnhnphcøj fn  pnfcfes5

Hnrrgfg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

µXn dghnj hejtnes y vnrcachghcøj fn ies pnfcfes rnhcbcfes5

Hnrrgfg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

µNxcstn uj  prehnfckcnjte nj  prehnfckcnjte hgse fn rnhcbcr  prefuhte nj kgi kgi nstgfe e hgjtcfgfns nrrøjngs5

Hnrrgfg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

>1

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj fn Vgbig #2

s

Qgrcgbins

Fnacjchcøj Hejhnptugi

Fnacjchcøj Epnrghcejgi Epnrghcejgi

Nstn ns ni rntrgse qun Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj trgjshurrn njtrn ig nkcscøj Vcnkpe fn ns hejehcfe tgkbcãj fn ujg erfnj fn hekprg y ig Gjtchcpghcøj heke tcnkpe fn njtrnmg e njtrnmg acjgi per pgrtn fni C

j

f

n

p

n

j

f

c

n

j

t

n

ingf tckn.

 prevnnfer.

Fcknjscejn Fcknjscejnss Cjfchgferns

Prnmujtgs µNj su epcjcøj hugi ns ni  prcjhcpgi  prebinkg nj ig sgicfg fn kgtnrcgins fn ig  befnmg5 µXn rngiczg hejtne aësche fn ies  prefuhtes njtrnmgfes5

Fnkgjfg  prebgbin

Hchie fn hekprg

Rnspunstgs Nshgig

Vãhjchg

Gbcnrtg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

Nj ni hgse fn dgbnr kgtnrcgi fnvuniteper g ig  befnmg je dgbnrsn usgfe µsn rnmcstrg nj gimüj

ogrfnx e scstnkg5 µWuã perhnjtgln fn rcnsme per qunfgr scj kgtnrcgins gi cjmrnsgr ujg erfnj aunrg fn tcnkpe ns ni kgjnlgfe5

Gbcnrtg

fëgs

Njtrnvcstg

>=

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj fn Vgbig #2 Qgrcgbins Fnacjchcøj Hejhnptugi

Fnacjchcøj Epnrghcejgi Epnrghcejgi

Fcknjscejns

Cjfchgferns

Prnmujtgs µHuçi ns ni heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte fn ies cjvnjtgrces5

s n t j n c f

Hestes j n p n f

Ns ni prnhce y mgste qun tcnjn gimujg hesg, scj hejscfnrgr ig mgjgjhcg.

j C

µXn hunjtg hej uj ogrfnx e scstnkg fn kgjnle fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn ies kgtnrcgins nj ig befnmg5 µHgfg huçjte sn vnrcachg ni Xn fnacjn heke ni vgier fn cjvnjtgrce ujcfgfns kejntgrcgs pgrg nxcstnjtn nj ig gfqucrcr bcnjns e snrvchces Kgjtnjckcnjte Fn  befnmg5 hej ni acj fn ebtnjnr y kgjnle kgjtnjckcnjte µHøke sn fnlg ni  bnjnachces prnsnjtns prnsnjtns e rnmcstre fn igs autures. vnrcachghcejns rngiczgfgs5 µNj hgse fn rngiczgr vnrcachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce g qucnj sn jetcachg y heke sn dghn ig jetcachghcøj5 µHuçi hejscfnrg ustnf qun ns ig  prcjhcpgi agiig nj ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce5

Rnspunstgs Nshgig

Vãhjchg

Gbcnrtg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Gbcnrtg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Hnrrgfg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

>4

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj fn Vgbig #2 Qgrcgbins

Fnacjchcøj Hejhnptugi Fnacjchcøj Epnrghcejgi Epnrghcejgi

Fcknjscejns Fcknjscejns

Cjfchgferns

Prnmujtgs µHuçjte ns ni heste  per pnjgiczghcøj pnjgiczghcøj e

Rnspunstgs Nshgig

Vãhjchg

Hestes

Ns ni prnhce y mgste qun tcnjn gimujg hesg, scj hejscfnrgr ig mgjgjhcg.

s

Xn fnacjn heke ni vgier fn ujcfgfns kejntgrcgs pgrg gfqucrcr bcnjns e snrvchces hej ni acj fn ebtnjnr bnjnachces  prnsnjtns e autures. autures.

n t

Kgjtnjckcnjte Fn cjhukpickcnjte fn cjhukpickcnjte njtrnmg fn ies y kgjnle  pnjgiczghcøj  pnjgiczghcøj  preynhtes per agitg agitg fn cjvnjtgrce5

Gbcnrtg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Per erfnjgr e acle

µHuçjtes sej ies hestes per erfnjgr ies kgtnrcgins5

Gbcnrtg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

Qgrcgbin

µHuçjtes sej ies hestes vgrcgbins nj ies kgtnrcgins5

Gbcnrtg

inkpcrgs Njtrnvcstg

µHøke kgjnlgj igs seichctufns fn hekprgs5 µPer knfce fn pujte fn rnerfnj e per Preknfce fn knfce fn rnvcscejns Prebgbciëstche  pnrcøfchgs fn ies  pnfcfes cjvnjtgrces5

Gbcnrtg

tcnkpe Njtrnvcstg

Prefuhhcøj

jn c f j n p n f j C

Fntnrkcjëstche

Fnkgjfg

Ig fnkgjfg fn uj fntnrkcjgfe grtëhuie ns ni jüknre fn Ns ig hgjtcfgf tetgi fn ujcfgfns qun sn uj bcnj e snrvchce qun  preynhtg vnjfnr vnjfnr nj uj ig mnjtn fnsng gfqucrcr.  pnrcefe auture? kçs kçs vgin ghigrgr qun je ns ig hgjtcfgf vnjfcfg

Pujte fn rnerfnj

Nj ig tgbig jüknre fes sn fnacjn fn kgjnrg epnrghcejgi y hejhnptugi igs vgrcgbins cjfnpnjfcnjtns. Xn fnrcvgj nj fcknjscejns n cjfchgferns tgi y heke ie cjfchg ig tnerëg fn ig gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces.

>3

 

  8.7.2  DCPØVNXCX

Hej ni eblntcve fn fgr ujg rnspunstg tnjtgtcvg gi prebinkg fn cjvnstcmghcøj sn s n prepejn ujg gsnvnrghcøj pejcnjfe nj rnighcøj igs vgrcgbins fn cjvnstcmghcøj. ’Dcpøtnscs< njujhcgfe qun

nxprnsg ujg rnspunstg tnjtgtcvg gi prebinkg pigjtngfe, prnvcgknjtn g ig rngiczghcøj fni g cjvnstcmghcøj‛. (Relgs, 2077, p. 7>2) D0< Ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. DC< Ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg je prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte.

8.2  NJAEW^N S KÃVEFEX

Fnpnjfcnjfe fni tcpe fn cjvnstcmghcøj qun sn rngichn nstgs punfnj snr fn fes tcpes y nj gimujes hgses su hekbcjghcøj. Nste fchtg ig pgutg fni prehnse qun sn snmucrç pgrg rngiczgr ig

cjvnstcmghcøj. G hejtcjughcøj, sn prnsnjtg uj fcgmrgkg qun scjtntczg ni njaequn, kãtefe, tcpe fn nstufce, fcsn÷e, gihgjhn, tcpe fn kunstrg y tãhjchgs utciczgfgs nj ig prnsnjtg cjvnstcmghcøj. Gfnkçs fn ujg nxpichghcøj g fntgiin sebrn ig ninhhcøj fn hgfg ninknjte kntefeiømche. Ig prnsnjtn cjvnstcmghcøj nkping uj kãtefe kcxte per snr ni kãtefe qun knler sn gfgptg gi pigjtngkcnjte fni prebinkg y pnrkctn ujg pnrspnhtcvg kçs gkpicg y preaujfg preauj fg fni anjøknje. Xn iinvg g hgbe uj hejlujte fn prehnses pgrg ig rnheinhhcøj, gjçicscs n cjtnmrghcøj fn fgtes hugjtctgtcves y hugictgtcves qun scrvnj heke aunjtn fn cjaerkghcøj pgrg cjanrcr y mnjnrgr uj kgyer rnjfckcnjte fni tnkg bgle nstufce. Xn utciczg uj fcsn÷e je nxpnrcknjtgi. Sg qun sn iinvg g hgbe scj nlnrhnr kgjcpuighcøj sebrn igs vgrcgbins cjfnpnjfcnjtns y igs ebsnrvghcejns sej dnhdgs tgi y heke ehurrnj nj su gkbcnjtn jgturgi pgrg su pestnrcer gjçicscs.

10

 

  Ni tcpe fn fcsn÷e je nxpnrcknjtgi gpichgfe nj ig cjvnstcmghcøj ns trgjsvnrsgi yg qun ig rnheinhhcøj fn fgtes sn iinvg g hgbe nj uj üjche keknjte y sn prehnfn g fnshrcbcr y gjgiczgr igs vgrcgbins nj nsn keknjte fgfe. Ni gihgjhn fni nstufce ns fn hgrçhtnr fnshrcptcve yg qun sn bushg fnshrcbcr igs hgrghtnrëstchgs y per quã ehurrn uj anjøknje y nj quã hejfchcejns sn kgjcacnstg e per quã sn rnighcejgj fes e kçs vgrcgbins. Ni tcpe fn kunstrg ns fcrcmcfg yg qun ig ninhhcøj fn ies ninknjtes je fnpnjfcø fn ig hgsugicfgf scje kçs bcnj, fn igs vgrcgbins rnighcejgfgs pgrg nstg cjvnstcmghcøj. S per üitcke igs tãhjchgs g utciczgrsn sej njtrnvcstgs, ebsnrvghcejns, rnvcscøj fn fehuknjtghcøj, icstg fn vnrcachghcøj y kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns qun prnsnjtn uj pgjergkg higre fn ig sctughcøj ghtugi fn ig nkprnsg.

Acmurg 72 Njaequn y kãtefes

8.8  FCXN×E FN IG CJQNXVCMGHCØJ ’Fcsn÷e fn cjvnstcmghcøj< fnshrcphcøj fn igs nstrgtnmcgs y prehnfckcnjtes, cfngfes snmüj

ni kãtefe hcnjtëache, knfcgjtn ies hugins sn gberfg ujg cjvnstcmghcøj. Ni fcsn÷e dghn pgrtn fni pigj mnjnrgi qun sn pigskg nj uj preynhte ‛. (Relgs, 2077, p. 7>7) 17

 

 

Vgbig 8 Pigj nstrgtãmche fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj Nstrgtnmcg Aerkuigr y sninhhcejgr  prebinkg fn cjvnstcmghcøj.

Fnsgrreiigr ni  pigjtngkcnjte, kgrhe tnørche y kntefeiemëg fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj.

Ghtcvcfgfns Bushgr prebinkgs fn cjvnstcmghcøj pgrg fnsgrreiigrie. Ninhhcøj per ni çrng fn pest mrgfe tnkg fn cjvnstcmghcøj. Cjvnstcmghcøj fn gjtnhnfnjtns fni  prebinkg. Rnvcscøj fn ig ictnrgturg pgrg rngiczgr ni kgrhe tnørche. Prnsnjtghcøj fni Hgpctuie C.

Rnhurses Dukgjes Kgtnrcgins

Rnspejsgbin Vcnkpe

2  pnrsejgs

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig 2 fëgs Kurciie

Hekputgferg

7  pnrsejgs

Cjm. Gbni Xgigzgr

6 fëgs

2  pnrsejgs

Hekputgferg

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

6 fëgs

2  pnrsejgs

Hekputgferg

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

6 fëgs

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

7 fëg

2  pnrsejgs

Aerkuigr ni fcsn÷e fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj 2  pgrg fnshrcbcr ni  pnrsejgs njaequn fn ig cjvnstcmghcøj.

Hekputgferg

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig 7> fëgs Kurciie

Rnfghhcøj fni

7 hunstcejgrce pgrg ig  pnrsejgs njtrnvcstg. Prnsnjtghcøj fni Hgpëtuie C,CC,CCC.

Pgpni, içpcz, mrgbgferg y hekputgferg

Gricj Resgins Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

Hçkgrg y icbrntg fn gpujtns

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

7 fëg

Pgpni, içpcz y hekputgferg

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

7 fëg

2  pnrsejgs

2 Rngiczgr njtrnvcstgs.  pnrsejgs Ebtnjhcøj fn cjaerkghcøj pgrg cfnjtcachgr igs agiigs nj ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces.

Hekputgferg

Ebsnrvghcøj fni çrng fn gikghnjgln 2  pgrg rnvcscøj fn ies  pnrsejgs kãtefes utciczgfes. Rnvcscøj fn ig fehuknjtghcøj fn 2 hejtrei qun  pnrsejgs kgjnlgj.

7 fëg 7 fëg 8 fëgs

12

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj fn Vgbig #8 Nstrgtnmcg

Ghtcvcfgfns

Rnhurses Dukgjes Kgtnrcgins

Rnspejsgbin Vcnkpe

Gjgiczgr ig Gricj Resgins 2 cjaerkghcøj Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig  pnrsejgs rnheinhtgfg. Kurciie Hgihuigr ni pujte fn Gricj Resgins 2 rnerfnj fn ies Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig  pnrsejgs cjvnjtgrces. Kurciie Gjgiczgr ig cjaerkghcøj pgrg Fntnrkcjgr ies XO^  prnsnjtgr uj pigj fn  pgrg cfnjtcachgr ig Gricj Resgins 2 ghhcøj. ubchghcøj fn ies Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig  pnrsejgs kgtnrcgins fnjtre fn ig Kurciie  befnmg. Gricj Resgins Kestrgr ies rnsuitgfes 2 Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig ebtnjcfes.  pnrsejgs Kurciie Gricj Resgins Nigbergr uj pigj fn 2 Prnsnjtgr uj Pigj fn Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig ghhcøj nj bgsn g igs Ghhcøj.  pnrsejgs Kurciie rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes. Aerkuigr hejhiuscejns Gricj Resgins y rnheknjfghcejns 2 Hekputgferg Mgbrcnig  pnrsejgs  pgrg ig knlerg fn Kurciie Hejhiuscejns e hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces

2 fëg 2 fëg

2 fëgs

2 fëgs > fëgs

2 fëgs

Rnheknjfghcejns.

Prnsnjtghcøj fni 2 Hgpëtuie C,CC,CCC,CQ,Q.  pnrsejgs

Gricj Resgins Mgbrcnig Kurciie

7 fëg

8.8.7  PEBIGHCØJ ’^jg vnz qun sn dg fnacjcfe huçi snrç ig ujcfgf fn f n kunstrne/gjçicscs, sn prehnfn g fnickctgr

ig pebighcøj qun vg g snr nstufcgfg y sebrn ig hugi sn prntnjfn mnjnrgiczgr ies rnsuitgfes. Gsë, ujg  pebighcøj ns ni hejlujte fn tefes ies hgses qun hejhunrfgj hej ujg snrcn fn nspnhcachghcejns‛ (Dnrjgjfnz Xgkpcnrc, Anrjçjfnz Heiigfe, & Bgptcstg Iuhce, 2076, p. 7=6) Ig pebighcej fni nstufce snrgj igs ujcfgfns kgjtnjcfgs nj ies cjvnjtgrces fn igs ebrgs nj nlnhuhcøj fn ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Ig nkprnsg hunjtg hej ies scmucnjtns XO^ nj hgfg ujg fn sus ebrgs y befnmg prcjhcpgi<

18

 

    Preynhte 760 ’Pretnhhcøj fn kgrmnj fnrnhdg y hejstruhhcøj fn punjtn pngtejgi sebrn



qunbrgfg Ni Xguhn‛< 84 XO^   Preynhte 762 ’Hejstruhhcøj fn Pgrnf fn Aerre fn içkcjg fcvcsercg‛< 4 XO^



  Preynhte 766 ’Hejstruhhcøj fn tnrrgpiãj, hnrhe pnrckntrgi y tubnrëg pgrg purmg fn ies pezes



#7, #8 y #6‛< 28 XO^   Befnmg prcjhcpgi< 722 XO^



8.8.2  K^NXVRG Pgrg sninhhcejgr gfnhugfgknjtn ig kunstrg tnjnkes qun sgbnr ni scmjcachgfe fn f n niig, ig hugi ns< ’Ig kunstrg ns, nj nsnjhcg, uj submrupe fn ig pebighcøj‛. (Dnrjgjfnz Xgkpcnrc, Anrjçjfnz Heiigfe, & Bgptcstg Iuhce, 2076, p. 7=>) Per ie qun ig kunstrg fn junstre preynhte snrç ig pebighcøj nj su tetgicfgf. Ie hugi ns ni cjvnjtgrce nj ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg y sus rnmcstres fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs rngiczgfgs per ies rnspejsgbins fn befnmg nj hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes y ig befnmg prcjhcpgi.

8.8.8  ^JCFGF FN GJÇICXCX Ni ninknjte g gjgiczgr nj nstg cjvnstcmghcøj snrçj igs ujcfgfns fn cjvnjtgrce e XO^ fn ies  preynhtes nj nlnhuhcøj nj Hejstruhter Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Xcj nkbgrme, ig mgkg fn nstn prefuhte p refuhte ns tgj gkpicg, qun sn fnickctgrç nj bgsn g pgrçkntres fgfes per ig hgtnmerczghcøj fni scstnkg GBH,  prnvcgknjtn nxpunste, qun ns ujg fnrcvghcøj fn uj gjçicscs Pgrnte. Fnacjcfe per ni kgrmnj fn utcicfgf fn ies prefuhtes.

8.8.6  ^JCFGF FN RNXP^NXVG Xn nshemcø ni kãtefe hugjtctgtcve, fnbcfe g qun igs rnspunstgs qun sn ebtnjfrçj nstçj  bgsgfgs fgtes jukãrches qun pnrkctcrçj fntnrkcjgr ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrce y ni ni pujte fn rnerfnj. 16

 

  Xn nshemcø tgkbcãj ni kãtefe hugictgtcve, pgrg cfnjtcachgr ni prehnse cjtnrje fn kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrce qun fcskcjuyg igs agiigs prnsnjtns nj ni kefnie ghtugi. 8.6  VÃHJCHGX N CJXVR^KNJVEX GPICHGFGX Hej ni prepøscte fn ckpinknjtgr igs tnerëgs fn sustnjte y fgrin vgicfnz gi nstufce pgrg  bushgr ujg seiuhcøj gi prebinkg pigjtngfe y gihgjzgr ies eblntcves aclgfes, sn eptø per utciczgr fcvnrsgs tãhjchgs n cjstruknjtes qun njrcqunhnrçj ni trgbgle y scrvnj g cfnjtcachgr igs rnspunstgs. 8.6.7  CJXVR^KNJVEX Ni cjstruknjte fn rnheinhhcøj fn fgtes ns hugiqucnr rnhurse e aunjtn qun sng ütci gi cjvnstcmgfer pgrg nxtrgnr tefg ig cjaerkghcøj jnhnsgrcg y pefnr fntnrkcjgr hej niig igs hgusgs fn ig prebinkçtchg pigjtngfg.

Vgbig 6 Cjstruknjtes gpichgfes

Cjstruknjte Njtrnvcstg

Ebsnrvghcøj Rnvcscøj fehuknjtgi

Acjgicfgf Ebtnjhcøj fn cjaerkghcøj rninvgjtn sebrn igs vgrcgbins fn nstufce  per pgrtn fn ies njhgrmgfes fn hekprgs hekpr gs n cjvnjtgrces. Nvgiugr ni prehnse ghtugi fni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces pgrg cfnjtcachgr igs ghtcvcfgfns qun je gmrnmgj vgier. Rnvcscøj fn ig fehuknjtghcøj ghtugi qun rnspgifn sus prehnses. Per knfce fn ies icjngkcnjtes nstgbinhcfes nj ig CXE 3007 hejtrei

Icstgfe fn vnrcachghcøj Kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns

fn cjvnjtgrces, fntnrkcjgr ni jcvni nj qun sn njhunjtrg ig nkprnsg rnspnhte gi kgjnle fn sus cjvnjtgrces. Xninhhcejgr ig knler ephcøj nj seatwgrn fn cjvnjtgrces pgrg ig nkprnsg.

1>

 

  NJVRNQCXVG

Igs njtrnvcstgs sej utciczgfgs pgrg rnheinhtgr cjaerkghcøj vnrbgi fn tefes ies cjfcvcfues cjveiuhrgfes nj ni prehnse fn cjvnjtgrces fn ig nkprnsg, pgrg ghhnfnr g cjaerkghcøj qun je sn njhunjtrg nj ies rnmcstres y tnjnr uj pgjergkg kçs hekpinte e gkpice sebrn ie qun suhnfn. Xn gpichgrçj njtrnvcstgs gi hejtgfer(g), befnmunre(g), cjmnjcnre fn preynhtes y hekprgfer(g) ies hugins sej usugrces ghtugins fn ig cjaerkghcøj nxcstnjtn nj ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. 7.  µHuçjte tcnkpe tgrfgj ies prevnnferns nj njtrnmgr ies kgtnrcgins5 2.  µHuçi ns ni heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte fn ies cjvnjtgrces5 8.  µHuçjte ns ni heste per pnjgiczghcøj e cjhukpickcnjte fn njtrnmg fn ies preynhtes per agitg fn cjvnjtgrce5 6.  µHuçjtes sej ies hestes acles nj ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces5 >.  µHuçjtes sej ies hestes vgrcgbins nj ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces5 1.  µHøke kgjnlgj igs seichctufns fn hekprgs5 µPer knfce fn pujte fn rnerfnj e per knfce fn rnvcscejns pnrcøfchgs fn ies cjvnjtgrces5

ICXVGFE FN QNRCACHGHCØJ Ig CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces, nstgbinhn pgrçkntres e icjngkcnjtes pgrg ni hejtrei nachcnjtn fn ies kcskes. Per ie qun g trgvãs fn ig ckpinknjtghcøj fn ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj fn ig CXE 3007 sn pefrç fntnrkcjgr ni jcvni nj qun sn njhunjtrg ig nkprns nkprnsgg rnspnhte gi kgjnle fn sus cjvnjtgrces. 8.6.2  VÃHJCHGX ’Vãhjchgs< prehnfckcnjtes nspnhëaches qun, nj fnsgrreiie fni kãtefe hcnjtëache, sn dgj fn

gpichgr nj ig cjvnstcmghcøj pgrg rnhemnr ig cjaerkghcøj e ies fgtes rnqunrcfes ‛. (Relgs, 2077, p. 17) 11

 

  Igs tãhjchgs fn cjvnstcmghcøj sej ies knfces qun pnrkctnj ig rnheinhhcøj fn fgtes, pgrg ni gjçicscs pestnrcer fn ies kcskes y vgj ëjtckgknjtn icmgfgs gi cjstruknjte.

EBXNRQGHCØJ Hej ig gpichghcøj fn nstg tãhjchg sn bushg rnmcstrgr ni hekpertgkcnjte fn ies nkpingfes nj ni çrng fn befnmgs, ns fnhcr je sn dgrçj prnmujtgs ergins jc nshrctgs. Xeie sn ebsnrvgrç ies kevckcnjtes fn igs pnrsejgs njhgrmgfgs fni çrng pgrg ebtnjnr ies fgtes jnhnsgrces. Ni prepøscte fn nstg tãhjchg ns fntnrkcjgr< ies tcnkpes fn fnkerg tgjte nj ig büsqunfg heke nj ni fnspghde fn ies kgtnrcgins, prehnse pgrg rnmcstre fn njtrgfgs, ig fcstrcbuhcøj fcstr cbuhcøj fn ies cjvnjtgrces, sus ubchghcejns nj igs befnmgs y ig higscachghcøj qun sn in gscmjg g hgfg uje, peiëtchgs fn hejtrei fn snmurcfgf.

RNQCXCØJ FEH^KNJVGI Knfcgjtn nstg tãhjchg sn bushg nxgkcjgr ig fehuknjtghcøj qun brcjfn ig nkprnsg pgrg gsë herrebergr ig gutnjtchcfgf fn ig cjaerkghcøj earnhcfg y ghepigrig g trgvãs fn ies cjstruknjtes fn

cjvnstcmghcøj heke ig njtrnvcstg y ig ebsnrvghcøj. Xn prehnsgrç ig cjaerkghcøj pgrg ebtnjnr ies rnsuitgfes nspnrgfes. KGVRC\ FN FNHCXCEJ PER KNFCE FN KNVEFE FN P^JVEX Ig acjgicfgf fn nstg kgtrcz ns pefnr nvgiugr igs fcanrnjtns ephcejns fn seatwgrn fn cjvnjtgrces nxhiuscves pgrg nkprnsgs fni rubre fn ig hejstruhhcøj. S fntnrkcjgr ig knler ephcøj qun sn gfgptn g igs jnhnscfgfns fn ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg.

8.>  A^NJVNX FN CJAERKGHCØJ Igs aunjtns fn cjaerkghcøj sej ckpertgjtns perqun jes gyufgj g rngiczgr ig rnvcscøj fn ig ictnrgturg fni tnkg fn cjvnstcmghcøj. Fn nstg kgjnrg pefnr ebtnjnr cjaerkghcøj qun scrvn fn muëg  pgrg gkpicgr ies hejhnptes y fgr g hejehnr fcanrnjtns njaequns fni tnkg g fnsgrreiigr. fns grreiigr. 1=

 

  8.>.7  A^NJVNX PRCKGRCGX

’Igs aunjtns prckgrcgs hejtcnjnj cjaerkghcøj ercmcjgi, prefuhte fn ujg cjvnstcmghcøj e fn

ujg ghtcvcfgf nkcjnjtnknjtn hrngtcvg. Xej aunjtns fnstcjgfgs g hekujchgr ies rnsuitgfes fni hejehckcnjte y fn ig hrnghcøj‛  (Vcrgtni, 2000, p. 74). Nj nstg cjvnstcmghcøj sn utciczgrej igs

scmucnjtns< 7.  Njtrnvcstg g ies nkpingfes fni çrng fn hejtgbcicfgf, befnmg, cjmnjcnrëg y hekprgs. 2.  Ig ebsnrvghcøj fni çrng fn befnmg. 8.  Ig rnvcscøj fn fehuknjtes fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces qun kgjnlgj. Ig hugi snrvcrç fn bgsns pgrg rngiczgr igs prepunstgs fn knlerg pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fn uj hejtrei nachcnjtn fn ies cjvnjtgrces.

8.>.2  A^NJVNX XNH^JFGRCGX

’Igs aunjtns snhujfgrcgs hejtcnjnj cjaerkghcøj prckgrcg rnnigbergfg, scjtntczgfgs y

rnermgjczgfg, e rnkctnj g niig. Xej aunjtns nspnhcgiknjtn fcsn÷gfgs pgrg aghcictgr y kgxckczgr ni ghhnse g igs aunjtns prckgrcgs e g sus hejtnjcfes‛ (Vcrgtni, 2000, p. 73)  73) Njtrn igs utciczgfgs nj nstg

cjvnstcmghcøj sej< 7.  Icbres ies hugins scrvnj fn bgsn y hekprebghcøj fni fcsn÷e fn ujg gfkcjcstrghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces nanhtcve. Xn fntgiigj ies scmucnjtns<   Cjvnjtgrces. Kgjnle y Hejtrei



  Gfkcjcstrghcøj fn Cjvnjtgrces nj Gikghnjns



  Kgjnle fn Cjvnjtgrces



  Aujfgknjtes fn Hejtrei y Mnstcøj fn Cjvnjtgrces



  Gfkcjcstrghcøj Acjgjhcnrg fn Cjvnjtgrces.



2.  Bgsns fn fgtes fcmctgins qun gyufgj fn nlnkpie y gkpicgr hejhnptes utciczgfes.   Heke rnvcstgs



  Icbres ninhtrøjches

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



  Vnscs fn rnanrnjhcg

  Kgjugins.

14

 

 

6.  HGPËV^IE CQ RNX^IVGFEX S GJÇICXCX 6.7  FCGMJØXVCHE XCV^GHCØJ GHV^GI

Pgrg ni prnsnjtn fcgmjøstche sn rnhurrn g igs njtrnvcstgs pigjtngfgs nj ni kgrhe kntefeiømche, g igs achdgs fn ebsnrvghcøj fejfn sn hejscmjgj ies rnsüknjns fn ie ebsnrvgfe y g ig fehuknjtghcøj hejsuitgfg. Vgkbcãj sn nigberø ujg icstg fn vnrcachghcøj nj bgsn g ig tnerëg fn ig CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces (cfnjtcachghcøj, trgzgbcicfgf y prnsnrvghcøj) pgrg herrebergr ni nstgfe fni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces qun sn tcnjn nj ig ghtugicfgf nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Pgrg ig sninhhcøj fn ig zejg fn nstufce sn tcnjnj igs trns ebrgs qun ghtugiknjtn nstç fnsgrreiigjfe ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Xn mnstcejø ig vcsctg g igs ebrgs y  prcjhcpgiknjtn g igs befnmgs qun kgjnlg hgfg pigjtni. Nstgs ebrgs sej igs scmucnjtns<   Preynhte 760 ’Pretnhhcøj fn kgrmnj fnrnhdg y hejstruhhcøj fn punj tn pngtejgi sebrn



qunbrgfg Ni Xguhn‛ Rnsuknj fn igs hgrghtnrëstchgs fn igs befnmgs. Ebrg

Befnmunre

Preynhte 760

Kgjuni Grhcin

Preynhte 762

Jgcj Xçjhdnz

Preynhte 766

Jgcj Xçjhdnz

Hgrghtnrëstchgs Befnmg aujhcejg fnjtre fn uj hejtnjnfer nj tnrrnje hejtcjue g ig ebrg fn hejstruhhcøj. Befnmg prevcscejgi fn içkcjgs y kgfnrg. Befnmg

prevcscejgi

içkcjgs y kgfnrg.

fn

Befnmgs Befnmg prcjhcpgi

Csrgni Møknz

aujhcejgj

nj

hejtnjnferns gfgptgfes pgrg  befnmg y befnmg fn biequns.

Igs njtrnvcstgs sn rngiczgj hej ni eblntcve fn fnshrcbcr y hekprnjfnr ig sctughcøj ghtugi sebrn ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce nj hgfg ujg fn igs ebrgs, gsë heke nj ig befnmg prcjhcpgi fejfn sn kgjnlg cjvnjtgrce rnanrnjtn g igs kçqucjgs y ies sebrgjtns fn kgtnrcgins fn hgfg ujg fn igs ebrgs. Ni prepøscte fn nstgs vcsctgs ns pefnr njtnjfnr ig pnrspnhtcvg fni pnrsejgi g hgrme, vnrcachgr ig dcpøtnscs fni nstufce y tnjnr ujg cjaerkghcøj hugictgtcvg qun njrcqunzhg ni nstufce. Nstgs njtrnvcstgs sn rngiczgrej hej ujg nstruhturg prnfntnrkcjgfg. Nj ujg rnujcøj fejfn nstgbgj  prnsnjtns tefes ies befnmunres. befnmunres . Nj ig tgbig 1 sn kunstrg ig njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg.

=0

 

 

Vgbig 1 Nsqunkg fn njtrnvcstg. Befnmunres nj ebrgs. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiig ig njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg. Ie rnkgrhgfe nj jnmre sej igs rnspunstgs ebtnjcfgs. NJVRNQCXVG FNXVCJGFG G BEFNM^NREX NJ HGFG ^JG FN IGX EBRGX FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG µXn hunjtg hej uj ogrfnx e scstnkg fn kgjnle fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn ies kgtnrcgins nj ig  befnmg5   Xcnkprn Hgsc scnkprn   Hgsc jujhg   

 

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

 

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Jujhg Nj hgse fn hejtgr hej uj scstnkg. µHøke fntnrkcjgj nj qun keknjte cjmrnsgr ujg seichctuf fn hekprg fn cjvnjtgrce5 Je hejtgkes hej uj scstnkg, seie hugjfe yg sn jnhnsctg kgtnrcgi junvgknjtn sn pcfn. µHgfg huçjte sn vnrcachg ni cjvnjtgrce nxcstnjtn nj ig befnmg5 Fcgrcgknjtn     Xnkgjgiknjtn   Wucjhnjgiknjtn Knjsugiknjtn     Etrg< Je sn vnrcachg, seie gi acjgi fni preynhte nj hgse fn dgbnr sebrgjtns 



 

 







 

 

 

µHøke sn fnlg ni rnmcstre fn ig vnrcachghcøj rngiczgfg5  

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Hej uj aerkgte yg fn nstgbinhcfe Rngiczgjfe ujg icstg igs nxcstnjhcgs    Je sn fnlg rnmcstre Etrg aerkg< UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU    µNj hgse fn rngiczgr vnrcachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce g qucnj sn jetcachg y høke sn dghn ig jetcachghcøj5 Xn jetcachg g< gi cjmnjcnre rnscfnjtn y gi njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs.   Per nshrcte Hej aerkgte yg nstgbinhcfe Qnrbgiknjtn µHuçi hejscfnrg ustnf qun ns ig prcjhcpgi agiig nj ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce5 Je dgy uj prehnfckcnjte higre y nstgbinhcfe

   

 

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

 



 

 

 

 

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Nxcstn prehnfckcnjte, pnre je sn hukpin Agitg fnujtcnkpe fni befnmunre Agitg fn heerfcjghcøj njtrn befnmunre y njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs Etre, nxpicqun<

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=7

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj fn Vgbig #1 NJVRNQCXVG FNXVCJGFG G BEFNM^NREX NJ HGFG ^JG FN IGX EBRGX FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG µNj su epcjcøj, nxcstn gimüj prebinkg nj ig rnhnphcøj fn pnfcfes5 S sc ns gsë, µHuçi hejscfnrg qun ns ni prcjhcpgi prebinkg5 Cjhekpgtcbcicfgf hej igs ørfnjns fn hekprg      Je dgy tcnkpe pgrg vnrcachgr  Je dgy jcjmüj prehnse nstgbinhcfe µXn dghnj hejtnes y vnrcachghcøj fn ies pnfcfes rnhcbcfes5 Xcnkprn   Hgsc scnkprn   G vnhns   Hgsc jujhg    Jujhg µNxcstn uj prehnfckcnjte nachcnjtn nj hgse fn rnhcbcr prefuhte nj kgi nstgfe e hgjtcfgfns nrrøjngs5 Kuy nachcnjtn   Nachcnjtn     Rnmuigr   Fnachcnjtn Kuy fnachcnjtn   µNj su epcjcøj hugi ns ni prcjhcpgi prebinkg nj ig sgicfg fn kgtnrcgins fn ig befnmg5 

 

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Je dgy pnrsejgi gscmjgfe g ig njtrnmg fn kgtnrcgins    Je dgy tcnkpe fn vnrcachgr ie njtrnmgfe    Je sn hukpin ni prehnse nstgbinhcfe    Je dgy jcjmüj prehnse nstgbinhcfe Etre, nxpichgr<   µXn rngiczg gimüj hejtne aësche fn ies prefuhtes njtrnmgfes5   Xcnkprn   Hgsc scnkprn G vnhns   Hgsc jujhg     Jujhg Nj ni hgse fn dgbnr kgtnrcgi fnvunite g ig befnmg per je dgbnrsn usgfe, µsn rnmcstrg nj gimüj ogrfnx e scstnkg5 Xcnkprn     Hgsc scnkprn   G vnhns Hgsc jujhg     Jujhg  

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=2

 

  Pgrg ig njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg gi befnmunre fn ig befnmg prcjhcpgi sn nxhiuynrej hcnrtgs  prnmujtgs fnbcfe g qun nj nstg befnmg je sn kgjnlg rnqucschcejns e pnfcfes fn kgtnrcgi. Ns gbgstnhcfg seie hej ies kgtnrcgins prevnjcnjtns fn igs fcanrnjtns ebrgs. Ie rnsgitgfe nj jnmre sej igs rnspunstgs ebtnjcfgs.

Vgbig = Nsqunkg fn njtrnvcstg. Njhgrmgfe fn befnmg prcjhcpgi. NJVRNQCXVG FNXVCJGFG G NJHGRMGFE FN BEFNMG PRCJHPGI PR CJHPGI FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG µXn hunjtg hej uj ogrfnx e scstnkg fn kgjnle fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn igs kgqucjgs nj ig  befnmg5 Xcnkprn   Hgsc scnkprn     Hgsc jujhg Jujhg   µHgfg huçjte sn vnrcachg ni cjvnjtgrce nxcstnjtn nj ig befnmg5   Fcgrcgknjtn Xnkgjgiknjtn   Wucjhnjgiknjtn   Knjsugiknjtn   

 

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Etrg< Jujhg

 

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µHøke sn fnlg ni rnmcstre fn ig vnrcachghcøj rngiczgfg5   Hej uj aerkgte yg nstgbinhcfe   Rngiczgjfe ujg icstg fn igs nxcstnjhcgs Je sn fnlg rnmcstre   µNj hgse fn rngiczgr vnrcachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce g qucnj sn jetcachg y høke sn dghn ig jetcachghcøj5 

 

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Xn jetcachg g< gi njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs Per nshrcte Hej aerkgte yg nstgbinhcfe Qnrbgiknjtn (seie sn dghn nj hgses nspnhëaches)

 

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µHuçi hejscfnrg ustnf qun ns ig prcjhcpgi agiig nj ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce5    Je dgy uj prehnfckcnjte higre y nstgbinhcfe Nxcstn uj prehnfckcnjte, pnre je sn hukpin     Agitg fn tcnkpe fni befnmunre   Agitg fn heerfcjghcøj njtrn befnmunre y njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs 

 

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=8

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #= NJVRNQCXVG FNXVCJGFG G NJHGRMGFE FN BEFNMG PRCJHPGI PR CJHPGI FN HEJXVR^HVERG IØPN\ RCQNRG µNj su epcjcøj, nxcstn gimüj prebinkg nj ig rnhnphcøj fn seichctufns fn use fn kgqucjgrcg5    Je dgy tcnkpe pgrg vnrcachgr  Je dgy jcjmüj prehnse nstgbinhcfe   µNj su epcjcøj hugi ns ni prcjhcpgi prebinkg nj ig gscmjghcøj fn kgqucjgrcg5 Ni prebinkg ns qun cjmrnsg kgqucjgrcg g ig befnmg pnre je sn vnrcachg qun vnjmg nj bunjgs hejfchcejns, gi keknjte fn gscmjgrsn junvgknjtn punfn suhnfnr qun ig kgqucjg nstn nj kgigs hejfchcejns y sn cjhurrn nj mgste per giqucigr yg qun je sn punfn fnspnrfchcgr tcnkpe nj grrnmigrig. 

 

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µXn rngiczg gimüj hejtne aësche fn ig kgqucjgrcg njtrnmgfes e rnhcbcfg5 Xcnkprn   Hgsc scnkprn     Hgsc jujhg    Jujhg Etre< seie sn iinvg uj rnmcstre gi keknjte fn njtrnmgr ig kgqucjgrcg e kgtnrcgins.   Hugjfe sn rnhcbn je sn hejtgbciczg. 

 

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Pgrg ni kãtefe fn cjvnstcmghcøj knfcgjtn ebsnrvghcøj sn utciczø ig achdg fn ig tgbig jüknre

ehde. Ni rnherrcfe pgrg ig ebsnrvghcøj sn rngiczø nj igs befnmgs fn igs ebrgs y ig befnmg prcjhcpgi fn ig nkprnsg, ni hugi hekprnjfcø uj rnmcstre kntchuiese y erfnjgfe fn ies anjøknjes ebsnrvgbins nj ig sctughcøj ghtugi. Fn cmugi kgjnrg nj ni kcske rnherrcfe sn rngiczø ig vnrcachghcøj nj bgsn g ies icjngkcnjtes qun nstgbinhn ig CXE 3007 fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces. Igs vnrghcfgfns fn ies fgtes ebtnjcfes fnbnj fn vnrcachgrsn hej ig cjaerkghcøj ebtnjcfg per knfce fn g njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg g ies befnmunres.

Vgbig 4 Achdg fn ebsnrvghcøj. Mnjnrgicfgfns fni prehnse fn cjvnjtgrce µVcpes fn hejtrei5 µRnspejsgbins fn ies hejtreins5 µArnhunjhcg fn ckpinknjtghcøj fn ies prehnfckcnjtes5 µKgjnle fn aerkgtes5 Njtrgfgs fn kgtnrcgins

=6

 

  µHøke sn rnhcbn5 Arnhunjhcg fn hejtne fn ies kgtnrcgins rnhcbcfes Rnspejsgbins µKgjnle fn aerkgtes5 Xgicfgs fn kgtnrcgins µHøke sn rngiczg5 Arnhunjhcg fn hejtne fn ies kgtnrcgins njtrnmgfes Rnspejsgbins µKgjnle fn aerkgtes5

Vgbig 3 Icstg fn vnrcachghcøj CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces Icjngkcnjte Higusuig >.2 Cfnjtcachghcøj  ^tciczgj ntcquntgs, hgihekgjëgs, fehuknjtghcøj (vcglnres, njrutgferns, ørfnjns fn trgbgle) e hugiqucnr etre kãtefe qun aujhcejn pgrg su hejtrei fn kgtnrcgins.

Hukpin

Je Hukpin

Pgrg hekpejnjtns e hejlujtes g mrgjni, ^tciczgj hejtnjnferns, tcjgs e ubchghcejns nspnhëachgs y nstçj higrgknjtn cfnjtcachgfes. ^tciczgj gimüj scstnkg, høfcmes fn bgrrgs e ntcquntgs RAC. µXn dg kejcterngfe e knfcfe ni rnsuitgfe snmüj sng jnhnsgrce y huçins aunrej ies rnsuitgfes fn ig ghtcvcfgf5 ^tciczgj gimujes fn ies scmucnjtns rnmcstres fn prefuhhcøj pgrg vnrcachghcøj fn ghtcvcfgfns< Icstgs fn vnrcachghcøj Delgs fn trgbgle fn vnrcachghcøj e cjspnhhcøj Bgsns fn fgtes ninhtrøjchgs Etres scstnkgs fn hejtrei fn seatwgrn fn prefuhhcøj

 

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Higusuig >.2 Vrgzgbcicfgf Fntnrkcjgj igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs higvn e hrëtchgs fn kgtnrcgins g trgvãs fn ghtcvcfgfns fn fnsgrreiie fn prefuhtes heke rnvcscejns fn fcsn÷e y nvgiughcøj fn rcnsmes.

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Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #3 Icjngkcnjte Rngiczgj trgzgbcicfgf dghcg gtrçs<   nstn ns ni tcpe kçs heküj y  preperhcejg cjaerkghcøj sebrn ies prehnses y kgtnrcgins qun sn utciczgrej pgrg prefuhcr uj prefuhte e prnstgr uj snrvchce. Higusuig >.6 Prnsnrvghcøj Hunjtgj hej trgzgbcicfgf dghcg gfnigjtn0% fn ig icstg.

=1

 

  6.2  GJÇICXCX FN RNX^IVGFEX

^jg vnz ebtnjcfg tefg ig cjaerkghcøj rnanrnjtn g ig sctughcøj ghtugi fn ig nkprnsg sn  prehnfn g rngiczgr ni gjçicscs fn igs njtrnvcstgs y igs ebsnrvghcejns fn hgkpe. Nstn gjçicscs sn nkpcnzg fnsmiesgjfe uj hugfre hekpgrgtcve pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig vgrcgbcicfgf njtrn igs rnspunstgs fn ies befnmunres y ig cjaerkghcøj ebtnjcfg knfcgjtn igs ebsnrvghcejns rngiczgfgs.

Vgbig 70 Gjçicscs fn ies rnsuitgfes. Njtrnvcstg befnmgs nj ebrgs vnrsus ebsnrvghcøj. Prnmujtg

Rnsuitgfes Njtrnvcstg

Rnsuitgfe Ebsnrvghcøj

 Jujhg. µXn hunjtg hej uj ogrfnx e scstnkg fn kgjnle fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn ies kgtnrcgins nj ig befnmg5

Xn hunjtg üjchgknjtn hej uj  Je hunjtgj hej uj hejtrei fn hejtrei fn sgicfgs. Ies njtrgfgs y sgicfgs. Heke aun kgtnrcgins iinmgj g ig befnmg knjhcejgfe nj igs rnspunstg fn ig  prcjhcpgi y nstes sej njvcgfes njtrnvcstg tcnjnj pgsns fn sgicfg g ies fcanrnjtns preynhtes nj  pgrg njvcgr ies kgtnrcgins g ies ies qun sej rnqunrcfes. Xeie fcanrnjtns preynhtes pnre nj igs

sn rngiczg uj pgsn fn sgicfg  befnmgs fn hgfg uje fn niies je sn ckpinknjtgj ies pgsns fn sgicfg.  pgrg njvcgr ies kgtnrcgins. Nj hgse fn hejtgr hej uj scstnkg. µHøke fntnrkcjgj  Je hejtgkes hej uj scstnkg, nj qun keknjte cjmrnsgr uj seie hugjfe yg sn jnhnsctg seichctuf fn hekprg fn kgtnrcgi junvgknjtn sn pcfn cjvnjtgrce5

 Je scmunj jcjmüj prehnse jc scstnkg pgrg cjmrnsgr ujg seichctuf fn kgtnrcgi. Ni cjmnjcnre rnscfnjtn dghn ujg seichctuf gi fnpgrtgknjte fn hekprgs nj ni keknjte qun ehupg ni kgtnrcgi.

 Je sn vnrcachg, seie gi acjgi µHgfg huçjte sn vnrcachg ni  Je vnrcachgj igs nxcstnjhcgs fn fni preynhte nj hgse fn dgbnr cjvnjtgrce nxcstnjtn nj ig kgtnrcgins nj igs befnmgs fn igs sebrgjtns nstn sn hugjtcachg y ebrgs jc nj ig befnmg prcjhcpgi.  befnmg5 sn njvëg g ig befnmg prcjhcpgi

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Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #70 Prnmujtg

Rnsuitgfes Njtrnvcstg

Rnsuitgfe Ebsnrvghcøj Gi je rngiczgr vnrcachghcøj per njfn je nxcstn jcjmüj rnmcstre. Xn  pufcnrej ebsnrvgr fehuknjtes fn Hugjfe sn rngiczg ig  preynhtes gjtnrcerns qun yg dgj µHøke sn fnlg ni rnmcstre fn vnrcachghcøj gi acjgi fni tnrkcjgfe, rnspnhte g ies ig vnrcachghcøj rngiczgfg5  preynhte sn dghn g trgvãs fn sebrgjtns, pnre je nj tefes ies uj aerkgte yg nstgbinhcfe. hgses nstes aerkgtes aunrej utciczgfes. Dgy nshnjgrces nj qun je sn rnpertø ies sebrgjtns qun cjmrnsgj g ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. Ig sn rngiczg gi vnrcachghcøj acjgi fni qun preynhte ns jetcachgfg gi njhgrmgfe fn µNj hgse fn rngiczgr hekprgs y ni cjmnjcnre vnrcachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce g rnscfnjtn. qucnj sn jetcachg y høke sn Ig jetcachghcøj g vnhns sn dghn ig jetcachghcøj5 dghn hej uj aerkgte yg nstgbinhcfe e hugjfe je sn hunjtg hej suachcnjtn tcnkpe sn dghn vnrbgiknjtn.

Nstn ëtnk seie pufe snr hekprebgfe knfcgjtn ig hejsuitg g rnpertns fn preynhtes gjtnrcerns qun yg dgj tnrkcjgfe fnbcfe g qun ies preynhtes fn nstufce tefgvëg nstçj nj nlnhuhcøj per ie tgjte ig vnrcachghcøj acjgi je sn dg rngiczgfe.

 Je nxcstnj prehnfckcnjtes e µHuçi hejscfnrg ustnf qun ns  Je dgy uj prehnfckcnjte aerkgtes nstgbinhcfes pgrg rnhcbcr ig prcjhcpgi agiig nj ni kgjnle higre y nstgbinhcfe y vnrcachgr igs hgjtcfgfns fn ies fni cjvnjtgrce5 grtëhuies qun iinmgj g igs befnmgs.

 Je dgy prehnses nstgbinhcfes pgrg µNj su epcjcøj, nxcstn gimüj ni hejtrei fn ig kgtnrcg qun  prebinkg nj ig rnhnphcøj fn  Je dgy jcjmüj prehnse cjmrnsg y sgin fn igs befnmgs,  pnfcfes5 S sc ns gsë, µHuçi nstgbinhcfe tgkpehe nxcstn ujg pnrsejg hejscfnrg qun ns ni prcjhcpgi nxhiuscvg g kgjnlgr ni cjvnjtgrce.  prebinkg5 =4

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #70 Prnmujtg Rnsuitgfes Njtrnvcstg µXn dghnj hejtnes y vnrcachghcøj fn ies pnfcfes G vnhns rnhcbcfes5

Rnsuitgfe Ebsnrvghcøj Ig kgyerëg fn igs vnhns qun sn rnhcbnj prefuhtes nstn sn hejtgbciczg y vnrcachg.

µNxcstn uj prehnfckcnjte nachcnjtn nj hgse fn rnhcbcr Rnmuigr  prefuhte nj kgi nstgfe e hgjtcfgfns nrrøjngs5

Nj hgse fn rnhcbcr prefuhte nrrøjne e nj kgi nstgfe seie sn jetcachg fn kgjnrg vnrbgi gi njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs y sn seivnjtg ie kçs prejte pescbin.

 Je nxcstn uj pnrsejgi nxhiuscve µNj su epcjcøj hugi ns ni  pgrg ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce, ig  prcjhcpgi prebinkg nj ig  Je dgy pnrsejgi gscmjgfe g ig  pnrsejg qun jnhnsctn ni kgtnrcgi sgicfg fn kgtnrcgins fn ig njtrnmg fn kgtnrcgins iinmg g trgnrie y je rnpertg e  befnmg5 rnmcstrg jgfg. µXn rngiczg gimüj hejtne aësche fn ies prefuhtes  Jujhg njtrnmgfes5

Je sn dghn jcjmüj hejtne.

Sg qun je sn hejtreigj igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs jerkgins fn kgtnrcgins, tgkpehe sn hejtreigj nj hgse fn dgbnr fnveiuhcejns per kgtnrcgi je usgfe nj igs befnmgs fn hgfg preynhte.

Nj ni hgse fn dgbnr kgtnrcgi fnvunite g ig befnmg per je  Jujhg dgbnrsn usgfe, µsn rnmcstrg nj gimüj ogrfnx e scstnkg5

Ies rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes fn igs njtrnvcstgs rngiczgfes g ies befnmunres fn hgfg ebrg y ies rnheinhtgfes fn igs ebsnrvghcejns rngiczgfgs tcnjnj hejmrunjhcg njtrn së. Xn hejhiuyn qun ig nkprnsg je tcnjn prehnses nstgbinhcfes pgrg ni kgjnle tgjte fn njtrgfgs heke fn sgicfgs fn kgtnrcgins nj hgfg ujg fn igs befnmgs fn ies preynhtes nj nlnhuhcøj. Mnjnrgjfe uj fnshejtrei nj ni kgjnle fn sus cjvnjtgrces y g ig vnz igs pnrsejgs cjveiuhrgfgs nj ni prehnse je tcnjnj uj icjngkcnjte higre g snmucr.

=3

 

 

Vgbig 77 Gjçicscs fn ies rnsuitgfes. Njtrnvcstg vnrsus ebsnrvghcøj. Befnmg prcjhcpgi  Prnmujtg

Rnsuitgfes Njtrnvcstg

µXn hunjtg hej uj ogrfnx e scstnkg fn kgjnle fn njtrgfgs y  Jujhg sgicfgs fn igs kgqucjgs nj ig  befnmg5

µHgfg huçjte sn vnrcachg ni cjvnjtgrce  befnmg5

nxcstnjtn

nj

ig  Jujhg

µHøke sn fnlg ni rnmcstre fn ig  Je sn fnlg rnmcstre vnrcachghcøj rngiczgfg5

Rnsuitgfe Ebsnrvghcøj Nxcstn uj fehuknjte nstgbinhcfe pgrg rnmcstrgr ies kgtnrcgins qun sebrgj nj ies  preynhtes y sn mugrfgrgj nj ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. Pnre nstn je ns usgfe scnkprn.  Je sn dghn vnrcachghcøj fni cjvnjtgrce, seie nj hgses fn qun nxcstg ujg nknrmnjhcg fn uj kgtnrcgi nspnhëachepgrg sn rnhurn g ignj befnmg hekprebgr sc sn hunjtg hej ni e dgy qun dghnr hekprg. Je dgy rnmcstres.

Ig vnrcachghcøj seie sn dghn Xeie sn dghn nj hgses nj hgses pujtugins y sn µNj hgse fn rngiczgr vnrcachghcøj nspnhëaches fn qun ie seichctnj jetcachg gi njhgrmgfe fn fni cjvnjtgrce g qucnj sn jetcachg y sn jetcachg gi njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs qucnj mnjnrgiknjtn y høke sn dghn ig jetcachghcøj5

hekprgs fn kgjnrg vnrbgi.

ns qucnj vnrcachghcøj.

seichctg

ig

µHuçi hejscfnrg ustnf qun ns ig Agitg fn tcnkpe fni  prcjhcpgi agiig nj ni kgjnle fni  befnmunre cjvnjtgrce5

Agitg fn tcnkpe, je hunjtgj hej aerkgtes fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs, nj igs befnmgs je dgy uj gfnhugfe erfnj pgrg hejtreigr ies kgtnrcgins y kgqucjgrcgs.

µNj su epcjcøj, nxcstn gimüj  prebinkg nj ig rnhnphcøj fn seichctufns fn use fn  Je dgy jcjmüj prehnse kgqucjgrcg5 S sc ns gsë, µHuçi nstgbinhcfe hejscfnrg qun ns ni prcjhcpgi  prebinkg5

 Je nxcstn jcjmüj prehnse nstgbinhcfe, ig kgqucjgrcg seie ns njtrnmgfg g ig  pnrsejg qun ig jnhnsctg y je je sn rnmcstrg.

40

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #77 Prnmujtg

Rnsuitgfes Njtrnvcstg Rnsuitgfe Ebsnrvghcøj Ni prebinkg ns qun cjmrnsg kgqucjgrcg g ig befnmg pnre Per je hejtgr hej uj je sn vnrcachg qun vnjmg nj gfnhugfe prehnfckcnjte  bunjgs hejfchcejns, gi  pgrg ni cjmrnse fn igs µNj su epcjcøj hugi ns ni keknjte fn gscmjgrsn kgqucjgrcgs fnspuãs fn snr  prcjhcpgi prebinkg nj ig junvgknjtn punfn suhnfnr utciczgfgs, gi keknjte fn gscmjghcøj fn kgqucjgrcg5 qun ig kgqucjg nstn nj kgigs qun igs seichctgj nstgs punfnj hejfchcejns y sn cjhurrn nj nstgr nj kgigs hejfchcejns e mgste per giqucigr yg qun je gscmjgfgs g etre preynhte ie sn punfn fnspnrfchcgr tcnkpe qun mnjnrg gtrgses. nj grrnmigrig. Xeie sn iinvg uj rnmcstre gi Xeie sn rnmcstrg ig njtrnmg µXn rngiczg gimüj hejtne aësche keknjte fn njtrnmgr ig  pnre je sn hejtreig ig njtrgfg fn ig kgqucjgrcg y kgtnrcgins kgqucjgrcg e kgtnrcgins. fn igs kgqucjgs e kgtnrcgins njtrnmgfes5 Hugjfe sn rnhcbn je sn g ig befnmg. hejtgbciczg. Nj ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce fn ig befnmg prcjhcpgi ehurrn ni kcske hgse fn igs befnmgs fn hgfg preynhte. Je sn hunjtg hej prehnses nstgbinhcfes pgrg ni kgjnle fn ies kgtnrcgins e

kgqucjgrcgs. Ni prebinkg prcjhcpgi nj ni kgjnle fn ig kgqucjgrcg sn mnjnrg per je hejtgr hej uj hejtrei fn gscmjghcejns e je vnrcachgr ni nstgfe fn ig kgqucjgrcg. Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn rngiczg ujg njtrnvcstg gi pnrsejgi gfkcjcstrgtcve. Gsë heke rnvcscøj fn fehuknjtghcøj jnhnsgrcg pgrg ebtnjnr cjaerkghcøj rninvgjtn pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces gfnhugfe pgrg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Ig hugi sn fntgiig g hejtcjughcøj.

Vgbig 72 Njtrnvcstg pnrsejgi gfkcjcstrgtcve NJVRNQCXVG PNRXEJGI GFKCJCXVRGQCQE µHuçjte tgrfgj prevnnferns nj njtrnmgr ies scmucnjtns kgtnrcgins5   Vubetcnkpe fn 6" hnf 60,000 per fëg trgjshurrcfe fnspuãs fn ig anhdg fn njtrnmg. µHuçjtes sej ies hestes per erfnjgr fn ies kgtnrcgins5 Ig nkprnsg je cjhurrn nj pgme fn aintn per kevciczghcøj fn kgtnrcgins yg qun hunjtgj hej su  prepce nqucpe pgrg trgjspertgries. Xn dcze uj nstckgfe fni heste heste qun rnprnsnjtg g ig nkprnsg nstn kevckcnjte y hejhiuyn nj qun cjfnpnjfcnjtnknjtn fni kgtnrcgi ni aintn rnprnsnjtg Ips. 7,110.64 µHuçjtes sej ies hestes vgrcgbins (heste per gfqucschcøj) nj ies kgtnrcgins5

Vube fn 6" hnf 60< Ips. 8,74>.>6

 



 

 



Qgrciig 8/4Ips. x 3kts< Ips. 44.76 Hnknjte< 7>1.10 µHøke kgjnlgj igs seichctufns fn hekprgs5 µPer knfce fn pujte fn rnerfnj e per knfce fn rnvcscejns pnrcøfchgs fn ies cjvnjtgrces5  Je utciczgkes pujte fn rnerfnj e rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg. Ni prehnfckcnjte pr ehnfckcnjte qun sn iinvg g hgbe ns nj ni qun ni cjmnjcnre rnscfnjtn nkctn uj pnfcfe fn ies kgtnrcgins qun ehupgrg snkgjgiknjtn pnre scnkprn ehurrnj cjhcfnjhcgs fejfn je sn cjhiuynj hcnrtes kgtnrcgins e igs hgjtcfgfns seichctgfgs je sej herrnhtgs. Per ie qun sn cjhurrnj nj hekprgs g üitcke keknjte.    

 

Ies rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes per pgrtn fni çrng gfkcjcstrgtcvg snrvcrçj pgrg pefnr hgihuigr ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrce gfnhugfe pgrg ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg y fntnrkcjgr ni pujte fn rnerfnj  pgrg sus kgtnrcgins nj hgfg ujg fn igs ebrgs. ^jg fn igs vnjtglgs hej igs qun hunjtg ig nkprnsg ns qun pesnn bunjgs rnighcejns hej sus prevnnferns. Ie hugi in pnrkctn sgbnr hej nxghtctuf ies tcnkpes fn njtrnmg fn sus kgtnrcgins. Gyufçjfein g dghnr arnjtn g igs sctughcejns fn hekprg fn kgtnrcgins fn nknrmnjhcg. 42

 

 

Vgbig 78 Gjçicscs fn rnsuitgfes. CXE 3007 hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces Icjngkcnjte

Hukpin

Je Hukpin

Higusuig >.2 Cfnjtcachghcøj ^tciczgj ntcquntgs, hgihekgjëgs, fehuknjtghcøj (njrutgferns, ørfnjns fn trgbgle) e hugiqucnr etre kãtefe qun aujhcejn pgrg su hejtrei fn kgtnrcgins. Pgrg hekpejnjtns e hejlujtes g mrgjni, ^tciczgj hejtnjnferns, tcjgs e ubchghcejns nspnhëachgs y nstçj higrgknjtn cfnjtcachgfes. ^tciczgj gimüj scstnkg, høfcmes fn bgrrgs e ntcquntgs RAC. µXn dg kejcterngfe e knfcfe ni rnsuitgfe snmüj sng jnhnsgrce5

✘ 

✘ 

✘  ✘ 

^tciczgj gimujes fn ies scmucnjtns rnmcstres fn prefuhhcøj pgrg vnrcachghcøj fn ghtcvcfgfns<

 

icstgs fn vnrcachghcøj delgs fn trgbgle fn vnrcachghcøj e cjspnhhcøj Bgsns fn fgtes ninhtrøjchgs

 

etres scstnkgs fn hejtrei fn seatwgrn fn prefuhhcøj

 



 

 



 

✘ 

 

 

 

Higusuig >.2 Vrgzgbcicfgf  Fntnrkcjgj igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs higvn e hrëtchgs fn kgtnrcgins g trgvãs fn ghtcvcfgfns fn fnsgrreiie fn prefuhtes heke rnvcscejns fn fcsn÷e y nvgiughcøj fn rcnsmes.

✘ 

Rngiczgj trgzgbcicfgf dghcg gtrçs.6 Prnsnrvghcøj  µHejscfnrg høke fnbnj kgjnlgrsn ies prefuhtes furgjtn ni

✘ 

 prehnsgkcnjte y kevnrsn njtrn ies prehnses5 prehns es5 µHejehnj høke fnbnj nkpgquntgrsn, njhglejgrsn, pgigtgiczgrsn, ntcquntgrsn, nth., ies prefuhtes5

✘ 

48

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #78 Icjngkcnjte µNstçj sus çrngs fn gikghnjgkcnjte cjtnrje bcnj pretnmcfgs y hejtreigfgs5 µNs ni knfce gkbcnjtn suachcnjtn pgrg nvctgr ni fntnrcere e ig hejtgkcjghcøj5 µIg snmurcfgf ns gfnhugfg pgrg nvctgr ni rebe e ig pãrfcfg5

Hukpin

Je Hukpin ✘  ✘ 

✘ 

µMnstcejgj y hejtreigj ig retghcøj fn nxcstnjhcgs5 µHunjtgj hej pretnhhcøj hejtrg cjhnjfces, hejtrei fn pigmgs, ickpcnzg u etre tcpe fn ghhcfnjtn5

✘  ✘ 

Fn ghunrfe g ig icstg fn vnrcachghcøj qun fnacjn ig CXE 3007 fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces. Ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg fn hgfg ujg uj g fn igs higusuigs hukpin ies scmucnjtns perhnjtglns<

Vgbig 76 Rnsuitgfes higusuig cfnjtcachghcøj   Je.

Higusuig

Pnse

P. 7

P. 2

P. 8

P. 6

P. >

>.2

Cfnjtcachghcøj

81%

0%

700%

0%

0%

0%

Preknfce fn hukpickcnjte< 20% Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte< =%

Vgbig 7> Rnsuitgfes higusuig trgzgbcicfgf   Je. Higusuig

Pnse

P. 7

P. 2

>.2

76%

0%

0%

Vrgzgbcicfgf

Preknfce fn hukpickcnjte< 0% Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte< 0%

Vgbig 71 Rnsuitgfes higusuig prnsnrvghcøj  Je. Higusuig Pnse P. 7 P. 2 >.6

Prnsnrvghcøj

>0%

0%

700%

P. 8

P. 6

P. >

P. 1

P. =

0%

0%

700%

0%

700%

Preknfce fn hukpickcnjte< 68% Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte< 27% 46

 

 

Vgbig 7= Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte nj igs higusuigs CXE 3007   Higusuig

Cfnjtcachghcøj Vrgzgbcicfgf Prnsnrvghcøj

Pnse pejfnrgfe

81%

76 76% %

>0%

Perhnjtgln fn hukpickcnjte nj higusuig

=%

0%

27%

Perhnjtgln hukpickcnjte fn CXE 3007

23%

Perhnjtgln fn je hukpicknjte fn CXE 3007

=7%

23%

=7%

Huk ukpi pick ckcn cnj jte fn CXE CXE

Je hu huk kpic ick kcn cnjt jte e CXE CXE

Acmurg 78 Perhnjtgln hukpickcnjte n cjhukpickcnjte Xn punfn hejhiucr qun ni jcvni fn fnsnkpn÷e fn ig nkprnsg nj ni çrng fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces nstç per fnbgle fn ig knfcg (>0% fni tetgi fn ies icjngkcnjtes). Njhejtrgrsn nj nstn jcvni punfn snr uje fn ies hgusgjtns hgus gjtns fn ig prebinkçtchg qun sn dg pigjtngfe heke pujte fn nstufce nj ig prnsnjtn cjvnstcmghcøj. Nj bgsn g nstn gjçicscs sn punfn hejhiucr nj qun sn ghnptg ig dcpøtnscs juig fn cjvnstcmghcøj ig hugi nstgbinhn< D0< Ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. Xn rnhdgzg ig dcpøtnscs fn cjvnstcmghcøj ig hugi nstgbinhn< DC< Ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg je prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. 4>

 

  6.8  EPERV^JCFGFNX FN KNLERG

Nj nstn gpgrtgfe sn fnsgrreiig uj pigj fn knlerg fni scstnkg fn hejtrei cjtnrje pgrg ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces pgrg hgfg ujg fn igs befnmgs fn igs ebrgs y ig befnmg prcjhcpgi fn ig nkprnsg. Pgrg qun nstn prehnse rnsuitn nachcnjtn, sn utciczgj hejhnptes tnørches y nxpnrcnjhcgs  prçhtchgs, tefgs njhgkcjgfgs g iemrgr ig epertujg njtrgfg, pnrkgjnjhcg y sgicfg fn ies kgtnrcgins, nqucpes y dnrrgkcnjtgs nj igs fcstcjtgs befnmgs.

6.8.7  PREP^NXVG FN XCXVNKG FN CJQNJVGRCEX Pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces fn njtrgfgs sn fntnrkcjgrej fes prehnses aujfgknjtgins pgrg ig rnhnphcøj fn kgtnrcgins. Nstn scstnkg nstç icmgfe hej igs hekprgs, yg qun ni  befnmunre fnbnrç heerfcjgr hej ni çrng fn hekprgs gspnhtes tgins heke kgtnrcgins rnqunrcfes, anhdg y derg fn rnhnphcøj. 7.  Ni prcknr pgse ns ig rnhnphcøj fn kgtnrcgins y dnrrgkcnjtgs nj hgfg ujg fn igs befnmgs fn ies

 preynhtes y ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. Ig rnhnphcøj fn kgtnrcgins fnbn snr sekntcfg g cjspnhhcøj prnickcjgr tgjte nj igs  befnmgs fn ies preynhtes heke nj ig befnmg prcjhcpgi, gjtns fn snr cjtrefuhcfes g igs befnmgs. Nj ni hgse fn qun nj ig cjspnhhcøj cjchcgi sn fntnhtnj kgtnrcgins fn hgicfgf cjanrcer e nj kgigs hejfchcejns sn fnbn fn rnhdgzgr. Gi keknjte fn rnhcbcr uj pnfcfe nj igs befnmgs fn ies preynhtes sn fnbn tnjnr nj hejscfnrghcøj qun ni kcske fnbn fn snr sekntcfe g uj prehnse fn vnrcachghcøj pgrg fntnrkcjgr sc nstç nj erfnj y nj bunjgs hejfchcejns, sc je prnsnjtg fg÷es, sc igs hgjtcfgfns rnhcbcfgs sej igs seichctgfgs. Hugiqucnr cjhejvnjcnjtn e nrrer sn fnbn fn njknjfgr cjknfcgtgknjtn y je sn  pefrç fgr rnhcbe fn hejaerkcfgf per p er ni njvëe.

41

 

  2.  Ni snmujfe pgse nj ni prehnse ns ig erfnj fn hekprg (nstn pgse gpichg üjchgknjtn g igs befnmgs fn ies preynhtes). Nstg fnbn fn cr sulntg g ig rnhnphcøj fn kgtnrcgins nj fejfn sn gflujtg uj aerkgte pgrg hejtrei fni rnmcstre, jüknre y nstgfe fn hgicfgf fni cjvnjtgrce g rnhcbcr. Nstg cjaerkghcøj sn fnbn vgicfgr pgrg qun ies prefuhtes sngj rnmcstrgfes n cjmrnsgfes nj ig befnmg. Pgrg fnsgrreiigr ies fes pgses gjtns knjhcejgfes sn fnacjnj hugtre prehnses (tekg aëschg, hejtrei, rnpertn y steho fn cjvnjtgrces) qun hgnj bgle ig rnspejsgbcicfgf fni befnmunre fn hgfg ebrg y ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. Pgrg ig tekg aëschg fn cjvnjtgrces sn fnacjcø nj hejlujte hej lujte hej ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg qun sn fnbn fn rngiczgr gi hcnrrn fn hgfg snkgjg. Nj ig hugi sn rngiczgrç ig hejhcicghcøj fn ies kgtnrcgins y dnrrgkcnjtgs aëschgknjtn hejtrg ie rnpertgfe nj ies aerkgtes furgjtn ig snkgjg. Gsë sn kgjtnjfrç hejtreigfe ni cjvnjtgrce y sn hejtgrç hej ig rngicfgf fn ig epnrghcøj pgrg ies rnpertns hejtgbins y tekg fn fnhcscejns. Pgrg ni hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces sn fnacjcø qun sn fnbn hejehnr igs hgrghtnrëstchgs y nspnhcachghcejns fn ies kgtnrcgins pgrg pefnr snr higscachgfes fn ghunrfe g ig fcstrcbuhcøj qun sn rngiczø hej ni scstnkg GBH. Nste pnrkctcrç tnjnr ujg gfnhugfg ubchghcøj y hejtrei fn ies kcskes

fnjtre fn igs befnmgs, fn ghunrfe g su jcvni fn ckpertgjhcg. Pgrg ni steho fn cjvnjtgrces (nstn prehnse gpichg seie g igs befnmgs fn ies preynhtes), heke rnsuitgfe fni kefnie fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug, fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn sn fntnrkcjø uj këjcke fn cjvnjtgrce fn ies prefuhtes qun kgyer fnkgjfg y hejtrei jnhnsctgj fnjtre fni cjvnjtgrce pgrg qun ig ebrg e preynhte qun sn nstç nlnhutgjfe je prnsnjtn fnkergs e  prebinkgs per agitg fn kgtnrcgi. Pgrg ni fnsgrreiie fni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces fn sgicfgs ns cjfcspnjsgbin qun fnbnj fn rngiczgrsn g trgvãs fn aerkgtes nstgbinhcfes pgrg fgrin ujg herrnhtg sgicfg. Vgjte nj ies rnmcstres mnjnrgins fn ig nkprnsg heke ni hejtrei aësche fni befnmunre. Gi rngiczgr ig vnrcachghcøj gi acjgi fn ig snkgjg gkbes rnpertns fnbnj fn hejhcicgr y snr acrkgfes per ni befnmunre y qucnj hejtrein ies cjvnjtgrces fn ig nkprnsg.

4=

 

 

Acmurg 76 Xcstnkg njtrgfgs y sgicfgs

6.8.7.7 AERKGVE S RNMCXVRE PGRG NJVRGFGX S XGICFGX

Pgrg ckpinknjtgr ies pgses nxpichgfes nj ni gpgrtgfe gjtnrcer sn nstgjfgrczgrej tefes ies aerkgtes y rnmcstres gprepcgfes pgrg hukpicr ni hejtrei cjtnrje nj ies cjvnjtgrces fn hgfg preynhte

hej ni prepøscte fn dekemnjczgr tefes ies preynhtes fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Nstes aerkgtes punfnj vcsugiczgrsn nj ni gjnxe 8. Ns cjfcspnjsgbin qun nj hgfg ujg fn igs befnmgs fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg sn ckpinknjtnj fn ujg kgjnrg gfnhugfg ies rnmcstres herrnspejfcnjtns qun sn dgj fnsgrreiigfe pgrg ni bunj aujhcejgkcnjte fni scstnkg fn njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fni cjvnjtgrce. G hejtcjughcøj, sn rnsuknj ni aujhcejgkcnjte herrnhte her rnhte fni scstnkg fntgiigjfe ies hejtreins fn cjvnjtgrce qun sn fnbnj fn rngiczgr. 7)  Hugjfe ujg ebrg cjchcg sn fnbn fnstcjgr ni nspghce gfnhugfe pgrg ni kgjnle y gikghnjgkcnjte fn ies kgtnrcgins y nqucpes qun sn utciczgrgj g ie igrme fn ig nlnhuhcøj fn ig ebrg. Ig befnmg  prcjhcpgi fnbn preperhcejgr ig fehuknjtghcøj, aerkgtes y icstgs fn hdnqune qun pnrkctcrçj vnrcachgr ig njtrgfg fn ies grtëhuies hej qun sn cjchcgrg ni prcknr cjvnjtgrce, gsë heke ig sgicfg fn ies grtëhuies fn ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. Nstn hejtrei sebrn ni cjchce fni cjvnjtgrce cjvnjtg rce nj igs befnmgs fn ig ebrg fnbn snr ig hekpgrghcøj fn igs icstgs fn hdnqune hej grtëhuies njvcgfes per pgrtn fn ig befnmg prcjhcpgi. 44

 

  2)  ^jg vnz ig knrhgjhëg dg iinmgfe g ig befnmg fn ig ebrg, ni befnmunre fnbn fn rnvcsgr ies grtëhuies rnspgifçjfesn hej ig icstg fn hdnqune. Pestnrcerknjtn hgfg kgtnrcgi e kgqucjgrcg fnbn fn snr ubchgfe fnjtre fn ig befnmg nj uj sctce hejvnjcnjtn rnmcstrgjfe nj ni aerkgte fn njtrgfgs ni cjmrnse fni prefuhte. Nstg ubchghcøj snrç prnvcgknjtn fntnrkcjgfg mrghcgs g ig higscachghcøj GBH fn ies kgtnrcgins. Fejfn per su jcvni fn ckpertgjhcg e use gsë gs ë sn in gscmjgrg uj nspghce nj ig befnmg. 8)  Pgrg igs sgicfgs fn prefuhtes fn ig befnmg nj igs ebrgs e ig befnmg prcjhcpgi, ni befnmunre fnbn rnmcstrgr ig njtrnmg nj ni aerkgte prnvcgknjtn preperhcejgfe pgrg pgr g iinvgr uj hejtrei fn igs sgicfgs. Lujte gi rnmcstre fn sgicfgs fnbn fn gflujtgr ies vgins fn ies hejtrgtcstgs hejtrgt cstgs e kgnstres qun seichctgj ni kgtnrcgi y pnfcr ig acrkg fni cjmnjcnre rnscfnjtn hugjfe sn hejscfnrn jnhnsgrce. Nste pnrkctcrç hejseicfgr ig cjaerkghcøj pgrg ni hdnqune qun sn dgrç snkgjgiknjtn y hejarejtgr hej ni cjvnjtgrce aësche. 6)  Hugjfe uj prefuhte iinmg g igs befnmgs fnbn fn cjhiucr ujg rnkcscøj. Hej nstg sn vnrcachg qun ie cjfchgfe nj ig rnkcscøj herrnspejfn nj hgicfgf y hgjtcfgf g ie rnhcbcfe y sn fnbn fn iinjgr ni rnmcstre fn njtrgfg fn prefuhte cjknfcgtgknjtn. >)  ^jg vnz tnrkcjgfg ig snkgjg ni befnmunre rnüjn tefgs igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs pgrg snr  preperhcejgfgs gi cjmnjcnre rnscfnjtn e njhgrmgfe fn cjvnjtgrces nj ni hgse fn ig befnmg

 prcjhcpgi. Ni cjmnjcnre e njhgrmgfe fn f n cjvnjtgrces fnbn fn dghnr ig vnrcachghcøj herrnhtg njtrn rnmcstre n cjvnjtgrce aësche y hej su vcste bunje, ig fehuknjtghcøj ns njvcgfg g ig eachcjg  prcjhcpgi. Fejfn ni njhgrmgfe fn hekprgs n cjvnjtgrce dghn ies fnbcfes rnmcstres nj sus hejtreins.

6.8.2  PREP^NXVG XCXVNKG FN HIGXCACHGHCØJ GBH

Xn rngiczø ig higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi pgrg ni scstnkg GBH qun fntnrkcjg uj jcvni fn hejtrei fn nxcstnjhcgs fn kgtnrcgins nj ni hugi pefnkes rnfuhcr tcnkpe fn hejtrei y hestes nj ni kgjnle fn ies cjvnjtgrces. Gi higscachgr ies kgtnrcgins sn fnbn fn hejscfnrgr ni vgier fn ig cjvnrscøj y ig hgjtcfgf qun sn pesnn pgrg ig gfnhugfg utciczghcøj fn ies kcskes nj hgfg ebrg fn hejstruhhcøj. S ni scstnkg GBH ies higscachg fn ig scmucnjtn kgjnrg< 43

 

  7)  Vcpe G< sej ies kgtnrcgins qun su cjvnrscøj tetgi ns kçs gitg y sn jnhnsctg uj hejtrei gfnhugfe fn sus nxcstnjhcgs. 2)  Vcpe B< sej ies kgtnrcgins qun su cjvnrscøj tetgi nstç nj uj jcvni cjtnrknfce y ni kgjnle fnbn snmucr ies prehnfckcnjtes nstgbinhcfes. 8)  Vcpe H< sn fnlgj ies kgtnrcgins qun su cjvnrscøj ns kuy bglg y sn fnbn tnjnr ni knjer hejtrei. Nj igs scmucnjtns tgbigs sn kunstrgj ies kgtnrcgins fn befnmgs nj ies preynhtes 760, 762 y 766 gsë heke ig befnmg prcjhcpgi fn ig nkprnsg. Nstes sej ermgjczgfes per hgjtcfgf, vgier tetgi cjvnrtcfe y snmüj ies perhnjtglns pgrg ig higscachghcøj GBH.

Vgbig 74 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 760 Fnshrcphcøj 82 74 1 72 3 73

Vube dm 7-7/2" hnfuig 60 Igkcjg gjtcfnrrgpgjtn 8/71 Gjmuie dj 2x7/6" Hnknjte Gjmuie dj 6 x8/4 Igkcjg fn 2x6x7/2 furgper

^jcfgf ^jf ^jf ^jf Beisg ^jf ^jf

Prnhce ujctgrce =>2.=7 2,448.86 >=0.6= 7>1.10 7,=47.28 472.64

Hgjtcfgf

Vetgi

40 74 40 247 74 80

10,271.40 >7,300.72 6>,18=.22 66,006.10 82,012.76 26,8=6.60

=

Gjmuie dj 8 x 8/4

^jf

7,868.1>

74

26,74>.=0

20 7= 86 70

Igkcjg8/6 fn piyweef 8/6" Mrgvg Vube pvh fcgk. 6" sfr-67 Grnjg trcturgfg (seie kgtnrcgi) Qgrciig herrumgfg 8/4 x 3kts mrgfe 10 Kgfnrg rustchg 2x6 Gjmuie dj 8x7/6" Hdgjni u 6x>.6 ibs x 1kts Pcjturg gjtcherrescvg herrestep cjfustrcgi mrcs Pnrje rnhte 8/6x72 Qgrciig herrumgfg 7/2 x 3kts mrgfe 10 Gjmuie fn 8x8/71 Gjmuie fn dcnrre 7/4x2 Igkcjg dj 6x4x8/71

^jf K8 ^jf K8

1>2.7= 820.3= 667.24 824.2>

88 12 6> >=

27,>27.17 73,300.76 73,4>=.10 74,=70.2>

^jf

43.70

207

7=,303.70

Pt ^jf ^jf

7=.0= 42>.66 7,700.00

7,088.88 71 3

7=,184.36 78,20=.06 3,300.00

Mgi

7,600.00

1

4,600.00

^jf

77>.82

=2

4,802.13

^jf

7>4.62

66

1,3=0.64

^jf ^jf ^jf

2,2=0.2> 211.0> 2,882.16

8 20 2

1,470.=> >,827.00 6,11>.24

8= 2> 4 78 2= 21 81 8 6 22

30

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #74 84 77 27 71 28 8> 26 87 80 7 2 88 > 24 23 7> 76

Fnshrcphcøj Qgrciig icsg fn 7/6x3kts Higve fn 6 Igkcjg dj 6x4 n;8/4" Ninhtrefe =074 Kgfnrg fn 7x70x72 Vunrhg 8/6" Kgfnrg fn 7x72x76 Retuie kntçiche køvci fn 6.00 k x 2.00 k Reiie piçstche jnmre Ghnre fn rnaunrze mrgfe 10 Gigkbrn fn gkgrrn Vube pvh 6" sfr 16 Gjmuie fn dcnrre 8x8/71 Pigtcjg 8/71x2x1kts Reifgg 8/6" Fcshe hertkntgi =x7/71 Fcshe hertkntgi 76

^jcfgf Prnhce ujctgrce Hgjtcfgf ^jf 80.47 786 Hglg 10>.00 > ^jf 8,001.04 7 Ibs 21.>2 33 Pt 20.00 720 ^jf 71.02 766 Pt 27.4> 46

Vetgi 6,724.>6 8,02>.00 8,001.04 2,12>.64 2,600.00 2,801.80 7,48>.60

^jf

7,400.00

7

7,400.00

^jf Om Om ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf

7,==7.00 27.21 7,200.00 203.30 =20.00 280.00 1.71 16.3> 723.46

7 =>.61 7 > 7 8 =2 6 7

7,==7.00 7,106.24 7,200.00 7,063.>0 =20.00 130.00 668.>2 2>3.40 723.46 630,630.17

Vgbig 73 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 762 Fnshrcphcøj ^jcfgf 1 Igkcjg prnpcjtgfg bigjhg ^jf 4 Vube fn 6" Hnf ^jf 7 Gcsigjtn K2 2 Hgjgintg mgivgjczgfg 2T1 ^jf = Vube fn 8 x 1 x 8/71 ^jf 8 Hefe ^jf 6 Agst fry gkgrciie Mgi > Igkcjg fn ¹ ^jf VEVGI

Prnhce ^jctgrce Hgjtcfgf Vetgi 632.>> 6=0 287,634.>0 8,742.21 >> 7=>,026.80 702.21 4=4.60 43,427.1= 6>1.86 742 48,0>8.44 8,2>8.16 7> 64,406.10 214.00 =2 73,231.00 ==2.1> > 8,418.2> 8,066.2= 7 8,066.2= 1>6,601.6=

37

 

 

Vgbig 20 Higscachghcøj GBH preynhte 766

74 76 28 = 2 20 70 78 71 3 72 73 77 27 8 7=

Fnshrcphcøj

^jcfgf

Vube mgivgjczgfe fn 2" Kgtnrcgi sninhte Qgrciigs fn 8/4" x 3 kts M10 Hnknjte Grnjg Vube PQH fn 1 sfr 67 Mrgvg Kgiig hchiøj pigstcachgfg 71=.86 k2  per reiie Pcjturg sgtcjgfg mrcs Ninhtrefe Igkcjg piyweef Vube kntçiche rnhtgjmuigr 2x7 Igkcjg fn giuzcjh prnpcjtgfg hgicbrn 26 Qgrciigs fn 7/2" x 3 kts M10  Bgsn trgjspgrnjtn pgrg bnhhtdgjn Xniigfer

^jf K8 ^jf Beisgs K8 K8

Prnhce Hgjtcfgf ^jctgrce 410.00 86 780.03 271 44.76 7=> 712.21 10 684.=> 20 317.>0 4 >00.00 7>

Vetgi 23,260.00 24,033.66 7>,626.>0 3,=8>.10 4,==>.00 =,132.00 =,>00.00

Reiie

2,40=.02

2

>,176.06

Mgi ^jf ^jf ^jf

2,864.00 2=.77 1>2.7= 824.16

2 782 6 1

6,131.00 8,>=4.>2 2,104.14 7,3=7.46

^jf

746.00

3

7,1>1.00

^jf Mgi Mgi

7>3.00 7,261.00 8=1.00

70 7 2

7,>30.00 7,261.00 =>2.00

4 1 > 7> 22 7 6

Hefe fn 6>¼ fn 1" prnscøj Bnhhtdgjn njgkni ds pgrt b Bnhhpexy Pnmgknjte Qgrciigs fn 7/6" x 3 kts M10 Gbrgzgfnrg pgrg gjfgkces Bnhh spnhcgi tdcjjnr

^jf Mgi Mgi Mgi ^jf ^jf Mgi

761.00 >2=.00 837.00 8>0.00 80.>> 80.00 774.00

6 7 7 7 4 1 7

VEVGI

>46.00 >2=.00 837.00 8>0.00 266.68 740.00 774.00 782,>=6.0>

Vgbig 27 Higscachghcøj GBH befnmg prcjhcpgi Fnshrcphcøj 778 Pnrje Pcjturgreshgfe Npexchg4"x=/71 Qnrfn Npebnh 3 ^jcvnrsgi > Pcjturg Npexchg Relg Npebnh 7 Fciuynjtn Preanscejgi

^jcfgf

Prnhce

^jf

77>.00

Mgi Mgi Mgi

44>.>0 7,067.30 8>4.40

Hgjtcfgf Vetgi 24> 24 7> 62

82,==>.00 26,=36.00 7>,124.>0 7>,013.10

32

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #27 2 = 62 66 70 1 41 777 772 4 84 77> 77 7= 773 720 776

Fnshrcphcøj Agst Fry Bigjhe Pcjturg Npexchg Bigjhg Npebnh Bejf Npexy Hress tnn fn 2" bigjhe Fejj Hress tnn fn 6" bigjhe Fejj Hgtgiczgfer fn Pcjturg Npexchg Hgtgiczgfer fn Pcjturg Npexchg Relg Xcaejns fn 6" Hefe 6>x72 " Gigkbrn mgivgjczgfe Hgtgiczgfer fn Npebnh Bejf Npexy Hglg kntçichg fn 2x6x7/2 Pnrje fn Ô=/71 x4" Pcjturg Vrgjsurntdgje Bnhtdgjn Njgkni DX Bigjhe Kgstnr bejf Vrgjsehngj Bigjhe Vunrhg mgivgjczgfg fn 7 7/6" Vunrhg mgivgjczgfg fn 7 7/4 Pnrje fn =/4x72"

^jcfgf Mgi

Prnhce 43=.00

Mgi ^jf ^jf Hugrte Hugrte ^jf ^jf Ibs Hugrte ^jf ^jf

7,718.28 86.>0 61.00 236.28 861.7> 817.00 6,820.>> 24.=> 236.28 73.>> 4=.60

Mgi Mgi ^jf ^jf ^jf

7,28=.60 7,718.28 >7.=> 61.00 768.=>

Hgjtcfgf Vetgi 76 72,>>4.00 4 200 720 74 7> 72 7 703.=> 3 786 23 2 2 83 83 72

3,80>.46 1,300.00 >,>20.00 >,231.76 >,732.2> 6,882.00 6,820.>> 8,7>>.87 2,164.0= 2,173.=0 2,>86.10 2,6=6.40 2,821.61 2,074.2> 7,=36.00 7,=2>.00

81 Pnrje fn gjhigln fn 7/2x6"

^jf

87.77

>0

7,>>>.>0

>4 >2 8 60 76 63 83 73

Xcaej fnVBG 6" Puicfe Herrestep Kcjce Rele Hress tnn fn 2" bigjhe Xniigfer Bigjhe Ninhtrefe pgrg dcnrre heigfe Higve fn ghnre fn 2" Pnmgknjte PQH Vgjmct

^jf Xghe Mgi ^jf Mgi Ibs ^jf Mgi

817.00 774.6> 131.30 4.0> 6>2.47 11=.00 6.82 2,763.8>

6 72 2 713 8 2 2>0 7/2

7,666.00 7,627.60 7,838.40 7,810.6> 7,8>4.68 7,886.00 7,040.00 7,0=6.14

21 Higve fn >" Hress tnn fn 2" Xoyicjn Prnkcuk

Ibs

68 Agstiy Bigjhe (Peigrcs) 7> 67 Hress tnn fn 6" bigjhe Hgtgiczgfer fn Vrgjsurntdgje 72 Bnhtdgjn 74 Hgtgiczgfer fn Kgstnrbejf Bigjhe 70= ^jcøj fn 7"

^jf Mgi ^jf

78.>6 ==0.83 71.70

Hugrte Hugrte ^jf

101.0> 236.28 >.=>

78.40

18.>0

4=1.80

10 7 66 7 2 700

472.60 ==0.83 =04.60 101.0> >44.61 >=>.00 38

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #27

6 27 >8 42 22 78 =4 6= >0 727 722 6> =3 701 47 >6 80

Fnshrcphcøj ^jcfgf Pcjturg Xgtcjgfg Bigjhg Mgi Higve fn 7 7/2" Ibs Snn fn 6" ^jf Hefe fn 1"x30 ^jf Higve fn 2" Hglg Vdcjjnr fn Vrgjsurntdgje Bnhtdgjn Mgi Snn fn 8" ^jf Ninhtrefe =074 7/4 Ibs Ninhtrefe cjexcfgbin 8/82 Ibs Vunrhg fn =/4 ^jf Vunrhg fn 7" ^jf Hress tnn fn 2" bigjhe Giutnhd ^jf Snn fn 7 7/2" ^jf Vnn fn 7 8/6" ^jf Vgpøj fn 1" ^jf Snn fn 8" ^jf Verjciie pgrg tnhde fn 2 7/2"pujtg fn  brehg ^jf

Prnhce >60.06 78.40 47.>3 6==.2> 778.40 8.40 612.80 12.>0 80.>0 8=.3> 77.>0 76.84 4.0> 87.0> 78.40 210.00 12.>0 7.26

Hgjtcfgf 7 81 1 7 86 7 = 77 4.=> 24 22 8= 3 73 7 6 73=

Vetgi >60.06 631.40 643.>6 6==.2> 613.20 612.80 68=.>0 88>.>0 882.01 822.00 871.81 23=.4> 2=3.6> 212.20 210.00 2>0.00 266.24

10 86 71 32 18 11 771 12 >1 8= >3 >= 2> 24 43 1> >7 26

Hefe fn 6"x 6> dnhdcze ^jf Grgjfnig pigj fn 8/6 ^jf Agstiy Hugrte Rnfuhter fn 6 g 2" ^jf Snn fn 2" ^jf Hefe 6>x2" 82.> ^jf Pnrje fn Ô =/4x26" ^jf Hgkcsg icsg fn 6" ^jf Xcaej fn 2" ^jf Verjciie mgivgjczgfe pgrg tgbig ynse fn 7 ¹ ^jf Hefe 6"x30 frnjgln ^jf Hefe fn 2"x 30 frnjgln ^jf Higve fn 6" Ibs Vgpn Pgpni pgrg tgbig ynse Reiie Vgpøj fn 2" ^jf Hefe 6>x2" ^jf Hnrg ref fn 8/6 Pcns Higve fn 8" Ibs

84.86 8.6> 732.10 18.17 22.87 >=.4= 7=2.>0 82.40 660.40 0.40 0.84 63.86 77.33 78.40 40.>0 72.07 >=.4= 8.=4 78.40

1 >3 7 8 4 8 7 > 6 627 8 72 3 7.>0 70 2 80 4

280.06 208.>> 732.10 730.48 7=4.64 7=8.17 7=2.>0 716.00 718.20 7>3.34 764.02 768.44 726.20 720.=> 720.70 77>.=6 778.60 770.60 36

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #27 =7 704 17 23 70> >> 707 3= 3> 38 88 82 40 4= 61 31 8> 20

Fnshrcphcøj Hgkcsg icsg fn 7/2" Rnfuhter fn 2" g 7" Hgkcsg icsg / reshgfg fn 6" Pnmgknjte fn hejtghte Gkgrciie Rnfuhter fn 2" g 7" Vnn fn 8" Vnn fn 7 8/6" g 7" Snn fn 6" Rnfuhter fn 8" g 2"

^jcfgf ^jf ^jf ^jf Vube ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf

Rnfuhter fn 2" g 7" Vunrhg mgivgjczgfg fn >/4 Grgjfnig pigjg fn 8/4 mgivgjczgfg Hgkcsg fn 6" icsg /reshg Rnfuhter fn 6" g 8" Ninhtrefe 1077 7/4 Gfgptgfer fn 8" Vunrhg mgivgjczgfg fn 7/6" Higve fn 7"

^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf Ibs ^jf ^jf Hglg

Prnhce 2.36 78.72 82.40 32.26 78.72 67.>4 78.40 47.>3 83.>3 78.72 2.0= 2.44 82.40 1>.10 80.>0 >=.06 0.10 78.40

Hgjtcfgf Vetgi 81 70>.46 4 706.31 8 34.60 7 32.26 = 37.46 2 48.71 1 42.40 7 47.>3 2 =3.74 1 8> 28 2 7 2 7 =0 8

=4.=2 =2.6> 11.26 1>.10 1>.10 17.00 >=.06 62.00 67.60

34 Xcaej fn 2 16 Hefe fn 6x6> cjynhtgfe 774 1= =6 33 36 =8

^jf ^jf

60.40 84.86

7 7

60.40 84.86

20 2 2 2 6 7

86.10 88.72 26.46 26.60 26.00 22.87

^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf

7.=8 71.>1 72.62 72.20 1.00 22.87

87 14 == 708

Pnrje fn Ô8/4 x7" Hefe 6>x7 7/6" Gfgptgfer fn 7 » Rnfuhter fn 2 g » Vgpejns fn 7" Snn fn 2" Verjciie pgrg tnhde fn 2" pujtg fn  brehg Hefe 7 7/2 x6> Vnn fn 7" Hefe fn 8/6x30

^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf

7.03 27.71 70.2> 6.4>

=> 706 4> 13 46

Hgkcsg fn 7 » Gfgptgfer fn 7/2" Rnfuhter fn 7 7/2x7/2 Hefe fn 7x30 Rnfuhter fn 2" g 7 7/2"

^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf Ibs

64 Ninhtrefe 1078

20 7 2 6

27.40 27.71 20.>0 73.60

3.81 8.12 4.13 4.20 7>.68

2 > 2 2 7

74.=2 74.70 7=.84 71.60 7>.68

80.>0

0.>0

7>.2> 3>

 

 

Hejtcjughcøj Vgbig #27 48 37 77= 703 700 =0 =1 702 30

Fnshrcphcøj Rnfuhter fn 2" g 8/6 Hgkcsg reshgfg / icsg fn 2" Vunrhg fn 8/4 Rnfuhter fn 7" g 7/2" Rnfuhter fn 2 " g 7" Hefe 7x6> ^jcøj fn 7" Rnfuhter 7 8/6" g 7" Rnfuhter fn 7 7/2 g 8/6

28 =2 770 44 2=

Higve fn 2 7/2" Hurvg fn 8/6 pvh Vgpejns fn 7/2" ^jcøj Reshg fn 8/6 Higve fn zcjh pgrg tnhde VEVGI

^jcfgf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf ^jf

Prnhce 7>.03 76.=4 0.32 6.>7 78.72 72.=0 >.=> 6.>7 4.73

Hglg ^jf ^jf ^jf Ibs

78.40 1.87 2.83 8.60 >.=>

Hgjtcfgf Vetgi 7 7>.03 7 76.=4 7> 78.40 8 78.>8 7 78.72 7 72.=0 2 77.>0 2 3.02 7 4.73 7/2 7 2 7 7/2

1.30 1.87 6.=4 8.60 2.44 730,3==.>>

Pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig higscachghcøj gfnhugfg fn ghunrfe g ig jnhnscfgf fn igs befnmgs sn rnqucnrn ig higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi. Nj ig scmucnjtn tgbig sn ebsnrvg ig hgjtcfgf fn grtëhuies fn

hgfg tcpe fn higscachghcøj, ni vgier cjvnrtcfe y sus perhnjtglns herrnspejfcnjtns.

Vgbig 22 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 760 Vcpe Prefuhtes Perhnjtgln Cjvnrscøj Perhnjtgln G 1 7>% 2>4,73>.24 >8% B 1 20% 722,046.60 2>% H 21 1>% 770,270.38 22% VEVGI 700% 630,630.17 700% Fn ghunrfe hej ig higscachghcøj pgrg ni tcpe G sn fntnrkcjg qun sej sncs prefuhtes ies qun gbserbnj ni >8% fn ig cjvnrscøj, pgrg ni tcpe B sej sncs prefuhtes qun gbserbnj ni 2>% y ni tcpe H sej vncjtn y sncs prefuhtes hej ni 22% fn ig cjvnrscøj.

Vgbig 28 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 762 Vcpe Prefuhtes Perhnjtgln Cjvnrscøj Perhnjtgln G 2 7>% 601,>22.40 12% B 7 20% 7=2,4=>.>> 21% H > 1>% =>,004.72 77% VEVGI 700% 1>6,601.6= 700% 31

 

  Fn ghunrfe hej ig higscachghcøj pgrg ni tcpe G sn fntnrkcjg qun sej fes prefuhtes ies qun gbserbnj ni 12% fn ig cjvnrscøj, pgrg ni tcpe B ns uj prefuhte qun gbserbn ni 21% y ni tcpe H sej hcjhe prefuhtes hej ni 77% fn ig cjvnrscøj.

Vgbig 26 Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi preynhte 766 Vcpe Prefuhtes Perhnjtgln Cjvnrscøj Perhnjtgln G 8 7>% =2,=18.36 >>% B > 20% 83,871.16 80% H 7> 1>% 20,638.6= 7>% VEVGI 700% 782,>=6.0> 700% Fn ghunrfe hej ig higscachghcøj pgrg ni tcpe G sn fntnrkcjg qun sej trns prefuhtes ies qun gbserbnj ni >>% fn ig cjvnrscøj, pgrg ni tcpe B sej hcjhe prefuhtes qun gbserbnj ni 80% y ni tcpe H sej qucjhn prefuhtes hej ni 7>% fn ig cjvnrscøj.

Vgbig 2> Higscachghcøj per vgier tetgi befnmg prcjhcpgi Vcpe

Prefuhtes Perhnjtgln

Cjvnrscøj

Perhnjtgln

G B

74 26

7>% 20%

7>=,6>0.42 26,313.86

42% 78%

H VEVGI

40

1>% 700%

4,>>=.83 730,3==.>>

6% 700%

Fn ghunrfe hej ig higscachghcøj pgrg ni tcpe G sn fntnrkcjg qun sej fcnz y ehde prefuhtes ies qun gbserbnj ni 42% fn ig cjvnrscøj, pgrg ni tcpe B sej vncjtn y hugtre prefuhtes qun gbs gbserbnj erbnj ni 78% y ni tcpe H sej ehdnjtg prefuhtes hej ni 6% fn ig cjvnrscøj. Ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg hunjtg hej nstgjtns y ies nspghces rnqunrcfes pgrg uj bunj gikghnjgkcnjte fn sus kgtnrcgins. Per ie qun ig prepunstg nj bgsn g ig higscachghcøj GBH sn hnjtrg nj ermgjczgr ies grtëhuies nj bgsn g ig higscachghcøj gjtns fntgiigfg. Pgrg ebtnjnr uj knler ghhnse y hejtrei fn ies kgtnrcgins. Nste pnrkctcrç gikghnjgr ies grtëhuies hej bgsn g su jcvni fn ckpertgjhcg. Gscmjçjfein prcercfgf g ig higscachghcøj G per rnprnsnjtgr ni kgyer vgier nhejøkche nj ni cjvnjtgrce.

3=

 

  6.8.8  PREP^NXVG FNXGRREIIE KEFNIE FN FNKGJFG QGRCGBIN S VCNKPE V CNKPE FN GJVCHCPGHCØJ HEJXVGJVN

Ni kefnie g ckpinknjtgrsn nj ni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ns ni fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug, fnbcfe g qun ni fn rnvcscøj pnrcøfchg gihgjzg jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce kuy ninvgfes per hejscmucnjtn ni cjhrnknjte nj ni heste y bglg retghcøj fn cjvnjtgrces je sej vcgbins  pgrg ies preynhtes fn Hejstruhterg Hejstruhter g Iøpnz Rcvnrg. Pgrg ig nkprnsg ig fnkgjfg ns vgrcgbin? ie hugi dghn qun nj hugiqucnr pnrcefe fn tcnkpe sn punfg prnsnjtgr hugiqucnr fnkgjfg. Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj ns hejstgjtn, ns fnhcr sn hejehn hej nxghtctuf huçjte tcnkpe fnkerg ni prevnnfer nj njtrnmgr sus pnfcfes. Ni fnsgrreiie fni kefnie sn ckpinknjtgrç pgrg ies kgtnrcgins fn higscachghcøj G fn hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes. Nspnhëachgknjtn ni hnknjte pgrg ni preynhte 760, tube fn 6" hnf 60 pgrg ni  preynhte P762 y vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts pgrg ni pr preynhte eynhte P766. Je sn hgihuigrg pujte fn rnerfnj pgrg ig befnmg prcjhcpgi yg qun nstg sn gbgstnhn üjchgknjtn fn ies sebrgjtns fn igs befnmgs fn ies  preynhtes ujg vnz qun tnrkcjgj.

Nj prcknr iumgr, sn fntnrkcjgj ies hestes cjveiuhrgfes nj ni kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces, ies huçins sej jnhnsgrces pgrg ni hçihuie fn igs aørkuigs fn pujte fn rnerfnj< Ni heste per erfnjgr e acle sn hgihuig per ni vgier fni aintn qun cjhurrn ig nkprnsg per kevciczgr uj pnfcfe. Fnbcfe g qun ig nkprnsg utciczg su prepcg kgqucjgrcg pgrg kevciczgr sus hekprgs sn fntnrkcjø qun ni heste per erfnjgr nqucvgin g Ips. 7,110.64 cjfnpnjfcnjtnknjtn fni kgtnrcgi qun sn trgjspertn. Ni heste per gfqucschcøj e vgrcgbin ns ni vgier üjchgknjtn fni kgtnrcgi scj aintn, nstes sej<   Hnknjte ; Ips. 7>1.10

  Vube fn 6" hnf 60 ; Ips. 8,742.21





  Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts ; Ips. 44.76



Ni heste ujctgrce fn kgjtnjckcnjte sn ebtcnjn fni tetgi fn hestes fn ig befnmg fcvcfcfe nj ig hgpghcfgf kçxckg fn gikghnjgkcnjte fni kgtnrcgi. Ig hugi sn fntgiig g hejtcjughcøj<

34

 

 

Vgbig 21 Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte hnknjte Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte hnknjte Giqucigr fn befnmg I1,000.00 Xunife befnmunre I3,744.62 Qcmcigjhcg I3,000.00 Vetgi I26,744.62 Heste ujctgrce I720.36

Vgbig 2= Rnsuknj hestes y VG hnknjte Heste per erfnjgr (He)

I7,110.64

Heste ujctgrce gfqucschcøj (Hv) I7>1.10 Heste kgjtnjckcnjte (Hk) I720.36 Vcnkpe gjtchcpghcøj pgrg rngiczgr ig hekprg 7 fëg

Vgbig 24 Heste kgjtnjckcnjte vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte Giqucigr fn befnmg Xunife befnmunre Qcmcigjhcg

I0.00 I3,744.62 I3,000.00

Vetgi

I74,744.62

Heste ujctgrce

I101.24

Vgbig 23 Rnsuknj hestes y VG vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Heste per erfnjgr I7,110.64 Heste gfqucschcøj I44.76 Heste ujctgrce kgjtnjckcnjte (Hk) I101.24 Vcnkpe gjtchcpghcøj pgrg rngiczgr ig hekprg 7 fëg

Vgbig 80 Heste kgjtnjckcnjte tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  Giqucigr fn befnmg Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte I0.00 Xunife befnmunre I3,744.62 Qcmcigjhcg I3,000.00 Vetgi I74,744.62 Heste ujctgrce I303.62 33

 

 

Vgbig 87 Rnsuknj hestes y VG tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  Heste per erfnjgr I 7,110.64 Heste gfqucschcøj I8,742.21 Heste ujctgrce kgjtnjckcnjte (Hk) I303.62 Vcnkpe gjtchcpghcøj pgrg rngiczgr ig hekprg 7 fëg Ies hestes y ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj aunrej brcjfgfes per ni çrng gfkcjcstrgtcvg fn ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg g trgvãs fn ig njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg. Pgrg pefnr fnsgrreiigr ni kefnie fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug, fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn pgrg hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes. Ns jnhnsgrce nstgbinhnr igs prebgbcicfgfns fn qun sn prnsnjtnj gimüj jcvni fn fnkgjfg fcgrce, hej nstg prebgbcicfgf sn punfn nvgiugr ni jcvni gfnhugfe fn cjvnjtgrce y ni pujte fn rnerfnj fni hnknjte, ig vgrciig y ig içkcjg. Pgrg ies fcanrnjtns preynhtes sn tekg ujg kunstrg dcstørchg fn su hejsuke fcgrce fnsfn ni cjchce fn hgfg preynhte, sn rngiczg ni gjçicscs fn ig fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf qun gpichg pgrg ies fgtes. G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiig igs fnkgjfgs fcgrcgs nj igs hugins sn bgsg ni hçihuie fni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrce fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug.

Vgbig 82 Fnkgjfg hnknjte Anhdg 1-gme 4-gme 74-jev 73-jev 24-jev Preynhhcøj fn fnkgjfg

Fnkgjfg 6 8> >0 700 32 7>0

Vgbig 88 Fnkgjfg vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Anhdg 70-snp 71-snp 28-snp 2>-jev 21-jev Preynhhcøj fn fnkgjfg

Fnkgjfg >0 6> 76 17 > 32 700

 

 

Vgbig 86 Fnkgjfg tube fn 6‛ hnf 60   Anhdg 26-eht 23-lui 2>-lui 74-snp 71-snp

Fnkgjfg 72 4 80 6 7

Pgrg ni hnknjte y ig vgrciig aun jnhnsgrce preynhtgr ig fnkgjfg pgrg pefnr hekpintgr fn kgjnrg nanhtcvg ig fcstrcbuhcøj fnbcfe g qun ig kunstrg ns pnqun÷g. Nste pnrkctn pefnr fntnrkcjgr uj gfnhugfe pujte fn rnerfnj y ni veiuknj fn pnfcfe herrnhte. Pgrg ig gpichghcøj fni kefnie fn fnkgjfg vgrcgbin hej tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn  pgrg ni scstnkg fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug ns jnhnsgrce fntnrkcjgr igs prebgbcicfgfns fn igs fnkgjfgs. Pgrg ebtnjnr nste ns jnhnsgrce nstgbinhnr nstgbi nhnr ni tcpe fn fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf qun sn glustg knler g ies fgtes fn ig kunstrg qun sn sninhhcejø fn fnkgjfgs fn ies fcanrnjtns preynhtes. Nstn hçihuie aun rngiczgfe g trgvãs fni premrgkg Kcjctgb 7= y sn ebtuvcnrej igs scmucnjtns fcstrcbuhcejns y  prebgbcicfgfns pgrg hgfg uje fn ies kgtnrcgins< k gtnrcgins<

Acmurg 7> Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf hnknjte

707

 

 

Vgbig 8> Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg hnknjte Fnkgjfg fn hnknjte Prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg Prebgbcicfgf 6 3.18% 3.18% 8> 23.46% 20.27% >0 68.4>% 76.07% 32 47.62% 8=.>=% 700 41.24% 6.41% 7>0 700.00% 78.=2% VEVGI 700.00%

Acmurg 71 Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf vgrciig

Vgbig 81 Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg vgrciig Fnkgjfg vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg Prebgbcicfgf > 70.=>% 70.=>% 76 73.24% 4.>8% 6> 11.08% 61.=>% >0 =8.28% =.20% 17 4>.4=% 72.16% 32 700.00% 76.78% VEVGI 700.00% 702

 

 

Acmurg 7= Fcstrcbuhcøj fn prebgbcicfgf tube

Vgbig 8= Prebgbcicfgf fnkgjfg tube

Fnkgjfg tube fn 6" hnf 60 Prebgbcicfgf ghukuigfg Prebgbcicfgf 7 73.02% 73.02% 6 21.31% =.36% 4 83.12% 72.11% 72 >8.>0% 78.44% 80 700.00% 61.>0% VEVGI 700.00% Ni hçihuie fn igs prebgbcicfgfns sn prnsnjtg nj gjnxe 8.

Vnjcnjfe igs prebgbcicfgfns fn hgfg uje fn ies kgtnrcgins sn prehnfn g fnsgrreiigr pgse g  pgse ni prehnfckcnjte fni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces fn rnvcscøj r nvcscøj hejtcjug. 7)  Pgse 7< fntnrkcjgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce (r) fn hgfg kgtnrcgi.

Hnknjte< r ; 6(0.0318) + 8>(0.2027) + >0(0.7607) + 32(0.8=>=) + 700(0.0641) + 7>0(0.78=2)

708

 

  r ; =6 beisgs fn hnknjte

Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts< r ; >(0.70=>) + 76(0.04>8) + 6>(0.61=>) + >0(0.0=20) + 17(0.7216) + 32(0.7678) r ; 6= vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts

Vube fn 6‛ hnf 60< r ; 7(0.7302) + 6(0.0=36) + 4(0.7211) + 72(0.7844) + 80(0.61>0) r ; 7= Nste fnkunstrg qun sn hejsuknj fcgrcgknjtn uj preknfce fn =6 beisgs fn hnknjte nj ni  preynhte 760, 6= vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts nj ni preynhte 766 y 7= tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60 nj ni preynhte 762.

2)  Pgse 2< hgihuigr ig hgjtcfgf fn pnfcr per erfnj fn hekprg.

Hnknjte<

 

 ;  22=67, =67,720.1310.6 64 W ; 6>

Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts<

26=7,101.1210.4 64  ;  26=7,

 

W ; 71 Vube fn 6‛ hnf 60<

27=7,303.1610.2 64  ;  27=7,

 

W;4 706

 

  Gi keknjte fn rngiczgr pnfcfes fn hekprg sn fnbn seichctgr 6> beisgs fn hnknjte pgrg ni  preynhte 760, 71 vgrciigs 8/4 x 3k ts pgrg ni preynhte 766 y 4 tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60 pgrg ni preynhte 762.

8)  Pgse 8< Hgihuigr ig fnkgjfg prebgbin nj ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj. Ni tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj  pgrg hgfg uje fn ies kgtnrcgins ns fn 7 fëg. f ëg. Vgbig 84 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG hnknjte

Fnkgjfg 7 fëg

Prebgbcicfgf

6 8> >0 32 700 7>0 VEVGI

0.0318 0.2027 0.7607 0.8=>= 0.0641 0.78=2 7.0000

Vgbig 83 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Fnkgjfg 7 fëg > 76 6> >0 17 32 VEVGI

Prebgbcicfgf 0.70=> 0.04>8 0.61=> 0.0=20 0.7216 0.7678 7.0000

Vgbig 60 Fnkgjfg prebgbin nj VG tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  Fnkgjfg 7 fëg 7 6 4 72 80 VEVGI

Prebgbcicfgf 0.7302 0.0=36 0.7211 0.7844 0.61>0 7.0000 70>

 

  6)  Pgse 6< fntnrkcjgr ni rcnsme fn fãachct pgrg hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes.

Vgbig 67 Rcnsme fn fãachct hnknjte Fnkgjfg nj Prebgbcicfgf ni VG Prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg 6 0.0318 0.0318 8> 0.2027 0.2346 >0 0.7607 0.684> 32 0.8=>= 0.4762 700 0.0641 0.4124 7>0 0.78=2 7.0000 Vgbig 62 Rcnsme fn fãachct vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Fnkgjfg nj ni Prebgbcicfgf VG Prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg > 0.70=> 0.70=> 76 0.04>8 0.7324 6> 0.61=> 0.1108 >0 0.0=20 0.=828 17 0.7216 0.4>4= 32 0.7678 7.0000

Rcnsme fn fãachct 0.306 0.=02 0.>12 0.741 0.78= -

Rcnsme fn fãachct 0.438 0.40= 0.860 0.214 0.767 -

fn 6‛ hnf 60  Vgbig 68 Rcnsme fn fãachct tube Prebgbcicfgf Fnkgjfg nj ni VG Prebgbcicfgf fn ig fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg 7 0.7302 0.7302 6 0.0=36 0.2131 4 0.7211 0.8312 72 0.7844 0.>8>0 80 0.61>0 7.0000

Rcnsme fn fãachct 0.470 0.=80 0.106 0.61> -

Nj nstn pujte sn fntnrkcjg qun ni jcvni fn rcnsme ghnptgbin pgrg hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes ns 0%. >)  Pgse >< heke hekpinknjte gi pgse gjtnrcer sn nstgbinhn qun ni pujte fn pnfcfe pgrg hukpicr hej ni rcnsme fn fãachct ghnptgfe fni 0% ns fn 7>0 beisgs fn hnknjte pgrg ni preynhte 760, 32 vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts pgrg ni preynhte 766 y 80 tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60 pgrg ni preynhte 762. 1)  Pgse 1< nstgbinhnr ig peichctg fn pnfcfe. 701

 

  Hgfg vnz qun sn gihgjhn ni pujte fn pnfcfe fn 7>0 beisgs fn hnknjte nj ni preynhte 760 sn fnbn fn cjmrnsgr ujg erfnj fn hekprg per W ; 6> beisgs fn hnknjte. Hgfg vnz qun sn gihgjhn ni pujte fn pnfcfe pnfc fe fn 32 vgrciigs nj ni preynhte 766 sn fnb fnbnn fn cjmrnsgr ujg erfnj fn hekprg per W ; 71 vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts. Hgfg vnz qun sn gihgjhn ni pujte fn pnfcfe fn 80 tubes nj ni preynhte 762 sn fnbn fn cjmrnsgr ujg erfnj fn hekprg per W ; 4 tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60.  

=)  Pgse =< fnacjchcøj fn nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf pgrg ni rcnsme fn fãachct fni 0%.

Fnkgjfg nj ni VG 6 8> >0 32 700 7>0

Vgbig 66 Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf hnknjte Prebgbcicfgf fnig Prebgbcicfgf Rcnsme fn fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg fãachct 0.0318 0.0318 0.306 0.2027 0.2346 0.=02 0.7607 0.684> 0.>12 0.8=>= 0.4762 0.741 0.0641 0.4124 0.78= 0.78=2 7.0000 -

Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf 0 0 0 74 21 =1

 ; 7>0 − =67

 

NX ; =1 beisgs fn hnknjte Igs ujcfgfns fn hnknjte qun mgrgjtczgj qun ni preynhte je iinmun g nstgr nj uj rcnsme fn fãachct nj sus cjvnjtgrces sej fn =1 beisgs fn hnknjte fcgrces. Nstn vgier cjfchg ig hgjtcfgf hej ig qun fnbn qunfgr fnspuãs fn iinmgr gi pujte fn rnerfnj. Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce. Fnkgjfg nj ni VG > 76 6> >0 17 32

Vgbig 6> Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf vgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Prebgbcicfgf fnig Prebgbcicfgf Rcnsme fn Nxcstnjhcgs fn fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg fãachct snmurcfgf 0.70=> 0.70=> 0.438 0 0.04>8 0.7324 0.40= 0 0.61=> 0.1108 0.860 0 0.0=20 0.=828 0.214 8 0.7216 0.4>4= 0.767 76 0.7678 7.0000 6>

70=

 

   

 ; 32 − 6=7

NX ; 6> vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts Igs ujcfgfns fn vgrciigs 8/4 x 3kts qun mgrgjtczgj qun ni preynhte je iinmun g nstgr nj uj rcnsme fn fãachct nj sus cjvnjtgrces sej fn 6> vgrciigs 8/4 x3kts fcgrces. Nstn vgier cjfchg ig hgjtcfgf hej ig qun fnbn qunfgr fnspuãs fn iinmgr gi pujte fn rnerfnj. Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce. Fnkgjfg nj ni VG 7 6 4 72 80

Vgbig 61 Nxcstnjhcgs fn snmurcfgf tube fn 6‛ hnf 60  Prebgbcicfgf fnig Prebgbcicfgf Rcnsme fn Nxcstnjhcgs fn fnkgjfg nj VG ghukuigfg fãachct snmurcfgf 0.7302 0.7302 0.470 0 0.0=36 0.2131 0.=80 0 0.7211 0.8312 0.106 0 0.7844 0.>8>0 0.61> 0 0.61>0 7.0000 78

 ; 80 − 7=7

 

NX ; 78 tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60   Igs ujcfgfns fn tube fn 6‛ hnf 60 qun mgrgjtczgj qun ni preynhte  je iinmun g nstgr nj uj rcnsme fn fãachct nj sus cjvnjtgrces sej fn 78 tubes fn 6‛ hnf 60   fcgrces. Nstn vgier cjfchg ig

hgjtcfgf hej ig qun fnbn qunfgr fnspuãs fn iinmgr gi pujte fn rnerfnj. Fn cmugi kgjnrg sn nstgbinhn ni rcnsme fn qunfgr nj fãachct per heiehgr ies pnfcfes nj uj fntnrkcjgfe jcvni fn cjvnjtgrce. 4)  Pgse 4< hgihuigr ni heste tetgi preknfce, qun herrnspejfn gi heste qun mnjnrg ig ckpinknjtghcøj fn uj scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces, yg qun nstn cjhiuyn cjhiu yn ies hestes fn kgjtnjckcnjte fn ies kgtnrcgins y fn ig mnjnrghcøj fn erfnj fn pnfcfe fn kgtnrcgins.

Hnknjte<

 ;  2=6720. 2=6720.367,110.64 + 720.36=1

 

Ht ; I. >,613.=1

704

 

 

Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts<

 ;  26=101. 26=101.247,110.64 + 101.2446>6>

 

Ht ; I. 3,=8=.61 Vube fn 6‛ hnf 60 <

 ;  227=303. 7=303.627,110.64 + 303.6278

 

Ht ; I. =,736.48

3)  Pgse 3< heste tetgi, herrnspejfn gi heste tetgi fni cjvnjtgrce fn ies kgtnrcgins hejscfnrgjfe ies hestes qun cjhiuyn ig ckpinknjtghcøj fni scstnkg fn cjvnjtgrces fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug pgrg ies preynhtes 760, 762 y 766.

Hnknjte<

 ; >,613.=1+ 7>1.10=6

 

HV ; I. 7=,787.2=

Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts<

 ; 3,=8=.61+ 44.766=

 

HV ; I. 78,44=.02 Vube fn 6‛ hnf 60 <

 ; =,736.48+ 8,742.217=

 

HV ; I. 17,=21.14 Hej ni hçihuie fni kefnie fn fnkgjfg vgrcgbin y tcnkpe fn gjtchcpghcøj hejstgjtn sn  punfn hejhiucr qun, hej nstn ns tn kefnie sn iemrg nickcjgr ig prebinkçtchg fn tnjnr cjvnjtgrce bgle fn kgtnrcgins mnjnrgjfe nste gtrgses nj igs ebrgs. Gi hejtgr hej nstn kefnie sn pnrkctn hejtgr hej ujg hgjtcfgf nspnhëachg per erfnjgr y gsë sestnjnr ni cjvnjtgrce nj hgfg pujte fn pnfcfe e rnerfnj gi cmugi qun sn eptckczgj ies hestes gsukcfes per ig agitg fn cjvnjtgrce. 703

 

  Nj ig scmucnjtn tgbig sn kunstrg ni rnsuknj fn ies rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes gi ckpinknjtgr ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn rnvcscøj hejtcjug pgrg ies trns prefuhtes sninhhcejgfes herrnspejfcnjtns g ig higscachghcøj G nj hgfg uje fn ies preynhtes fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg.

Vgbig 6= Rnsuknj kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces Rnsuitgfes Hnknjte Qgrciig 8/4 x 3kts Vube fn 6" hnf 60 Heste per erfnjgr I7,110.64 I7,110.64 I7,110.64 Heste per gfqucschcøj I7>1.10 I44.76 I8,742.21 Heste fn kgjtnjckcnjte I720.36 I101.24 I303.62 R (fnkgjfg preknfce) =6 6= 7= W (hgjtcfgf g pnfcr) 6> 71 4 Pujte fn rnerfnj NX (nxcstnjhcg fn snmurcfgf) Heste Vetgi Preknfce Heste Vetgi

7>0 =1 I>,613.=1 I7=,787.2=

32 6> I3,=8=.61 I78,44=.02

80 78 I=,736.48 I17,=21.14

6.8.6  PREP^NXVG XEAV]GRN XWI EBRGX PGRG KGJNLE FN CJQNJVGRCEX

Ig scmucnjtn prepunstg ns sebrn uj seatwgrn qun pnrkctcrç g ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg sckpicachgr y tnhjcachgr kuhdes fn sus prehnses nj nspnhcgi ni hejtrei fn ies cjvnjtgrces nj igs befnmgs fn igs ebrgs. Xcj nkbgrme, nstg gfqucschcøj fnbn fn cr ercnjtgfg gi hrnhckcnjte auture fn ig nkprnsg, fgfe qun nj nstn sn cjtnmrgj køfuies fn hekprgs, hejtgbcicfgf, preynhtes, gikghnjns, rnhurses, knfchcejns y hnrtcachghcejns, aghturghcøj y hgrtnrg. Pgrg fntnrkcjgr ig knler ephcøj fn seatwgrn pgrg kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg sn rngiczø ujg kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns. Nj fejfn sn hekpgrgj igs fcanrnjtns ephcejns knfcgjtn ies hrctnrces g nvgiugr y gsë ebtnjnr ig knler ephcøj pgrg ig nkprnsg.

770

 

  G hejtcjughcøj, sn fntgiig ig kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns per knfce fni kãtefe fn pujtes<

Vgbig 64 kgtrcz fn fnhcscøj Ephcejns

Ghhnse Pnse Vetgi Cjtnmrghcøj Pnse Vetgi

Fyjgkchs Jgv HejstruhhcøjFvprelnht CB Bucifcjm EP^X XWI Ebrgs Xeikchre NRP Hejstruhhcøj Xcmrcf

Hrctnrces fn sninhhcøj Ainxcbcicfgf Pnse Vetgi

^se Pnse Vetgi

Heste Pnse Vetgi

VEVGI

>

70% 0.>0

8

20%

0.10

8

7>%

0.6>

1

7>%

0.30

2

60%

0.40

8.2>

8 7 1

70% 0.80 70% 0.70 70% 0.10

7 6 >

20% 20% 20%

0.20 0.40 7.00

7 6 1

7>% 7>% 7>%

0.7> 0.10 0.30

7 8 6

7>% 7>% 7>%

0.7> 0.6> 0.10

8 > 1

60% 60% 60%

7.20 2.00 2.60

2.00 8.3> >.>0

2

70% 0.20

2

20%

0.60

>

7>%

0.=>

>

7>%

0.=>

6

60%

7.10

8.=0

6

70% 0.60

1

20%

7.20

2

7>%

0.80

2

7>%

0.80

7

60%

0.60

2.10

^jg vnz sninhhcejgfgs igs knlerns ephcejns fn seatwgrn pgrg cjvnjtgrces nj hejstruhtergs hej hgrghtnrëstchgs sckcigrns sn fntgiigrej ies hrctnrces pgrg sninhhcøj snmüj ig tnerëg. G hgfg hrctnrce sn in gscmjø uj pnse scnjfe ies scmucnjtns< 7)  Ghhnse< 70% 2)  Cjtnmrghcøj? 20% 8)  Ainxcbcicfgf< 7>% 6)  ^se< 7>% >)  Heste< 60% Xnmüj ig kgtrcz fn fnhcscejns bgsgfg nj ni kãtefe fn pujtes. Ig knler ephcøj ns ni seatwgrn XWI Ebrgs. Prnsnjtgjfe ujg  pujtughcøj fn >.>0.

777

 

  XWI Ebrgs ns ujg gpichghcøj nspnhëachg pgrg ig mnstcøj y ni hejtrei fn preynhtes. Nstg gpichghcøj pnrkctn mnstcejgr fnsfn ni prnsupunste cjchcgi, dgstg ig aghturghcøj fn hnrtcachghcejns y rntnjhcejns. Ercnjtgfe sebrn tefe pgrg nkprnsgs cjstgigfergs y hejstruhtergs, sn hgrghtnrczg per su açhci kgjnle y su gmcicfgf nj ig cjtrefuhhcøj fn fgtes. Pnrkctn hrngr usugrces hej fcanrnjtns jcvnins fn ghhnses y fcsn÷es prepces fn pgjtgiigs n cjaerkns, hejscmucnjfe hej niie, qun ig ckpigjtghcøj, ig aerkghcøj y gfgptghcøj gi premrgkg sng igs kçs gfnhugfg g hgfg usugrce. (XWI Ebrgs. Fcstrcte O, 2073, p. 7) XWI Ebrgs pnrkctn hejtreigr igs scmucnjtns çrngs fn ujg nkprnsg hejstruhterg< 7)  Prnsupunste< XWI EBRGX hekcnjzg ni hcrhucte fn ies fehuknjtes fn vnjtg nj nstg ephcøj, fnsfn ig hejacmurghcøj fn ies hestns, bnjnachce y vnjtg fni preynhte, pufcnjfe fcvcfcrie nj Hgpëtuies y Agsns, n ckputgjfe g hgfg ujg kgtnrcgins y rnhurses jnhnsgrces, gsë heke  pnrcefcachgr ni tcnkpe prnvcste fn nlnhuhcøj. Nj nnii keknjte qun ni prnsupunste ns ghnptgfe, gh nptgfe, sn punfn hejvnrtcr nj Preynhte pgrg ni pestnrcer snmuckcnjte fn fgtes nstgfëstches, hestns y  bnjnachces, perhnjtgln fn nlnhuhcøj 2)  Preynhtes< ^jg vnz mnjnrgfe ni preynhte ns jnhnsgrce hekpintgr cjaerkghcøj høke tcpe fn hnrtcachghcøj, rntnjhcøj y aerkg fn fnveiuhcøj fn ig i g kcskg, fehuknjtes gsehcgfes gi preynhte pre ynhte (pigjes, knfcfgs, hnrtcachgfes fn hgicfgf, kgjugins), hejtrei fn anhdgs fn njtrnmg. Qcnjfe nj tefe keknjte ies kgtnrcgins y rnhurses utciczgfes, gsë heke ig nveiuhcøj fni preynhte. 8)  Rnhurses< XWI Ebrgs pnrkctcrç mnstcejgr fn ujg aerkg nachgz y nxdgustcvg ies rnhurses, tgjte kgtnrcgins, heke dukgjes. Gi hrngr ni rnhurse sn in gscmjgrg uj tcpe fn dergrce, der grce, gyufgjfe nste g hejtreigr nj qun preynhte sn njhunjtrg gscmjgfe hgfg rnhurse y ig pescbcicfgf fni kcske. Vgkbcãj sn in gscmjg g hgfg rnhurse rnhurs e uj hestn y uj PQP, hej ie qun sn tnjfrç nj ni keknjte fn cjchcgr ni preynhte ujg vgierghcøj nhejøkchg fn ie prnvcste, hejtrg cjaerkghcøj rngi fni  bnjnachce qun mnjnrg ni preynhte ujg vnz acjgiczgfe. 6)  Knfchcejns y hnrtcachghcejns< G trgvãs fn nstg ephcøj, XWI Ebrgs pnrkctn nspnhcachgr ies trgbgles rngiczgfes, grrgstrgjfe fn aerkg gutekçtchg, igs pgrtcfgs fni prnsupunste n cjfchgjfe seigknjtn ni perhnjtgln fn nlnhuhcøj e igs knfchcejns nxghtgs, fgjfe heke rnsuitgfe ujg hnrtcachghcøj (pgrhcgi e g ercmnj) qun pestnrcerknjtn sn hejvnrtcrç nj aghturg. >)  Aghturghcøj< XWI Ebrgs pnrkctn mnjnrgr gutekçtchgknjtn igs aghturgs herrnspejfcnjtns g igs hnrtcachghcejns, g igs rntnjhcejns y g etres hejhnptes g kgyerns fni preynhte, gsë heke

772

 

  aghturghcøj fcrnhtg fnsfn prnsupunste. Acjgiknjtn, tgkbcãj sn pefrç ebtnjnr ujg snrcn fn cjaerkns nhejøkches ckprnshcjfcbins pgrg pefnr vnr ig rnjtgbcicfgf y ni bnjnachce fn hgfg  preynhte rngiczgfe. 1)  Hekprgs< XWI Ebrgs mnstcejg ies pnfcfes g ies prevnnferns snmüj igs jnhnscfgfns rngins fn hgfg preynhte, cjhiuse mnjnrgjfe ies prnsupunstes e pnfcfes gutekçtchgknjtn gi prevnnfer, fnsfn ni prnsupunste ghnptgfe fni hicnjtn. ^jg vnz qun ns snrvcfg ig knrhgjhëg sn punfn ckputgrig fcrnhtgknjtn gi preynhte cjfchçjfein ig pgrtcfg/hgpëtuie g ig qun sn gscmjg, nvctgjfe gsë ig njtrgfg nj gikghãj y su pestnrcer sgicfg g ebrg. Vgkbcãj fnstghg ig trgzgbcicfgf fn ies fehuknjtes, tnjcnjfe ig pescbcicfgf fn hejvnrtcr ni prnsupunste fcrnhtgknjtn fcr nhtgknjtn nj aghturg, njvcgr igs iëjngs fn uj pnfcfe g uj gibgrçj yg nxcstnjtn, vnr ni ercmnj y ni fnstcje fn igs iëjngs fn hgfg fehuknjte y ghhnfnr gutekçtchgknjtn, aghturghcøj gutekçtchg per prevnnfer, mnstcøj fn vnjhckcnjtes fn pgme, fupichgfe fn fehuknjtes y etrgs ephcejns qun gmciczgrçj y aghcictgrçj ni trgbgle fni fëg g fëg. =)  Gikghnjns< XWI Ebrgs pnrkctn trgbglgr hej uj jüknre cickctgfe fn gikghnjns, fgjfe ig  pescbcicfgf fn rngiczgr trgspgse fn knrhgjhëg njtrn niies, hejtreigr ni steho fn hgfg grtëhuie, cjfchgr ig ubchghcøj fn ig knrhgjhëg y aghcictgr cjaerkghcøj sebrn ies grtëhuies pnjfcnjtns fn rnhcbcr e snrvcr. Vgkbcãj ns ckpertgjtn fnstghgr qun pnrkctn fcspejnr fn küitcpins høfcmes per grtëhuie (høfcme fn grtëhuie, rnanrnjhcg fn prevnnfer, høfcme fn bgrrgs, rnanrnjhcg rna nrnjhcg fn agbrchgjtn, nth.) y küitcpins nkbgiglns (hglg, pgquntn, pgiint, nth.), acjgiknjtn fgrç ig pescbcicfgf fn rngiczgr cjvnjtgrces rnigtcves e gbseiutes. Nstn gpgrtgfe pnrkctn<  

Hejtrei y snmuckcnjte fn cickctgfes gikghnjns y gute vnjtgs.   Mnstcøj fn steho nj tcnkpe rngi hej hçihuie fn prnhce üitckg hekprg, prnhce fn hestn nj fnstcje, prnhce fn hekprg knfce.  

Pnrkctn cjfchgr ig ubchghcøj nxghtg fn ig knrhgjhëg fnjtre fni gikghãj.

 

Cjaerkns GBH, cjvnjtgrces vgiergfes, nxtrghtes fn grtëhuies.

 

Küitcpins knfcfgs fn vnjtg y hekprg (Hglgs, ujcfgfns, kntres, ocies).

4)  Hgrtnrg< XWI Ebrgs fcspejn fn ujg hekpintg mnstcøj fn vnjhckcnjtes fn hebres y pgmes, gitg fn bgjhes hej sus iëjngs fn rcnsme, mnjnrghcøj fn rnknsgs bgjhgrcgs nj sepertns kgmjãtche, hejtrei fn ckpgmgfes hej ckputghcøj fn mgstes, e pgmes pgrhcgins. ^jg hekpintg mnstcøj fn hgrtnrg qun gyufgrç g ig nkprnsg nkprns g nj igs prnvcscejns fcgrcgs. Vefes ies kevckcnjtes rngiczgfes,

778

 

  tcnjnj njighn hej ig hejtgbcicfgf, pufcnjfe sgbnr nj tefe keknjte nj qun gscnjte sn njhunjtrg ni kevckcnjte qun sn hejsuitg. Vefe nste y ni prehnse gutekçtche fn njighn hejtgbin hej XWI HEJVG, dghn qun XWI Ebrgs sng ujg fn igs gpichghcejns fn Mnstcøj fn Preynhtes kçs hekpintgs fn knrhgfe fni Xeatwgrn ghtugi. (XWI Ebrgs. Fcstrcte O, 2073, p. 2, 8)

776

 

 

>.  HGPËV^IE Q HEJHI^XCEJNX S RNHEKNJFGHCEJNX RNHEKNJFGHCEJNX >.8  HEJHI^XCEJNX

Ni prepøscte fni prnsnjtn hgpctuie ns scjtntczgr e rnsukcr fn kgjnrg hejhiuynjtn ies rnsuitgfes ebtnjcfes nj ni hgpëtuie gjtnrcer. G trgvãs fni gjçicscs fni kefnie fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces nj ig nkprnsg Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg bgsgfe nj igs tnerëgs fn ies guterns qun gyufgrej g sustnjtgr ni kgrhe tnørche fn ig prnsnjtn cjvnstcmghcøj. Xn ebtuvcnrej igs scmucnjtns hejhiuscejns< 7)  Xn ghnptg ig dcpøtnscs juig fn cjvnstcmghcøj ig hugi nstgbinhn qun ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. Xn rnhdgzg ig dcpøtnscs fn cjvnstcmghcøj ig hugi nstgbinhn qun ni kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces fn Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg je  prnsnjtg agiigs nj su aujhcejgkcnjte. 2)  Ni kefnie ghtugi fn kgjnle fn cjvnjtgrces nj Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg sn vn prcjhcpgiknjtn ganhtgfe per ni dnhde fn je hejtgr hej prehnses higres y nspnhëaches pgrg su hejtrei. 8)  Xnmüj ies fgtes ebtnjcfes fn ig njtrnvcstg rngiczgfg g ies njhgrmgfes fn igs befnmgs sn fntnrkcjø qun je gscmjgr pnrsejgi nspnhëache pgrg hejtreigr igs sgicfgs fn kgtnrcgins fn igs  befnmgs mnjnrg uj fnshejtrei nj ni kgjnle fni cjvnjtgrce. Ie qun tcnjn heke nanhte qun ig nkprnsg je hejezhg sus jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrces rngins. 6)  Ig nkprnsg je hunjtg hej aerkgtes pgrg rnmcstrgr sus njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn cjvnjtgrce nj hgfg ujg fn sus befnmgs, per ie qun fnshejehnj igs nxcstnjhcgs fn kgtnrcgins hej ies qun hunjtgj. >)  G trgvãs fn igs njtrnvcstgs y ebsnrvghcejns rngiczgfgs sn hejhiuyn qun ig nkprnsg je hunjtg hej peiëtchgs higrgs fn ies jcvnins fn cjvnjtgrce qun fnbn fn pesnnr jc cjvnjtgrces fn snmurcfgf qun punfgj dghnrin arnjtn g ig jgturginzg vgrcgbin fn ig fnkgjfg fn ies cjsukes. Fn ghunrfe g ie gjtnrcer sn rngiczø uj hçihuie pgrg nstckgr ig fnkgjfg preknfce fn ies kgtnrcgins sninhhcejgfes. Pgrg ni hnknjte ig fnkgjfg preknfce fcgrcg ns fn =6 beisgs, pgrg ig vgrciig 8/4 ig fnkgjfg preknfce fcgrcg ns fn 6= vgrciigs y pgrg ni tube fn 6‛ ig fnkgjfg

 preknfce fcgrcg ns fn 7= tubes. Hej ig cjaerkghcøj ebtnjcfg sn hgihuiø ni pujte fn rnerfnj fn hgfg uje fn ies kgtnrcgins. Xcnjfe 7>0 beisgs fn hnknjte, 32 vgrciigs fn 8/4 y 80 tubes fn 6‛.

77>

 

  Nstg cjaerkghcøj pnrkctn g ig nkprnsg qun su kevckcnjte fn cjvnjtgrce je sng cjtnrrukpcfe y je ganhtn ig nlnhuhcøj fni preynhte. 1)  Ig nkprnsg hejehn hej nxghtctuf ies hestes fn kgjtnjckcnjte fn sus kgtnrcgins. Heke snr ni sunife fni befnmunre Ips. 3,744.62, giqucinr Ips. 1,000.00 y vcmcigjhcg Ips. 3,000.00. =)  ^jg fn igs vnjtglgs hej igs qun hunjtg ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg ns qun kgjtcnjn bunjgs rnighcejns hej sus prevnnferns. Ie hugi in pnrkctn sgbnr hej nxghtctuf ies tcnkpes fn njtrnmg fn sus kgtnrcgins. Gyufçjfein g dghnr arnjtn g igs sctughcejns fn hekprgs fn nknrmnjhcg. Fn ghunrfe g ies hçihuies rngiczgfes fni pujte fn rnerfnj fn ies kgtnrcgins sninhhcejgfes qun sej ni hnknjte, ig vgrciig 8/4 y ni tube fn 6‛ ni tcnkpe fn njtrnmg ns fn uj fëg. Ie qun in fg g ig nkprnsg tcnkpe suachcnjtn fn rngbgstnhckcnjte scj herrnr ni rcnsme fn qunfgr scj kgtnrcgins.

>.6  RNHEKNJFGHCEJNX

Igs rnheknjfghcejns nstçj ercnjtgfgs g nstgbinhnr uj premrnse hejtcjue nj igs prepunstgs rngiczgfgs. Fn tgi kgjnrg qun sn knlern ig mnstcøj fn cjvnjtgrces fn ig Hejstruhterg Iøpnz Rcvnrg. R cvnrg. 7)  Xn rnhekcnjfg ckpinknjtgr uj kefnie fn cjvnjtgrces pgrg fcskcjucr e nickcjgr igs agiigs qun sn prnsnjtgj nj ni kgjnle fn sus kgtnrcgins. 2)  Ig higscachghcøj gfnhugfg fn ies kgtnrcgins fnjtre fn igs befnmgs, brcjfgrç kçs tcnkpe gi keknjte fn rngiczgr ni cjvnjtgrce aësche y ebtnjnr ujg cjaerkghcøj kçs nxghtg fn igs nxcstnjhcgs fn cjvnjtgrces. 8)  Xn rnhekcnjfg gscmjgr igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn ies kgtnrcgins g ujg pnrsejg nj nspnhëache nspn hëache pgrg tnjnr uj kgyer hejtrei y gsë nxcstg ujg pnrsejg rnspejsgbin per ni hukpickcnjte fn ies  prehnses fn hejtrei fn cjvnjtgrces. 6)  Ckpinknjtgr aerkgtes y prehnses pgrg igs njtrgfgs y sgicfgs fn kgtnrcgins sckpicachgrç ni trgbgle, tgjte pgrg ni pnrsejgi gfkcjcstrgtcve heke tgkbcãj gi pnrsejgi njhgrmgfe fni hejtrei fn ies cjvnjtgrces. >)  Nstgbinhnr pujtes fn rnerfnj nspnhcgiknjtn nj ies kgtnrcgins qun prnsnjtgj kgyer fnkgjfg, gyufgrg g ig nkprnsg g fcskcjucr e nickcjgr sus prebinkgs fn agitgjtns e nxhnfnjtns fn kgtnrcgins.

771

 

  1)  Prehurgr kgjtnjnr sus nxcstnjhcgs fn kgtnrcgins gi këjcke pgrg qun sus hestes fn kgjtnjckcnjte je guknjtnj. =)  Xn rnhekcnjfg g ig nkprnsg hejtcjugr igs bunjgs rnighcejns hej sus prevnnferns pgrg aghcictgr ni prehnse fn hekprg.

77=

 

 

1.  BCBICEMRGAËG GffHejtrei. (2001). GffHejtrei . Ebtnjcfe fn dttps