HEI 3087-11 Standards For Air Cooled Condensers 1st Ed
February 7, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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STANDS
R COOLE CONENSERS
FIRST EDITION
Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. PULICATION LIST TITLE
Standards r Steam Surface Condensers, 10th Editon 2006
Standards for Direct Contact Barometric and Low Level Condensers, 8 Edon 2010
Standards r Steam Jet Vacuum Systems, 6 Edon 2007
Standards r Closed Feedwater Heaters, 8 Ediion 2009
Standards and Typical Specications for Tray Type Deaerators, 8 Edon 2008
Performance Standard for Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps,
4 Ediion 2011
Standards r Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, 4 Ediion 2004
1300 Sumner Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 445-285 2162417333 Fax: 26-24-5 www
email:.heatexchange.g hei@heatexchangeog
STADS for AR COOLED CONDENSERS
FIRST EDI Copyright 2011 Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. 1300 Sumner Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 4415-2851 Reproducon of any porton of hs standard whou wrtten permsson of the Heat Exchange Insiute is stricly rbdden.
HEAT EXCGE INSTIUE, IN. AR COOLED CONDENSERS Btc Intntin Malto, NJ GEA P g c. Lewod, CO SX g Tchgs c Overlad ak K
ii
CONTENTS
Page
. . . .... ... . . FOEORD .. .. . ... . . . . . . . .. SCOPE ND PURPOSE . . . . . .. . ... . ... .. . . 1.0 DEFINTOS . . . . . . .. .. ... . . 2.0 SBOS & UNTS . . .. . . .. . . 30
v 1 1 3
400 4
GEEA OVERVIE / DESCRIPTIO DESCRIPTIO OF O F AN ACC SYSTEM ... ... : ... ... Denton Den ton ofan of an ACC .............. .............. 4 42 Major Components of an ACC System ..... ........ ...
4 4 4
50
DESIG COSDETONS ....... ......... .. Desgn Pressure and Temperature. Temperature........ .......... ....... ...... .. 5 1 Corroson Allowance .......... .......... 52 53 ArMoving Equipment Seecion Guidelnes Guidelnes..... ..... 54 Air Flow Consderations ............... ................ .. ... 55 Fn Tube Cleaning Systems ............. .............
5 5 6 6 7 7
6.0
AR COOLED CODESER PERFORMCE OPERATON....... ........ . . 61 General Considerations.. Considerations.. . ...... . . . . .... . . .. . . . . 6.2 Thermal Therm al Perrmanc ... : ................. ................... .. Deaeration and Dissolved Oxygen . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 6.3 . .. .. . . . .. .... .... Condensate Suboolng 64 6.5 Cleanlness Facos, Foulng Factors, Factors, ad Perrmance Perrmance Margns ... . Hdraulics aulics . .. . .. ... . .. . Steam-side Hdr 6.6 Pressure ure osses . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Arside Press 67 68 Ar nlet Temperature .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... . .. . . .. . .. . .. Auxilary Power Consumpton 6.9 610 Cod Weather Weather Perormace... Perormace .... . . . . . . .... ... o ad Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . ..... .. .. 611 ow oad . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 Perrmance Cures . ......... . .. . 613 Perrmance Testing ........ 614 6 14 Eects ofWind of Wind on ACC Permance. Permance. . . ... .. . . . .. . . . . . Eecs o Solar Solar Radiation . .. . . .... .. .. . . . 615 6 15
8 8 8 · 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 15
70
STRUMETA STRUMETATION TION AND COTRO COTRO. ....... .............. ........ Recommended nstrumentaton nstrumentaton.. ... ..... .......... ...... 7 71 ACC Contro and 72 an d Freeze Protecton Considerations ..... ...... . . . . . . ... Selection ofNumer ofsolato Valves ... . 73
1 5
7 4 7 75
Drain Pot Capacty . . . . ... .. . . ... .. . .. . .. .. ... Condensae Tank Capacity . .. ...... . . . . . ... .
17
COECTIONS TIONS ... ........ ............ ........ . SERVCE COEC General Consideratons .......... .......... 81 . .......... ......... ... ..... 822 8 Flow Data Connecton ocatons ocatons .... ...... ... . 3 8 . 3 .... .. Connection Design Guidelnes ... 8 . 4 Turbine E Exhaus xhaus nterce .... .... ...... .. .... . Steam 8 . 5 ............ ............... ... Steam Turbine Bypass Gudeines 8 86 6 .. ... . Feedwaer Heater Consderaions 8 . 7
1 7
80
ii
15 16 16 1 7
1 7 1 7
1 7
18 19 200 2 22
CONTENTS
NTIG QPMT CPACITIS .... . . .... ..... .... ...... .... .... . Venting Reureme Reurements... nts........ . .. .. .. .... .. ... 9.1 9 .1 Desgn Suction Pressure . ..... .. . .... .... ..... .... 92 Design Suction Temperature . ..... .... . ...... ............. ... 9. 9 . 3 3 9. Calculaton ofWater ofWater Vapor Load Component... Component....... ..... ... ......... Mnimum Recommended Capacities . .... . .... .. .. ...... 9. 9 . 5 Rapid vacua vacuaton ton (Hoggng) quipment . . . .. . .. . . 9.66 9.
23
1 0. 0.00
ATMOSPHRIC RIF DVCES.. DVCES.. .. ... . ... ... . . .... .... Genera 1 0 011 .. . ... . .... ... ...... ..... ...... 102 Vacum Breaker Vaves .. Device e.. . . ....... 1 03 Rupture Devic
29 29 29 29
1.0
INS PCTION, QULITY ND FID INSTAATION ........... INSPCTION, ............ . 111 Leaage Testing... Testing......... ....... . : .... ...... 112 Inspection and Quality Quality of o fWelding .............. ........ ...... 1133 Surce Preparaton Reurements .. 11 ........... .......... . 114 11 4 Panting Coatng an Panting and d Corroson Prot Proteection ction· ................ ..................... ..... 115 11 5 Quality Assur Assurance ance ........... .................. ....... rction Advisor Duties Duties ........... .................. ........ . 116 117 rection Cleanliness .... . . . ...... .. . . Posrection Walkdown... Walkdown... .. . . . . ..... 118
90
20
COMMISSIONNG. . . COMMISSIONNG. . . .... ... .. .. ... ... .. . 1 2.1 Cold Comissioning . .. ... .. . . .......... .. .. ..... 1 22 Hot Commissioning .. .. .. ..... .. ........ . 1 2.3 Duties o a Commissioning Commissioning Advisor ....... .. ... ......... .. .. .
2 3 3
23 2 3
23 23 2 5
3 0 3 0
3 0 3 0 3 0 31 31 3 2 2 3 2 3 2
32 33 33 3 3 3
3 3 4
APPENICES
Apendx A Appendix B Appendx
HI ACC Data Seets ...................... ...................... Conversion Factors .................................... .................................... . ACC Troubeshootin Troubeshootingg Gudelines ..................... .......................
35 37 38
Table 1 Table 2
Typcal Corrosion Aowance Values .............. ............... .. Ratio o o the Actual Non-Condensable Non-Condensable Load Remoed From the System
6
Table Tabl Table Table Table Table Table
to Design Capacity................... Capacity Prerred Locatons......................... ofConnections sually Instaled on te ACC System ...... ...... .... Typcal Alowabe ozzle ozz le oads ..................... ................. ....... .... .. One L Exhaust Casng ................. ..................... ..... Two LP xaust Casngs ................... ................... Tree P Exhaust Casngs .......................... ........................... Vacuum Breaker Size r ACCs ................... .................... Recommended Acceptable Acceptable Preparatons of Components and Assembles Built n Manuctures Faclites .......................... .............................. ......
18 22
TALES
9
3 5 6 7 8 9
2 5
27 28 29 311 3
FGURES
Fgure 1 Figur 2
AFram Air Cooled Condnser Condnser .................... ......................... ...... Ar Cooed Condenser Bundles Bundles .................. ..................... ....
iv
4
gure 3 gure 4 gure 5 igure 6
Air net Bockage Consierations ..... ...... . ACC Operating Operating Characterstic ........ . ......... ... . Recmmended Vacuum Steam Velocity Limts (Impeial Unts) . Recommended Vacuum Steam Velocity Lmts (SI Unts . .. . .
igure 7 igure 8
ACC with Recircuation Recircuation... ... . ACC with net A Fow Reductio Reductio ........ ........ ... ...
u
7 8 11 11 14 15
FOREWORD
The rst diton Standards fr Air Cooled Condnsers has been developed by te Ar Cooled Condenser Section o the Heat Exchange Insttute Inc. he technica inormation in these standards combnes present industry standards typical Purcaser requiremens, and Manuact Manuacturer urers s experience.In experience.In additon, te standards outlne the important desgn critera r air cooled condensers These standards provde practical nrmation on nomencature, dimensons, testng, and perrmce. Use o te standard will ensure a minimum o misunderstanding between Manucturer and Purchaser, and wil assist in the proper selecton o equipment best suited to the requirements o te appcation The publicaton o the rst edition o Standards r Air Coold Codensers represents another step in the Heat xchange Institute's Institute's continu continuing ing program to provide standa standards rds which refect the latest techno techno logical advancement in thefeld o heat exchange equipment. he Standards r Air Cooled Condensers are continally reviewed reviewed by the ecnical Commttee at a t scheduled meeting under the directon o the r Cooled Condenser Section Suggestions r mprovement o this standard are welcom and should be sent to the Heat Excange nstitute, nstitute, Inc Inc, 30 3000 Sumner Avenue, Aven ue, Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio Ohio 4 4 5 , or va teleph telephone one the HEI at he@eatexchange.org Addtional 21 62 4 1 7 333, 333 , v va a ax ax at 21 6-24 -0 10 5, or email ema il at nfrmation, such as tech sheets, member company proles, membershp inormaton, and a complete isting o al HE Standards, can be und at wwwheatexcange.org
ui
1.0 SCOPE AND PURPOSE
Tis tandard covers te specication and design considerations along wit te perrmance nd opeationa issues ssociated wit Air Cooed Condensers ACC) r power pant applications. In addition genral eld installation and commission ing practices will also be discussed
conditions suc as terma perrmance eects in te summer deadzone rmation and eezing in te winter
Tis tandard wi address cmmon operational problems experienced during extreme ambient
twostage steam condensers predominanty utilized in vacuum power plant appications
Tere are many ierent types of ACCs designed r varios seices Tis tandard appies only to
20 DEFITNS
29 B F The are esured at te ce side of a budle The len of te bundle is equal to te length of the tubes excluding the ube seets Te with correspods to te width of te oral air ow plane on a per bunde basis
21 F art of the steel structure above te n deck i te shape of te letter A tat ay support te heat exchager bundles Atoug tis is te most coon couratio alternative bunde arraeents re feasible (ie horizotal vetcal, Vae etc
210 allest subdivisio i ACC, soeties rerred to as odule which ca nctio as an
22 t P The pressure measured o absolute absolute zero ic gA br. 23 R R St syste to reove o-condesable gases ad maitai the capbiliy of the ACC The airrmoval syste ay contain additioal componets to support the opertio of a vacuu daerator
independent unit wth regrd by to air andexterior steam ow; it is unded eerally either walls or patition patitio n wlls Each cell may ave oe or ore as although typicl the uber of ans per cell is ite ited d to oe 211 t ollects the condenste o the ed tube budles and conveys the uncodensed steam om the rst stge to te scod stge budles
24 C A eat echger usg abiet air as te heat sink to bsorb het directly o sea at vcuum codtios codensin te stem ad recoveg the condese as would be typiclly usd in an electric powergeneratig sttion.
212 t /R A vessel t approiately the same pressure as the ACC that collects condesate retug o the eat trasr suraces system dras and akeup water t is equivalent to the hot well of a ste suface codeser
25 Ht 'e eiht om gade level to the a inlet o bottom of the a rings
213 P P The absolute static pressure of te condensing stea at a dened location. 214 St t t The saturatio teperature coresponding to te absolute static pressure of te condensig stea at dened location
26 t t Te dry bulb teperature of the ar enteri the ACC includig the eect of rcirculation n/ or added et sources 27 2 7 B P Te absolute value of the static pressure t the prescribed locatio ypically at or ear e stem turbie ehaust ange at a t which desig and guaranteed perorace are to be achieved
215 Dt A ass transr device tht reoves reo ves dissolved dissolved nocondesbles o te condensate and/or keup wter
28 B et ecager element eleme nt composed of a set of ned ubes hrin coon tube sheets
1
227 Ra A condtion in whch a porton of the ACC's wa dschage a eentes the a net aong wth esh ambent ai ts eect is an eevation of the aveage a inet tepeatue compaed wth the ambent dy bub tempeatue 228 R CC R) Goup of ces served by a common stea heade t s aso eed to as a "steet 229 S Sa C ACC ce wth the steam and condnsate owng n counte-ow; the second stage c coects the non-condensabes and s connected wth the aeova syste at the top and the condensate heade at the boom s aso efeed to as a ephegato o eu ce. 230 S R A mechanca device incopoated beween the drve and the n, desgned to educe the speed of the drve to an optu speed the an A speed edu�er c be eithe a geabo o a Vbet. 231 Sea D D Se Conveys the ow of sta om the ow pessue
216 Da P A vsse that is an intega pat of the steam duct ocated at the owest point and coects the condensate o steam duct Atenativey, a sepate coecton vesse can be uted wth a gavty dain connection at the ow pont of the stea duct 217 Ea Sa Ra Tota mass ow rate of the steam etng the ow pessue stea tubine ehaust 218 E a The aveage dy bub temeatue of the ai eaving the heat ehange bundes 29 a e e The aveage air net veocity noma to the bunde ce 220 a D oizonta pane ocated at the top of the ACC AC C sbstctue with access to the ns 221 F F Sae Ce CC ce wth the stea and condensate owing down concuenty the st stage bundes ae connected wth the steam heade at the top and the condensate heade at the botto It s aso efered to as a Ko Condense ce 222 H Se The poton of the a-emova system used duig statup to emove ar om the ACC bee admttng stea 223 H Se The potion ofte of te a emova syste dedcated to contnuous emova of noncondensabe gases o the top of the second stage bundes 224 I eea eeae e D OD The dence between the condensing steam tepeatue at the ACC iet and the ai inet teperatu. 225 L a ae ae De LD) nce the condensng pocess n an ACC s not sothema because of the sigicat steasde pessue dop nvoved, a epesentative vaue the MT can be dened as the tota heat duty of condensaton dvided by the puct o the ovea heat tansfe coecent utiped by the tota aisde heat tasr suce aea 226 P e/S The aea between a pimay ACC suppot coumns pected at grade eve
steam tubne eaust eaust to the bundes. The duct may incude epanson joints byass spages, dain pot, bach syses (ises) and isoaton vaves. 232 Sa Ha Conveys the steam o the ises to the net of a st stage bundes n an ACC ow 233 Sa Qa The mass action of dy ad satuated stea in a satuated wate/stea mtue. A stea quaity of zeo ndcates % condensate, whie a stea quaity of indcates % dy ad satuated seam 23 Ha S a The tota aea of the outsde heat tans suce posed to ai. 235 Ea The d nteace betwen ow pesse steam tubine the ACC steathe duct. 23 Ea e ee back pessue. 23 Wa The vetica peimete wals above the an deck, whch tycay extend to the top of the tube bundes to minmize potntia ecicuation and shed the heat tans suce om wind eects
2
3.0 SYMBOLS & UNITS
Abreviato
Name
Typcal Uns
FV
Fu Vauum
Hg, (a (a) )
Prt,ins
P
Iaed Moo Powe Fa Sha Powe
h (kW) h, (kW)
. c� c�i i
Deg A e emeaue Mmum A Ie emeaue
"F, ( °C)
AIH
A Ie egh
(m)
Q
Hea Loa� Oea ea afe Coee See
Bu/h (W)
Uve
A M E
F (C)
A-e ea afe Sufae Aea
Bu/2 h °F, (/ (/m m K) (m )
ogahm Mea emeaue Deee
F (C)
2
ea Exhage Efeee Ma Fow Rae A
/e, (kg/e)
C,a
S ea A
Bu/ F (J/kg K)
I
I a emeaue Deee Ie Seam emeaue
F (C) F (C) F, c·>
m a'
Tslam,i Trn1t Tr fT.1, m"
h; ot
h m vn vnll
h_ DO w
MW P P A w.
K PA
Ie A emeaue Chage emeae of he A Ie Ma Fow Rae Ie Ehay
F (C) /e (kg/e) Bu/ (kJ/kg) /e, (kg/e) Bu/ (kJ/kg) /e (kg/e)
Oue Ma Fow Rae hay Coeae Ma Fow Ve Ehay Ve Doe Oyge Foug Fao Oea ea afe Coee New a Cea Wae Vao oa Moeua Wegh, NoCoeae Sauao Peue of Seam a Mxue emeaue oa Peue of Mxue Mmum Reque Fow Aea
Bu/ (k/kg) h F/B (mK Bu/ h F, (W/m K) / (kg/kg) g/mo a (aa) a (aa) ( ) (/h)
Dhage Fow Rae Fow Coee Coee Reeg Peue
a
3
4.0 GENERAL OVERVEW / DESCRIPTO DESCRIPTON N OF AN A R COOLED CONDENSER (ACC) (ACC) SYSTE SYSTEM M 4 1 De Den nt tn n of an ACC
An ACC is a system that conveys exhaust stea to an array of heat the exchangers condense th steam by rejecting heat to that abient air. The mthod o cooling is direct heat exchange because the heat is transrred o the primary source (exhaust stea) directy to th� utmate cooing meda (ambient air) The ACC cn use natura dra or mechanical dra (rced or induced) to drive ambient air across the heat xchange surce (tube bundes). Te most comon design is the A-Frame rced dra dra arrangement arrangement as seen in igure No. 1.
----• ) cn cnde dens nsabl ables es o ott nndensabes out
Fgre 2 AR A R COOED CONDENSER BU NDES
Vndwal
esee bundes 422.1 First Stage Stage Bundle es are connected connected to the steam header hea der at the top and condensate e!der at te_bQtom. The steam ows concurrenty through th tubes o the rst stage bundes, bunde s, where steam and
A Moving System
Fan ec
condensate ow in th are sae drection By design, steam veocities maintain maintained ed high enough to continuay sweep nonondens abe gases into the second stage bunde via the condensate header. Condensate s aso coleced within the condensate hedr and drained. The rst stage bundes typcay condense 6090% o the tota stea through the ACC
Supp Sture Mi t D
Figre 1 A - FRAME AIR AIR COOLED COOLED CONDENSER
42 Ma Majr jr Cpnents C pnents an ACC Syst System: em: 4222 Secnd Stage Stage Bunde he second second
A typica typica rce rcedd dra airmoving system system consists o the owing owin g coponents: • Fan Ax Axia ia ns push push ambien ambientt coolng coolng air across the extended surce o the n tube bunde to transer the heat om the condnsing steam within the tubes
stage bundles condense the rmaining stea and coect noncondensabe gases at the top o the bunde. These bundles are attached to the condensate header at the bottom and have ar remova headers at the top r noncondensabe extraction by the air remova sysem. Ste ows countercuently through the tubes o the second stage bundles, where the steam and noncondensabes trave up and condensate ows down down into the condensate header.
421 AirAir-Mving Mving Syst System em
Mtr Eect • Eectric Eectric ric motors motors drive drive the n • Speed Reducer The gearbox or V bet reduces the rotationa speed o the n and provides the n with th required torue and sped. • RTh RThe enrin nringisa gisacyindr cyindricastruc icastructure ture that surounds the n in order to optimize n perrance. It s typcally constructed o steel, berglass or poypropyene.
The support structure s typcaly an arrangement o coumns and bracng that uppots the ACC coponents at the proper eevaton abov gade
4.27 4.2 7
Supprt Sup prt Structure
ower n 42.8 Fan Deck The n deck s the ower
422 Bundes A
bunde conssts o multipe nned tubes weded into int o the tubesheets at ethe etherr end. There are two types types o bundles rst and second stag stag condensing condensin g bundles
penum boundary r the airoving system
4
S Dtt St St The stea steam m 29 S distributon system consists of the llowing primary components: D The man man steam duct • M St D interces with the steam turbne and serves to convey all eaust steam to the steam distribution network The main steam duct is
bundles. The nction of the windwal is to reduce te negative wind eects on the an air ow and unirm heat transr, as well as to mnimze potental r warm air recirculation.
also dsigned to provide connection ponts r steam turbine bypass mscllaneous vents, drains, low point drain pot, etc S D M The steam dstrbution manild s _used to dstribute steam between te main steam duct and the steam headers Ts manild includes vertical ducts rerred to as risers The risers wll generally ave expansion joints to accommodate te thermal xpansion. St H The steam steam ader sees to convey stea between te manilds and the rst stage bundles of an ACC row. Expansion onts may also be required in te steam header to accommodate termal expansion.
s rmed within the ACC ran pipng is routed om the condensate eaders to the tank Typcally, the condensate tank s located beneat the ACC and supported at ade level.
2 Te condensate tank serves to collect te condensate that
212 St St The prma prmary ry purpose ofthe ofthe ar removal system is to extract any non-condensable gases that accumulate at te top of te second stage condensing bundles Air removal systems are typcally either a twostage steam et air eector eector (JAE) ( JAE) or luid l uid ring vacuum pump (LRV) system Alternatively, ybrid systems may also be employ employed ed Typcally, te air removal system also contains a hogging system to rapidly evacuate the ACC volume r startup
420 Wndwals are generally installed around the perimeter of the ACC and extend om te an dec to the top of the tube
5. 0 ESI ESIGN GN CONSDERATIONS
At certain locatons of the steam duct, te local temperature may exceed the maximum design temperature (at te bypass connections, r example), and the supplier typcally imposes a lmit on the enthalpy of the bypass bypass steam steam entering the duct A maximu maximum m value value of 7 Btu/lb (7 kJ/k kJ /kgg is typical. typical. Te value of 7 Btu/b (7 J/kg) may result in a steam temperature > F ( C. C . owe owever, ver, experen experence ce has has proven proven that
D D P P t t 511 The maximum desig design n pressue is te maximum pressure specied by t ACC supplier as a crterion r ACC design The mamum design pressure is not the same as orating pressure; it is somewhat ger than te operating pressure r all operating conditions. Althoug te maximum and mnimum design temperature and pressure could also be specied by the purcaser, the maximum limits are typically determined by the ACC tub technology For sngle row tube technologes, the mamum desg pressure of the ACC is typically set at psig (. barg.
this is a in good practical upper limit andwen typically results acceptable temperatures te ACC is operated undr vacuum conditions. Te desgn temperature s primarly used r selectng materal suitability and thermal expansion calculations
e minimum desgn pressure r ACCs operatng below atmospheric pressure s ll vacuum (FV.
The desi pressure is used r te design of steam ducting tanks and, ruptur discs, among other equipm equipment. ent.
The desig temperatu temperature re is typica typically lly °F ·)
5
motors normally hae a seice sei ce ctor cto r of 11 5 Classinsulatio Class insulationn with a Cla ClassB ssB temperature rise
Corrosion rosion Allowance 5.2 Cor
Corrosion allowance is the incremental material thickness aboe what is required to meet th structural anor process requirements A corrosion allowance is recommended r all surces exposed
or stan standar dardd nois noisee applica applicatio tions, ns, 1 8 0 0 rpm, sinle (with th or without without VDs) or two speed sinle speed (wi windi wi ndin n mot motor orss (1 8 0 0/9 0 0 rpm) rpm) can can be used used
to the process uid as per Table 1
Control of turbine back ressure and and/or /or eeze protection wll determine whether sinle speed, two-speed motors or VDs ar required in order to proide a sucient number of control steps
Table 1
TYPICAL CORROSION ALOWANCE VALUES
ACC Equipment Dg b �p k
cal Corros I Typ Allowance Valeson 1 mm 0m 3m 3m
n the eent VFDs ar used, the motor should be suitable r such application Horizontal motors mounted ertically are typically used r ACCs desined in accordance with NEMA NEMA B
53 5 3 Air-ovng Eqpment electio election n Guidenes
rated ed motor power powe r shall be eater tan t an the h rat equired motor output power at the desin point n accordance with th lowi equation:
The air-moin equipment of an ACC consists of ofa
0.. 9 7 ) X ( 27 3 3 + Tdesi )/( 27 3 T i i mot,slsl . (f,sh / 0 Pmot,
an, speed reducer and motor 531 Fan Selecton irst, the n n is selected; axial ow ns ar used r ACC applications The duty point of the n is detemned by the required air ow rate and correspond n n static pressure in order to meet the thermal capacity of the ACC or lare siz ns (dameter . 28 , a mnimum of e an blades is recommended with a maximum tip spe tha thatt should should not exceed 6 0 ms ( 1 2, 0 0 0 m m The an an sha power p ower serves as the basis r r determinin determin in the th e motor rat ratin inThe n rotati rotation on speed is used in combination with the motor speed to determine th sed reduction ratio
and T i n C wih T Where T is the mnimum inlet ar temperature r which one ofthe motos is expected to be at ll speed this alue alue is typica typically lly 5 C or an aessie motor selection and hiher desin bient tempera temperatures tures T may be increased up to 10 C Athouh the drien load may exceed the nameplate alue at temperatures below this point this is normally acceptable to the motor suppliers due to the additional coolin aailable. Conrmation should be obtained om the motor supplier this applies only to rced dra con rations with the motor installed in the cold ambient air stream
deag
° m
m
°
ypi ypical call l the speed reducers are helical, multi-reduction paralel sha earboxes.Vbelts earboxes.Vbelts can also also be used on smaller installations The sece ctor r speed reducers (eabox or belt shoul shouldd be 2 2.0 .0 based on the motor nameplate power r sinle and multised motors and 17 5 r ariable applicationsThe thermal ratin equency drie applicationsThe of the earbox should be 10 at the maxmum air temperature based on the motor nameplate powr Possible accessories r eboxes are listed below • Backstops Oil pumps (sha drien or electrical • Oil pressure/ow switches • Oil heater & themostat • Input couplin 5 33 pee peed d Rucer eecto eecton n
Aditionall fa selection parameters: Aditiona
• Air ow marin • ressure margin • an coerae • an blade tip clearance • Operatin and natural equency of an blade • an blade loadin • Low ambient temperature hardware • Viration imits • Stati Staticc eciency ecien cy • Wind eect on the n capacity • an ocation with respect to obstacles • ose limitations
,
Motor election yp ypica ically lly 4 6 0V 0V// 3 phase/6 0 Hz, NMA, TEC motors are used r phase/6 ACCapplications up to and includin 25 0 hp hpuch 5.32
6
Equpment pacement and obstaces undeneath and besdes the ACC sha be coodnated wth the manuctue manuctue • Eectca o othe budns • Condensate tank and vacuum deaeato • A emova equipment • Condensate extacton pumps
54 Ar Flow Consideration 54.1 Coon a fows nto the ACC ns va the
a net net n most cases some o the a net n et aea w be bocked by obstaces e the steam duct, othe equpment o o bu b udngs dngs ven i obstaces obstaces ae not ocated unde the ACC o at the a net, these can st be consdeed bockae
•• Cabe Othe tays heat exchanes • Othe obstaces
As a ue o thumb obstaces that that beow a 4 5 degee ne onatn at a pont equa to 1 a net heht AH) away om_ om_ the ACC w have negigbee eects on negigb o n the a a w to the ACC ACCAny obstace that extends above ths ne sha be consdeed n the manuctue's desin
55 Fin Tube Cean ng Sysem 55 The purpose o a n Tube Ceann System CS) s to cean the outside heat tans sufce n such a way that the thema capacity o the ACC s estoed cose to the ona capacy Extena ung o the heat tans sufce by abone patcuates can signicanty educe educe the pemanc o the the ACC. ACC. Because the extent o extena ung s hghy hgh y dependent on oca envonmenta condtons the equency o ceanng w vay with the envonmenta condtons. At a mnmum, the ACC shoud be cea ceaned ned once pe yea typca typcay y bee the wam season stats
Fige 3 AR NLET BCKAGE CNSIDERAT CNSIDERATION IONS S
542 To mnimze warm a eccuaton t s
552 The n tube bundes ae ceaned usng
ecommended that the aveage a veocty at the ACC the ACC outet be equa to o eate than the t he aveage a veocty veoc ty at the ACC net, wth both the aveage a net and a outet veoctes based on ee ow aea
hh pessue wate; an opeatn pessue o at east ea st 7 5 0 ps s ecommended Hi Hihe he pessues pessues can esut n a moe eectve ceann and educe cean tme and wate consumpton. The quaty qua ty o the wate the n tube ceann system shoud be spece sp ecedd by the ACC manuc manuc tue to avod cooson and scang o the outsde outs de heat exchange exchan ge suce
In addton t s ecommnded to mt the aveage a net n et veocty ve octy to 5 ms ms based on the ee ow aea) and shou s houdd be seected to to pomote unm a dstbuton to a fns
553 Deent n tube tub e ceanin ce anin systms ae on
the maet and can be cateozed by the eve o automaton automaton o th thee ceann c eann devce
543 The tota n statc pessue sha
consde the own osses: a cceeaton aton and tunn • A net accee
553 Manua fn tube canin systems
bockae • Fan uad net be shape • Fan bdge bocae • Penum dschae • Bunde • Dectona chanes • Dschage oss • Natua daf coecton • A net ne t and ai oute outett ouvers appcab appcabe) e) • A net ad a outet nose sences ( appcabe)
consst oon one o sevea spay heades mounted a suppot that uns alon both sdes o the A-ame Because thee ae no motoed parts, the spay headers must be moved manua y. 5532 Sem automatc n tube ceann systems have a educed numbe o spay nozzes mounted on an automated spay caae that taveses the bundes Some degee o manua oeaton s s equed wth ths system
t is ecommended that every ce sha be patton ed on the pattoned th e an dschae dscha e sd s de
7
CONDENSER SER PERF ORMA NCE / OPE OPERA RATION TION 6.0 AR COO LED CONDEN
6. 1 Genera Generall Consideatons Consideatons
The genera heat transfer equaton are
The errmance of an ACC cannot be exactly redicted under all ossble oerating conditions. Consequently or aroximate tabulations excet of ACC errmance datacures are only r one secic condition termed the Desgn Pont" Perrmance chcks should be mad only when the system has been stablized and eroducble vaues are attain attainabe. abe.
Q = 1 1 LM Q
UA
= E ;, ;,cp cpI ITD TD wi with th i 1 - e" "r' r' and
JTD = T,1 miinn - Tai l a lt
· OU hcond m· wt h Q� � m i hl. m
vent
Commercia oeratng conditions are recognized as nvolving uncontrollable variations in ar eakage nto the ACC and ts reated system under vacuum. These varations whie neggble under some conditions, render te exact redcton of the ACC rrmance imractical r ar/non-condensable ilet rates exceeding 50% of the values secied in section 9
should be noted that the term h is qute sma and is generaly considered negigible; therere, there re, r the urose of the thrmal thrmal errmance caculatons the above equaton can b rduced to: I
Q=� · u, hcd � m• hin - mo mou
ACC errmance nrmation is based on venting
The overal serice heat transr coecent (U)
equiment havng a caacity secied n Section 9. Due to the eect on ACC errmance the ocaton o edwater heaters and/or extraction iing and b-ass sargers or related equment shoud be subject to the ACC manucturer's aroval aer th turbine ow disrbution dagram (veocity (veocity ma) ha been made availabe availabe
combnes the ofconvective transrthrough coecient at the insde th tube heat conduction th tube wall and ns, and the convective heat transr coecint at the outside of the ns. The governing resistance resistan ce r heat transfer transfer is the air-side resistance whch s deendent on the tube and n geometry Therere s a function of the tube character istics and will vary r each manucturer
It
houd be recognized that the ACC errmance becomes unredictable at reduced heat duty ambent tmeratures below eezng and ow turbine back ressures
The steam temerature is related to the steam ressur res suree whch is a known reationshi r saturated steam conditions. Therere r a given ITD, the back back ressure wil vary wth the the ar net temerat temerature. ure.
62 reations reationsh h between between trbne back ressure stam ow T• altitude and n ower.
From the equations above it can be demonstratd that f the load () is increased, then the ITD wll incease roortonally, ignorng th eect of the steamsde ressure losses. losses.
arc
The desig of angases ACC that mustare consider of non-condensable rsentthein eects the ACC and ressure dro of the steam as it ows through the duct du ct syst system em and through thro ugh the tubes of both stages stages of the ACC The heat transr coecent of a typica commercial oeratng ACC is ess than that attainable n aboratory tests The sce heat transr cocent coared wth a new and clean heat transr surce area shoud be taken into account in the design of the the ACC Figre 4 ACC OPERATING CHARACTERSTC CHARACTERSTC
8
6 2 62 Oher ors ors inening he ACC perrmane are ised beow 62 Fae a ety Te e air veloy is diretly proportonal to te air mass ow rae hrough the ea exhangr and has a signiant impat on he overall hea ransfr oeient or a given
e ACC perrmane owever, under eezing ambien ondiions, aumua ion of nonondensaes (dead zones) may aso resut in damage to the hea ransr sura de o eeing of e ondensae side he ubes
ACC, iger e heat ar veoty resls n an inreased overal ransr oien, abei agains inreased an power
626 62 6sally oiseave ACCsower desiged r low oise leves e veoities and owerr speed ns Conseque owe Consequenly, nly, these ACCs A CCs ypay ave greaer sure area and are more sensive to wind ees
62 2 esy Th Thee air ma mass ss o ow w rate is proporonal he ar density, and has an impat on e overal eat transr oeen as we. T air densty is a ntion of e dry bb emperatre, atmosper pressre, and o a muh lesser exten, of the the relaive midity ne e impa of he relaiv midity on he herma perrmane of ACC is rater sma i is suay omied in the ermal aulaions
62 7 Re Re rr o eti etion on 628 Pea repitation may have a beneia ee on he herma perrmane as a onseqene onseqen e of evaporaive evaporaive oolng However, in some ass te preipi aion an inreas he airside rsisanes eading o a redution in perrmane 62 9 S 629 Sa a aa Rer o etion
62 3 F Ref Refer er to e eon on 624 Sea ees sualy, he steam leavig he seam rbne ehast s sauraed sauraed wh a steam quaiy geaer a 8% nder bypass or sartup onditions, sperhaed seam may ener he ACC. ACC manuar ers usuay impose limiaons on he ntapy nta py of he seam seam entering the ACC AC C tha are lower tan hose r steam srae ondensers This s reated to he reativey on ong g rav rav dis disanes anes of te seam s eam por t o reahng he eat e at ransr sraces and he assoiaed arge ermal epansion of he steam dting A yia maximum seam enhapy entering t du is 0 B Bu/ u/b b (0 kJ/kg) kJ/kg)
63 eaea eaea a sse ye Under pratia operang ondiions, withou a deaeraor a reasonably deaeraor reasonably airtgh ACC AC C an be exptd to prode ondensae wih a dissoled oxygen (DO onen no exeedng 0 ppb Rer o Table elow Wit erain onditions of sable opeaion and stable onsruion, an oxygen onent no exeeding 0 ppb may be obtained as lows: 63 6 3 Th Thee rato of h hee aa aall nonondensable load removed om he sysem o te desgn apay of te arremoval eqipment shoud e no greaer an the vaes in te table beow Tabl Ta ble e2
621 esaes Nonondensaes mus e removed om he ACC o avoid aumul au mula aion, ion, whih wi resu redued ACC apabity There are two major ees of nonondens abes a redution in avaae ea transr area (when nonondensabs are aumuating o rm a dead zone or air pok) and a redion in overal eat ransfer oeien (redued ondensa ion rae) espeialy in he seond sage, where he onentration of non-ondens aes ecomes sigian ng warm weaher operation, aumuaion o f non-ondensabes would primay aet
RATIO OF THE THE ACTUAL NON-CONDEN SABLE LOAD REMOVED FROM THE SYSTEM
I
TO DESI GN CAPACTY
V ' 50 0 0 M M 5
9
b
0 0 M M
50 5
> 0 M
ee oe
E 50 0 50 0 ee oe
Wheer or no a vacuum deaeraor is uilized, e above O leves canno be acieved during saup condiions low load operaion (less an 25% 25% or in eeze proecion conrol mode.
Noes: aTe des design ign capaciy of e air-remova equipmen sould be in accordance wi Secon 9 .T Tes esee raios ra ios are r airremov ai rremova a equipme eq uipmen n raed a 1 inc HgA. For airremova equipmen wi design capacy capac y exceeding 0 SCFM, e non-condens non-condens abess removed soud no excee abe exceedd 20 SCFM r 5 0 ppb and 0 SCFM SCFM r 20 ppb. ppb.
634.2
6.4 Condensate C ondensate Subcoo Subcoolng lng
Condensae subcoo Condensae subcooling ling is casualy dened s e dierence beween e sauraion emperaure of e seam a e seam ubine exaus and e emperaure of e condensae a e oue ofe ofe condensae ank is is no o be consed wi e convenional subcooling deniion, wic is e local emperaure dierence di erence a a a given locaion loc aion beween e seam nd e condensae 6.4.1
6.3.2 Tere soud be zeroair eaage drecly ino e condensae below e condensae evel in e condensae ank e arrangemen and ocaion of o f all ingress poins ino e condenser r waer vapor or oer gases sould be subjec o e approva of e manucurer Examples ofe poenial sources ofair ae as llow llows s • P seam urbine casing ad inerace wi e ACC eakage into e vacuum side of e sysem roug leaks in welds packing gands, gauge glass; insrumenaon eads loop seals seam raps ec
ue o e sigican seamside pressure losses, condensae subcooling will be muc reaer an e values obseed in a seam surce condenserValu condenserValues es up o 5 F are possible wi ACC uness a vacuum deaeraor deaeraor is used o reea e condensae coming om e ACC A
6.42
°
• vens, Low pressure eaerwen condensae drainsbeow and paricularly operaing amosperc pressur pressure e • Me-up waer wic is usually sauraed wi oxygen • Condensae surge ank wen uilized in closed cyces.
vacuum deaeraor sould bee abe o reea e ondensae o wiin o 4 F ofe of sauraed seam emperaure a e seam urbine exaus xra consideraion sould be gven o e seam-sde pressure drop beween e seam urbine exaus and e vacuum deaerao
65 Ceaness Factors Factors,, Foing Factors Factors and Perfrmance Margns
Were condensae om om processing sysems anor cogeneraion sysems is nroduced o e ACC i sal be assured a e oxygen conen ofe ofe reurned condensae condensae s no n o eaer an a specied r e dissolved oxygen guaanee Iis Iis is no e case special inernal inernal deaeraing provisions may be required and/or reurns sa e deaeraed exernally prior o beng reurnd o e ACC Te specic oxygen evel (ppb n reuing condensae and e 63.3
A cleaniness c cor or is e raio of e acual ea ea ransfer coecien coecien o e clean ea ransr coecien coeci en Aoug a cleanliness cleanlin ess cor is used wi waercled condensers, i is no applicable o ACCs since e seice value e overal ea rsfe coecien (U) is ofe of provded by e manucurer
651
quaniy or f condensae being reurned reur ned mus mus be specied of e manu manuc curer's urer's consideraon
A ui uing ng co cor (F iserused o relae e "seice overa ea rransfer ransf cecien o e "clean overall ea ransr coecien, and is dened by e lowng equaion 652
For all unspecied drains i is e purcase's responsibiliy o limi e DO level r all exernal sreams o a value below e uaranee 634
1
Usrvic
Aloug ACC sysems a ave viruly no air leakage may yield ower leves, r design purposes vacuum deaeraors sould be uilized o oban leves om 20 ppb ppb down o 7 ppb.
=
1 +F
ucle
6341
A ypica value r F is 0 000 00 3 r Fu or 00005 m based on e oa airside suce area wic accouns r bo e seam-side and unrecoverabe airside uling Addiional airsde uling 652.1 2
10
67. The lowing arside pressure osses shall be accounted r 67. Ar in inle let t Ths is the prssure oss associated with drawing the ar i om the ambient environment through the air inlet beneath the ACC along with the urning loss om a horizontal ow stream to a vertica ow stream The ar nlet height should be sucient to provide unirm distribution of coolin coolingg ar to al al ans ans This is typically deterined by establishing a air inlet velocity such that the horizontal velocity pressure is scenty ower tha the static pressure developed by the an A typica typicall mai maimum mum vaue r the ar inlet velocity is 5 ms.
6 Bunde This is the the pressure pressure loss loss 6.76 6.7
associated with the airow through the heat exchanger bundles This loss incudes the entrace loss to the heat exchang surce oss through the heat exchange surce and the bundle outlet dumping loss. This is highy dependent on n tube desgn and varies between manucturers manucturers This is aso the predominant pressure drop within the syst sy stem em and and typicaly typicaly represe represents nts 5 0 7 0% of the tota air side pressure drop 6 7.. 7 Bun Bund de e out outetet- Th is the pressur
loss associated with air ow turning om the heat exchager bundle exit to the discharge ofthe ACC.
6.7.2 Fan a and fan iet be
6.7.1. 6.7 .1. 8 Natura Natura drat corre correction ction This
The n ard is typicaly typi caly a rm of screen g auge material to that can vary om a lght gauge prevent immediate access and sow ling debris to a heavier gauge materal tha can also serve as a working platrm. The air-side pressure loss associated with the
is the buoyancy contribution that the hot discharge air contributes to the air-side pressure losses This will be reported as a negative pressure oss and is a nction of the windwal/dra height and the dierence in the air density between the ambient and
n gard of depends upon the The location and geomety this component an inlet bell sees to create an ecient arow guide into the n The inlet prole and overall geometry overa geom etry of the an bel will aect the pressure loss Fan vendor equipment rating programs progr ams utilized utili zed withn the industry typicaly consider these ctors ctors
the ACC discharge air 6. 7 .9 Air net net and air outet outet lover lover if
appicable) Etreme ambien ambienoperat operationa iona considerations may necessitate air inlet or outlet louvers to enhance airow contro. This feature can generate gener ate signicant sig nicant additional additio nal airside ai rside pressu pressure re losses. 6.7..0 nlet and air outlet noie lencer if appicab appicable) le) Ext Extreme reme nois nois
6.7 .1 3 Penu Penum m dic dicarge arge o As the
air is discharged om the n ring to the plenum there is a sudden enlargement of the air ow path This causes an expansion loss that th at is a ncton of the geomet and airside properties (i.e., veocity and densit) ACC manuc manucturrs turrs should consider this loss and other losses associated with the nonunrm airow conditions that exist at
rstrictions may require air inlet or outlet siencers to reduce the noise emitted by the ACC This ature can generate signic signicant ant additiona air-side pressure losses
68 Ar Inlet eperat eperature ure
the discha d ischarge rge ofthe n 67 . 4
68. The perrmance of an ACC is dependent
Fan Fa n bridge The n bridge is
upon the dry bub temperature of the cooling c ooling air stream It is important to note that the air tmprature may vary aound the power pant and not be consistent or representative of the air temperature entering the hat exchanger bundles The tempera temperature ture of the air a ir entering the ACC may b negatively aected by the lowing: • Warm air recirculatio recirculation n • Discharge air om other heat exchangers • Other sources of thermal nergy
the structura support of the airmoving system syste m i iee an, motor mo tor and a nd gearbox). ge arbox). Fan bridge designs vary and are manucturer depndent The ar ow obstruction type and dstance om the n aect ths oss 6 1 B B This is th thee pres pressure sure oss assoiated with air ow turning om the n discharge into the heat exchanger bundles
12
6.82 The plant desgne should take nto consid eation the pacement of addtonal souces of themal enegy with espect to the locaton of the A CC aong with with th e pevaling pevaling summe wnd condtions.
pemance unde vaious opeating conditions Ths typcally involves • Singe-speed motos Swtchng ns on/o • Tos Tospeed peed motos motos witc witcng ng betwee between n l sped/patial spee/o • Vaiablespeed moto motoss ncemental adjustment
6.9 Auxiiay Powe Powerr Consumptio 6.91 Typicaly, when evaluating ACC designs,
The vaous contol scenaos wl povde very dieent auxiliary powe consumption poles when evauated on an annual basis and shoud be consideed withn the ACC speccation.
the ACC n dve motos ae the ony loads to be consideed 6.92 In additon to the A an moto powe,
the llo win wing g additional system loads may exst: • Geabox ol pumps and heates • Vacuum pumps • Dan pot pumps • Condensate wadng pumps • Conde nsate ank heates • Moto opeated valves • nstumentation • Space heaters • Heat tacing • Lighting • Cabe osses, vaiable equency dives etc.
61 0 Cold Weahe Pe Pefformance 60 As the a tempeatue deceases, the
capability of the ACC nceases based on a constant condensing pessue Howeve, it is qute common to allow the steam tubine back pessue to uctuate wth the ai tempeatue within ceain lmtations • ACC manuctue ow pessue lmit • St eam tubn e manuctue ow pessue lmit • Min Minimum imum opeating pessue pessue of the aiemoval system • Steam Velocities
69.3 The auxilay powe consumption should
be evaluated at the an moto nput temnals consideng consid eng speed educe eciency eciency (96 to 98%) and moto ecency (91 o 95%) This can cause the electical powe consumption to exceed the n sha powe by geate than 10% ote that smalle moto motos s (< 50 hp) and V-belt V-belt dves dves may have lowe ecencis
6102 Once one of the low pessue li mitatons
has been acheved, uthe a tempeatue eductions must be accomodated with a contol step Typcally this is achieved by educing an an speeds If the ai tmatue contnues to decease so that al ns ae o, the the contol steps wll w ll be equed to educe ai ow ow (inle t o ext louves) o emove heat exchange suce om opeation (sectonazing valves) Highe powe density designs (highe an pow e unitt of heat tansfe uni tansfe suce aea) wl incease the ambent ar tempeatue ange that an
603 694 The auxil a ay y powe consumption wl vay
cons ideabl conside ably y due to the eect eectss of mpatue on a densty. As the ai tempeatue inceases, auxiliay powe will decease, and as the a mpeatuee deceases, the auxilary powe will mpeatu incease ased on constant n speed I is consideed pudent to have a powe magn (5 to 10%)condition. o the instaed moto at the sign Howeve, it iscapabilty not necessary design de avala ble ove the to spec that this margin be avalable entie ange of ambient condtions. Since most ced da ACC desigs place the moto in the dischage steam of the n, the electic moto w ll benet om om a cooe opeating envionment as the air tempeatue deceases. t s not unusual to obtan an ambient ar tempeatue coection cto om the moto manuctues that will povde nameplate powe correctons based on coole opeating opeating envionments
speed contol can acommodae It is vey impotant to ensue that theACC has the capabl ity to opeate eliably and sa sae ey y thoughout the ange of specied tempeatues and in paticula, tempeatues below below eezing conto phi losophes va vay y between the Although manuctues, it is impotant to ensue that steps ae taken to avoid the mation of dead zones (noncondensable accumulaton) Dead zone maton duing eezng conditions will esult n depessed condensae tempeatues If ths condton is not coected coected eezing of the condensate withn the tubes and manent damage of th ACC may esult.
60.
695 The ACC contol logc adusts n thema a speed(s) in ode to achieve the desied them 13
Operation tion 6.1 1 Low Load Opera
6 132 f specid by the purchaser the ACC manufcturer shall includ the necessary provisions within the ACC supply so that test instrumentation can be installed on the ACC to conduct the spcied perrmance tst
6111 Low load operation is dened as a conditon in which the ACC is operated at less than the design steam load I is important that the low load and the corrsponding minium air temperature are clearly identied r the
614 E Eects of Win on ACC errmance errmanc e
approval appro val of the the ACC manucturer.
6.141 There are 2 primay eects that wind can have on the perrmance perrmance of an ACC
6112 Low load operation presents similar challenges as the low temerature operation described in 6.10. The rsulting situation is that more hea heatt transr · surce is avail available able than what is required At air inle t te mper mperatur atures es abov zing abov zing this is not a signic s ignicant ant conce. Dead zone rmation rmation under these conditions wil only aect the ACC operating eciency along with an increas in DO potential
6.14.1.1 (Warm air) recir recirculati culation on - Wil occur if th wind sped and direction are such that the ACC discharge air stream is brought within cose proximity of the air inlet whereby the two air streams mx. This wil cause an increase in the air inlet temperature and a rduction in the peromance of the ACC. The level of permance degradation will be nction of the quantity and temperature of the recrclated air stream Recirculatng air can also cause an imbalance in condensing load om one section to another within the
61 13 Low load operation with air inlet temperatures temperatu res below belo w eezing wll have he same concerns conce rns as described in 61 0 However the low load opration w ill cause the conces to develop more quckly or at higher temperatures.
ACC Windwalls reduce this phenomenon by separating the discharge air stream of the inlet air stream Also design practices such as keeping the ar inlet velocity lower than the discharge velocity are oen employed to mitigate the potential r recirculation The placement of the ACC relative to other large structures or ow disturbances should be evaluated in order to understand their inuence on the potential r recirculation
611.4 The duration of the low load operation is important. What should be evaluated is the minimum load uner sustained operation (greater (gre ater than than 4 to 6 hours) at the minimu mi nimu m air inlet temperature ACC sectionalizing louvers or enhanced contro algrithms may be required in order to provide sa nd reliable reli able operation 6.12 Performance Curves 612.1 Pe Peormance ormance cures shal b e provided by the ACC manucturer in accordance with the specied perrmance test code
AC with Recrulao.
6.122 errmance cues shall be generated with all ns running at the design an speed. Supplemental curves may be generated r partial n speed operation; however such curves are generally not guaranted
6123 errmance cues cues shall s hall clearly identi the minimum operating pressure of the ACC and shall identi i denti when the cuves are subject subject to eeze protection control austments.
Figre 7 IH RIRUIN
6.1412 Dynamic eects on the air ow Elevated wind speeds can disturb the ar ow of the ACC inlet ans and ACC outlet • ACC air inlet and outlet High wind speeds around the ACC structure and other plant structures or obstacles can cause localized vortices and ow distur bances that can reduce the air ow
6.13 erormance Testing 6131 For contractual compliance, th ACC should b tested in i n accordance accordance with a specied i ndustryrecognized perrmance test code such as ASME ASME PTC PTC 30.1 or VGB VGB 13 1Me
14
through portios of the heat exchager budes This wil cause a reductio i perrmace perr mace of the the ACC Reduced Reduced air ow through the s ca aso cause a imbalace codesig oad om o secto to aother withi the ACC Depedig o the svrity of the ow
geer a rue, the higher the absoute 6.14.2 As a geera vu e of vue o f the pressure marg of a , the ess susceptbe to wid eects the ACC w e.This is why ower oise ACCs with slow turig ow pressure s) are geeray more sestive to wid eects
disturbace, ths may cause uexpectd spikes i back pressure that coud resut steam turbie back pressure alams or trips speeds wll cause cause a • Fans High wid speeds icrease icrea se i the veoc v eocty ty pressure press ure of o f the et air stream of the ACC. This wil crease the static pressure loadig o the causg the s duty pot to shi shi The resut wi be a higher high er operatg statc pressure at a reduced ar ow rate, reducig reduc ig the perormace p erormace of the ACC Typicay the s that are subectd to the greaest degadatio i perrmace are those o the eadig ce (upwid) of th ACC Widscrees or other devices may be empoyed to mitgate these eects ACC w Inlt Air Fo Reduc
6 5 Eec Eecs s of Slar Radiatin Radiatin
The amout of soar radatio icidet o a ACC is detemied by the maximum solar ux r a give give ocatio A vaue o the order of 0 0 0 W/m2 W/m2 is typica typica r areas areas ofcocer ofcocer which are coser to the equator or i a desert cmate Ts soar ux s appied to the pot aea ofthe of the ACC, ot the heat trasfer surc surcee area. f a ACC wer to absorb 100% of the soa eergy eerg y cidet upo its pot area it woud equate to less tha 15% of the ACC's heat rjecto capacityAthough capacity Athough the mssvity ofthe ofthe tub ad materias varies betwee AC manucturers, whe it is cosidered, the maximum impact due to soar radtio habe caculated to be ess tha 05% o a istata istataeous eous basis If Ifths ths eect is itegated over the dayight hours, the pact s cosidered egigibe. 6 5
�
'
€
Operators of ACC ACCss have obsered back pressure reductios as age couds bock so radiatio It is beieved that ths has more to do with the reductio i air iet temperature rather than the temporary bockage of soar radiatio o the ACC heat trasr suace 652
\ I\ I \ I
Figre 8 ACC WTH INLET AR FLOW REDUCTIO
7.0 INS INSTRUM TRUM ENT ENTA ATON AND CONTROL CONTROL 7 1 1 Back pressure ad correspodig steam temperature: At east oe pressure trasmiter ad oe temperature eemet should be istaled ear the steam turbe exhaust terce or other prscrbed ocatio
7. Recomnded Instumenn 7. The ACC shal be equipped wth suce sucett istrumetatio to motor the process coditios Both oca strumetatio ad trasmitters, swithes, ad other devices sha be icuded Some of the istrumetatio wil be ivoved i the cotrol ad protectio of the ACC over the th e speced rage of operatig coditos The owg process coditios shal be moitored as a miimum
..2 Codesate temperature i the codesate tak At east oe temperature elemet shoud be istalled beow the owest operatig codesate eve
15
of air ow cotrol steps avalable is oly a ctio of the umbe um be ACC as as ad the type o motor cotrol (sgle, two speed or variable spee) • For exaple, exaple, a 100-cll ACC with sigle speed s ca provide up to 00 airow cotrol steps, which, i may cases cases will be sucet sucet
Codesate temperature i the coesate heaers At least oe temperature eemet should be istalle each coesate heaer. It is importat that these thermowells are istalle properly such that the temperature of the codesate owig i the bottom of the heaer is measure ad ot the steam space temperature Where ezig coitios exist temperature elemets may be istalled to measure temperature o both sides of the codesate header drai pipe 7113
r proper ACC operatio However a 4cell ACC may require VFDs i order to provide suciet air ow cotrol • The rage of steam ow rate a ilet ar tmperatures will determie th quatity ad magntude o cotro cotro steps required r equired
Temperature of the ocodes ables At least oe temperature elemet shoud be istalled i each air removal lie per row 7114
722 72 2 ACC Freeze Protec Protection tion Considerations
t is very importat to esure that the ACC has the capability to operate reliably ad saly throughout the rage of specied temera tures a, i partcuar, temratures below eezig Although cotrol a eeze protectio philosophis vary g maucturers, it is importat to esure that steps are take to
Ilet air temperature: At east o temperature elemet should be istalled i the air ilet stream stream othe o the ACC ad shielde om solar radatio. 7115
7116
Level of coesate i the tak:
At least i oe trsmitter istalled thelevel code codesate sate tak should be
reduce the riskrofeezig low coesate temperatures ad potetial • Ehaced moitorig of process coditios a cotrol • Modie air ow cotrol (an spee louvers cotrolled recirculatio, etc.) • Reuce heat trasr area (use of sectioal izig valves)
Leve of codesate i the rai pot: At least oe level trasmitter shoul be istalled i the dra pot. 7117
Gearbox ol pressure or ow: Oe pressure or ow switch per gearbox is the staard. 7118
7.3 See Seectio ction n o Numb Number er of Iso lati lation on Valves
Fa speed: Fa motor speed status shall be moitore r each idividual via fedback fedback om the Motor Cotrol Ceter Ceter
731 I the ACC must be operate at low stam ow rates at air ilet temperatures below eezig a the suctio pressure at the vacuum equipmet is too low whe all cotrol steps are exhausted, the heat trasr area of the ACC must be reduce This ca be achieved by rmovig heat transr surce om operatio sig sectioalizig valves
7119
71110 Valve positios ofautomatd ofautomatd valves The vave positio of each automated valve withi the ACC should be moitord moitord via the
lilimit mit switches or valve ositioers Vibratio of airmovig equipmet: At least oe vibratio switch or trasducer should be istalld r each rive assembly.
7 32 The umber of sectioaizig valves is etermie by th amout of heat trasfer surce that must be isolated i order to maitai a sucietly high suctio pressure at the air-removal ski at the miimum sustaid steam ow rat a coiciet miimum design air ilet temperatur The miimum sustaie steam ow rate ad coicidet mimum desig air ilet temperature shall be specied by the purchaser.
71111
72 ACC Control and Freeze Protect Protection ion onsiderations 721 72 1 General conrol concepts
The back pressure ca be cotrolled cotr olled by modifyig the air ow rate of the ACC achieved by austig a speeds uless air ileoutlet louvers are supplie. he umber 16
75 Condensate Tank Capacit
74 Drain Pot Capacity
o f the drai pot s a fu fuctio ctio 741 The capacty of o the quaity o the steam steam eterg the ACC the umberr ofdrais umbe ofdrais eterig the dra pot ad the stea duct codesig capacity The dra pot capacity shal be szed r at least ve miutes
751 The codesate tak is typcay a horzo ho rzotal tal cyldrical tak tak sied usg us g the design steam turbie exhaust steam ow rate, uless secied othese by the purchaser Typical codesate co desate tak capacty is the volum volumee sucet sucet
betwee the ow ad hgh opeatig level usig the maximum cotuous codesate ow rate eterg e terg the drai pot pot f the codesate c odesate colected i the steam duct is is draied draie d by gravy to the codesate retu sysem, a drai pot s ot requred
to cota a of the codesate codesate produced the ACC a period o ve miutes betwee ormal operatig leve ad low operatig level at the design steam turbie exhaust steam ow rate Norma opeatg level is Norma is typcally 5 0% of o f the tak diameter.
8.0 SERV SERVICE ICE CONECTIONS
o the acceptable locato ad orietatio of co ecto ectos s co correct rrect or icomplete irmato cn result mproper locatio, locatio, orietatio ad possible operatioal issu esSimilarly codtio co dtioss o serce se rce (e.g, start-up coti c otiuous uous)) shall be specied because probems may occur if i f actual servce diers om that orgially specied.
81 Genera Consideations 81.1 Ths sectio sees as a guide to provde rmatio o the locatio ad dsig of the variouss types of coectios o a ACC to variou permit the dispersio of uid eergies eergi es at a t seady state operatio without causig detrimetal eects o the teas, steam duct, dra pot ad codesate tak.
822 All thermal ad hydraui hydrauicc des desg g coditos o the coectios provided to the mnucturer shall be at the coectio o the ACC (ot upstrea ofcotrol of cotrol valve, etc.)
8.12 Specic recommedatos are provided, sce each coecto w have dieret ows ad uid eergies ord order er to acheve the most eectve e ectve dspersio dspersio Required coec to seice seic e wll rage om higheergy arge volume steam dumps (i some cases requirig multistage breakdows ad desuperheatg) to relativey ow ow ad low eer level coectos
8 Conection Locations 831 Lcatig coectios o the steam duct, drai pot codesate tank, ad/or ash tak must be give high priorty ad be itegrated to the plat ayout durg preparatio o the speccatios to avod compromisig ACC perrmace. t s recommeded that hgh eergy e ergy or ashig drais be routed to a separate separate ash tak as to coditio the uds to an ash
813 A AC ACC C is sigicantly di d ieret eret om a steam surce codeser ad requires uiqu design cosdeatios Coectos o the ACC ae typically at a signicat dstace om
the heat exchage surac Due to omial steam duct system expaso desgn provsos, the design temp temperature erature of the AC C system is typca typcaly ly 25 0 F 121 C) The ethapies of the varous ilet coectio ows, particuarly steam turbe bypass ow shall be lmited to approxi ap proximate matey y , 7 0 Btu Btu/lb /lb 27 20 kJ/ kJ/kg) kg)
acceptable ethapy Thespace ash ad takdraed sha be veted to the ACC steam to the ACC codesate code sate retur system.
°
832 order o esure that all coectos o the ACC are located so that the itegrity ad operato of the ACC is ot ot compromsed ad a d to esure that requred deaeratio s obtaied, the lowg requremets o the placemet of co ectios ad accepabe accepabe coditios o fows the co c oectios ectios shall be provided prov ided The lowg tabe idicates the prerred locatos r some categor ies ies of coectios usually istad o the ACC system Numbers dica the order of pref pre fere erece ce
82 Flow Daa
manucturer 821 It is imperative that the ACC manucturer is ushed with reiabe ow data requred r desgig the coectios ad iterals The er eves ad ows wll have a bearig
Table 3 PRR RD LOCATIONS LOCATIONS OF CONNCONS USUALY INSAL INSAL D ON THE ACC SYSM
I Steam Duct o s R o
No Ro
o s No R o M os Ro o Ro o Es G s s ss s oos s Msos s s
I Drain Pot I Condensate Tak I Oeaeato I F Tank NR
NR
1
NR
2
2
1
NR
2
3
3
2
1
NR NR
NR
NR NR NR NR
(NR NR))
NR 1 NR NR NR NR NR NR 2 NR NR N R 2 NR NR 2 NR NR NR 1 NR NR NR NR 2 NR NR oo s o s o o
1 1 1
NR 1
'1 = Bst choi, 2 God, 3 = Aceptbl
846 t is rcommdd that dras rqurg
darato dar ato hav prssur ofat lastprssur. ofat 5 ps (034 bar) gatr thaath ACC opratig
84 Connect Connection ion Design Design Guidelines 8.41 Complt dsign coditos (prssur tmpratur thalpy ad ow) ow ) must b prodd at ach co ct ctio ioI addito sic codtos shal b suppld (i, cotiuous itrmittt startu star tup p tc). tc).
84 Dsign o ACC coctos coct os ad/or latos should b such that th stam rlas volums om th additioal stam loadig wll ot rsult steam vlocts i xss ofthos ofthos idicatd Sctio 66.
842 Lmt th thalpy of trg stam to 1 1 7 0 Btu/ Btu/lb lb ( 27 20 kJ/ kJ/kg). kg). Accptac of ows wth thalpy thalpy grat gratrr tha 7 0 Btu/ Btu/lb lb ( 27 20 kJ/g) may b cosdrd ddg o spcc coditios o src
848 Thrma sl should b provdd o procss coctos dsgd r tempraturs (232C) C) xcss of 450 F (232 °
849 Udr o crcumstcs should stam ashg dras b admittd to th ACC ulss coolg air ow s stablshd ad o-cods abl gas rmoval qupmt s i opratio
8.43 Lmt coctio prssurs to a maximum of 50 psa (3.44 bara) Prssurs should b lor lo r whr possbl spcaly r liqud owsSpcal owsSpcal cosidratos r hghr prssurs should b
rvwd wth dvdual maucturrs
8410 Coectos as dcatd th abov tabl shoud ot b locatd blow th watr vl ar ld wld lis itral brcg corrs or ar ay xpaso jots ruptur dscs strumts or tral apparatus.
844 Vtlator val (and othr hgh rgy short durato sourcs) dschargs should b to th atmosphr; howvr f thy ar drctd to th ACC lmtato as dscribd abo wil apply.
841 D o ot loca locat t a sr srs s o f coc cocto tos s xcpt gaug ad cotrol, clos proxmty so that high ow coctratos aor itrr cs om dischargs disch args om all o th cocto co ctoss wll rsut Hgh rgy drai dra i ut u t ls must b kpt away om lqud rtur ls to prt droplt trasport ad assocatd rosio
845 Wr coditios xcd th abo rqurmts xtral dsuprhatg must b prodd by th purchasr r all coctos that ar i oprato wh xhaust stam ow s abst. Dsup Dsuprhat rhatg g shall b accomplshd a mr such that th abov thalpy imts ar ot xcdd 8
2 I ucient ow re not vlbe 8.4.2 8.4. wtn te te duct r te introducton o tem turbine byp prger(), ntegrl bel oung() locted on te tem duct ould be condered 84.3
o te tem turbne exut nterce to te ACC T nvolve degnng te te turbne undton urrounding equpent nd tructure to ccopi tee requr ent.
Te ue o extern tnk
8.5.2 Conectio Types
recoended r g temperture g preure drn ow pror to beng dmtted to te ACC T would uuly pply to yte were lrge number o l connecton wt g energ eve ext. Minor tem dn or vent my exceed peced condton n prgrp prg rp 84.2 nd 8 8 3, 3, prov provded ded ow om the in tem turbine turbine ext nd te octon re cceptble o te mnucturer
8521 The two (2) mn type o tem turbine nterce connecton re welded nd bolted. Te purcer purce r l l provde ucent detl depctng te interce o tt te ACC mnucturer cn develop nd ngneer nterce connecton detl. 852.2 A weded connecton prrred over bolted connecton to mtgte r ekg nto te ACC. A lndng br weded connecton recommended, t low r djutment durng ntton to conte r nucturng nd ntll ton tolernce t olernce Weldng etod, et od, cce, cce, nd · detl be condered wen deveopng te equpent rrngeent
8.4.14 Ppng uptre oll owng connecton connecton hl be propery prope ry trpped nd drned to prevnt dgng wter lugs beng ntroduced nto connectons 845 Te externl locton l be uc tt reroutng o nternl ppng not requred, nce ntel ppng y nteere nteere wt norl tem ow wtn te ACC
8.52.3 Bolted nge connecton l be o the O-rng or gket type T connecton l be properly ntled nd mntned to provid e lek-ee el. el. Appropr Approprte te tolernce toler nce in ti connecton c onnecton l be pecfd pecfd Metltometa nterce ll be voded • Flnged te turbne connecton l be ced nd drlled per te te turbine uppler gudelne • Expected nge ce c e ne ll be indcted. • Ct ron nge connecton ll be t ced • Gener geo etr etrcc dimenionng nd toernce ould be reonble nd tte te ncton requreent. • Crel degn nd plnnng re eenti
5 S Sea ea Turbi Turbie e Exhaus Exhaus Ierface 8.5 1 Oienaion, Loca Locaion ion ad Diesios 8.5. Te purcer l lll provde ucent detl depctng te over te turbne rrngeent, pticurly te orentton nd locton o te te turbne nterce reltve to te ACC Addtonlly interce denon nd hpe det ll be provded o tt te ACC nucturer cn deveop nd engneer nterce connecton detl 85.2 Typicl turbne exut orentton ncludete bottom exut, xl exut, lter/ide exut nd top exut Mutple exut openng my ext
nd cutoer peccton ut clrly outne l expected dmenion, tol ernce, tolernce, nd fne 8.5.3 is islacemes lacemes a Selemen Selemen
Stem turbne exut inerce dplce ent nd derentl ettement between te te turbne nterce, te te duct upport, nd te ACC tructur uppot due to y ctor h be pecfed by te purc pur cer er nd l be le tn 0 012 5 nc ( m), une oterwe cceptble by the ACC nucturer
8.5.13 Locton nd orentton o te te turbne nterce() ut be gven hg pro p rort rt y nd be ntegrted into te pnt yout durng preprton o te pecic ton to vod comprong te mn tem tem duct degn nd perrnce o the ACC Te locton nd oienttion l ciltte the ecent nterconnecton, ntllton, upport nd routng o te n te duct 19
specied, then atrnate expansion joint types, materials and arrangements may be considered I this event it is incumbent upon te purchaser to advise the ACC manucturer so tat alternate desgn considerations can be explored
is imperative tat te purcaser cooperates wit the ACC manucturer to ensure tat all conditions ae examined prior to the ACC initial design Care design and planning are essentia, and customer specications must cearly outline all expected settlement and displacements It
856 St St E D D
85 It F Mt
85 61 Te main steam duct is a thin-waled 8561 externaly pressurized vesse Accordingy externa and/or interna stieners are required to provide te necessary structural integrity Te purchasers design o its turbine support structure internal piping and components shall consider the ACC manucturer' manuc turer'ss stiening sti ening requirement requir ement
8541 Considera Consideration tion o the interaction interaction o rces and moments at the stam turbine exaust interce are o paramount importance Te purcaser must speciy reasonabe allowabe external rces and moments at te interce location 8542 In no case shal the t he ACC AC C steam duct be required to support te steam turbine
8562 Unless specied otherwise, support support o the purchasers components (edwaer heaters, pping spargers, patrms, etc) is not consideed consideed Isupport I support osuch osuch components is required then it is incumbent incu mbent upon te purcaser to advise te ACC manucturer o suc details tat may be required r te ACC manucturer to consider in i n it desi
853 It is imperativ imperativee tat the purchase purchaserr cooperates wit te ACC manucturer to assure all conditions ae examined prior to the ACC initial design Car design and planning are essential and cusomer speci cations must cearly outline all expected rces and moments
857 S S E S P
854 Unless specied otherwise, te 854 purchaser understands that te steam turbine is capabe o accepting te internal vacuum rces associated with te incorpo ration of an unrestrained expansion joint near the steam turbine interce Te intenal vacuum rce is in i n addition o those rces and moments specied under 1 Te purcasers seam turbine undation design shall consider te resutant vacuum rces and moments n te event tat the steam turbine is not abe to accept vacuum rces it is incumbent upon te purcaser to advise the ACC manucturer so that alternate design considerations should be explored
nless scied otheise it is assumed tat the steam ow velocity, pressure and density prole exiting the steam turbine ae unirm in nature Tis assumption shall be considered by te ACC manucturer in its structural ydrauic designs 86 S S B B G 861 G 861.1 Comple Complee e evauation o t tee design parameters r main steam bypass ines is important te sa operation o te ACC Operating requirements and speca customer requirements could aect the ACC desig t is imperative that te purcaser cooperates with the ACC manucturer to assure al conditions ae examined prior to the a design
855 Se E E E E Jt Jt 855 1 In order to accommod 8551 accommodate ate te alowable external rces and moments loads) and displacements at te steam turbine interce an expansion joint is routnely required Usu Usuay ay an a n unrestrained expansion expansio n oint is i s utiized
861 2 8612 Operation o steam turbine bypass sould occur wit all ACC systems capable to operate at ll capacity or startup conditions, to acieve maxmum condensing capacity a non-condensable
855 2 I unusua 8552 unusuall design temperature temperature,, displacement or load conditions are 20
ust be extracted om te ACC system. Durng sustaned steam turbine bypass operation noncondnsabe xtraction sall be mantained at the requred holding rate. Carel design and pannng are essential and customer speccatons must clearly outlne al expected operational modes.
I i s mprative that the purchaser cooperates wt t ACC manucturer to assure all condtons are examined prior to te ACC nta design. Carel design and planning are essentia, and customer speccatons must cearly outlne all expected rces and moments.
The total amount o condtoned bypass steam admtted to the ACC can vary over a wde range. ACC manucturers do not guarant guarantee ee perormance r steam turne bypass srvce ut rather make accommodatons accommodat ons r te condensaton o the bypass steam ow.
If unusual desgn temperature dispace ment, or oad conditons are speced, then aternate connecton types materals and arrangements may be consdered. n ths event t is incumbent upon te purcaser to advse th ACC manucturer so that aternate desgn consderatons can be expored
86.13
Noise abatement measures such as the use o specal nose attenuatng valves spargers or nose attenuatng nsulaton, should be consdered by plant degners n accordance wth spced noise requre ments. ACC manucturers shal not be required to provide noise guaran guarantees tees dung steam turbne bypass operatons. 8614
62 6 2 Bypa Bypass ss S Seam eam Condt Condtionng ionng
ACC bypass steam nlet enthalpy values shal not eced values eced 11 1 1 70 Btu/lb Btu/lb 27 20 kJ/kg) kJ /kg) and 5 0 psa ( 34 444 ara) to ensure the the dscarge des not exceed the ACC den temperature. External desuperheating devces tat reduce enthalpy to 1,170 Bt/ lb ( 27 20 kJ/ kJ/kg) kg) must be located sucenty suce nty upstream o te ACC to ensure adequate mxng and evaporaton o te attempera ton ud 862.
86 86 5 Bpass Connect Connecton on Alowable Loads:
Location and orientaton o the steam turbne bypass nterce(s) must be gven hg prority and be ntegrated nto the plant layout durng preparation o te speccatons to avoid compromisng th main steam duct desig and perrmance o te ACC. The locaton and orentaton shall clitate the ecent nterconnecton installation support, ad routng o the man steam duct om the steam turbne east inteace to te ACC. ACC. Ts nvolves desgnng te steam turbne bass surroundng equpment and structures to accomplis tese requrements.
8622 e steam turbine manucturers may set specic gudelnes r maxmum temperature at te nterce o te steam turbne wit the ACC. Man steam turbine exaust expanson jont supplers aso have temperature mts that need to be consdered When such lmitatons are encountred a coong water spray curtan may be required near the steam tubne exhaust duct transiton area to reduce local temperature excursons. Te purcaser sall design and supply the spray curtain
components whcturbne shall exaust be ntegrated within te steam duct. Water loading pressure connecton sze and components shal be speced by the purcasr. purcas r. Carel dsgn d sgn and planning are essentiall and must essentia mus t b coordinated coordinated wt te ACC manuactuer. In no event sall te ACC manucturer be requred to provde garantees wit regard to te spray curtain perrmance.
Consderaton on the interacton o rces and moments at the steam turbine exaust duct nterces are o paramount mportance. Te purcaser must specy the external rces and moments at te nterce location. he rces and moments sal be reasonable, consdering te arrangement to the steam turbne exaust duct.
21
Table 4
TYPICAL ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS
Momets (Wm
Forces (N)
SIZE NPS
ON
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
2
50
800
800
800
160
160
160
3
80
1 800
1800
1 800
540
540
540
4
100
3200
3200
3200
180
180
180
6
150
72
700
7200
430
430
430
8
200
1800. 1800
1 2800
10240
1 04 040 0
10240
10
0
14000
14000
14000
1 1000
1 1 00 000 0
1 100 1000 0
12 ad over
3
14000
14000
14000
1 100 1000 0
11000
1 000
SZE
M omens (f*b
Forces (lbf
NPS
ON
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
50
180
180
180
10
120
120
3
80
405
405
405
4
4
400
4
1 00
720
70
720
945
945
945
6
150
1620
1620
1 62 620 0
3185
3185
3185
8
00
2880
2880
880
7550
7550
7550
10
50
3145
3145
3145
8110
8110
8110
1 ad oer
300
3145
3145
3145
8110
8110
8110
87 8 7 F F H 8711 Th nstallaio 87 nstallaion n of edwate edwate heae heaer(s) r(s) wthin the ACC steam duct wi aect the perormance of the ACC. As such, the incusion of feedwatr heater(s) requres the purchaser to speci the location, orientation, dmensions, pipe routing, and quanti quan ti If all of th above inrmation is not provided, the guaranteed back prssure shall be measured downsteam of the feedwater heaters) 872 Addit Additiona iona thermal thermal loads if any are not considered by the ACC manucurer uness specied otherwise by the purchase
22
9. 0 VENTING EQU IPM ENT CAPACITIES
9. Pmps compressors, and a nd other mechanical mechanical drives The venting venting equipment design design sction sction pressure is that r whch the ACC is desgned minus 10 inch Hg or the lowest reqired sction pressure. Minimm shall be .0 inch HgA
9. Vent Ventng ng eq eq reme remens ns
Venting equipment mst be capable of removing all noncondensables and associated water vapor om the ACC to produce the minimum steam condensing pressure consistent with physical dimensions and heat transr The sources of the noncondensables to be removed include bt are not limited to . • Low pressure steam turbine·casng, seals and associated drains components • Air leakage nto all system components oprating oprat ing at sbatmospheric pressre. • Gases released om om edwater drans and and vents admitted to the ACC • Gases released om makeup admitted to the ACC. Conddensate surge and ash tans when • Con vented or drained to the ACC edwatr watr nto oxygen, • Disassocation of ed hydrogen and other noncondensables in 9.1.1
9.3 Desgn Sucion Temperare
The temperature ofthe ofthe gas vapor mixtre shall be considerd as 7.5 F below the steam saturation temperate at the eective sucton pressure. 9.3
°
The 75 F temperature dierential is a design vale tlized to physically size the ventng qipment The actua temperatre of the vapor at the vent otlet dring operation is inuenced by the operating characteristics the noncondensable load, and the capacity charac teristcs of the ventng quipm quipmnt nt nd may may not necessarily be equal equal to the 75 F ierential 932
°
certain tyes ofnuclear ofnuclear eed cycles. Unless specied by the purchaser and accepted by the ACC manucturer the ACC manctrer shal no be responsible r the eect that additiona sources of noncondens ables have on ACC perormane.
9.4 Caclaio Cacl aion n of Waer Waer Vapor Load Componen
92
The amount of water vapor to satrat the non-condensables can be caculated om the llowing rmla
n addition to non-condensables, non-condensab les, a qantity of associated water vapor will also be vented. This qantity wll e a unction ofthe ofthe qantity, temperature, and pressure pr essure of the noncondens noncondens able ow. 9.1.3
Wen the non-conden non-condensable sable s dry ar (MWNC= 29), the weight of the water vapor can be obtaned om the above eqaton PW is the satration pressure of steam at the mixture tmperature and PT is the total pressure of the mixture.
92 es esgn gn Sc Scon on Pressre
n orer ore r to coordinate coo rdinate the perrmance of the venting equipment to be installed with an ACC seing a trbine,beitinis accordance recommended design sction prssure withtat thethe llowing:
9.5 Mni Mnimm mm Recom Recommended mended Capac Ca paci ies es
t is recommnd recommnded ed that the capacity capaci ty of th thee venting equipment not be less than the values shown in Tables 5 thr 7 at the design sucton pressure to insure adeqate removal capacity nder commercial operating conditons
Eecric generaing service The venting eqipment design sucton presse is .0 nch HgA or the mnmum sction pressure (as measured at the inlet to the air removal equipment) based on the specied range of operating conditions c onditions r the ACC Fnal selection should consider compatible operaton ofthe ofthe ACC and its vntng equipment over th ll range of anticipated operating pressures and loads In addition, the physical location of the eqipment shoul be considered when the design sction pressure is selected 9.2.1
95 9 511 Pocedre r S Sz zng ng Venng Eqpmen 95. Determine the total steam ow of the unt by adding the main trbine exhast ow and any auxiliary trbine exhast ows entering all main ducts ofthe ACC.
23
ofLP LP 1 Determine the tota number of trbne exhaust openings Do not ncde axilary trbine exhaust openings
Entr Table 5 and a nd se the row listed r the Eective Steam Fow Each LP Exhast Openng of1,5 of 1,5 0 0, 0 01 to 2, 0 0 0, 0 0 0 lb/hr
obtained ned n 95 1 11 1 13 ivide ow obtai 13 by exhast openng nmber obtaned n 95 51 12 2 Th Thee resultant nmber s the
The total nmber of exhaust openings openi ngs s one This This is determned by the sum of the tota (1) (1) nmber main exaust openngs and axiiry
eectve steam ow r each Ip trbine exhaust opening opening
trbne openings The ntersecton ofths ofths column and row reslts in a venti ve nting ng capacity capac ity of 225 SCFM
1 Enter the the appropriat appropriatee secton of of Tabe 5 and ocate the ow obtaind n Step 9513
Example o. 2: The cond condense enserr design parameters are the owing • One L P Exhaust Casing Casing • Total steam ows om LP turbne exhasts 9 5 0 0 0 0 lb/h lb/hrr • Total steam ows o om m auxl a uxlary ary turbne exhau exh aust stss = 20 0, 0 0 0 lb lb/h /hrr • umbr ofLP ofLP trbn trbn exhaust exhaust openings = Four
Determin Determinee total total number number ofexhaust ofexhaust openings by adding the toal number of LP turbine exhaust openings to the total nmber of auxliay turbines exhasting into the ACC. Determine the recommended capacty by sing the number obaned in 95 9 51 15
•
(4)
mber of axiliary trbine exhast openngs Two (2)
If the ACC is separated nto indivdua block s or split congurat blocks co ngurations ions (i.e (i.e parael para el condensers) so that the sction pressres at ll perormance can be derent, then the venting system capacty of each block shall be per Table 5
The tota stea steam m ow of the nt is the sm of the main turbine exhast and axiliary exhausts Th T hss va vae e s 115 0, 0 0 0 lb/ lb/rr]
The llowing s s an example of o f sizi sizing ng the ventng eqipment:
Dvidee 1,15 0 0 0 0 b/ Dvid b/rr by r (4) The rest rest is 28 7 5 0 0 b b/hr /hr which is the eect eective ive steam ow r each man exhaust opening
The number ofLP main trbne t rbne openings s ur ur (4).
Example o 1: The condenser desgn paameters are the llowing • One LP Exhast Casing • Tota stea o ows ws om LP trbine exhasts 1 1 6 0 0, 0 0 0 lb lbr • Total steam ste am ows om axiliary axiliar y turbine exhausts = 0 lb/ lb/hr hr • umber of LP turbne exhaust openngs =
Enter Table 5 and se the row lsted r the eective e ective steam ow r each LP exhast openng open ng o 25 25 0, 0 01 to 5 0 0, 0 0 0 lb/r The tota tota number of exhast openings s six ( 6 ) This is determined by t he sm of the total number LP exhast openings and auxiary
(1) • One Number Num ber of axiliar trbine exhaust openings Zero Zero ( 0)
turbine openngs The intersection ofthis ofthis colmn and row resuts in a ventng capacity of 25 SCFM SCFM. .
The total steam ow of the nt is the sm of the LP trbine exhast and axliay exhasts [This [T his val valee is 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 lb/ lb/hr
3 (B) t t When sustaned steam dmp operation is requred ventng equpment must also be suitable to handl the desgn quanttes ofnon-con non-condensable densabless satraed at a temperature 7.5 F beow that corresponding to the satraton steam pressures at the highest condensing pressure liely to occur ith ll steam dmp load with all or a partial nmber of ns orating at the maximum nlet air dry bb temperature
The number ofLP ofLP turbine openngs is one (1)
°
Dvid D videe 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 lb/ lb/hr hr by one one (1) (1) Th Thee resut resut is 1 6 0 0, 0 0 0 lb/h lb/hr r whch whch s the the e eect ective ive stea steam m ow r each L P exhast openng openng
24
wel as the time desired r such reduction. Where specc vaues are not listed the industy standard has een estabished at O"HgA (0338 ara) in 30 minutes based on a xed voume Depending on overa plant design, bypass stea ow rates may require moduation in order to pevnt pressure spikes that may burst rupture discs Therere owe evacuation pressures or longe evacuation perids may b dsired.
Evacaton (Hoggg) Equipment 9.6 Rapd Evacaton
When staring the steam turbine it is desirable to reduce te ACC pressure om atmospheric to some lower value. This can be done by means o snge stage ejector or mchanical vacuum pump The capacity of the device is dependent on the eectiveness o the turbine gland seals, the voue of the ACC turbine casings and associated ducting as
Table 5 ONE LP EXHAUST CASING Eecve Seam Fow Each Ma has Openg bshr
·SCFM
Up o 250
Toal Nmber of xas Opes
3
2 30
4 5
4.0
5
6
5
7. 5
8
7 7.5
7. 5
Dr Ar bs
13.5
18
22
22
33.8
33.8
338
45.0
Waer Vapo bs
297
396
49 5
49
74.3
743
.3 74.3 74
99
Toal Mixte bs
432
76
720
72
8.0
080
080
1 44 44 0
40
50
7.5
00
10.
100
25
Dr Ai bs
18
225
338
338
40
4
40
63
Wa Vapo, bs/
39.6
49.5
74.3
74.3
99.0
99.0
99
1238
Toa Mix bs/r FM
76 .
720
108.0 00
8 1
1440 25
1 44 44 0 125
1440 15
18 175
Dr Ai bsh
225
338
45
45
563
563
67
788
Wae Vapo lbs
495
.3 7 4.3
990
990
1 23.8
238
1485
1733
Toa Mre lbsh
720
08.0
1440
1440
1800
80
260
220
75
12.5
25
0
17
200
200
20
Dr A, bsr
338
63
56.3 56 .3
675
788
900
9.0
112
Waer Vapo bsh
74..3 74
1238
1238
48
733
1980
980
2475
Toal Mx bshr
18
1800
80
216
2520
2880
288.
3600
10.
.
17.5
20
2.0
2.
30.0
300
Dr A, bs/
45.0
67.5
788
25
1 2.5
30
1350
Waer Vapo, Vapo, b
99
1485
733
198.
2475
2475
2970
2970
oal Mixte, b
144.0
216.0
2520
288
36.0
360.0
432.0
432
125
20
20.0
2
3.0
30
350
400
21 o 00
0 o 1000
I
•CFM
FM
1000 o 20
*SCFM
20 o 500,
SCM
0 o 750,0
7 .5
7.5
Dr Air bsr
56.3
90.0
9
2.
13.0
35.0
157
1800
Wa Vapor, bs/r
23.8
98.0
198
247
297.0
297.
346.
3960
Toal Mxue, bs/r
80.0
2880
288
3600
432.0
432.0
04.
5760
50
22.5
22.5
27.
32
35
4
45.0 .0
Dr Ar bs
675
03
101.3
238
146.3
575
8.
225
Wae Vapor lbsh
485
2228
2228
272.3
3218
3465
396
44 4
Toal Mi lbs
26.0
3240
324
396.
4680
040
76
6480
7.
20
27
32.
37. 7.
400
45
00
Dr Ar lbsr
788
112
1238
1463
1625
8.
225
220
Wae Vapor lbsh
173.3
2475
2723
328
375
396
44.5
490
Toa Mxe lbsh
252
36
3
468
20
576
648
720
200
275
30
35
40
40
45
00
Dr Ar lbsh
90
23.8
13.0
575
800
225
225
225.0
Wae Vapor lbsh
198
2723
297
3465
396
445
4455
49
Toa Mix lbshr
288
3960
432
540
76
648
648
72.
7000 o 1 0,0
*SCFM
100,001 o 1,2500 SCFM
1,2,01 o 150000 ·FM
25
Efectve Stem Fow Each an Ehaus Openg bh
I
Tota Nube of Exas Oes 225
300
350
450
500
500
550
Dy A lbs/hr
0.3
1350
575
1625
2025
2250
2250
2475
Water Vapo lbs/hr Tota Mite lbs/hr
2228 324.0
2970 4320
346.5 5040
3575 5200
445. 45.5 5
495. 0
6480
720.0 .0
4950 720.0
545 7920
25.0
325
400
50.0
55.0
Dry Air bs/hr
125
1463
1625
800
225.0
247.5
2475
2700
Water Vapo /r
247.5
32.8
35 7.5
3960
4950
544 44..5
4.5 5 544. 54
5940
Tota Mte bs/hr
3600
4680
5200
5760
7200
7920
7920
8640
27.5
35.0
550
600
65.0
D bs/hr
238
1575
800
2025
2250
247 5
2700
292.5
Water Vapor, bs/hr
2723
3465
3960
4455
4950
54.5
594.0
635
Tota Mixre lbsr
396.0
5040
576.0
6 4 8 0
720.0
792.0
860
9360
1 500001 to 2,000000 •FM •FM
2,00000 to 2500000 *SCFM
2500001 to 3,000,000 SCFM
3 7.5
40 0
37.5 37.5
450
50 .0
300
400
45.0
500
550
Dy Ai lbs/h
350
180.0
2025
2250
Wate Vapo bs/h
2970
396.0
445.5 445.5
Tota Mixr e bs/h
4320
5760
68 '
4950
325
450
Dy ir lbs/hr Wate Vapor lbs/hr
146.3 328
ota Miue lbs/hr
4680
3,000001 to 3 5000 500000 00 SCFM
3500001 to 4000000 SCFM
.0 55.0 55
600
600
650
700
2475
2 7 0 .0
2925
35.0
54.5 54 .5
5940
3.5 643.5 64
6930
7200
7920
860
936.0
008.0
500
55.0
600
65.0
700
75.0
2025 4455
2250 495.0
2475 5445
270.0 5940
292.5 6435
3150 6930
3375 7425
6480
720.0
792.0
864.0
9360
10080
080.0
•14_7 psia at 70F Noe:: These tls Noe tls r ba d o kge ony ad r vapor mxur c HgA ad .5 °
26
Table 6
TWO LP EXHAUST CASINGS Efectve Stea low Each Man Exhast Openng bsh
I
Tota Nmbe of haust Openngs 3
2
4
5
6
7
8
150
200
20
225
250
275
300
Dr Ar lbsr
675
90
90
103
1125
1238
350
Wate Vapo bs/hr
48 5
198
1980
2228
2475
2723
2970
otal Mixture, bs/hr
26.0
2880
288
3240
3600
3960
4320
200
225
250
30.0
325
375
400
90.0
1013
125
1350
46.3
1625
800
Waer Vapor Vapor lbs/h
1980
2228
2475
2970
328
3575
396.0
Total Mxte lbsh
2880
3240
360
4320
468.0
5200
5760
250
275
32.5
375
40.0
45 0
500
Dr Ar, bs/h
1125
238
463
1625
1800
2025
2250
Water Vapor bs/h
247 5
2723
3218
3575
3960
445 44 5 5
4950
otal Mte bs/h
3600
30
4680
5200
5760
648.0
7200
275
30.0
350
400
450
500
550
Dr Air lbsh
23.8
135.0
1575
180.0
2025
225.0
2475
Water Vapo, lbs/h
272.3
2970
365
30
4455
4950
5445
Tota Mxture, lbsh
3960
4320
500
5760
6480
7200
792.0
325
350
40
450
500
550
600
Dr Ai, lbs/h
1463
1575
180
2025
2250
2475
2700
Water Vapor bs/h
32.8
3465
30
45.5
4950
5445
5940
Total Mixte bs/hr
4680
5040
5760
6480
720.0
7920
860
450
500
55.0
600
650
2700
2925
10000 to 250,000
•CFM
25001 to 5000
SCM Dr A A bs/hr
500001 to 750000
SCFM
750,0 to 1 000,0 000,000 00
SCFM
1 0000 to 250000 0 00 'SCFM
2500 to 1 500,000 *SCFM
350
3 7 .5
Dr A lbs/hr
1575
625
2025
225.0
2475
Wate Vapo lbs/hr
3465
3575
4455
4950
54 4 5
594.0
643.5
Total Mxte lbs/hr
5040
5200
6480
7200
7920
8640
9360
37.5
400
5.0
550
600
65.0
700
Dr Ar lbs/hr
1625
1800
2250
2475
2700
2925
315.0
Waer Vapor lbs/hr
357.5
3960
4950
544 44 5
5940
6435
6930
Tota Mxte lbsh
5200
5760
7200
7920
8640
9360
008 0 008
400
450
550
60
65.0
700
750
Dr Ar lbs/h lbs/hrr
800
2025
247.5
270.0
2925
350
3375
Wate Vapor bs/hr
3960
5.5 445.5
5445
5940
643.5
6930
742.5
ota Mixture bshr 2,50000 to 3000,000 SCFM
5760 450
648.0 50.0
7920 550
8640 650
936.0 70.0
0080 750
1800 800
500 500 to 2,000 SCFM
2,00000 to 2,500000 FM
Dr Ai bshr
2025
2250
2475
292.5
350
7.5 337.5 33
00
Wate Vapo bshr
4455
4950
5445
643.5
6930
7425
7920
oal Mxture bshr
6480
7200
792.0
936.0
10080
0800
152.0
500
55.0
60
700
750
800
85.0
Dr Air bs/hr
2250
2475
270
350
3375
3600
3825
Water Vapor bsh
495:0
445
590
693.0
7425
7920
845
Total Mixture bs/h
7200
792.0
860
10080
080
152 1520 0
224.0
550
600
65.0
700
800
850
900
Dr Ai bs/h
2475
2700
2925
350
3600
3825
4050
Water Vapo bs/hr
544.5 544.5
5940
643.5
6930
7920
845
8910
ota Mxte, lbs/h
7920
8640
9360
10080
152
12240
20
3,0001 to 3,500000 ·FM
3500,0 to 4,00000
SCFM
"14.7 psia t 0•F No oe e: Ths ables r bsed on ai akag y a d h vao mxtur t 1 ich HgA a F °
27
Table 7
THREE LP EXHAUST CASINGS ectve Steam Fow Each Ma Exaust Openg lbs/hr
I
Total Nmber of xhaust Oe 4
3
5
7
6
8
30.0
325
375
40.0
450
50.0
D A, lbsh Wae Vapo lbs
350 2970
463 32.8
625 3575
800 396.0
2025 4455
2250 4950
Tota Mxt ue lbsr Tota
4320
4680
5200
5760
648.0
7200
450
500
550
600
·FM
25000 to 500000
·FM
500001 to 750000
325
75 375
D lbs
1463
625
202.5
225.0
2475
2700
Wate Vapor, lbs
321 .8
3575
4455
495 95.. 0
5445
594.0
Total Mxte bs
468.0
5200
80
7200
792.0
8640
375
450
500
550
65.0
700
Dy Ai, lbs/r
1625
202.5
2250
2475
2925
3150
Water Vapor, lbs lbs
3575
445.5
4950
544.5
6435
6930
Total Mxtue bs
5200
6480
7200
7920
9360
0080
400
500
550
650
700
750
750001 75 0001 to 000000
•SCFM
1 ,000,00 to 1 250000 CF CFM M D Air, bs/
1800
225.0
2475
2925
350
3375
Water Vapor lbs/ lbs/rr
30
4950
5445
6435
6930
7425
Total Mxture lbr
5760
7200
7920
936.0
008.. 0 008
10800
1 25000 to ,500000 *SCF *SCFM M D Air, bs
45.0 2025
55.0 2475
600 2700
700 350
750 3375
800 0.0
Wate Vapor b
445.5
54 4 . 5
5940
6930
7425
7920
Total Mxe bs
680
7920
8640
1008.0
080 0800 0
1520
500
60.0
650
80.0
90.0
D Air bs bsh h
225.0
2700
2925
7.5 337.5 33
60.0
405.0
Wae Vapor bsh
4950
5940
643.5
7425
792.0
890
Total Mxue lbshr
7200
864.0
936.0 936. 0
080 0800 0
520
20
55.0
65.0
700
800
85.0
950
2475
292.5
3150
3600
3825
4275
Wate Vapo bs
5 4 .5
.5 43.5 643
6930
792.0
8415
9405
Tota Mxure bsh
792.0
936.0
0080
520
2240
3680
60.0
700
75.0
850
900
1000
Dy A lbsr
270.0
315.0
3375
382.5
4050
450.0
Wate Vapo lbs
594.0
6930
7425
8415
890
9900
Tota Mxue bshr
8640
10080
0800
12240
2960
1440.0
900
950
1050
1 500,00 to 2000000 2000000 FM FM
2,00000 t o 2,5000 FM Dy Ai bs
2500,00 to 3,000000 FM
75.0
65.0
750
800
Dry A bshr
2925
3375
3600
4050
427.5
4725
Water Vapo bs/h
6435
742.5
7920
89.0
940.5
1039.5
Total Mxre bs/h
9360
080.0
52 520 0
296.0
13680
1520
700
800
850
95.0
1000
00
Dry A b bhr hr
35.0
360.0
3825
4275
4500
4950
Water Vapor lbs/r
6930
7920
8415
940.5
990.0
0890
Total Mixtue br
10080
1520
12240
13680
1 44 4400 00
5840
300000 to 3500,000 FM
3500001 to 4000000 FM
"14.7 psia at 0F Ne: Ths abls abl s a s on ar akg ad a d a vapo mxur a c HgA ad 5 °
28
1 0.0 ATM ATMOSPHER OSPHER C RELIEF DEVCE DEVCES S
the the syst syst volu volue e excee exceedsds 4 5 000000 then ultple devices oo the the sae sae size si ze sho should uld b used used
0.1 Gneal
3
,
The size o atospheric relie devices conditions dependenttsizeisupon operating ust ois sucient tounderstood passtheall specied othatthe they stea whichbe can be aditted to the ACC except o the lines that are alre already ady protected by relie devices set to open at pressures not eceeding the ACC relie pressre Typically th! axiu stea ow rate is dened by a stea turbine bypass condition 0..2 The size siz e and location o at atospheic ospheic relie devices should be based on th llowing criteria: • elie device size and associated piping should e selected to prevent pressure in ACC o eceeding the ACC design pressure • elie should rbe inspection located andandinstaled so theydevices are accessible repair The protective devices need not be directly installed the onturbine the exhaust but ay hoodbeprovided installedtheyon are stea properly sizedACC • Exhaust o al reliedeices ustbe properly vented by the purchaser to avoid injuy to personnel or daage to eipent 0.
10 3 Rupt ure Device
A rupture disc is a non-reclosing non-reclosing pressure relie diaphrag actuated by static pressure dierential and designed to nction by the burstin burs tingg o a pressurecontaining pressurecontaining nonagent ing disc Every ruptre disc shall have its burst pressre tagged in accordance with the design reqireents reqi reents The The selected brst b rst pressure shall take into account anufcturing tolerances Underr no circustances Unde circustances shall the burst pressure plus all associated tolerances xceed the ACC design pressure Thee total installed ptue disc capacity Th shal be sucient to reieve the axiu axiu ACC stea owTheatllowing or belowequation the ACC ACC design ay bepressure used to estiate the size o the rupture disc based on dr and saturated stem 0.3
032
03.3
0.3.4
0 .2 Vacuum Breake Breaker r Valves
designed r llovacuu seiceValves A watershallsealbeay be required aple depth around the valve disc to ensure proper sealing o the seat with provision r adequate ll and dranage lowing the suggestedThe vacuu breaertable sizes rprsents r ACCs This 10.2.1
Where, A Miniu required ow rea in W = Discharge Di scharge ow rate lb/hr K Flow coecient use value valu e o 0 06 6 2 = Reievin Re ievingg pressure psi a I the required rupture disc diaeter sizsize exceds e shall30"be then utilied. ultiple ruptre discs o eqal upture discs are usually located on the ACC ain duct or distibution header Location r ease o replaceent as well as personnel protection and the avoidanc o accidental dsc daage should be considered considered Rupture discsandshall designed opeate satisfctorily withoutbeleaage leaa ge underto ll vacuu 2
5
4
A
1022
0.3.5
ethodolog atospheric at ospheric pressure considers 0shallbaraconr toll1.0vacuu 1scope 3 aa) aa)andtoin six inuts Purchaser(0( 0breaing sizing criteria cr iteria
1036
Tb 8
VACUUM B REAKER SIZE FOR ACCS
o oeSe-S ' e Bee Se o o o 9 8 9 o o 88 88 o 8 8 o
037
4
10
14
29
INSPECT PECTION, ION, QU ALT ALTY Y AND FIEL FIELD D INSTALLATIN INSTALLATIN 1. 0 INS 1121 Suppemental nondestructive xamination (ie, dyepenetrant, magnetic partice testing radiography, etc is typically not required
1 1 1 Lea Leakag kage e Testin Testing g 11.11 A pneumatic leak test is perormed to veri the th e leak tightness o the n tube bundes,
steam distrbution headers and miscelaneous pipin gTypicaly testing o the main main steam duct is optional r muti-row ACCs hn the main steam duct is tested, the main steam duct and the tube bundle drain nozzes must be banked an engineered blankin plate must be used to blank the main steam duct the main steam duct is aso tested, the duct blanking plate is instaled as close as possible to the steam turbine exhaust interfce.
1122 The welding shal be perrmed using welders and writtn wed procedures, which have been quaied in a manner comparable to that dened in Section X o the ASM Unred Unred Pressure Vessel Code
shall ll be examin examined ed in the "as " as 1123 All wl ds sha welded condition preceded ony by normal ceaning 1124 Weld inspection methods and equipment • Personnel perrming visual inspections shall be qualied to eye examinations in accordance with SME or AWS. AWS. • Al measuring equipment shall be maintained maintained and calibrated i n accordance wth the manufc turer's approved quality contro manuals and prcdures
1112 An ar compessor is used to put the system under pressure; a typica testing pressure is 435 psig ( 0.3 barg The acceptance criterion r the pressure test is to imit the air leakage expressed in lbr (khr ) to 2 % o the holding capacity o the airremoval system associated with the tested section Th pressure and the temperature o o the air inside in side the ACC should be montord on an houry basis The duration o the test should shoul d be up to 24 hours hours or as as required to demonstrate leak tightness
Thee lo lowi wing ng 1 125 Wed Cae Caeores ores Th categories are estabished considering the seice requirements o specic typs o welds These criteria appy to shop welds and to eld wlds in the apparatus except r pipe welds made to connection stubs • Category includes pressure bounda welds: Those welds which provide a separation o atmospheric pressure and ACC internal pressure • Category includes structural welds Those welds which are associated with the primary support structure o th ACC platrms, staiays ducting, vesses and piping
devicee 1113 A temporary pressurerelie devic should be installed to prevent overpressur ization o the ACC The capacity o the relie device shall be at least equal to th capacity o the compressor utiized r the pressure test During the pressure test it is recommended to blank o the rupture disc to prevent accidental activation 1 1 14 ACC structures are not designed o withstand withsta nd the oads associated with a hydrostatic hydrostatic test aer installation Terere, hydrostatic
testingg shal n ot be prrm testin prrmed ed
• Category incudes other weds vortex hose welds associated withalldirt collars, breakers inteal in teal shielding, lagging, personnl grating, ladder rungs, grab bars instrument/ accessory support, temporary erection and shipping members nameplatesrackets etc
1 1 2 Inspe Inspecion cion and and Quay of Weldin
Tis section estabishes minimum standards r visual inspection o ACC weds perrmed in the shop and eld The visual acceptance criteria are devloped using recognized codes and standards such as ASM codes ANS standards, A A A and AWS as a guide More stringent requirements may be specied by the purchaser and wil take precedence
1 126 Accep Accepance ance evels Acceptance eves typ es o weds in Categories II, and r various types are to be identid identi d by the equipment suppier with SME used as a guide r Cat�gory and AWS A WS r Category .
30
surces need no be rmoved. Pre-cleaned material such as prbasted plates ma b painted pror to brcaton. Al accessbl pan scars and blemshes shall be rouced pror to shipment I must b recognzed tha some toucup wll be requred aer unloading or nstaaion
1 .3 Sfa Sface ce Preparation Rqirements Geeral euiemets Su Sur rce cess 1 1 .3 1 shal be prepar b the manucurer to assre that e equpment wl be accepable om te lowing lowin g aspec s: 3.. Surces o be coaed (paned or gavanzed) wl be sutaby ee om deleterous materials that ma aec e adeson of e coatngs.
32 Gee Geea a Reireme Reiremets ts .32 Table 9 contans te recommended accepable preparatons r varous areas and components of he ACC Eac area s evaluated on te bass of preparaton requred r coangs as wel as e ulmate desinaton of he contaned conta ned uds and any partices ta ma be carred wi te ow
1312 n any case te suce preparaton sall mee te requiremens of e coaing ssem to e utzed. .33 Loose scale wed spaer or oher materals sall be removed by sutabe meods.
1322 The requiremnts as wrten appy o th preparaton prepar aton of componens ad assembis as bult n the manucturer's clites clit es Fna assembl o f te apparatus y the ercton contractor sould met te applicabe sectons of Table 9
34 Surces wll have a workmanke appearance and eedom om scars and protrusons that could cause bl njury 113.5 Thebe preparatons b hs perred requred a any i in scton ma te manuctu man ucturng rng cycl cycle eRust ta develo develops ps durng manucure sall be removed pror to pantg f t would be detrimenta to te pant applcaton. us on nonpaned
132. 132.3 3 The purchaser should assure tha parts of te componens compo nens suppled suppl ed b oter tan te condenser manucturer but wch are conneced to or nsaled in the condensr, are prepare n smlar son Table 9
R ECOMMENDED ACCEPTABLE PREPARATONS OF COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBES BUILT IN IN MANU FACTURER'S FACLITIES
Chaacteistic
I Bundles
Ducng
I Tanks
P1png
Axliay Equpment
Wed Suraces
Per Manufactes sandad
Pe te te appca ble weldng pode
Pe Manuaces sandad
General Sace Condton
Per Manuactu Manuactues es sandad
Ineal suace per SSPCSP2 o better tena sa pe SSPC-SP6
Pe Manactes standard
Indenatons
Mno ue ndentatons ndentatons and n deomaton s aeptale. be ndentons sold not compromse te pesse bonda
Dep to be e smalle o 02*ckness o /8" (3mm)
Per Manacues standard
Resda Wed Metal and Protsons
Per Manuacurers sandad
egt = 8 8 (3mm; (3mm; Dess Dess as nessa to assure good pant coveage
Pe Mauacures sandad
Arc Srkes
Remove al Ac Stkes
Wed Spater
Remove spatte pe SSPCSP2 o beter
Pe Man uacter uacter's 's sandard
Ml Sle
Remove spatte pe SSPC-SP2 o bete
Pe Manuacters sandad
Genea Condon o Compone ts or Sb-Assembles
Loose d, paces ecessv ecessve e ust, os and genera contamnans sal be emoved emoved b bsng bsng ar blowng and o wae wae o poduce a wokmanke wokmanke appearan (pe SSPC2
Max.
31
1 .3.3 Specal Requr Requremen ements ts The require mnts o this section represent good practices recommnde by the ACC manufcturer, the paincoating manucturers appicators and in general mt the intent o specications by engneering frms owners and prchasers o this equpment However there may be
.5 Quaty Assur Assurance ance
The manucturer shal have a Qualty Assurance program r ACCs This program prog ram shal be outlned n a Quaty Assurance manual which wl be available to the purchaser and hs representatves upon request. The system shall provide fr control
xceptions requiring special preparation There are two basic groups o special requirements
o both the manucturers plantFeld and thatquaity o anyinsubcontractor fbrcatng parts Qualty Assurance is the responsbilty o the purchaser anor installing contractor The party responsible r the fd instalation should have a quality assurance program comparabe to that o the ACC manufcturer Review o this quaity assurance program shall be the responsibilty o the purchaser
.3.3 Purchaserspecied requiremnts the the purcha p urchaer er or his agent desire desire any preparation more stringnt (ie abrasive blastng) than this Standard it must be clearly stated n the procurement documents. .3.3 .3.3.2 .2 anucturerspecfed requre mens The manuctur mens manucturer er may may at any time prepare the equipment n a manner superior to the requirements o Table 9 Ths improvemet is discretonary and could be done to suit the manucturer's economic evaluation and and/or /or his processing equipment and schedules. As a minimum the manufcturer is required to provide preparation as dicated by the require ments o o the painting or coating process process
The Quality Assurance progam shall provide r assurance o compliance with but not limited to the manucturers and HE Standards which provide as a mnimum • Proj Projct ct contro c ontros s (i (iee engi engineer neer procurement instalation • Materal controls • Fabrication controls • Quality control • Document control • System r audit o contro o procedures .6 Ere Erecto cton n Advsor Advsor Dutes
1 .4 Pat ng, Coatng ad Corosio Protection
The manuc manucturer turer may provide the servces servces o an erection advisor to counsel the purchaser n the proper installation o the ACC and accessories n accordance with the erection drawings and nstal atin procedures.
.4. External surfces o carbon steel ACC components (steel structure ducting piping ad vessels are to be cleaned and either hot dip galvanzed or painted with one coat o prmer Touchup o the prmer and applicaton o the nish paint pain t are ar e perfrmed aer aer fnal fnal eld installation by the purchaser 1.4.2
n the event o any conct between the manuc turer's requirements and site practice the erection advisor wil bring such confcts to the attenton o the purchasers designated representative representative
Inteal ACC suraces do not rquire
prmer rust inhibitors shipmentpaint, and orstorage Oxidationronormal these suces suc es s acceptable and is to be epe epected cted Any internal surce preparaton activties should use frrous materials that are slica ee ee
The erection advisor shal not be responsibe r the lowing: • The supeision o the erecton crew • Fitup and weld quality • Lifing and riggng plans • The heath and sa saety ety o o the the erection erectio n crew • The schedule o erecton and work progress
.43 echaical eupment shal be provided with the manuct man ucturers urers standard ctory fnish fnish
7 Er Erect ecton on Cleanlnes s
These Standards do not cover the application o any coatings. All such appica tions shal be done to the requirements o the appicable process pr ocess 1.4.4
Due to the reativey large intenal voume and confned spaces within an ACC t is mportant that the erection contractor exercises a heghtened evel o housekeeping eort s ACC row sections are completed 11.7.1
32
the erection contractor shall inspect the upper stea headers and reove al constructon debris (i.e, tools, weld ods, sag too boxes, lights, etc) so that it does not enter the n tubes or other areas.
This is not detrimen detrimenta ta to the perra perrance nce o the ACC and s removed durng the hot comission ing phas 75 xterna xternall debris and and construction construction ateia ateials ls must be removed om al suraces o the ACC
11 72 The erection contractor shal sequn 1172 sequnce ce the installation o the ACC to provide opportu nities to remove any debris prior to closure A practical approach to clean the interior o the ACC A CC om the top to the bottom shall be llowed In particuar, the conensate headers shal remain open r cleanout·until the stea headers are copletely instaled and cleaned.
prior to This the includes start o but the iscold procss not coissioning liited to the llowing • Heat transr surce surcess • Walkways and platrms • echanical equipent (ns, otors, etc) • Fan guards and cabe trays 18 1 8 Pt-Et al
173 Other AC C co coponen ponents ts (stea ducting, drain pot, condensate tank, and piping systes) shal be cleared o debris and broo cleaned as each coponent is instaled or prior to nal closure
Upon completion o the eection activities, it is recommended that a representative o the ACC anucturer anuct urer and the purchaser (or (o r purchasers purchasers agent) perr a posterection wakdown The llowing activities shall be perrmed: • Visually inspec all instaled ACC coponents • Review inspection and testing records associated wih the erection activities
117 4 Appropriate clean 1174 cleanout outss or ea eans ns o collecting debris within the condensate drain syste shall be provided r during the hot commissioning by thetocoissioning contractor. t is phase very coon have surce rust r on the internal surces o the carbon stee aterials (ie ducting, piping, tubes, etc)
• Review and modi punch list items as required
1 2.0 COMMISSIONNG
21
• eri proper lubrica lubrication tion o al rotating equipent • Caibrate instruents and perr nctional check • Megger all motors • Remove blanking pate(s) and install rupture rupt ure disks) disk s) • Remove shipping braces o all expansion joints
Typical cold comissioning or "dry run" activities are completed aer construction. Noral prerequi sites incude that the ed pressure test is complete and success, punch list items are satised, all electrical and instrumentation connections are copleted and pow power er is availa available ble to an an otors an and d other electrical components 211 Typical prestart inspections include but but are not liited to the lowing: 12 1 Conr tha thatt the erec erection tion cleanliness requirents as described in secton are met
2 1 21 3 3 rceed with the cold coission activities pe the ACC anucturers O&M manua, which include but ay not be limited to • Bup B up motors and chec k an an • err n run test and adust vibration switches and gearbox ow/pressure switches, as necessary • Adjust an blade pitch as necessary • Note any unusu unusual al vibrations vib rations record i necessary) and noises om rotating equipent
12 2 Conr Con r that preoperational checks of all echanical equipment have been perred in accordance with the ACC anucturer's O&M anual which include but may not be liited to: • Conr Conr gearbox oi type and level • nstal gearbox breathers
3
• Test valve ncton (stroke valve and set or adjust limit swtches as necessary • Per Perrm rm vacuum equipment nctiona nctiona test • Commissioning of CC Eectrcal System • Commissioning of CC Instrumentation and Control systems
Once seam cleaning has been competed the CC is ready r norma operaton and the llowing hot commissioning activites should be conducted: • Veri pressure contro at CS and tun tun a s necessary verify vave control. • Veri ar remova system operation.
•• eat Tracing Functional Checkheck Groundig System Functional
• Verify eeze protection nctions subject subject t o ambient temperature contions). • Check and record the noncondensable gas temperatures, condensate temperatures and n tube bunde temperatures. • Perrm a vacuum decay test of the system and check r CC system leaks as necessary
122 H 221 2 21 ot commis commisoning oning actvit actvities ies can commence once steam becomes avaabl. It is recommended that all cold commssioning activities be successlly compleed
23 D A A 231 The manu manuctur cturer er may provde the services of a commssonng advisor to counsel the purchaser n the proper commissonng and ntal operation of the CC and accessories n accordance with the CC manucturers O&M anual
222 2 22 The CC manuctu manucturer's rer's O&M Manua Manuall shall be used in conunction with the llowing chckst r reference 22 3 Commissonin Commissoningg activite activitess r equi equipment pment · suppled by others are not the responsbility of the CC manucturer Some typcal hot commissioning actvities include • Conduct ineal steam cleaning of the CC until the purchaser's water chemistry requirements are met. The purchaser shall provide and install teporary provisions to collect condition or dispose of the initial condensate • urng the stea cleaning, inspect steam duct hat exchanger, and piping movements to conrm ee expansion
1232 n the vent of any conict between the manucturers requirements and site practic the commissoning advisor will bring such conicts to th attention of th purchasers desigated representatve 2 33 The commissionin 233 commissioningg advsor advsor shal shal not be responsible r the owing: • Te supesion of the commissionng crew or plant orators • nstallaton or removal of temporary componens requred during the cold o hot commissioning • Th schedule of commis commissoning soning and work progress.
34
APPENDX A HE A R COOLED COOLED STEAM STEAM CONDENSER CONDENSER DATASH EE EET T - M PERIAL UNTS
2 3
Maufaer: Cstome I Projec Name Loction
4
Cstome RefRef Maufacrer
5
6 8 9 10 1 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 9 20
• "' "'
2221 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
, .-
Steam-side
Steam ow ae Non-codesable ow ate be exhast esse le ehapy Seam quali emerate / o ea ase Daa Heat trase ate: Heat dut Bde ace area nde Desg Dt Design pessure est essue: essue:
.
Po areahegh W x : Oveal Ce arranet Nmber of ls Ce size, W x Man d length Man d diameer dia meer Dt cooson aowa Disrbto Disrb to header head er diamete d iamete Bdes per cel Tbes pe bnde:
oal air mass fow Temperate n / o dle ce veoc Fa sac essure Alow per an otal motor nu owe owe aometric pressure:
" HQ(A)
Btu/b F
B/h'F MMBtu/hr f'
ps(g) ps(g) ft X rows x (cells/ (cells/ow ow 1"2 stage x ft n n n
hp
Redo ratio:
44
Condensate Tank
45 Wa thckness: 46 Normal eve 4 Max evel 48 Dienss dmeer x ength 49 sellaneu sellaneus s Equipen 50 Vacuum ssem te: 5 Holdi capaty 52 og time to 1 0 HgA 53 Moive steam esse / 54 Wei hts s eig ght 55 Emt weight
c W ·s(a)
Desg temeratre:
F
Diamete Nm o bades Nm lade materia SPL@3
I RPM
"H,O
F
Nmbe Nmbe obe ubeleh rows: frst stae secod stae tbe ength: be dsions be ch be wal hckess be mateial Fn mateal Fi dnsons Fi thickne thi ckness ss / fp fp
"
Ibs F /s
xeded sufa MTD are tbe surface: I
f'
x n n n x in in /
dBA
Nm e Nm e : nclosee te nclos te Vots / Phase / Cce
RPM
h
Nm er Nm er l:
Typ:
43
56
r-sde
b/hr b/hr
32 Fans 33 Fas pe Speed 34 35 Hb maeral: 35 36 Fan shaft power 37 o 38 Type: 39 Seed 39 40 Moto ratig 4 Seed Redcers 42
Dae eson:
AGMA sei facto
n n SCFM mn ps) / F lbs
Voume Normalal leve Norm l eve ca caac act t Max eve eve caact caact Corrosion aow aowa a
al
oldinQ steam se oging steam se ubin u binee expansio expansi o oit t te te
b/h b/h
erag wegh
Noes:
35
3
bs
APPENDIX A H EI AIR AIR COOLED SEAM SEAM CONDENS CONDENSER ER DAT DATAS ASHEE HEE - MERIC UN IS 1 2 3 4 5
1· 6
7 8
9 10 1 12
Manufacer Custome / ojec ojec Name Loton Custome Ref Manufacte Ref:
Date Revison
e1n, •r •ra
teamde Steam ow ate Noncondesable ow rate Tubine exaust pessure Inlet enthap Steam qual Tem Te merate erate n / out
Ade Total a mass ow Tem Tem eatu eatuee in / ot Bunde ace veocit veocit: Fan static presure Airfow e fan Total motor inut powe Baotric ressue
.
T/h T/hr barA) kJ/k C
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20
B·
eat ae Daa Heat ansfe ate Heat d u u:: Bundle fa aea Bde De Daa Desgn rese Test pee
W/m2 C
m' C m
bar(g) bar()
Degn temeratue
C
M2
' "•
ot area W x L:
mxm
Num o tube ows
22 23
m rows x (cell/ow 1"/ 2 stae mxm m mm mm mm
st stae tube length condd stae con stae tbe length length ube dimenson ube ptch ube wal thcnes: ube mateia Fn mateal al Fn dinsons Fn thicnes / m
37
Oveal heght Cel aranement Num of lls: Cel sze, X L Man duct enth Man dct damete Duct rosion aowance: Distrbuion Distrbu ion heade dameter Bndes pe l Tbes er bundle: Fa Fans er l Sed: Hb mateal Fan sha sha owe owe oo
38
Type:
39
Speed Moto ratin
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3 35 36
40
C s a m3/s kW baa)
Extended sa LMTD Bae tube srface
MW
2
24
kg/s
"
Date Nm of bades Bade mateal SL@ m
RPM kW
m m m m x mm mm mm
mm x mm mm// mm m
dBA
Nm per l Encosue pe Vots / Pha / Cce
RPM kW
41 42
ed T ype: Redce
43
Reducton atio ond enae a Wa thnes Normal eve Max evel Dmensions diamete x lenth ceaneo Ement Vacum sstem tvo e: voe Hodn caacit: Ho tme to 0.34 barA Motve steam st eam resse resse / T eg Emty Em ty weht Note
44 44
45 46 47
48
49
0 51 52 53 54 55
5
Nume l Nume AGMA sei faor mm mm mm m m/ mn barg / C bar T
36
Volume Noal No al leve caa caaty: ty: Max eve ac Coosion alowance:
m m m mm
Hodn steam se Hn steam e: Tbne expansion ont type
kg/ hr kg/ /hrr kg/h kg
Oatng O atng wet wet
T
APPENDIX B CONVERSON FACTORS
Area
m'
=
5500 i
ea ansfer rae
1W
=
07639 342 3 Bu/ Bu/
Hea x
W/2
0317 Bu/h•'
Hea ansfe ecet
W/m•K
76 /• /• FF
Enapy
kJg
042995 Btu/b
Leg
m
=
39.3701 .
32808
Mass
1 kg
22046 lb
Mass densiy
1 kg/
=
0062428 b3
Mass flow ae
1 kg/s
=
79366 lb,/
Pressue an sress
1 Pa
1033 1
X
X
10 Pa
5
1 0 Pa
1 45 45 10 bi bi 0197 10· aa
=
0197 10 g/c'
405 10- wate
953 X 0- n Hg
1 sanar amospee
1 bar
Specic ea
1 kJ/kg•K
023886 Bub•F
Teperaure
K
5/9)R
(5/ (5/9•(+45967 9•(+45967 = C2735 Tepeaure ere
K
1C = (9/5•R = (9/5)•
Vome
m
35.34 264 7 gal
Vume ow ae
1 /s
21 1 89 1 0 m m 5850 10 gami
Veocity
1 ms
96.85 mi mi
Power
W
341 p
Fouling faco
1 m K
Norma amospeic pressue pressue
101 ,325 Pa Pa
37
= 5678 hf/B
APPENDIX C ACC TROUBLESHTNG GUDENES
Ths troubleshooting gude has been prepared to assst perators of ar cooled condensers. Th gude pro provdes vdes genea gudance, and opeators re advsed to consult wth the manucturer hen necessary r specc nstuctons regadng Many of the tems belo are not by n opeatos the scope of the condenser mnucturer; hoeverther theseequpment tems do aect a ect operaton an lsted must be consdered
Condee Chemsty (Hgh Conduct1vty) Fae nstrument Readg
I I
Expansion jont ailue
Repace Repa ce o r eai expason joint
LP Turbne
Chec all LP tbne seas
Weld aure
ocate wed faue and epair
ube eak
octe ad repa
eaks eak s rom vet or drai conecion conecions s
d to vaum Check a potena sources connecte connected space
srumentatio
Check al isumeato coneons to vacum spa
Manhoe or bli d fange gases
Repai gaset seatng sua
Coroson produc Coroson producs s or wed sag i n censer
Check· and clean condesae heaes. deaeato rays and cdesa:e an
Inmg dans
Chec dain sources Chec caibato
I
Instumes ou o cabron Damage instrumens mpror insallation
Repar o epa as nessay Chec manuacues ecommedatons cludng valve maniold and pigtai equrements
Irect age
Che pocess equremens ad rect as requied
Isoaed instrumen conecon
Chec connecto
38
APPENDX C ACC TROU TROU B LESHOOTNG GU IDE IDELN LNES ES
Hg Abste Bac pesse
I
A -eakage
Cea ext exteal eal eat transfer s a ace ce Cnst eqpment peas maal n ecmme ec mmeded ded pu gn g actn actnss Csu OEM s upper r ecmmeded ecmmeded sltns f pat secc arangemets Remve Rem ve sield r redre t ar eent away frm te te ACC's ar in et Cnslt OEM sppler f recm recmmende mendedd st is pant specic c arangemets Cea debs tat may be bstrug cndesate danage (i.e, staners DA spray vaves vaves etc) Reduce set pressre See Fase nstrumeat Readig sect Cnsu O&M mana r OEM suppie See HE Vacuum Eq ipment ublestg Gude See A Ineaage sec
Esse aiside olng Esse Ar baketig wt te tbe budles Ht a recrcatn Ht air ingestn int ACC a inet fm tsde sres Hg wnds Cndensate dp wti ACC Ct gic t pessre t t g ase nstrmet eadgs Air-mvg system fare Vacm eqipment faie g ssved A I-eakage Cndesate o, Hig disslved 02 n prcess pant dans Vacm eqpment ilre
I
et steam s s I Cec et
Ai ban ketng wtin te f tbes cas ng cdensate cdensate t sbc ca Overeating
I
w Htwe Tempeatues
I parameters Opeati design/lw lad peatin
Tube aes
g V1bran A1r-Mv1ng System
Opeaig cndtins exedig desgn parameters
Make p t cdensate tak exceedg desgn
I
I
Maitena nce cnstcn cnstcn damage Fa mbaace
I
Lst fa bade Essve ai-sde lng
39
See HE Vacum Eqpment blestig Gude Csl eqpment peatns manua ecmmended pging atns Cnsut HE desgn sandards Ceck for pper dsperheatg f dran cnec Re-evauate ntea dsperi desig Ceck ad adJust make p fw
I Expected at w ad/w back pesse Pssibly
I be inet esn Fze tubes
See ar nl eakage sectn
aevated wit steam spagig 1 n cdesate tank Repacee epa tb es ad cs Repac csl l OEM fo evsed ev sed pratng cndt s t av d r reeng eeng Cnsl OEM f repar tecqes and apprv apprvdd metds fr sding Repa replace as equred Ceck a baance accdance w O&M manua Ceck r brke/cracked blades Ceck f ce bades Repace accding O&M manal Cea n tube bndles
NOTES
40
NOTES
41
NOTES
42
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