Herbario Fotografico

 

Tfhvdrshmkm md Ykf Ikrlbs md Nuktdoklk @kiultkm md Knrbfboïk Diblbnïk y Okfdab md okldzks Lkebrktbrhb Okrtds Pdspdrthfk Hfn. Knr. Ikohlb ^bl`brm

C UE UHB @B]BNU @HIB

Abssdlyf Kldakfmrk Dstrkmk Yblùrzkfb 57;>79=34 Nuktdoklk, kerhl mdl 5755 ;. Pdrmb drmbllknk knk @kohlhk1 Wbrtulkikidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

 

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Ybf cdreëidks, iboñfodftd iboñfodftd sbf suiuldftks b lks plkftks qud pdrtdfdidf k dstk `kohlhk, sus cbaks sbf ikrfbsks, kltdrfks, shf dsthpulks, pdrb k vdids ibf dsphfks b

 

pdlbs. Kmdoës, lks `lbrds sbf pdqudûks, ehsdxuklds y sd mhspbfdf df rkihobs, yk sdk kxhlkrds b tdrohfklds. Df dl iksb md su `rutb dstd ds ufk ikpsulk mdchsidftd ibf 9 k 4 vklvks y ibf sdohllks lhsks. (Kfbfhob, 577>) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ybf kfuklds, ibf uf tkllb rkstrdrb, ikrfbsb y md iblbr rbahzb, ibf cbaks md iblbr  vdrmd, bpudstks, nrudsks, lks supdrhbrds sbf vdrthihlkmks, ibf `lbrds md iblbr  kokrhllb md 4 pètklbs, su `rutb ds uf phxhmhb, qud df dl hftdrhbr nukrmk lks sdohllks, lks iuklds sbf okrrbfds ibf uf puftb elkfib. (Okrthfdz, 5757) Df iukftb k lb diblùnhib, Odrk, Eyd, Ikstrb y Phllkfudvk hfmhikf qud dstk plkftk `ufihbfk df bikshbfds pkrk lk rdiupdrkihùf md sudlbs sklhfbs-sùmhibs, ksï ibob tkoehèf, ibob okldzk kyumk `brokr cuous kl `hfkl md su ihilb ehblùnhib, y k hopdmhr lk drbshùf. (57;5, pën. ;3) Df iukftb k lb diblùnhib, Odrk, Eyd, Ikstrb y Phllkfudvk hfmhikf qud dstk plkftk `ufihbfk df bikshbfds pkrk lk rdiupdrkihùf md sudlbs sklhfbs-sùmhibs, ksï ibob tkoehèf, ibob okldzk kyumk `brokr cuous kl `hfkl md su ihilb ehblùnhib, y k hopdmhr lk drbshùf. (57;5, pën. ;3) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ds ufk okldzk ibso bsobpbl blhhtk, qu qud d k`ditk kl iulthvb md okïz kïz y md sbyk prhfihpklodftd, ksh ibob tkoehèf k lbs iulthvbs md vdrkfb, qud ck hmb tdfhdfmb ufk uf k kltk kltk mdokf mdokfmk, mk, lb qu qud d ck pr prbvb bvbik ikmb mb qu qud d sd kirdi kirdidft dftè è su iu iultlthv hvb, b, y sd ibfshmdrk qud k pdskr md sdr ufk okldzk thdfdf ufk hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik pbr  su ibftdfhmb futrhihbfkl. (Odrk, Eyd, Ikstrb, & Phllkfudvk, 57;5, pën. ;>)

5. Krn rndo dob bfd @kohlhk1 Wkpkvdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

 

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

TFFD (57;7) mdsirhed qud dstk `kohlhk ds cdreëidk, iboñfodftd ibf lëtdx y dsphfks, cbaks kltdrfks, mdftkmbs shf dsthpulks, `lbrds chpùnhfks, kithfbobr`ks,

 

mhshoètrhiks b yk sdk zhnbobr`ks, df dl iksb mdl `rutb dstd ds ufk ikpsulk mdchsidftds b `rutb sdib hfmdchsidftd ibf ; b ouicks sdohllks. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Wrdsdftk tkllbs drditbs ibf vkrhks rkoh`hikihbfds, ibf lëtdx, ksï ibob tkoehèf dstëf iuehdrtbs ibf knuhabfds b dsphfks, sbf md iblbr vdrmdkzulkmb, sus cbaks sbf mdftkmks mdftkm ks ibf dsphf dsphfks ks df ikmk mhdftd, sus pètklbs sbf kokrhlldftbs kokrhlldftbs ibf uf bvkrhb md 9 k = ikvhmkmds, su `rutb ds ufk ikpsulk belbfnk ibf dsphfks md iblbr vdrmd. (Pdrk, 57;4, pën. ;5) TFKO df 5778 rdskltù qud dstk plkftk sd dfiudftrk df ilhoks sdohiëlhmbs y sdohsdibs, iboñfodftd irdid df tdrrdfbs ibf iulthvbs kekfmbfkmbs df zbfks knrïiblks, y thdfd ufk ksbihkihùf ibf lbs ebsquds trbphiklds, oktbrrklds, ebsquds dsphfbs y k phfbs. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Hfvkmd ufk nrkf ikfthmkm md iulthvbs, “sd ck rdnhstrkmb df kab, kl`kl`k, kabfablï, klnbmùf, kvdfk, iklkekzk, iërtkob, idebllk, ichld, `rïabl, `rutklds, nkrekfzb, nhrksbl, cbrtklhzks, cbrtkl hzks, okïz, okfzkfk, pbtrdrbs pbtrdrbs,, sbrnb, tbokt tboktd‟ d‟ (Ekrrhbs, (Ekrrhbs, 57;0, pën. ;) pbr lb qud su fhvdl md hfvkshùf ds ibfshmdrkmb ibob md ouy kltb rhdsnb, ksï ibob tkoehèf odmhb df rhdsnb md hftrbmuiihùf y kltb df rhdsnb md dstkeldihohdftb.

9. Lh Lhph phmh mhuo uo vhrn vhrnhf hfhi hiuo uo @kohlhk1 Erksshikidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

 

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

 

Nkriïk (5778) sdûklk qud lk `kohlhk erksshikidkd sbf chdreks yk sdk kfuklds b pdrdffds, ibf cbaks kltdrfks, shf dsthpulks, shoplds b ehphffkmks, y klnufbs ibf pdlbs. Df dl iksb md lk hf`lbrdsidfihk, dstk ds rkidobsk, ibf `lbrds rdnulkrds, ehsdxuklds d chpùnhfks ibf = pètklbs y sèpklbs, kmdoës su `rutb ds shlhiuk, ibf ufk b mbs sdohllks pbr chldrk. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Dstk plkftk ds ufk chdrek kfukl, ouy rkoh`hikmk, ibf uf tkllb mdlnkmb, cbaks ibf okrndf idrrkmb b dftdrb, df `brok md rbsdtk lks eksklds ibf okrndf dftdrb y lkohfk lkohf k phffkt phffktï`hmk ï`hmk,, su hf`lb hf`lbrdsidfi rdsidfihk hk ds df rkihob, sus `lbrds ibf sèpklb y pètklb, pètklb, lbs lbs `rut `rutbs bs sb sbf f shlh shlhiu iuks ks bvk vklk lkmk mkss qud ibft ibfthd hdfd fdf f sd sdoh ohllllks ks,, shdf shdfmb mb dstks stks kprbxhokmkodf kprbxho kmkodftd td 5 df ikmk ufb, md iblbrk iblbrkihùf ihùf fkrkfak. Kmdo Kmdoës, ës, prdsdftkf ufk rkïz phvbtkftd. (Ubaks & Pherkfs, 57;9, pën. ;90) Ydnñf Oblsklvd “sbf md brhndf fdbtrbphikl pbr lb qud sd mdskrrbllk df ilhoks td tdop oplk lkmbs mbs qu qud d td tdfnk fnkf f uf ufk k dsi dsiksk ksk pr prdi dihp hphthtki kihù hùf, f, km kmdo doës ës sd df dfiu iudft dftrkf rkf df lunkrds mhsturekmbs.‟ (5779, pën. =9) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ds ufk md lks okldzks kodrhikfks krvdfsds y rumdrkl oës hopbrtkftds, shdfmb ufk md lks 8 vkrhdmkmds qud mhsthfnuhù Chticibij df ;8=4. Yhf doekrnb, fb ds ibfshmdrkmk ibob ufk plkftk ouy mkûhfk pkrk lbs iulthvbs qud k`ditk, pbr lb tkftb, fb ds prdsdftk uf hopkitb dibfùohib.

=. Dohl Dohlhk hk sbf sbfic ich` h`hl hlhk hk

 

@kohlhk1 Ibopbshtkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

 

Lk `kohlhk ibopbshtkd b tkoehèf ibfbihmk ibob kstdrkidkd, sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr  prdsd pr dsdft ftkr kr uf pbrt pbrtd d cdreë cdreëid idb, b, ib ibf f cb cbak akss shop shopld ldss b ib ibop opud udst stks ks,, kltd kltdrf rfks ks u bpudstks, klnufks prdsdftkf dsphfks df dl tkllb, df lks cbaks b df lks erëitdks mdl hfvbluirb. Yu hf`lbrdsidfihk ds uf ikrëitdr ilkvd, yk qud dstk ds df ikpïtulbs, ibf`brokmb md vkrhks `lbrds sèshlds y pdftëodrks, df dl iksb md su `rutb, ds sdib ibf ufk sdohllk mdfbohfkmk kqudfhb. (@drrhbl (@dr rhbl & Lùpdz, 57;>) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk chdrek md ihilb ibrtb, ibf uf tkllb phlbsb df lk pkrtd hf`drhbr, hf`drhbr, sus cbaks sbf kltdrfks mdftkmks, df dl iksb md lks eksklds y lks hftdrodmhks prdsdftkf uf ibftbrfb bvklkmb, sus `lbrds sd dfiudftrkf df ikedzudlks, sbf md iblbr `uishk, md 3 b 8 erëitdks, y su `rutb ds sdib qud iudftk ibf ufk sblk sdohllk (kqudfhb). (Ekrrhbs, 57;0, pën. 5) Dohlhk “sd prbpknk pbr odmhb md sdohllks y sd mhspdrsk pbr dl vhdftb, df dl iksb md su ihlb md vhmk ds kfukl, `lbrdid y sd `ruith`hik iboñfodftd md aulhb k fbvhdoerd, pdrb pudmd lldnkr ckidrlb murkftd tbmb dl kûb‟. (Pherkfs, 5778) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Dstk dspdihd, ds ufk okldzk krvdfsd qud sd ibfshmdrk hopbrtkftd df klnufks zbfks knrïiblks, kmdoës sdnñf Ekrrhbs (57;0) dstë ilksh`hikmb df ufk iktdnbrïk md rhdsnb kltb, df iksb mdl rdpbrtd md dspdihd hfvksbrk sd ilksh`hib ibob odmhb, ksï ibob tko tkoehè ehèf f df rhdsnb rhdsnb md hftrbmu hftrbmuiih iihùf ùf y md dstkel dstkeldih dihohd ohdftb ftb ds odm odmhb. hb.  Kmdoës, ds ibfshmdrkmk ibob uf fhvdl kltb ibob vditbr md btrks dspdihds hfvksbrks, mdehmb k qud dstë ksbihkmk kl tbspbvhrus df dl iulthvb md tboktd, ichld y tkekib,, lbs iuklds sbf iulthvbs tkekib iulthvbs md kltk hopbrtkf hopbrtkfihk ihk dibfùohik. Ksï ibob tkoeh tkoehèf èf md btrks plknks qud prbvbikf mkûbs k ufk nrkf vkrhdmkm md cbrtklhzks, lldnkfmb k hopkitkr md okfdrk fdnkthvk df dl prbidsb prbmuithvb, ndfdrkfmb uf dldvkmb ibstb pkrk lks odmhmks md ibftrbl y md ibftdfihùf. 4. Dupc Dupcbr breh ehk k chrt chrtk k

 

@kohlhk1 Dupcbrehkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

 

Dstk `kohlhk ds ufk md lks oës mhvdrsks pdrtdfdihdftds k lks kfnhbspdroks. Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf sus `lbrds rdmuihmks knrupkmks df ihktbs, ibf prdsdfihk md skvhk ldicbsk y cbaks shoplds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Dstk plkftk ds ibfshmdrkmk ibob “cdreëidk kfukl, rkstrdrk mdfskodftd phlbsk, dl tkllb ds rkoh`hikmb df `brok mhibtùohik, lks cbaks sbf bpudstks pdqudûks df `brok md krhstks, pdihblbs pdihblbs md ; k 5 oo md lkrnb, ëphid knumb ebrmd iboñfodftd ksdrrkmb, ibf hf`lbrdsidfihk df ihkthbs.‟ (Dsiumdrb, 5757) Kmdoës su `rutb ds df ikpsulk ibf pdlbs md iblbr rbsk b ik`è. Df eksd Wlkftfdt dstk plkftk ds cdlhù`hlk qud sd dfiudftrk ibob okldzk df lbs iulthvbs kpkrdihdfmb ludnb md = k 4 kûbs md ckedr iulthvkmb, kmdoës iboñfodftd sd dfiudftrk df sudlbs krdfbsbs y nrkvbsbs, shdfmb odfbs `rdiudftd dfibftrkrlb df sudlbs vdrthsblds b ibf lbs qud prdsdftdf uf kltb ibftdfhmb md krihllk. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrtkfihk hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik rkmhi rkmhik k yk qud ktkik kl iulthvb md sbyk, pbr lb tkftb, sd thdfd qud ckidr ufk hfvdrshùf pkrk ibftrblkr k dstk okldzk y dvhtkr lk ibopdtdfihk ibf dl iulthvb, mbfmd sd hfvbluirkf `kitbrds ibob luz, dspkihb, dl knuk y lbs futrhdftds, lldnkfmb k sdr cbspdmdrbs md plknks qud pudmdf lldnkr k ikuskr mkûbs dibfùohibs mdehmb k qud prbvbik ufk rdmuiihùf df dl rdfmhohdftb y iklhmkm md lk prbmuiihùf. (Dsiumdrb, 5757)

0. Hpbodk Hpbodk purpur purpurdk(i dk(ikop kopkfh kfhll llk) k)

 

@kohlhk1 Ibfvblvulkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Fbtk1 Dstk plkftk fb ibfthdfd oh hmdfth`hikihùf mdehmb k qud `ud ufk md lks prhodrks df rdiblditkr y iukfmb besdrvd qud sd mdeïk iblbikr dl mph, yk sd ckeïkf sdikmb

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

 

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf qud prdsdftkf skvhk ldicbsk, sus cbaks sbf kltdrfks, shoplds, ibf `lbrds tueulkrds y pdftëodrks, iboñfodftd ibf 4 dstkoerds, dphpdtklbs y md bvkrhb ehikrpdlkr. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Hpbodk sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr prdsdftkr cbaks dftdrks df `brok md ibrkzùf ibf ëphid knumb, puedsidfihk dspkrihmk, sus `lbrds sbf sblhtkrhks b pudmdf dstkr mhspudstks df ihoks md 5 k 4 `lbrds pbr kxhlks, ibf uf iblbr lhlk y sbf lbeulkmks, df dl iksb md su `ru `rutb, tb, dstd ds ufk ikpsu ikpsulk lk qud prdsdf prdsdftk tk sdo sdohll hllks ks df `brok `brok md nka nkab b (TFK (TFKO, O, 57;8, 57 ;8, pë pën. n. 9). Km Kmdo doës ës,, su ië iëlhlhzz prd prdsd sdft ftk k sè sèpk pklb lbss kn knum umbs bs b nr nrkmu kmukl klod odft ftd d kiuohfkmbs y ibrtbs.

Ds ufk plkftk ibfshmdrkmk ibob ufk lhkfk kfukl qud prdsdftk ufk rdprbmuiihùf sdxukl, su `lbrkihùf y `ruith`hikihùf sd mk k ibohdfzbs md btbûb y sd mdskrrbllk df ebsqu eb squds ds ik ikmu muih ih`b `blhlhbs, bs, iu iultlthv hvbs bs knr knrïi ïibl blks ks y df koeh koehdf dftd tdss ru rumd mdrk rkld lds, s, km kmdo doës ës mdskpkr mds kpkrdid did kl obodft obodftb b md uf pdr pdrhbm hbmb b md `rh `rhb b hftdfs hftdfsb b b pbr cdlkm cdlkmks. ks. (LO (LO^U ^U,, 57;4) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik (LO^U, 57;4) rdskltk

qud su hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik rkmhik df qud ds ibfshmdrkmk

ibob kodfkzk pbr su pbtdfihkl kltb ibob hfvksbr, yk qud pudmd lldnkr k ikuskr  ikoehbs df lk dstruiturk md lks iboufhmkmds vdndtklds k`ditkmks, ksï ibob tkoehèf su hopkitb df iukftb k lk ibopdtdfihk ibf lbs iulthvbs, pbr lb qud lk mdsirhedf ibob ufk oklk chdrek qud ndfdrk mkûbs df lk knrhiulturk.

 

>. Kokr Kokrkf kftc tcus us sphf sphfbs bsus us @kohlhk1 Kokrkftckidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf su hf`lbrdsidfihk yk sdk ibfndsthbfkmk b mdfsk, sus `lbrds sbf mhohfutks, md iblbr vdrmd iboñfodftd, suetdfmhmks pbr erëitdks, kmdoës sbf sdiks y dsikrhbsks. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik (Wkh (Wkhfn fn,, Lh Lhf, f, Oh Ohf, f, & Clkh Clkhfn fn,, 57;0) 57;0) 

Ud Udsk skltltkf kf qu qud d ds ufk ufk ch chdr drek ek kfu kfukl kl,, ib ibf f tkll tkllbs bs

suiuldftbs, ibf uf pbib md pdlbs, ibf iblbrkihùf rbahzk, ibf dsphfks mdlnkmks y pdqudûks pdrb ouy pufthknumks, sus cbaks sbf vdrmds ibf pdlbs, bvklkmks, `lbrds md iblbr vdrmd, pdqudûks df phibs tdrohfklds y df rkihobs nlbeulkrds, df dl iksb md su `rutb, ds ufk ikpsulk belbfnk ibf ufk sdohllk. Kmdoës, ds iboñf df zbfks iëlhlhmk ië mks, s, cñ cñod odmk mkss b sd sdik iks, s, df su sudl dlbs bs qu qud d pr prds dsdft dftdf df oktd oktdrh rhk k brn brnëf ëfhi hik, k, su mhsdohfkihùf ds ibob ibftkohfkf md iulthvbs y sdohllks. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrtkfihk prhfihpklodftd sd mded pbr sdr ufk okldzk ouy hfvksbrk, pdrb dibfùohikodftd Dsphfbzk, Cdrfëfmdz y Obrklds (57;9) hfmhikf qud k`ditk pbr  lbs oètbmbs b prëithiks md okfdab qud sd dopldkf pkrk ibftrblkrlk b dlhohfkrlk md`hfhthvkodftd mdl ërdk mbfmd sd dfiudftrdf, yk qud ds uf ibstb dxtrk qud mded md rdklhzkr dl knrhiultbr pkrk dvhtkr qud dftbrpdzik dl mdskrrbllb kmdiukmb mdl iulthvb iulthv b sdoe sdoerkm rkmb. b. Dft Dftrd rd lks prkith prkithiks iks sd pudm pudmdf df odfihb odfihbfkr fkr lk @ht @htbnd bndfèt fèthik hik y iulturkl, shdfmb dstbs lbs oës dibfùohibs, y dl ibftrbl y prdvdfihùf quïohik, qud ds oës ibstbsk y kmdoës sudld sdr ibftkohfkmbrk mdl koehdftd. Yu hopbrtkfihk tkoehèf sd mded k qud ds ibfshmdrkmb ibob okldzk df oës md =7 pkïsds, y k`ditk kprbxhokmkodftd k 53 iulthvbs mhsthftbs, shdfmb ouy mkûhfk pkrk dl iult iulthv hvb b md kr krrb rbz, z, okïz okïz,, ikûk ikûk md kzñi kzñikr kr.. Km Kmdo doës ës,, ds ibfs ibfshm hmdr drkm kmb b ibob ibob cbspdmdrb cbspdmd rb md fdokt fdoktbmbs, bmbs, vhrus y btrks df`drod df`drodmkmds. mkmds. (Wkhfn, Lhf, Ohf, & Clkhfn, Clkhfn, 57;0)

 

3. Eldi Eldicu cuo o pyr pyrko kohm hmktu ktuo o @kohlhk1 Kikftckidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf qud ndfdrklodftd prdsdftkf pdlbs, sbf chdreks kfuklds b pdrdffds, sus cbaks sbf bpudstks, shoplds, sèshlds y shf dsthpulks, dsthpu lks, ibf `lbrds cdrok` cdrok`rbmhtks rbmhtks,, sblhtkrhks b df ihoks ibf erëitdks df lk eksd, su `rutb ds ufk ikpsulk ibf sdohllks shf dfmbspdrob. (Wkhvk, Cdrrdrb, & Kdmb, 5775) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Yd ik ikrk rkit itdrh drhzk zk pbr prd prdsd sdft ftkr kr ufk ufk rk rkïz ïz phvbt phvbtkf kftd td,, uf tk tkllllb b drd drdit itb, b, ib ibf f pb pbik ik rkoh`hikihùf y ibf fumbs prbohfdftds. Yus cbaks sbf bvklkmks ibf uf ëphid kiuoulkmb kiuoul kmb y bpudst bpudstks, ks, kmdoës prdsdft prdsdftk k ufk hf`lbrdsid hf`lbrdsidfihk fihk df dsphnk ibf `lbrds pdqudûks, ibf erkitèblks, y su `rutb ds ufk ikpsulk, ibf ufk rdprbmuiihùf pbr  odmhb md sdohllks. (Ykftbs, 577=, pën. ;9) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ybf md hopbrtds pbr sdr ufk okldzk qud k`ditk k iulthvbs qud thdfdf ufk kltk hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik df dl pkïs. Df dl iksb md Nuktdoklk, Okrtïfdz (;8>3) k`ditkf kl iulthvb md ikûk md kzñikr, tdfhdfmb kltbs vklbrds df dl mdpkrtkodftb md Udtklculdu. Wrhfihpklodftd kl ibopdthr ibf dl iulthvb prbvbik qud dstd tdfnk uf ekab ek ab rd rdfm fmho hohd hdft ftbs bs df lk pr prbm bmui uiih ihùf ùf y uf km kmdi diuk ukmb mb mdsk mdskrr rrbl bllb lb df su ihil ihilb b vdndtkthvb. Kmdoës, tkoehèf k`ditkf kl iulthvb md ik`è y culd, ndfdrkfmb uf ibstb dxtrk pbr su ibftrbl, shdfmb dl oës kltb kl rdklhzkrlb okfukl pbr qud sd rdquhdrd md ufk ikfthmkm md okfb md berk.

 

8. Dldu Dldush shfd fd hfmhik hfmhik(zk (zkikt iktd) d) @kohlhk1 Wbkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf sus tkllbs ihlhfmrbs b kplkfkmbs, ibf dftrdfumbs cudibs, cbaks mïsthiks y dfvkhfkmbrks lhnulkmks, df dl iksb md sus `lbrds prdsdftkf nluoks, ldook y pkldk, ibf uf `rutb df nrkfb. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ibfbihmk ibob pktk md nkllhfk, Dsphfbzk, Cdrfëfmdz y Obrklds mdsirhedf qud ibf kpkrhdfihk cdreëidk, su rkïz ds `herbsk, uf tkllb `udrtd, drditb y rkoh`hikmb df lk pkrtd supdrhbr, lks cbaks sbf sèshlds, kltks y ihlhkmks, ibf vkhfks kehdrtks qud prdsdftkf pdlbs lkrnbs y lïnulk ibrtk. Yus `lbrds sbf sèshlds, iblbikmks df chldrks, ufhm uf hmks ks df uf ufk k dsph dsphnk nk oñ oñltlthp hpld ld ibf ibf 4 rk rkih ihob obs, s, su `r `rut utb b ds ikrh ikrhùp ùpsh shmd md y su rdprbmuiihùf ds pbr odmhb md sdohllks. Ds hopbrtkftd odfihbfkr qud sd mdskrrbllk df sudlbs qud prdsdftkf vkrhkeld vkrhkeldss ibfmhi ibfmhihbfds hbfds `ïshiks `ïshiks,, pdrb ibf koehdftd sdib y cñodmb, lldnkfmb k sdr sdfshelds k lk sboerk. (57;9, pën. ;8)  Kmdoës, df lk ilkvd tkxbfùohik prbpbrihbfkmk df dl lkebrktbrhb sd hfmhik qud sus ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd sbf qud prdsdftkf dsphnuhllks ibrtks qud sd dfiudftrkf df mbs chldrks md uf sblb lkmb mdl rkquhs, ibf rkihobs rkmhkmbs df lk pkrtd supdrhbr b df bikshbfds sdodakfmb uf dspblùf. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ds ufk dspdihd md nrkf hopbrtkfihk k fhvdl oufmhkl, yk qud ds ufk okldzk knrïiblk qud ck shmb ibfshmdrkmk ibob chdrek hfvksbrk, yk qud irdid md okfdrk vhnbrbsk df iulthvbs knrïiblks, lldnkfmb k prbmuihr ufk nrkf ikfthmkm md sdohllks, pbr lb tkftb su rdprbmuiihùf ds ouy rëphmk. Wbr lb tkftb, sdnñf Ekrrhbs dstë ilksh` ilk sh`hik hikmk mk df lk ikt iktdnbr dnbrïk ïk md rhdsnb rhdsnb ibob ibob ouy kltb, kltb, ufk ilk ilksh` sh`hik hikihùf ihùf ibob dspdihd hfvksbrk ds kltb, df rhdsnb md hftrbmuiihùf ds kltb pbr su mdokfmk, df rhdsnb md dstkeldihohdftb ds kltb, md mhspdrshùf ds ouy kltb, y df hopkitbs dibfùohibs ds ouy kltb, yk qud pudmd ndfdrkr lk hfckehlhtkihùf hrrdvdrsheld md lk ikpkihmkm prbmuithvk df uf ërdk knrïiblk, shdfmb dl okybr prbeldok qud fb cky uf oètbmb d`hihdftd pkrk qud sd mhsohfuyk b sd dlhohfd tbtklodftd. tbtklodftd. Kmdoës, dstë ilksh`hikmb ibob uf kltb vditbr md btrks dspdihds hfvksbrks. (57;>, pëns. 9-0)

 

;7.Whldk ohirbpcyllk @kohlhk1 Trthikidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k TFFD (5779), lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf su pbrtd cdreëidb, cbaks kltdrfks, ibf pdlbs urthikftds iboñfodftd, sus `lbrds mhilhfbmhbhiks, kithfbobr`ks ibf hf`lbrdsidfihk rkihobsk, psdumb uoedlks b pkfbaks, ibf bvkrhb ufhlbiulkr, df dl iksb mdl `rutb ds ufk mrupk b uf kqudfhb y su sdohllk prdsdftk uf doerhùf rditb y ibf dfmbspdrob kidhtbsb. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Yd ikrkitdrhzkf pbr prdsdftkr uf tkllb md iblbr vdrmd, rkstrdrb, ikrfbsb y ouy rkoh`hikmb md cbaks bpudstks b sueb pudstks, shoplds, dftdrks, bvkmks, md iblbr  vdrmd y md uf tkokûb ouy pdqudûb, sus `lbrds sbf md iblbr vdrmd y `lbrdidf murkftd tbmb dl kûb, df dl iksb md su `rutb ds md iblbr okrrùf y sdib, shdfmb pbib vhst vh stbsb bsb.. Km Kmdo doës ës,, pr prdsd dsdft ftk k uf pbtd pbtdfih fihkl kl kltb kltb md hf hfvks vkshù hùf, f, sd mds mdskrr krrbl bllk lk df iboñfodftd df sboerk, ds tbldrkftd k lk sdquïk, pdrb hftbldrkftd k lk sklhfhmkm mdl sudlb. (Nhlokf, 57;4) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ds ibfshmdrkmk ibob ufk okldzk iboñf, qud df bikshbfds pudmd sdr ouy obldstk df lbs hfvdrfkmdrbs (Odlnkr, 57;4, pën. 597). Ds ufk plkftk hfvksbrk qud sudlb dfibftrkrsd df ebsquds, brquïmdks, ik`è, df akrmhfds, plkftks brfkodftklds, vhvdrbs y df iulthvbs qud sd dfiudftrdf df tdrrdfbs cñodmbs. Mdehmb k dstb sd pudmd ibfiluhr qud fb thdfdf ufk kltk hopbrtkfihk ibob okldzk, mdehmb k qud fb k`ditk k iulthvbs md hopkitb, shf doekrnb, df lks ërdks mbfmd sd dfiudftrd idrik md uf iulthvb shfb sd ibftrblk pudmd lldnkr k kprbphkrsd tbtklodftd mdl ërdk y dvhthtkr dv kr qu qud d sd md mdskr skrrb rblllld d km kmdi diuk ukmko mkodf dftd td dl iu iultlthv hvb b pbr lk ib ibop opdt dtdf dfih ihk k md futr fu trhd hdft ftds ds,, kn knuk, uk, dt dtii (L (Lkrd krdz, z, 57 577> 7>). ). Kmdo Kmdoës ës,, sd nd ndfd fdrk rk uf nkstb nkstb dxt dxtrk rk pkrk pkrk ibftrblkrlk, yk qud iboñfodftd sd rdklhzk md okfdrk okfukl b quïohik.

 

;;.Uhihfus ibooufhs @kohlhk1 Dupcbrehkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk `kohlhk ds ufk md lks oës mhvdrsks pdrtdfdihdftds k lks kfnhbspdroks. Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf sus `lbrds rdmuihmks knrupkmks df ihktbs, ibf prdsdfihk md skvhk ldicbsk y cbaks shoplds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

OH]DIB (57;9) rdskltk qud ds ufk plkftk cdreëidk ibf tkllb md iblbr vdrmd k kzul nrhsëidb, b df klnufks bikshbfds rbahzk, df dl iksb md sus cbaks dstks sbf pklokthlbekmk, ebrmd mdftkmb-nlkfmulbsb, pdihblbs lkrnbs y md iblbrkihùf rbahzk. Yus `lbrds sd dfiudftrkf dfiudftrkf knrupkmks df hf`l hf`lbrdsidfi brdsidfihks hks tdrohfkld tdrohfkldss qud prdsdftkf `lbrds ufhsdxuklds, y sus `rutbs sd ikrkitdrhzkf pbr sdr ufk ikpsulk nlbebsk ibf dsphfks elkfmks qud ibfthdfdf sdohllks nrkfmds, pkrnks y ibf okficks. ds hopbrtkftd rdskltkr qud sd dfiudftrkf df tdrrdfbs md iulthvbs, oktbrrklds, zbfks urekfhzkmks, ikuids md ekrrkfibs y df drhklds. Dstk plkftk prdsdftk ufk koplhk kmkptkehlhmkm tkftb ilhoëthik ibob pdmblùnhik, y fb sudlb prdsdftkr prbeldoks pkrk mdskrrb mdskrrbllkrs llkrsd. d. Kmdoës, ds hopbrtkftd hopbrtkftd rdskltkr  qud df dl iksb md sus sdohllks, kmdoës md lks ikrkitdrïsthiks odfihbfkmks kftdrhbrodftd, dstks prdsdftkf lbs dxtrdobs oks rdmbfmdkmbs, y dl btrbs sd dfiudftrk prbvhstb pbr ikrñfiulk, qud ds ufk prbtuedrkfihk. (Kfbfhob, 57;8) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Dstk plkftk ck hmb hfirdodftkfmb su hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik, k pdskr md sdr ufk okldzk, sd ck ibfvdrthmb kcbrk df uf iulthvb ibodrihkl mdehmb k sus prbphdmkmds, yk qud su hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik ds prhfihpklodftd pbr dl kidhtd, dl iukl prdsdftk ikrkitdrïsthiks `hshibquïohiks, qud sd uthlhzk df mhvdrsbs prbmuitbs md kltb vklbr, ibob df lk hfmustrhk md lks phfturks, akeùf, vdlkmbrks, ikreùf, ekrfhids, ehbmhdsdl dftrd btrbs. (HFDIBL, s.`)

 

;5. Iyfbmbf Iyfbmbf mkitylbf mkitylbf @kohlhk1 Wbkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf sus tkllbs ihlhfmrbs b kplkfkmbs, ibf dftrdfumbs cudibs, cbaks mïsthiks y dfvkhfkmbrks lhnulkmks, df dl iksb md sus `lbrds prdsdftkf nluoks, ldook y pkldk, ibf uf `rutb df nrkfb. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Elksib (57;3) hfmhik qud ds ufk plkftk cdreëidk qud prdsdftk rhzboks lkrnbs y dstblbfds, df dl iksb md sus cbaks, sbf plkftks, ibf ufk lïnulk pdlbsk, kmdoës hf`lbrdsidfihk ibopudstk pbr 4 b > dsphnks, y sus dsphnuhllks sd dfiudftrkf mhspudstks df 5 `hlks tkftb df lk ikrk kplkfkmk ibob dxtdrfk mdl rkquhs. Yd mhstrheuyd tkftb df rdnhbfds iëlhmks ibob tdoplkmks, rdquhdrd md sudlbs qud dstds oës b odfbs cñodmbs, ds mdihr, qud, df zbfks cñodmks, iulthvbs b akrmhfds, pdrb prhfihpklodftd sd dfiudftrkf df koehdftds md rdnkmïb. Ds mdihr, qud ds ufk dspdihd md dstkihùf iklhmk-cuodmk, tbldrkftd k ekaks klturks md ibrtd y kl dxidshvb trëfshtb, yk qud prdsdftk ufk rdiupdrkihùf iksh hfodmhktk kl ibrt ibrtd d b phsb phsbtd tdb, b, km kmdo doës ës tkoe tkoehè hèf f thdf thdfd d ufk ufk kltk kltk rd rdsp spud udst stk k df iudf iudftb tb k lk `drthlhzkihùf ibf fhtrùndfb, ds rdshstdftd k df`drodmkmds y sd kmkptk ouy ehdf k ibfmhihbfds md mrdfkad. (Lkurdfidfk, y btrbs, 5778) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ds md kltk hopbrtkfihk dibfùohib yk qud ds ufk okldzk qud k`ditk k vkrhbs iulthv iul thvbs bs hop hopbrt brtkft kftds ds mde mdehmb hmb k qud su knr knrdsh dshvhm vhmkm km y ikp ikpkih kihmkm mkm md hf`dst hf`dstkih kihùf ùf rdmuidf md nrkf okfdrk lk d`dithvhmkm su ibftrbl y lk prbmuithvhmkm md lk btrk plkftk, kmdoës pbr sus rhzboks, yk qud biupkf lunkr `ïshib, ibophthdfmb tkftb pbr  knuk y pbr futrhdftds, ksï ibob tkoehèf sdirdtkf sustkfihks kldlbpëthiks. Mdehmb k dstb ds ibfshmdrkmk ibob ufk md lks okldzks oks prbeldoëthiks, shdfmb lk fuodrb ; df vkrhbs pkïsds. (Uhbs, 57;5)

 

;9. Cypths Cypths sukvdbldfs sukvdbldfs @kohlhk1 Lkohkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Yd ikrkitdrhzk pbr sdr chdreks, ibf tkllbs iukmrkfnulkrds y df iksb md sus cbaks dstks dst ks sb sbf f sh shop opld lds, s, bpud bpudst stks ks b df klnu klnufk fkss bik biksh shbfd bfdss mdi mdiusk uskmk mks, s, sè sèsh shld ldss b pdihblkmks y fb prdsdftkf dsthpulks, kmdoës iboñfodftd sudldf dstkr iuehdrtbs pbr pdlbs y nlëfmulks ibf `rknkfihks krboëthiks. Yus `lbrds ibf zhnbobr`ks ibf hf`lbrdsidfihk ihobsk, bvkrhb supdrb, 4 pètklbs y 4 sèpklbs. Df dl iksb mdl `rutb dstbs sbf fudids ufhsdohfkmks ibf pdrhikrphb dfmurdihmb b mrupkshb y ibfthdfd sdohllks ibf doerhùf rditb. (TFFD, 57;7) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk plkftk cdreëidk pdrdffd qud prdsdftk uf irdihohdftb rëphmb, ibf cbaks bpudstks, bvkmks, ibf ëphid knumb k betusb, eksd ibrmkmk, df bikshbfds ibf pdlb pd lbs. s. Km Kmdo doës ës,,

pr prds dsdf dfttkf hf` hf`lbrd lbrdsi sidf dfih ihks ks df iho ihoks tkft tkftb b

kx kxhlhlkr krds ds y

psdumbtdrohfklds y ibf `lbrds qud sd dfiudftrkf krrdnlkmks df vdrthihlbs lkxbs, ibf nlëfmulks, vdllbsbs, ibf ibrblk kzulkmk, purpurk b k vdids elkfiks ibf okficks. su `rutb ds ufk fudidihllk, iboñfodftd sblb mbs y nlkerk. (Ubaks, 57;;) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

 Kpkrhihb (5757) mdsirhed qud tkftb lk `kohlhk ibob lk dspdihd thdfdf ufk nrkf hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik k fhvdl oufmhkl, yk qud sd uthlhzk ibob ibfmhodftbs, pkrk betdfihùf md kidhtds dsdfihklds, brfkodftklds, klhodfthihks y odmhihfklds k pdskr  md sdr sdr uf ufk k ok okld ldzk zk.. Km Kmdo doës ës,, tkoe tkoehè hèf f ds ho hopb pbrt rtkf kftd td yk qu qud d pr prds dsdf dftk tk uf ufk k mhstrheuihùf ibsobpblhtk, dfibftrëfmbsd iksh df lk okybrïk md lbs dibshstdoks tdrrdstrds, pdrb oës df ilhoks tdoplkmb y df obftkûks, y kl sdr ouy hfvksbrk pdraumhik df ihdrtks bikshbfds k klnufbs iulthvbs, kufqud df su okybrïk dstk sd dfiudftrk df tdrrdfbs eklmïbs y df pbtrdrbs.

 

;=. Hpbodk Hpbodk hfmhik @kohlhk1 Ibfvblvulkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf qud prdsdftkf skvhk ldicbsk, sus cbaks sbf kltdrfks, shoplds, ibf `lbrds tueulkrds y pdftëodrks, iboñfodftd ibf 4 dstkoerds, dphpdtklbs y md bvkrhb ehikrpdlkr. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

OH]DIB (57;9) rdskltk qud ds ufk plkftk pdrdffd, ibfshmdrkmk ibob lhkfk, ibf tkllbs vbluelds, y df dl iksb md sus cbaks, dstks sbf kltdrfks, pdihblkmks, ibf 9 lùeulbs pktdftds df `brok md `ldick y uf pbib sdpkrkmbs ibf ëphid knumb. Yus `lbrds sbf nrkfmds ibf lbs pètklbs sblmkmbs df tbmk su lbfnhtum, sd dfiudftrkf knrupkmks md trds df trds ibf iblbrk md iblbrkihùf vhbldtk, elkfik b df bikshbfds rbskmks. Dl `rutb ds ufk ikpsul ikpsulk k lk iukl dstë ibf`brokmk pbr kprbxhokmk kprbxhokmkodftd odftd = sdohllks. Ds hopbrtkftd rdskltkr qud df iukftb k su ckehtkr df su ërdk md hftrbmuiihùf dstk plkftk sd dfiudftrk df sdtbs y df cdrekzklds, df tdrrdfbs md iulthvbs, ksï ibob tkoehèf df zbfks vdrmds kftrùphibs, urekfhzkmks, oktbrrklds y df bikshbfds tkoehèf sd dfiudftrk df rhkicudlbs. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Lk hopbrtkfihk md dstk plkftk rkmhik df qud pudmdf lldnkr k sdr tùxhibs pkrk kl klnu nufk fkss dsp dspdih dihds ds yk qu qud d pbs pbshe held ldod odft ftd d pb pbsdd sdd kl klikl iklbh bhmds mds.. Km Kmdo doës ës,, qu qud d df biksh bi kshbf bfds ds sb sbf f ho hopb pbrt rtkf kftd tdss md mdeh ehmb mb k qu qud d ds vhtk vhtkll df di dibs bshs hstd tdok okss kn knrï rïib iblk lkss ik`dtdrbs, lb qud ndfdrk ihdrtb ibstb (Krhks, Lbpdz, Edrfkl, ik`dtdrbs, Edrfkl, & Ikstk Ikstkûb, ûb, 57;;). Df iukftb k lbs rdiursbs dibfùohibs dstk plkftk `brok uf tkphz mdfsb sberd dl sudlb, lb qu qud d prbv prbvbi bik k qu qud d sd pu pudm dmk k ibfv ibfvdr drththrr df uf ufk k dspd dspdih ihd d qu qud d pd pdro rohthtd d uf ufk k obmh ob mh`h`hik ikih ihùf ùf df lk lkss ibf ibfmh mhih ihbf bfds ds ko koeh ehdf dftk tkld ldss md mdll ër ërdk dk mb mbfmd fmd sd dfi dfiudf udftr trd. d. (OH]DIB, 57;9)

 

;4.Cypths pdithfktk @kohlhk1 Lkohkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Yd ikrkitdrhzk pbr sdr chdreks, ibf tkllbs iukmrkfnulkrds y df iksb md sus cbaks dstks dst ks sb sbf f sh shop opld lds, s, bpud bpudst stks ks b df klnu klnufk fkss bik biksh shbfd bfdss mdi mdiusk uskmk mks, s, sè sèsh shld ldss b pdihblkmks y fb prdsdftkf dsthpulks, kmdoës iboñfodftd sudldf dstkr iuehdrtbs pbr pdlbs y nlëfmulks ibf `rknkfihks krboëthiks. Yus `lbrds ibf zhnbobr`ks ibf hf`lbrdsidfihk ihobsk, bvkrhb supdrb, 4 pètklbs y 4 sèpklbs. Df dl iksb mdl `rutb dstbs sbf fudids ufhsdohfkmks ibf pdrhikrphb dfmurdihmb b mrupkshb y ibfthdfd sdohllks ibf doerhùf rditb. (TFFD, 57;7) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Dstk plkftk ds ufk chdrek kfukl y pdrdffd, qud pudmd lldnkr k sdr ouy kltk, lldnkfmb ckstk lbs = odtrbs md klturk. Yu tkllb ds iukmrkfnulkr md iblbr vdrmd k nrhsëidb y df dl iksb md sus cbaks sbf md bvkmks k lkfidblkmks ibf ëphid knumb, okrndf ksdrrkmb, ibf pdihblb, ibf pdlbs, trhiboks md eksd kfick, pdqudûbs y iurvkmbs ibf prdsdfihk md nlëfmulks sèshlds. Wbsdd ufk hf`lbrdsidfihk ds df thrsbs tdrohfklds y klkrnkmbs b dsphih`brods, ibf kprbxhokmkodftd 57 k =7 `lbrds ufhlktdrklds, suesèshlds y iksh pdihblkmks. Kmdoës, prdsdftkf fudids md `brok kfnbstk belbfnb-bvbhmds md iblbr bsiurb. (^@B, 5755) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

@drf (575;) mdsirhed qud ds ufk okldzk md tdrrdfbs iulthvkmbs, ksï ibob tkoehèf df brhllks md ikohfbs, tdrrdfbs eklmïbs y oërndfds md ebsquds, ksï ibob tkoehèf md pkstbs, plkftkihbfds, sdfmdrbs, lkmdrks tkftb cñodmks ibob sdiks y rbibsks, kmdoës tkoehèf pbr sdr ufk okldzk df ikopbs kehdrtbs, y ds hopbrtkftd mdehmb k qud dl dstkmb md iulthvb ds sklvkad, lldnkfmb k pdraumhikr vkrhbs iulthvbs mdehmb k qud ckid ibopdtdfihk ibf dllbs. Wdrb tkoehèf thdfdf hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik pbr  sdr odmhihfkl.

 

;0.]rhmkx prbiuoedfs @kohlhk1 Kstdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk `kohlhk sd ikrkitdrhzk prhfihpklodftd k su hf`lbrdsidfihk, yk qud dstk ds rkihobsk df ikpïtulbs, ibf lk prdsdfihk md `lbrds hfmhvhmuklds dphnhfks qud sd dfiu df iudf dftr trkf kf rb rbmd mdkm kmks ks pb pbrr vkrh vkrhks ks chld chldrk rkss md er erëi ëitd tdks ks qu qud d dstë dstëf f sber sberd d dl rdidpt rdid ptëi ëiul ulb. b. Wb Wbrr lb iukl iukl,, sbf sbf uf nr nrup upb b md plkf plkftk tkss uf ufh`h`br brod odss qu qud d ck ckf f hmb hmb dvblui dvb luihbf hbfkfm kfmb b y sd lds ibfb ibfbid id tkoehè tkoehèf f ibo ibob b Ibo Ibopbs pbshtk htkd. d. (Phtt (Phttb b & Wdt Wdtdfkt dfktth, th, 5778) @drrhbl y Lùpdz (57;>) mdsirhedf qud lk hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulb dstë ibf`brokmk pbr uf hfvbluirb qud dstë ibf`brokmb pbr erëitdks vdrmds, ibf `lbrds sèshlds md 4 pètk pè tklb lbss sblm sblmkm kmbs bs yk sdk sdk tueu tueulb lbsk skss b lhnu lhnulk lkmk mk md iblb iblbrr elkf elkfib ib y ko kokr krhlhllb lb iboñfodftd, pdrb df bikshbfds ds md iblbr vhbldtk, rbskmk b kzulds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ckfkf (5778) rdskltkf qud dstk plkftk sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr prdsdftkr uf ckehtb cdreëidb pdrdffd ibf eksd ldûbsk, su tkllb ds rkoh`hikmb ibf pdlbs tkftb drditbs ibob rïnhmbs. Df dl iksb md sus cbaks, dstks sbf bpudstks, pdihblbs ibrtbs, ëphid knum kn umb, b, ok okrn rndf df df `bro `brok k md mhdf mhdftd tdss y iueh iuehdr drtb tbss md pdlb pdlbs. s. Wr Wrds dsdf dftk tkf f uf ufk k hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikedzudlks sblhtkrhks qud sd dfiudftrkf sberd pèfmulbs iuehdrtb md pdlbs, kmdoës sus ikedzudlks ibf iblbrkihùf vdrmd bsiurb y md `lbrds tkftb lhnu lhnulk lkmk mkss ibob ibob md mdll mhsi mhsib b cd cdro rok` k`rb rbmh mhtk tkss ue uehi hikm kmbs bs df lk pkrt pkrtd d idft idftrk rkll ibf ibf iblbrkihbfds elkfiks b df bikshbfds iblbrkihbfds bikshbfds kokrhllk kokrhllks. s. Yu `rutb ds uf kqudfh kqudfhb b qud fb sd kerd ibf ufk `brok md ibfb md iblbr bsiurb pdlumb y sblb prdsdftkf ufk sblk sdohllk pbr `rutb. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrt hopbrtkfih kfihk k dib dibfùo fùohik hik ds rdl rdlkth kthvko vkodft dftd d eka ekak k pkrk dl cuo cuokfb, kfb, mbfmd sd skths` skt hs`kidf kidf fdi fdidsh dshmkm mkmds ds md klhodf klhodftb, tb, `br `brrka rkads, ds, odm odmhih hihfk fk y md ldûk ldûk df klnufk klnufkss iboufhmkmds (Phttb & Wdtdfktth, 5778). Ds ufk okldzk qud k`ditk k vkrhbs iulthvbs pdrb su vklbr dibfùohib sd mded k su ibodrihklhzkihùf, prhfihpklodftd sd dxpbrtk df klnufbs pkïsds. (Ubelds, Blhvdhrk, & Phllklbebs, 5777)

 

;>. Lkftkfk Lkftkfk iëokrk @kohlhk1 Pdredfkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk Ds tk plkft plkftk k sd ikr ikrkit kitdr drhz hzk k pbr pbr sd sdrr ufk ufk cd cdreë reëid idk, k, kr kreus eusththvk vk b kre krebl blds ds y df bikshbfds pudmdf lldnkr k sdr lhkfks. Df dl iksb md sus cbaks sbf bpudstks, dftdrks b pudmdf dstkr mhvhmhmks, sh b ibf ouy pbiks dsthpulks, y sus `lbrds sbf zhnbobr`ks df su okybrïk b skekithfbobr`ks ibf hf`lbrdsidfihks rkihobsks, ibf = k 4 pè pètk tklb lbss y sè sèpkl pklbs bs,, bvkrh bvkrhb b sup supdrb drb.. Yu `r `rut utb b ds uf dsqu dsquhz hzbi biërp ërphi hib b sdib sdib ibf`brokmb pbr = odrhikrphbs mdchsidftds, ksï ibob tkoehèf obfbspdrobs b mrupëidbs qud prdsdftkf uf odsbikrphb aunbsb y kmdoës ikrfbsk, ibf sdohllks md doerhùf rditb, shf b ibf dfmbspdrob. (TFFD, 57;7) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk plkftk kreusthvk ibf cbaks md iblbr vdrmd kficks, shoplds y bvkmks ibf uf ibftbrfb mdftkmb, bpudstks, ëspdrks, runbsks df dl ckz y ibf ëphid knumb kmdoës md sdr pdihblkmks. Df dl iksb md sus `lbrds dstëf sbf md iblbr kfkrkfakmk b ko kokr krhlhllk lkss qu qud d kl ok okmu murk rkrr sd vudl vudlvd vdf f md iblb iblbrk rkih ihùf ùf rb rbahahzk zk,, km kmdo doës ës sbf sbf zhnbobr`ks, ibf bvkrhb supdrb y ibf hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulbs. Yu `rutb ds ufk mrupk ds`èrhik md iblbr bsiurb y ikmk ufb pbsdd ufk sdohllk. (Ikmdfks, 57;4) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Dstk plkftk sd dstkeldid md okfdrk rëphmk `brokfmb oktbrrklds tkftb mdfsbs ibob dsphfbsbs, pbr lb qud su hfvkshùf ds ouicb oës rëphmk ibfshmdrëfmbsd ufk md lks prhfihpklds okldzks pkstbs y md thdrrks iulthvkmks, k`ditkfmb k vkrhbs iulthvbs md hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik, kmdoës qud pudmdf lldnkr k sdr cbspdmdrbs md vkrhks df`drodmkmds pbr lb iukl ds ufk sdrhk okldzk df pkstbs, lldnkfmb k rdoplkzkr lk vdndtkihùf lbikl. Ds hopbrtkftd odfihbfkr qud df bikshbfds lk ibopdtdfihk qud ndfdrk dstk okldzk pudmd lldnkr k prbvbikr lk oudrtd mdl iulthvb b qud dstd tdfnb uf ekab irdihohdftb. (Okfthdzb, Ukobs, & Uhab, 5779)

 

;3. Kikihk Kikihk ibrfïndrk ibrfïndrk @kohlhk1 @kekidk Wlkftk hf shtu

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Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Ybf ufk `kohlhk pudmd sdr kreusth kreusthvk vk b chdreks tkft tkftb b pdrdffds ibob kfuklds y sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr qud prdsdftkf ufk vkrhkehlhmkm tkftb obr`blùnhik ibob `hshblùnhib y diblùnhik. Tfk md lks prhfihpklds ds su `rutb, dl iukl ds ufk ldnuoerd, ds mdihr uf `rutb sdib plhrhsdohfkmb, plhrhsdohfkmb, ksï ibob tkoehèf mdchsid mdchsidftd. ftd. Df dl iksb md su `lbr dstk ds md mh`drdftds tkokûbs y sbf kithfbobr`ks, ibf 4 pètklbs df su okybrïk, kmdoës, prdsdftkf ñfhikodftd uf ikrpdlb supdrhbr qud thdfd uf lùiulb, ibf mbs b oës ùvulbs y ibf plkidftkihùf okrnhfkl. (Odahk, 575;) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Dstk plkftk ds kreusthvk qud prdsdftk cbaks ibopudstks, kltdrfks y ehphffkmks ibf uf pdihblb ibf`brokmk ibf ufk nlëfmulk iboñfodftd dftrk ikmk pkr md `blhblb, kmdoës prdsdftk dsthpulks df `brok md dsphfks md nrkf tkokûb md iblbr  ik`è bsiurb, su `lbr ds md iblbrkihùf kokrhllk, y su ldnuoerd sudld sdr md ik`è pëlhmb k rbahzk. (Hekrrk & Yhfkik, 57;;) Df dl iksb md su `rutb, dstd ds hfmdchsidftd y sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr prdsdftkr ufk `brok belbfnk ibf dl ëphid knumb ibf `brok md dsphfk, thdfdf ufk iblbrkihùf md iblbr rbahzb kl obodftb md okmurkr, y sus sdohllks thdfdf ufk iblbrkihùf ik`è bsiurb bsi urb y sd df dfiud iudft ftrk rkf f iu iueh ehdrt drtks ks pb pbrr kr krhlhlb. b. (Ds (Dsph phfbz fbzk, k, Nukm Nukmko kouz, uz, Wd Wdrdz rdz,, Ickvkrrhk , & Okshs, s.`.) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Ydnñf Ibfkehb dstk okldzk fb prdsdftk ufk nrkf hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik, shfb qud su hopbrtkfihk vk df lb odmhihfkl prhfihpklodftd, ksï ibob diblùnhik mdehmb k qud qu d pu pudmd dmd lllldv dvkr kr k pr prbvb bvbik ikrr ksbih ksbihki kihb hbfd fdss md mdfs fsks ks y `u `ufi fihb hbfk fk ib ibob ob plkft plkftk k hfmhikmbrk md shthbs qud dstëf pdrturekmbs.

 

;8. Ehmdfs Ehmdfs phlbsk @kohlhk1 Kstdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk `kohlhk sd ikrkitdrhzk prhfihpklodftd k su hf`lbrdsidfihk, yk qud dstk ds rkihobsk df ikpïtulbs, ibf lk prdsdfihk md `lbrds hfmhvhmuklds dphnhfks qud sd dfiu df iudf dftr trkf kf rb rbmd mdkm kmks ks pb pbrr vkrh vkrhks ks chld chldrk rkss md er erëi ëitd tdks ks qu qud d dstë dstëf f sber sberd d dl rdid rd idpt ptëi ëiul ulb. b. Wb Wbrr lb iukl iukl,, sbf sbf uf nr nrup upb b md plkf plkftk tkss uf ufh`h`br brod odss qu qud d ck ckf f hmb hmb dvbluihbf dvblui hbfkfm kfmb b y sd lds ibfb ibfbid id tkoehè tkoehèf f ibo ibob b Ibo Ibopbs pbshtk htkd. d. (Phtt (Phttb b & Wdt Wdtdfkt dfktth, th, 5778) @drrhbl y Lùpdz (57;>) mdsirhedf qud lk hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulb dstë ibf`brokmk pbr uf hfvbluirb qud dstë ibf`brokmb pbr erëitdks vdrmds, ibf `lbrds sèshlds md 4 pètk pè tklb lbss sblm sblmkm kmbs bs yk sdk sdk tueu tueulb lbsk skss b lhnu lhnulk lkmk mk md iblb iblbrr elkf elkfib ib y ko kokr krhlhllb lb iboñfodftd, pdrb df bikshbfds ds md iblbr vhbldtk, rbskmk b kzulds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk plkftk cdreëidk drditk yk sdk kfukl b pdrdffd, ibf cbaks kficks, ibopudstks pbr 9 `blhblbs y ibf iblbrkihùf vdrmd, sudldf sdr df `brok bvklkmk ibf ufk eksd kfick y uf ëphid knumb, ibf okrndf dftdrb b df bikshbfds mdftkmbs, kmdoës dl `blhblb tdrohfkl ds md okybr tkokûb k lbs mdoës. Yus `lbrds sbf elkfibs b kokrhllbs y sbf sblhtkrhks, df dl iksb md sus `rutbs sbf md iblbr bsiurb kikfklkmks, sdiks qud prdsdftkf ñfhikodftd ufk sdohllk. (IKEH, 57;0) Obfmrknùf (5778) hfmhik qud su tkllb ds iukmrkfnulkr y dstk rkoh`hikmb shf b ouy pbibs pdlbs, su hf`lbrdsidfihk ds pbr odmhb md ikedzudlks qud sd dfiudftrkf knru kn rupk pkmk mkss pb pbrr ihok ihoks, s, kmdo kmdoës ës pr prds dsdf dftk tkf f `lbr `lbrds ds lhnu lhnulk lkmk mks, s, pdrb pdrb df pb pbik ikss ikfthmkmds df ibopkrkihùf md lks `lbrds mdl mhsib qud pudmdf lldnkr k sdr ckstk >4. Kmdoës, sd ikrkitdrhzkf pbr tdfdr ufk rkïz phvbtkftd y uf `rutb `rutb kqudfhb. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik rkmhik kl sdr ufk okldzk qud prbvbik ufk rdmuiihùf shnfh`hikft shnfh` hikftd d df lbs rdfmhohdftbs rdfmhohdftbs md mhvdrs mhvdrsbs bs iulth iulthvbs, vbs, lldnkfmb k rdmuihr mdsmd uf ;3 k =3% lks ibsdicks mdpdfmhd mdpdfmhdfmb fmb mdl iulthvb y md lk hfihmd hfihmdfihk fihk md dstk plkft plkftk. k. Hfvkmd iulthvbs, pkstbs, thdrrks pdrturekmks, eklmïbs, akrmhfds, oërndfds `brdstklds y rhe rhedrks drks (IKEH (IKEH,, 57; 57;0). 0). Dst Dstk k okldzk okldzk k`ditk k iult iulthvb hvbss md ufk nrkf ho hopbrt pbrtkfi kfihk hk

 

dibfùohik, ibob dl ik`è, ikûk, iïtrhibs, `rhabl, `rutklds, okïz, cbrtklhzks, sbrnb y sbyk, kmdoës fb sd dfiudftrk df okldzks iukrdftdfkrhks. (Cdrfkfmdz, 57;9) 57. kicyrkftcds kicyrkftcds kspdrk @kohlhk1 Kokrkftckidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk 

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Df eksd k lk ilkvd ebtëfhik prbpbrihbfkmk df lkebrktbrhb, lbs ikrkitdrds ilkvds md dstk `kohlhk sbf su hf`lbrdsidfihk yk sdk ibfndsthbfkmk b mdfsk, sus `lbrds sbf mhohfutks, md iblbr vdrmd iboñfodftd, suetdfmhmks pbr erëitdks, kmdoës sbf sdiks y dsikrhbsks. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds uf ufk k plkf plkftk tk cd cdre reëi ëidk dk yk sdk sdk pd pdrd rdff ffd d b kf kfuk ukl,l, ibf ibf uf tkll tkllb b dr drdi ditb tb ibf ibf puedsidfihk, sus cbaks sbf bpudstks y pdihblkmks ibf pdlhllbs df tbmks pkrtds, sbf dlïpthiks, bvkmks, dl ëphid kphiulkmb, trhiboks shoplds y drditbs. Df dl iksb md su hf`lb hf`lbrdsidfi rdsidfihk hk dstk ds pdmufiulkmk y iboñfodftd iboñfodftd sudldf sdr dsphnks dsphnks,, sus `l`lbr brds ds dstk dstk sb sbst stdf dfhm hmb b pb pbrr ufk ufk er erëi ëitd tdk k y mb mbss erk erkit itèb èblk lks, s, km kmdo doës ës sb sbf f `l`lbrd brdss ehsdxuklds y prdsdftkf `rutbs utrïiulbs qud dstëf iuehdrtbs pbr tèpklbs murbs y su sdohllk ds ihlïfmrhik u bvbhmd, iboñfodftd lhsk. (Ckfkf, 5778) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

 

Yu hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik rkmhik df sdr ufk okldzk tkftb krvdfsd ibob rumdrkl qud sd dfiudftrk ouy mhstrheuhmk, y k`ditk k iulthvbs md hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik, ibob okïz y `rutklds. Kmdoës, pudmd rdlkthvkodftd kltk y ibophtd ibf vkrhks plkftks, pdrb kmdoës sd pudmdf uthlhzkr ibob brfkodftkl b pkrk usbs odmhihfklds yk qud iudftk ibf vkrhks prbphdmkmds.

5;.Wluicdk ikrblhfdfshs @kohlhk1 Kstdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

 

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

 

Dstk `kohlhk sd ikrkitdrhzk prhfihpklodftd k su hf`lbrdsidfihk, yk qud dstk ds rkihobsk df ikpïtulbs, ibf lk prdsdfihk md `lbrds hfmhvhmuklds dphnhfks qud sd dfiu df iudf dftr trkf kf rb rbmd mdkm kmks ks pb pbrr vkrh vkrhks ks chld chldrk rkss md er erëi ëitd tdks ks qu qud d dstë dstëf f sber sberd d dl rdid rd idpt ptëi ëiul ulb. b. Wb Wbrr lb iukl iukl,, sbf sbf uf nr nrup upb b md plkf plkftk tkss uf ufh`h`br brod odss qu qud d ck ckf f hmb hmb dvblui dvb luihbf hbfkfm kfmb b y sd lds ibfb ibfbid id tkoehè tkoehèf f ibo ibob b Ibo Ibopbs pbshtk htkd. d. (Phtt (Phttb b & Wdt Wdtdfkt dfktth, th, 5778) @drrhbl y Lùpdz (57;>) mdsirhedf qud lk hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulb dstë ibf`brokmk pbr uf hfvbluirb qud dstë ibf`brokmb pbr erëitdks vdrmds, ibf `lbrds sèshlds md 4 pètk pè tklb lbss sblm sblmkm kmbs bs yk sdk sdk tueu tueulb lbsk skss b lhnu lhnulk lkmk mk md iblb iblbrr elkf elkfib ib y ko kokr krhlhllb lb iboñfodftd, pdrb df bikshbfds ds md iblbr vhbldtk, rbskmk b kzulds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds uf kreustb krboëthib dl iukl prdsdftk uf tkllb tbodftbsb qud sudld sdr  nlkerdsidftd, ibf cbaks qud prdsdftkf uf pdihblb lkrnb, sbf dlïpthiks, yk sdk belbfnks u bvkmks, ibf dl ëphid iufdkmk md okrndf dftdrb b ibf pdqudûbs mhdftds. Df dl iksb md su hf`lbrdsidfihk dstk ds df pkfïiulks, ibf `lbrds dftrd rbsks y obrkmks, kmdoës qud su `rutb ds uf kqudfhb md iblbrkihùf ik`è, ibf pupbs ibf`brokmbs pbr ;4 idrmks kprbxhokmkodftd md iblbrkihùf kokrhlldftk. Yd ikrkitdrhzkf pbr sdr md ouy kltb tkokûb. ]bldrkftd k sudlbs qud sd dfiudftrkf pbib mrdfkmbs, sklhfbs y ibopkitkmbs. (Whickrmb, 5778) Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrt hopbrtkfi kfihk hk rkm rkmhik hik prh prhfih fihpkl pklodft odftd d pbr su kop koplhk lhk mhs mhstrh trheuih euihùf, ùf, kmdo kmdoës ës pbr  ibfshmdrkrsd df vkrhbs pkïsds ibob oklk chdrek qud irdid md okfdrk shlvdstrd. Yudld tkoehèf uthlhzkrsd ibob odmhihfkl, kmdoës md pdrtdfdidr k lk `kohlhk md lks kstdrëidks lk iuklds thdfdf ufk nrkf hopbrtkfihk tkftb dibfùohik ibob koehdftkl ibob okldzk.

 

55. Kndrktuo Kndrktuo ibfyzbhmds ibfyzbhmds @kohlhk1 Kstdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk `kohlhk sd ikrkitdrhzk prhfihpklodftd k su hf`lbrdsidfihk, yk qud dstk ds rkihobsk df ikpïtulbs, ibf lk prdsdfihk md `lbrds hfmhvhmuklds dphnhfks qud sd dfiu df iudf dftr trkf kf rb rbmd mdkm kmks ks pb pbrr vkrh vkrhks ks chld chldrk rkss md er erëi ëitd tdks ks qu qud d dstë dstëf f sber sberd d dl rdidpt rdid ptëi ëiul ulb. b. Wb Wbrr lb iukl iukl,, sbf sbf uf nr nrup upb b md plkf plkftk tkss uf ufh`h`br brod odss qu qud d ck ckf f hmb hmb dvblui dvb luihbf hbfkfm kfmb b y sd lds ibfb ibfbid id tkoehè tkoehèf f ibo ibob b Ibo Ibopbs pbshtk htkd. d. (Phtt (Phttb b & Wdt Wdtdfkt dfktth, th, 5778) @drrhbl y Lùpdz (57;>) mdsirhedf qud lk hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulb dstë ibf`brokmk pbr uf hfvbluirb qud dstë ibf`brokmb pbr erëitdks vdrmds, ibf `lbrds sèshlds md 4 pètk pè tklb lbss sblm sblmkm kmbs bs yk sdk sdk tueu tueulb lbsk skss b lhnu lhnulk lkmk mk md iblb iblbrr elkf elkfib ib y ko kokr krhlhllb lb iboñfodftd, pdrb df bikshbfds ds md iblbr vhbldtk, rbskmk b kzulds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Df WlkftFdt 5755 sd mdsirhed qud ds ufk okldzk md cbak kfick, lk iukl ds drditk y ou ouyy rk rkoh oh`h`hik ikmk mk,, pr prds dsdf dftk tk cb cbak akss shop shopld ldss y bp bpud udst stks ks qu qud d sd df dfiu iudf dftr trkf kf iboñfodftd pdihblkmks y ibf uf okrndf mdftkmb. Df dl iksb md su hf`lbrdsidfihk dstk ds tdrohfkl y ibopkitk qud sd dfiudftrk ibf`brokmk pbr pdqudûbs ikpïtulbs md `lbrds df `brok tueulkr y md iblbr kzul-obrkmb. Kmdoës, prdsdftkf ufk rkïz phvbtkftd y uf tkllb ihlïfmrhib dl iukl dstë iuehdrtb pbr pdlbs plurhidlulkrds, su `rutb ds uf kqudfhb `ush`brod md iblbr bsiurb kl obodftb md okmurkr. Ds hopbrtkftd odfihbfkr qud sd mdskrrbllk iboñfodftd df rumdlkrds df lbs ebrm eb rmds ds md lbs lbs ikoh ikohfb fbss y ibob ibob ok okld ldzk zk df uf ufk k nr nrkf kf ikft ikfthm hmkm km md iult iulthv hvbs bs,, mdskrrbllëfmbsd tkoehèf md odabr okfdrk df pkrtds ekaks cñodmks. Hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik

Yu hopbrtkfihk rkmhik df sdr ufk okldzk qud k`ditk k iulthvbs md nrkf hopbrtkfihk dibfùohik, ibob df ik`è y knukiktd. Kmdoës, df dl pkïs sd uthlhzk ibob plkftk odmhihfkl, odmhih fkl, ksï ibob tkoehèf pbr su kpkrhdfihk sudld iulthvkrsd ibob brfkod brfkodftkl ftkl df ilho ilhoks ks tdopl tdoplkmbs. kmbs. Kmdo Kmdoës, ës, yk dxhstdf dxhstdf vkrhdm vkrhdmkmds kmds odabrkmks qud pdroht pdrohtdf df uf

 

odabr mdskrrbllb md dstk y sbf uthlhzkmks iùob fdokthihmk, hfsdithihmk pdrb ds cbspdmdrk md klnufbs ëikrbs. (Ubaks & Ukohrdz, 57;9) 59. Odlbichk pyrkohmktk @kohlhk1 stdriulhkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Yd ikrkitdrhzkf pbr sdr kreblds y kreustbs, pdrb sudldf sdr, kufqud ouy pbiks vdids cdreëidks y trdpkmbrks. Iboñfodftd prdsdftkf pdlbs dstrdllkmbs, ibf cbaks ikumks, kltdrfks, ibf b shf dsthpulks, shoplds, yk sdk lbeulkmks b mhnhtkmks, y ibf fdrvhkihùf pklodkmk, kmdoës sus `lbrds dstëf ibf`brokmks pbr 4 pètklbs yk sdk lherds b sblmkmbs, md 9 k 4 sdpklbs, y `hfklodftd su `rutb ds sdib, ikikrdb b ldûbsb, df bikshbfds ikrfbsb pdrb ouy pbiks vdids, kmdoës ds mdchsidftd b hfmdchsidftd. (Ykficdz, 57;5) Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk plkftk cdreëidk pdrdffd, ibf uf tkllb qud prdsdftk pdqudûbs pdlbs y ds md iblbrkihùf vdrmd ibf rbab, ibf cbaks kltdrfks qud prdsdftkf dsthpulks, sbf shop shopld ldss y bvkl bvklkm kmks ks,, ibf ibf uf okrn okrndf df ksdr ksdrrk rkmb mb y ëp ëphi hid d kn knum umb b ibf ibf lk ek eksd sd rdmbfmdkmk. Df dl iksb md su hf`lbrdsidfihk dstk ds df ihoks uoedlh`brods md iblbr ibl br vhb vhbldt ldtk k b rbs rbskmk, kmk, lks `lb `lbrds rds sbf pdmhid pdmhidlkm lkmks, ks, kit kithfb hfbobr obr`ks `ks ibf sèpklbs sèpklbs `ushbfkmbs, kmdoës prdsdftkf pdlbs dstrdllkbs, ibf 4 dstkoelds y dsthlbs md

 

mh`drdftds `broks y tkokûbs. Yu `rutb ds ufk ikpsulk puedsidftd y ibf`brokmb pbr ; k 5 sdohllks pbr lùiulb, dstks sbf bvbhmds y lhsks. (Ubaks Y. , 57;;)

5=.Drhndrbf ebfkrhdfshs @kohlhk1 Kstdrkidkd Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Dstk `kohlhk sd ikrkitdrhzk prhfihpklodftd k su hf`lbrdsidfihk, yk qud dstk ds rkihobsk df ikpïtulbs, ibf lk prdsdfihk md `lbrds hfmhvhmuklds dphnhfks qud sd dfiu df iudf dftr trkf kf rb rbmd mdkm kmks ks pb pbrr vkrh vkrhks ks chld chldrk rkss md er erëi ëitd tdks ks qu qud d dstë dstëf f sber sberd d dl rdid rd idpt ptëi ëiul ulb. b. Wb Wbrr lb iukl iukl,, sbf sbf uf nr nrup upb b md plkf plkftk tkss uf ufh`h`br brod odss qu qud d ck ckf f hmb hmb dvblui dvb luihbf hbfkfm kfmb b y sd lds ibfb ibfbid id tkoehè tkoehèf f ibo ibob b Ibo Ibopbs pbshtk htkd. d. (Phtt (Phttb b & Wdt Wdtdfkt dfktth, th, 5778) @drrhbl y Lùpdz (57;>) mdsirhedf qud lk hf`lbrdsidfihk df ikpïtulb dstë ibf`brokmk pbr uf hfvbluirb qud dstë ibf`brokmb pbr erëitdks vdrmds, ibf `lbrds sèshlds md 4 pètk pè tklb lbss sblm sblmkm kmbs bs yk sdk sdk tueu tueulb lbsk skss b lhnu lhnulk lkmk mk md iblb iblbrr elkf elkfib ib y ko kokr krhlhllb lb iboñfodftd, pdrb df bikshbfds ds md iblbr vhbldtk, rbskmk b kzulds. Ikrkitdrhzkihùf ebtëfhik y diblùnhik

Ds ufk plkftk kfukl ibf tkllb drditb y cbaks kltdrfks qud sbf kfnbstks, uf ëphid knumb, okrndf dftdrb b pdqudûbs mhdftds, sd dstrdick lk eksd y fb prdsdftkf

 

pdihblb. Yu hf`lbrdsidfihk ds df ikedzudlks md iblbr elkfib ibf `lbrds tkftb `dodfhfks ibob cdrok`rbmhtks, tkoehèf pudmdf sdr md iblbrkihùf kokrhlldftd. Df dl iksb mdl `rutb dstd ds uf kqudfhb lhfdkr belbfnb ibf pdqudûbs pdlbs qud prdsdftkf md iblbr elkfik-rbsk y ibf ekrekmhllks. (Pherkfs, 5778)

54.Mblhficbs luthiblk Pdrmi. @kohlhk1 @kekidk Wlkftk hf shtu

Wlkftk rdiblditkmk

 

Ikrkitdrïsthiks ilkvd md lk `kohlhk vdndtkl

Ybf ufk `kohlhk pudmd sdr kreusth kreusthvk vk b chdreks tkft tkftb b pdrdffds ibob kfuklds y sd ikrkitdrhzk pbr qud prdsdftkf ufk vkrhkehlhmkm tkftb obr`blùnhik ibob `hshblùnhib y diblùnhik. Tfk md lks prhfihpklds ds su `rutb, dl iukl ds ufk ldnuoerd, ds mdihr uf `rutb sdib plhrhsdohfkmb, plhrhsdohfkmb, ksï ibob tkoehèf mdchsid mdchsidftd. ftd. Df dl iksb md su `lbr dstk ds md mh`drdftds tkokûbs y sbf kithfbobr`ks, ibf 4 pètklbs df su okybrïk, kmdoës, prdsdftkf ñfhikodftd uf ikrpdlb supdrhbr qud thdfd uf lùiulb, ibf mbs b oës ùvulbs y ibf plkidftkihùf okrnhfkl. (Odahk, 575;) Ehelhbnrk`ïk

 Kfbfhob. (57;8). Uhihfus ibooufhs. ibooufhs. Betdfhmb md cttp1//kftrbpbidfd.ht/ds/57;8/7;/5>/rhihfus-ibooufhs/  Krhks, C., Lbpdz, K., Edrfkl, O., O., & Ikstkûb, D. (57;;). IKUKI]DUHQKIHÙF DIBLÙNHIK X @H]B[TÏOHIK MD LK EK]K]HLLK HWBOBDK WTUWTUDK L. UB]C (YBLKFKLDY, IBFPBLPTLKIDKD) DF DL OTFHIHWHB MD OKFHQKLDY* . Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.sihdlb.brn.ib/pm`/eiio/v;4f5/v;4f5k75.pm`  Elksib, A. (57;3). Iyfbmbf mkitylbf (L.) Wdrs. Betdfhmb Wdrs. Betdfhmb md cttp1//obftdrhzk.ibo/wp-ibftdft/uplbkms/`lbrk/;08.iyfbmbf-mkitylbf.pm`  IKEH. (57;0). CBAKY PBLKF]DY WKUK KNUHITL]BUDY. KNUHITL]BUDY. Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.plkftwhsd.brn/JfbwldmndEkfj/@kitscddtKmohf/Tplbkms/WM@s/ 57;>>377458.pm`  Ikmdfks, ^. (57;4). DPKLTKIHÙF MD D]D@ÙF YBEUD DL UDFMHOHDF]B MD DY[TDADY MD DSWBU]KIHÙF DF PKUHDMKMDY BUFKODF]KLDY MD

 

LKF]KFK (Lkftkfk ikokrk): PHLLK IKFKLDY, NTK]DOKLK. NTK]DOKLK. Betdfhmb md cttp1//rdiursbsehelhb.url.dmu.nt/tdshsdbrthz/57;4/70/79/Ikmdfks-^kltdr.pm`  Dsphfbzk, U., Nukmkouz, K., Wdrdz, M., Ickvkrrhk , @., & Okshs, K. (s.`.). Ypdihds Wknd md Kikihk ibrfhndrk (@kekidkd/Ohobsbhmdkd). (@kekidkd/Ohobsbhmdkd) . Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.kinukfkikstd.ki.ir/pknhfksRdspdihd/oknfblhbpcytk/`kekidkd/ kikihkRibrfhndrk/kikihkRibrfhndrk9bit83/kRibrfhndrk9bit83.ctol @drf, J. (575;). Chpths pdithfktk. pdithfktk. Betdfhmb md cttps1//trbphikl.tcd`drfs.hf`b/vhdwtrbphikl.pcp2hm?Cypths+pdithfktk @drrhbl, O., & Lùpdz, I. (57;>). @kohlhk Ibopbshtkd (Kstdrkidkd)1 ikrkitdrds ndfdrklds. Betdfhmb ndfdrklds.  Betdfhmb md cttps1//rhufdt.upv.ds/ehtstrdko/ckfmld/;754;/3;9=0/@drrhbl%9EL %I9%E9pdz%57-%57@kohlhk%57Ibopbshtkd%57%53Kstdrkidkd %58%9K%57ikrkitdrds%57ndfdrklds..pm`2sdqudfid?;&hsKllbwdm?y Ckfkf, K. (5778). Kicyrkftcds (5778). Kicyrkftcds kspdrk L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/kokrkftckidkd/kicyrkftcdskspdrk/`hicks/`hick.cto#9.+Hmdfth`hikih%@9f+y+mdsirhpih%@9f Ckffkf, K. (5778). ]rhmkx prbiuoedfs L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/kstdrkidkd/trhmkxprbiuoedfs/`hicks/`hick.cto Cdrfkfmdz, N. (57;9). HFPDF]KUHB MD DYWDIHDY PDND]KLDY IBF]KOHFKF]DY HF]DUIDW]KMKY DF LB]DY MD YDOHLLKY HOWBU]KMKY, LKEBUK]BUHB MD MHKNFÙY]HIB @H]BYKFH]KUHB TFU-OKNK, EËUIDFK, PHLLK FTDPK, NTK]DOKLK, I.K. . Betdfhmb md cttp1//ehelhbtdik.uski.dmu.nt/tdshs/7;/7;R5300.pm`  Hekrrk, N., & Yhfkik, Y. (57;;). Dstkihùf md Ehblbnïk ]rbphikl "Lbs ]cxtlks", Pdrkiruz, Oèxhib1 Lhstk `lbrïsthik ibodftkmk (Ohobskidkd k Pdredfkidkd). Pdredfkidkd) . Betdfhmb md cttps1//trbphiklstumhds.brn/ret/kttkicodfts/vbluods/vbl==;/7=RHekrrkRLhstkR`lbrhsthik.pm`  HFDIBL. (s.`). Uhihfus ibooufhs. ibooufhs. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.hfdibl.ox/hfdibl/hfmdx.pcp/ds/it-odfu-htdo-54/plkftk-mdl-ods/ 9>-plkftk-mdl-ods/;=03-chnudrhllk Lkurdfidfk, O., Ikrpbfh, O., Udhfbsb, W., Eutus, O., Yibrihkphfb, I., Nkllh, O., & Wdrdz, N. (5778). Ibopbrtkohdftb md ièspdmds md Iyfbmbf mkitylbf (L.) Wdrs. df Wkrkfë, Dftrd Uïbs, Krndfthfk. Krndfthfk . Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.rdmklyi.brn/pm`/;=4/;=4;5=5077>.pm`  Okfthdzb, X., Ukobs, E., & Uhab, D. (5779). (57 79). UDPHYHÙF EHELHBNUË@HIK YBEUD LKF]KFK IKOKUK L. TFK KODFKQK WKUK LK NKFKMDUÏKUDPHYHÙF EHELHBNUË@HIK YBEUD LKF]KFK IKOKUK L. TFK KODFKQK WKUK

 

LK NKFKMDUÏK. NKFKMDUÏK. Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.rdmklyi.brn/pm`/578;/578;;3;>97;7.pm`  Odahk, M. (575;). @kohlhk @kekidkd. @kekidkd. Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.rdsdkricnktd.fdt/puelhikthbf/9=3>3395=R@kohlhkR@kekidkd OH]DIB. (57;9). Hpbobdk hfmhik. hfmhik. Betdfhmb md IK]ËLBNB DYWKÛBL MD DYWDIHDY DSÙ]HIKY HFPKYBUKY1 cttps1//www.ohtdib.nbe.ds/ds/ehbmhvdrshmkm/tdoks/ibfsdrvkihbf-mddspdihds/hpbobdkRhfmhikR57;9Rtio97-0839>.pm`  OH]DIB. (57;9). Uhihfus ibooufhs L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.ohtdib.nbe.ds/ds/ehbmhvdrshmkm/tdoks/ibfsdrvkihbf-mddspdihds/UhihfusRibooufhsR57;9Rtio97-08344.pm`  Obfmrknùf, A. (57;8). Ehmdfs phlbsk L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/kstdrkidkd/ehmdfs-phlbsk/ `hicks/`hick.cto#9.%57Hmdfth`hikih%I9%E9f%57y%57mdsirhpih%I9%E9f Whickrmb, A. O. (5778). luicdk ikrblhfdfshs (Akiq.) N. Mbf. Mbf . Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/kstdrkidkd/pluicdkikrblhfdfshs/`hicks/`hick.cto WlkftFdt. (5755). Uhidwddms ds - Kstdrkidkd - Kndrktuo ibfyzbhmds L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttp1//puelhsc.plkftfdt-prbadit.brn/prbadit/rhidwddmsRds/iblldithbf/ iblldithbf/hf`brokthbf/mdtkhls/KNDIB Uhbs, K. (57;5). MHFËOHIK X IBF]UBL MD IXFBMBF MKI]XLBF DF YHY]DOKY WKY]BUHLDY. WKY]BUHLDY. Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.prbmuiihbfkfhokl.ibo.kr/prbmuiihbfRyRokfdabRpksturks/ pksturksRiboektdRmdRplknksRyRokldzks/7>-ihfbmbfRmkitylbf.pm`  Ubelds, N., Blhvdhrk, J., & Phllklbebs, U. (5777). (5777 ). Dvklukihùf md lbs prbmuitbs `brdstklds fb okmdrdrbs df Koèrhik Idftrkl . Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.`kb.brn/`brdstry/=75=783m4889784dk>4990035d89;>;;m;=`7.pm`  Ubaks, J., & Ukohrdz, @. (57;9). Wlkftks krvdfsds ksbihkmks kl iulthvb md knukikftd md klurk df lk zbfk md lbs skftbs. skftbs . Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.okn.nb.ir/ehelhbtdikvhrtukl/C07-;7490.pm`  Ubaks, Y. (57;;). Cypths sukvdbldfs (L.) Wbht. Betdfhmb Wbht. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/lkohkidkd/cypthssukvdbldfs/`hicks/`hick.cto#1~1tdxt?Lk%57dspdihd%57Cypths %57sukvdbldfs%57sd,md%570%57oo%57md%57lkrnb. Ubaks, Y. (57;;). Odlbichk pyrkohmktk L. Betdfhmb L. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/stdriulhkidkd/odlbichk-

 

pyrkohmktk/`hicks/`hick.cto#9.%57Hmdfth`hikih%I9%E9f%57y%57mdsirhpih %I9%E9f Ykficdz, A. (57;5). @KOHLHK Y]DUITLHKIDKD . Betdfhmb md cttps1//www.krebldsbrfkodftklds.ds/@LBUK%57BUFKODF]KL%57MD %57OTUIHK.%57@KOHLHK%57Y]DUITLHKIDKD.pm`  TFFD. (57;7). Lkohkidkd Lkohkidkd.. Betdfhmb md cttps1//dxk.uffd.dmu.kr/ehblbnhk/mhvdrshmkmv/mbiuodftbs/KFNHBYWDUOKY/  Kstdrhmdks/Dukstdrhmdks%57H%57b%57Lkohhmdks/Lkohklds/8Lkohkidkd.pm`  TFFD. (57;7). Pdredfkidkd Pdredfkidkd.. Betdfhmb md cttps1//dxk.uffd.dmu.kr/ehblbnhk/mhvdrshmkmv/mbiuodftbs/KFNHBYWDUOKY/  Kstdrhmdks/Dukstdrhmdks%57H%57b%57Lkohhmdks/Lkohklds/;7Pdredfkidkd.pm`  Pherkfs, C. (5778). Ibfyzk ebfkrhdfshs (L.) Irbfq. Betdfhmb Irbfq. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.ibfkehb.nbe.ox/okldzksmdodxhib/kstdrkidkd/ibfyzkebfkrhdfshs/`hicks/`hick.cto#9.%57Hmdfth`hikih%I9%E9f%57y%57mdsirhpih %I9%E9f Phttb, L., & Wdtdfktth, D. (5778). KY]DUËIDKY (5778).  KY]DUËIDKY MD HOWBU]KFIHK DIBFÙOHIK DIBFÙOHIK X KOEHDF]KL. WUHODUK WKU]D. YHFBWYHY OBU@BLÙNHIK X ]KSBFÙOHIK, HOWBU]KFIHK DIBLÙNHIK X WLKF]KY MD HF]DUÈY HFMTY]UHKL.. Betdfhmb md HFMTY]UHKL cttps1//www.rdmklyi.brn/pm`/=53/=53;59;>773.pm`  ^@B. (5755). Cypths pdithfktk (L.) Wbht. Betdfhmb Wbht. Betdfhmb md cttp1//www.wbrlm`lbrkbflhfd.brn/tkxbf/w`b77775;08=9:asdsshbfhm?7=MM3>79;0D38MI;>=0I75@@@7EE=78I#mdsirh pthbf