Hebrew Alphabet

Hebrew alphabet

1

Hebrew alphabet €•‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰ Š‹ŒŽ‘’“ ” € – — ˜ ™ š › œ Features:

Abjad € Mater lectionis € Begadkefat

Variants:

Cursive € Rashi € Braille

Nume Numera rals ls::

Gema Gematr tria ia € Numeration

Ancill Ancillari aries: es: Diacri Diacritic ticss € Punctuation € Cantillation Tran Transl slit it.: .:

Roma Romani niza zati tion on of Heb Hebre rew w € Hebraization of English € IPA € ISO

Comp Comput uter ers: s: Keybo Keyboar ardd € Unicode and HTML

Hebrew alphabet

Type

Abjad (for Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic) True Alphabet (for Yiddish)

Languages

Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (see Jewish languages)

Time period

3rd century BCE to present

Parent systems Egyptian hieroglyphs

 Prot Protoo-Si Sina nait itic ic  Phoe Phoeni nici cian an alph alphab abet et  Aram Aramai aicc alp alpha habe bett  Hebr Hebrew ew alph alphaabet bet Sister systems

Nabataean Syriac Palmyrenean Mandaic BržhmŸ  Pahlavi Sogdian

ISO 15924

Hebr, 125

Direction

Right-to-left

Unicode alias

Hebrew

Unicode range U+0590 to U+05FF [1],

U+FB1D to U+FB4F

  

[2]

v t e

[3]

Hebrew alphabet

2

The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: –€ˆ¢œ£ ¡ˆ¢œ£‘¤ ‘‰¤ €¥˜¦ ˜ˆ¥ ¦ˆ‹¥ [a], alefbet  Ivri ), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two script forms in use; the original old Hebrew script is known as the paleo-Hebrew script (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the Samaritan script), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the Assyrian script. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a cursive Hebrew script, which has also varied over time and place. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, of which five have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants. Like other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud . In rabbinic Hebrew, the letters € „ … ‰ are also used as matres lectionis to represent vowels. When used to write Yiddish, the writing system is a true alphabet (except for borrowed Hebrew words). In modern usage of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish (except that ‹ replaces …) and to some extent modern Israeli Is raeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with these letters acting as true vowels. €

History According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed during the late second and first millennia BCE alongside others used in the region. It is closely related to the Phoenician script, which was also an abjad, and which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in Greece (Greek alphabet). A distinct Hebrew variant, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, emerged by the 10th century BCE,[4] an example of which is represented in the Gezer calendar. The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was commonly used in the ancient Isr aelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, as well as by the Samaritans. Following the exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, in the Babylonian exile, Jews began using a form of the Assyrian script, which was another offshoot of the same family of scripts. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the Aramaic alphabet that was used by the Persian Empire (which in turn was adopted from the Assyrians), while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script, called the Samaritan script. After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both

A Jewish stele near the archeological excavations of the early medieval walls of Serdica

Hebrew alphabet

3 scripts before settling on the Assyrian form. For a limited time thereafter, the use of the paleo-Hebrew script among Jews was retained only to write the Tetragrammaton, but soon that custom was also abandoned.[citation needed ]

The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of  the Jewish diaspora  • such as Karaim, Jud§o-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc. The Aleppo Codex: 10th century CE Hebrew Bible with Masoretic pointing. Text of  Hebrew alphabet continued in use for Joshua 1:1 scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel.

Description General In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word.

Vowels In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph (‰), He (…), Vav („), or Yodh ( €) serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels. When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with or without niqqud-diacritics (e.g., respectively: "¥€" "¥€" ,"¤‰" ‰" or "‹" ,"€"), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.

Hebrew script on the bustier of Jan van Scorel's  Maria Magdalena Magdalena, 1530.

To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called niqqud (†„™€Ž, literally "applying points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the

Hebrew alphabet

4

language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of  cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or root letters) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.

Alphabet Hebrew Alphabet - souvenir from Israel Neither the old Hebrew script nor the modern Hebrew script have case, [c] but five letters have special final forms, called sofit (Hebrew: –€Š„Œ, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Greek or in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets [b]. These are shown below the normal form, in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard [5][6]). Hebrew is read and written from right to left. Alef 

Bet

Gimel

Dalet

He

‰

ˆ

‡

†

…

Lamed Mem

‘

 

Nun

Vav Zayin Het

„

Sam Samekh ekh Ayin Ayin Pe

Ž 

Œ

‹ Š œ

ƒ

Tet

‚ •

Yod Kaf  

€

“ ’

Tsadi Qof Resh Shin Tav

› š

™ ˜

— –

Note: The chart reads from left to right.

Pronunciation of letter names letter

Name of of le letter MW

‰ ˆ ˆ ‡ † … „ ƒ ‚ • €

Unicode

Established pronunciation [7] in English

standard Israelipronunciation

colloquial Israelipronunciation Israelipronunciation (if differing)

Yiddish /  Ashkenazipronunciation

Aleph

Alef

/‚ƒ„   l…f/, / ‚ƒ„ ‚ƒ„ †   l† f/ f/

/ ‚alef/

/‚al…f/ 

Beth

Bet

/b…¨/, /be‡t/

/bet/

/b…‡s/ 

 

 /v…‡s/  Gimel

Gimel

/‚ˆ‡   m‰l/

/ ‚ˆ ‚ˆimel/

/‚ˆim„…l/   

Daleth

Dalet

/‚d  ƒ„ †  l † ¨/, ¨/, / ‚dƒ„l…t/

/ ‚dalet/

/‚dal ed/

/‚dal… d/ 

He

He

/he‡ / /

/he/

/hej/

/h…‡ /   / 

Waw

Vav

/vƒ„v/, /wƒ„w/

/vav/ /v

Zayin

Zayin

/‚za   ‡ †   .† n/ n/

/ ‚zajin/

/‚za. in/

/‚zajin/   

Heth

He t

/h…¨/, /xe‡t/

/©et/

/ªet/

/ª…s/ 

Teth

Tet

/t…¨/, /te‡t/

/tet/

Yod

Yod

/jŠ„d/

/jod/

/vŠv/ 

/t…s/  /jud/

/jud/

 

Hebrew alphabet

5

“ “ ’ ‘  

Kaph

Ž 

Nun

Œ ‹ Š Š œ › š

Samekh Samekh

/‚ sƒ„m…k/, / ‚sƒ„m…x/ / ‚sameª/

Ayin

Ayin

/‚a ‡ †   .† n/ n/

/ ‚Œ ‚Œajin/

/‚a.i n/

/‚ajin/  

Pe

Pe

/pe‡ / /

/pe/

/pej/

/p…‡ /   / 

™ ˜ — – –

Ka f

/kƒ„f/

/kaf/

/kŠf/   /ªŠf/ 

Final Kaf

/kaf sofit/

/la«ˆ… ªŠf/ 

Lamed

Lamed

/‚l ƒ„m…d/

/ ‚lamed/

/‚lam…d/   

Mem

Mem

/m…m/

/mem/

/m…m/ 

 /mem sofit/

/ ‹lŠs m…m/ 

/nun/

/nun/

 /nun sofit/

/la«ˆ… nun/ 

Final Mem Nun

/nu„n/

Final Nun

 

/‚sam…ª/   

 /f …‡ …‡ /   /  Final Pe Sadhe

Tsadi

/pe sofit/ /‚s  ƒ„d‰ /, / ‚sƒ„di/

Final Tsadi

/pej sofit/

/la«ˆ… f …‡ …‡ /   / 

/‚ts adi/

/‚tsŠdi/, / ‚ts  Šdik/, / ‚tsad…k/ 

 / ‚tsadi sofit/

/la«ˆ… ‚tsad…k/ 

Qoph

Q of

/kŠ„f/

/kof/

/kuf/

/kuf/

Resh

Resh

/r…‹ /,  /, /re‡‹ / /

/ Že‹ / /

/ Žej‹ / /

/r…‡‹ /   / 

Shin

Shin

/‹i„ n/, / ‹‡‹‡n/

/ ‹in/

Taw

Tav

/tƒ„f/, /tŠ„v/

/tav/

 

/‹in, sin/  /taf/

 

/tŠv/, /tŠf/   /sŠv/, /sŠf/ 

Stylistic variants The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form. The three lettering variants currently in use are block, cursive and Rashi. Block and Rashi are used in books. Block lettering dominates, with Rashi lettering typically used for certain editorial inserts (as in the glosses of Isserles to the Shulchan Aruch) or biblical commentaries (as in the commentary of Rashi) in various standard literary works. Cursive is used almost exclusively when handwriting, unless block lettering is desired for stylistic purposes (as in signage).

Hebrew alphabet

6

Letter name (Unicode)

Variants Modern Hebrew Seri Seriff Sans Sans-- Mono- Curs Cursiv ivee serif  spaced

Alef 

‰

‰

‰

Bet

ˆ

ˆ

ˆ

Gimel

‡

‡

‡

Dalet

†

†

†

He

…

…

…

Vav

„

„

„

Zayin

ƒ

ƒ

ƒ

Het

‚

‚

‚

Tet

•

•

•

Yod

€

€

€

Kaf 

“

“

“

Final Kaf 

’

’

’

Lamed

‘

‘

‘

Mem







Final Mem







Nun

Ž

Ž

Ž

Final Nun







Samekh

Œ

Œ

Œ

Ancestral Rash Rashii

Phoe Phoen nicia ician n Pale Paleoo-He Heb brew rew Ara Aramaic maic

Hebrew alphabet

7 Ayin

‹

‹

‹

Pe

Š

Š

Š

Final Pe

œ

œ

œ

Tsadi

›

›

›

Final Tsadi

š

š

š

Qof 

™

™

™

Resh

˜

˜

˜

Shin

—

—

—

Tav

–

–

–

 ,

Yiddish symbols Symbol

¬ ¯® ¯ ˆ°

Explanation

These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew[d].

The rafe (…Š˜) diacritic is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In masoretic manuscripts and some other older texts the soft fricative consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the YIVO orthography of Yiddish.

Numeric values of letters Hebrew letters are used to denote numbers, nowadays used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the Hebrew calendar, denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. ±ˆ ˆ‘— ,±‰ ˆ‘—  • "phase a, phase b"), commonly in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria, and often in religious contexts.

Hebrew alphabet

8

lett letter er nume numeri ricc val value ue lett letter er nume numeri ricc val value ue lett letter er nume numeri ricc val value ue

‰

1

€

10

™

10 100

ˆ

2

“

20 20

˜

20 200

‡

3

‘

30 30

—

30 300

†

4



40 40

–

40 400

…

5

Ž

50

’

50 500

„

6

Œ

60 60



60 600

ƒ

7

‹

70 70



700

‚

8

Š

80 80

œ

80 800

•

9

›

90 90

š

90 900

The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by the juxtapositions –²– ,–²— ,–²˜ ,–²™, and ––²™ respectively. Adding a geresh ("±") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5769 is portrayed as •²Œ—–±…, where … represents 5000, and •²Œ—– represents 769.

Transliterations and transcriptions The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew. Clarifications:  For some letters, letters, the Academ Academyy of the Hebrew Hebrew Language Language offers offers a precise transliteration that differs from the regular standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies.  The IPA phonemic phonemic transcrip transcription tion is specified specified wheneve wheneverr it uses a different different symbol symbol from the one used used for the regular standard Israeli transliteration.  The IPA phoneti phoneticc transcriptio transcriptionn is specified specified wheneve wheneverr it differs differs from IPA phonemic transcription. Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its  Handbook of Style,[8] differs slightly from the 2006  precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "›" SBL uses "³" (  AHL "´"), and for †²‡ˆ –²Š“ with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t"). Click "show" to view extended table including examples.

Hebrew

exam exampl plee Tran Transl slat atio ion n

Standard

letter

example

example

consonantal, in non initial word positions

example

 € precise

if 

none

im

‘®‰µ ‰µ—¤

asked

'

sha'¶l

[]

consonantal, in initial word positions

‰

IPA phonetictranscription

transliteration

¥‰

[A1]

example IPA phonemictranscription

Israeli

Israeli transliteration [9]  € regular

‰

standard



sha¶l

/  /

/ ‹a‚al/ 

[im]

Hebrew alphabet

‰

9

·„µ „µ—‰¥ —‰¥˜

first

none

rish¸n

ˆ¡

son

b

ben

ˆ·„•

good

v

tov

‡‡®

roof

g

gag

[A2]

silent

ˆ ˆ ‡ ‡ ±‡ † † …

g

ga¹

¹

[10]

™„±‡

roach

º[B1]

ºuk

†„„†

boiler

d

dud

 d ‘’ / /  ‘

d

  ‘   ‘’uk/  /d

du»

» †¡…

echo

h

hed

…Š·

here

none

po

„¤„

hook

v

vav

‰„…

he

u

hu

„· ‘

to him

o

lo

…£ƒ

this

z

ze

·„‡¦ „‡¦˜±¤ ˜±¤ƒ

jargon

¼[B2]

¼arg¸n

®‚

hot

½ [C1]

½am

consonantal

…

[A3]

silent

„

w

waw

consonantal

„ „· ƒ ±ƒ ‚ • €

•¤™

tiny

t

kat

¤€

sea

y

yam

€ˆ¥

in me

i

bi

‹¤†€¡ †€¡

information

e

med¶

/’ / ¾

¿

¾am

 

[o  “  “] or [Š”]

[lo  “  “, lŠ”]

[ª]

[ªam]

[e  “  “] or /e or /e  “  “ j/

[me  “‚da] or [me  “ j‚da]

/ ’ar‚ˆon/ 

 /x/ or  /x/ or /ª/   /ª/ 

 /xam/

dialectical [©]

[©am]

/j/

/jam/

 /e/ or  /e/ or /ej/  /ej/

/me‚da/ or da/ or  /mej‚da/ 

ka¿  

consonantal

€ part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)

€ part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or  /ei/ diphthong)

À

mÀd¶

Hebrew alphabet

’ ,“ ’ ,“ ‘  ,  ,Ž Œ ‹

10

…“·

so so

’¤ ¦’¤“¦ “¦Œ

branch-roofing kh [C2]

skhakh

€¥‘

to me

l

li

„

defect

m

mum

€¥Ž

great-grandson n

nin

œ·„Œ

end

sof

‹®†¤ †¤€‰· €‰·‘¦ ‘¦†® †®‹ PurimPurim-par parade ade

k

ko

s [A4]

none

Á

sÁaÁ

 /x/ or  /x/ or /ª/   /ª/ 

‘€¥‹· ‹·„

useful

'

adloy¶da 

mo'Âl

adloy¶da



moÂl

in medial word positions Š€¥ Š€¥•

tip

Š œ ,Š Œ¡Š¦Š¦Œ¥Œ¥Š missed š ,› š€¥› bud ±š˜±›€ ›€˜˜ zip zip ±š ,±› ±š˜± ‘·„™ sound ™ ˜€¥‹ city ˜

p

tip

f

fisfÀs

ts

tsits

Ã[B3]

rÂÃraÃ

k

kol

r

ir

[ª]

[sªaª]

only in initial word position []

[–adlo  “  “‚ jada]  jada]

 

in initial or final word positions

‹

 /sxax/

dialectical  / Œ / 

–Œadlo‚ jada  / –Œ  jadaŒ / 

/  /

/mo‚il/ 

dialectical  / Œ / 

 /mo‚Œil/ 

/  ‘ t s/

/tsit s  ‘ its/  s/    ‘

/  ‘ t‹ / /

/ ‚rit  ‘‹rat  ‘‹ /   / 

[D]

—µ —Å – –

´

q

´i´

qol

µ—¤

there

sh

sham

Ä

Äam

Å—¤

put

s

sam

Æ

Æam

–„„–

strawberry

t

tut

t

tuÇ

 Ç 

/‹ / /  

 

/ ‹am/ 

[—] or [Ž]

[i—] or [iŽ]

dialectical [r] or [˜]

[ir] or [i˜]

Hebrew alphabet

11

Hebrew le letter

‰

Standard standard IPA phonemictran phonemictranscrip scription tion IPA phonetictrans phonetictranscripti cription on Israeli Israeli transliteration transliteration  €  regular  € precise none

[]

[A1]

consonantal, in initial word positions

‰

'



 /  / 

consonantal, in non initial word positions

‰

none

[A2]

silent

ˆ ˆ ‡ ‡ ±‡ † † …

b v g

g ¹  /d  ‘   ‘’ / 

º[B1] d

d »

h

consonantal

…

none

[A3]

silent

„

v

w

consonantal

„ „· ƒ ±ƒ ‚

u o

[o  “  “] or [Š”]

z  / ’ / 

¼[B2] ½[C1]

¾

/x/ or /ª/ dialectical [©]

[ª]

Hebrew alphabet

12

• €

t

¿

y

/j/

 

consonantal

€

i

part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)

€

e

À

/e/ or /ej/

[  “e] or [e  “ j]/ 

Á

/x/ or /ª/

[ª]

part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or  /ei/ diphthong)

’ ,“ ’ ,“ ‘  ,  ,Ž Œ ‹

k kh[C2] l m n s none

[A4]

in initial or final word positions

‹

dialectical  / Œ / 

'

Š



 /  /  dialectical  / Œ / 

in medial word positions [D]

only in initial word position []



p

Hebrew alphabet

13

œ ,Š š ,› ±š ,±› ™ ˜

f 

—µ —Å – –

sh

Ä

s

Æ

t

t

ts

´

 /t  ‘‹ /   / 

Ã[B3] k

/  ‘ ts/  s/ 

q

r

[—] or [Ž] dialectical [r] or [˜] /‹ /   / 

 

 Ç 

Notes A1^ 2^ 3^ 4^

In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ‹ (in regular transliteration), silent or initial ‰, and silent … are not transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics • niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in ¥‰ ("if", [im]), ¡‰ ("mother", [  “em]) m]) and ·‰ ("nut", [  “ o “m]), m]), the letter ‰ always represents the same consonant: [ ] (glottal stop), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/  and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that ‰ in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop  is omitted from the transliteration, and only only the subsequent vowels are transliterated transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively. B1^ 2^ 3^

The diacritic geresh  • "±"  • is used with some other letters as well (±– ,±˜ ,±‹ ,±• ,±‚ ,±†), but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew • never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard "±„" and "„„" [e1] are sometimes used to represent /w/, which like /d  ‘   ‘’ /, / ’ / and /t   ‘‹ / / appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. C1^ 2^

The Sound /ª/ (as "ch" in loch) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language: ‚ /ªam/ ™ "cham"; ’“Œ /sªaª/ ™ "schach".

D^

Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (Book of Proverbs 30, 6: "–¦ ¤–ˆ¤ ¦ˆƒ¦ ¤ƒ“¥ “¦ Ž¦ ¥Ž„¦ ¤’ ’ˆ¦ ®‚€¥ ‚€¥“· “„€- ·„€-Š£ :„€¤˜¤ ˜ˆ ¤ˆ†-‘® ¦†-‘®‹ œ¦ ¦œ¦Œ· Œ„·„–-‘® – -‘®‰. ‰."), in modern Hebrew /p/ is always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "Š", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g.  Š·„µ „µ— / ‹op/ "shop" ), ), foreign names (e.g. Š€¥ Š€¥‘€¥ ‘€¥Š / ‚filip/ "Philip" ) and some slang (e.g. Š® Š®˜¤ ˜¤‚ /ªa‚rap/ "slept deeply" ). ).

Hebrew alphabet

14

Pronunciation The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew.

‰

Letters

ˆ

ˆ ‡ ‡ ±‡ †

†

±†

…

„

„

„· ±„ , „„ ƒ ±ƒ ‚

• €

(non-standard)[e2]

IPA

[], š

Letters

IPA

[b]

[v]

[ˆ]

[d  ‘   ‘’]

€¥ ’ “ ’ “ ‘    Ž Œ [i]

[k]

[ ª]

[l] [m]

[ d]

[È] [h [ h~], š [v]~[w]

‹

Š

[n] [s] []~[Œ], š [p]

œŠ [f]

[  “o]

[w]

[z] [’] [ª]~[©] [t] [j]

š › ±š ±› ™

˜

µ— —Å

[Ž]~[r]

[‹] [s]

[  ‘ts]

[u]

[t‹]

[k]

– [t]

– ±– ±– [¨]

Shin and sin and sin are represented by the same letter, —, but are two separate phonemes. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.

Shin

Symbol

—µ (right dot) —Å (left dot)

Name Transliteration IPA Example shin

sh

/ ‹ /   / 

shop

sin

s

/s/

  sour

Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to Proto-Semitic *Æ, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative / › /, as is evident in Greek transliteration of Hebrew words such as  Balsam (Å— £—ˆ· ) (the ls - 'Å—') —') as is evident in the Targum Onkelos. [citation needed ] Rendering of proto-semitic *Æ as / › /, is still evident in the Soqotri language. [citation needed ]

Dagesh Historically, the consonants ˆ beth, ‡ gimel, † daleth, “ kaf , Š  pe and – tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive), and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (—‡†), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ˆ beth, “ kaf , and Š pe, and doesn't affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows: Name

With dagesh Symbo ymboll

beth

kaf 

 pe

Without dagesh

Tra Transli nslite tera rati tioon IPA Exa Example mple Symbo ymboll Tran Transl slit iter eraatio tion IPA Exa Exampl mple

ˆ b k [] ’ “ Š p

ˆ v angaroo   ’ “ kh/ch/x ass   œ Š f/ph

/b/

  bun

/v/

  van

/k/

k

/ª/

loch

/p/

p

/f/   f ind ind

In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern.  In some some Sephar Sephardi di and and Mizrah Mizrahii dialec dialects, ts, bet without dagesh is pronounced [b], like bet with dagesh  In Syri Syrian an and Yemeni Yemenite te Hebr Hebrew, ew, gimel without dagesh is pronounced [ œ], as in "Job"  In Yemenite Yemenite Hebrew, Hebrew, and and in the Iraqi Iraqi pronuncia pronunciation tion of the the word "Adonai "Adonai", ", dalet without dagesh is pronounced [È] as in "these"  In Ashke Ashkena nazi zi Hebr Hebrew ew,, tav without dagesh is pronounced [s] as in "silk"

Hebrew alphabet

15

 In Iraqi Iraqi and Yemenit Yemenitee Hebrew, Hebrew, and and formerly formerly in some some other other dialects, dialects, tav without dagesh is pronounced [¨] is in "thick"

Identical pronunciation In Israel's general population, many consonants have the same pronunciation. They are as follows: Letters

‰

‹

 Alef *

 Ayin*

Transliteration

Pronunciation (IPA)

not transliterated

Usually when in medial word position:  /./  (separation of vowels in a hiatus) When in initial or final word position, sometimes also in medial word position: silent alternatingly

ˆ

„

 Bet (without

Vav

' or 

 /  /  (glottal stop)

v

/v/

kh/ch/h

/ª/

t

/t/

 

k

/k/

 

s

/s/

 

ts/tz

/ts/

ch/tsh (chair)

/t‹ /   / 

 

dagesh )

‚

“

 Het 

 Kaf (without dagesh)

•

–

Tet 

Tav

“

™

 Kaf (with dagesh)

Qof 

Œ

—Å

Samekh

Sin (with left dot)

›

Œ–

Tsadi*

Tav-Samekh*

±›

—• µ—•

Tsadi (with geresh)

Tet-Shin*

and 

—– Å—–

 

 

Tav-Sin* and 

—– µ—– Tav-Shin*

* Varyingly

Ancient Hebrew pronunciation Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ˆ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. position . These letters  letters  were also called  BeGeD KeFeT letters / –be‡ˆ…d‚k…f …t/. The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as plosives /b ˆ d k p t/ at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives /v œ È x f ¨/ when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, É ¹ » Á p  ž  Ç).  Ç). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds » and ¹ have reverted to [d] and [ˆ], respectively, and Ç has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. ˜ resh may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list  BeGeD KePoReS . (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1)

Hebrew alphabet 

16

 /, • tet  ‚ chet and ‹ ayin represented pharyngeal fricatives, › tsadi represented the emphatic consonant /s Ÿ /, represented the emphatic consonant /t Ÿ /,  /, and ™ qof represented the uvular plosive /q/. All these are common

Semitic consonants.  — Å sin (the /s/ variant of — shin) was originally different from both —µ shin and Œ samekh, but had become /s/ the same as Œ samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative / › / (the sound of modern Welsh ll) or the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /t › / (like N¶huatl tl).

Vowels Matres lectionis

‰ alef , … he, „ vav and € yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, /  /, /h/, /v/ and /j/). When they do, „ and € are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol  • a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas ‰ and … are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel. Letter

‰ … „

Name Consonant Vowel Name of  Indicated of letter indicated designation vowel designation Vowel when letter consonantal  

€

alef 

 /  / 

 



Ê, Ë, Ì, Í, Î

he

 /h/ 

 



Ê, Ë, Ì, Í, Î

vav

 /v/ 

„· „ €¥ €¡

¾ol¶m malÀ

Î

shurÏq

Ð

yud 

 /j/ 

¾irÂq malÀ

Ñ  

tserÀ malÀ

Ê, Ë

Vowel points is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:

 Niqqud

Name

Symbol

Hiriq Zeire

Israeli Hebrew IPA

Transliteration

English example

[i]

i

mandi

[  “e], ], ([e   “ j] with e, (ei with men, main succeeding yod) succeeding yod)

Segol

[  “e]

e

men

Patach

[Ò]

a

father  

[Ò], (or [o   “   “])

a, (or o)

father  

Kamatz

Œ¤

Hebrew alphabet

17 Holam Haser

[  “ o “]

o

over

[o  “  “]

o

over

Shuruk

[u]

u

moon

Kubutz

[u]

u

moon

Holam Male

„·

Note 1: The symbol "•" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note 2: The pronunciation of zeire and sometimes segol - with or without the letter yod - is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in

the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language. Note 3: The dagesh , mappiq , and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same. Note 4: The letter „ (vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter.

Meteg

By adding a vertical line (called  Meteg) underneath the letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in Biblical Hebrew, not Modern Hebrew. Sh'va

By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. Name

Symbol

Israeli Hebrew IPA

Shva

Transliteration

[  “e] or š

  apostrophe, e,

English example h as pronounced in herb

or nothing

Reduced Segol

[  “e]

e

men

Reduced Patach

[Ò]

a

father  

[o  “  “]

o

f ather

Reduced Kamatz

ŒÓ

Comparison table  citation needed  needed ] Vowel comparison table [ citation

Vowel Length (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew) Long

¤ ¡ „·

Short

® £ ¤ Wikipedia:Disputed statement

„ €¥

Ö ¥

IPA IPA Tran Transl slit iter erat atio ion n Engl Englis ish h example

Very Short

Ô Õ Ó

[Ò]

a

spa

[e  “]

e

temp

[o  “  “]

o

Congo

[u]

u

soon

[i]

i

ski

Wikipedia:Disputed statement

n/a

Hebrew alphabet

18 Note I:

By adding two vertical dots (sh'va)

¦

the vowel is made very short. Note II:

The short o and long a have the same niqqud .

Note III:

The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Note IV:

The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Gershayim The symbol ‚ is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym. Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter.

Sounds represented with diacritic geresh The sounds [t  ‘‹], [d  ‘   ‘’], [’], written "±›", " ±‡", " ±ƒ", and [w], non-standardly sometimes transliterated „„ or ±„[e3], are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh. (As mentioned above, while still done, using ±„ to represent [w] is non-standard; standard spelling rules allow no usage of ±„ whatsoever[e4]). Hebrew slang and loanwords Name

Symbol

IPA Transliteration

±‡ Zayin with a geresh ±ƒ Tsadi with a geresh ±› Vav with a geresh or double Vav „„ or ±„(non standard)

Gimel with a geresh

Example

„Ž¦ „Ž¦‚± ‚±‡®

  ‘’] [d  ‘

º

ƒ¶¾nun

 d ‘’aªnun] [‚  ‘

[’]

¼

kol¶„

[ko‚la’]

±ƒ‰®‘· ‘·„™ „™

[t  ‘‹]

Ã

…up¶r (treat)

[  ‘t‹u‚par]

˜Š ¤Š„±› „±›

[w]

w

aw¶nta ¶nta (boas (boastf tful ul act) act) [a‚wanta]

[e5]

…®•¦ •Ž¦Ž®„® „ ‰®

The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic, the represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology, i.e., these symbols only represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and never loanwords. Transliteration of non-native sounds Name

Symbol IPA

Dalet with a geresh

±†

Tav with a geresh

±–

[È]

Arabic letter   Dh•l (€)

Voiced th

Example

 Dh‚  Dh‚ al-ƒijjah

(•‚ƒ„… †€) [¨]

Th• (‡) •

Voiceless th

Thurston

„±† …±‡€‚-‘‰ „•Œ˜±–

Comment

* Also used for English voiced th * Often a simple † is written.

Hebrew alphabet ×et with a geresh

Resh with a geresh

±‚

19 [ª]

±˜ or [ ] ±‹

Kh• (ˆ ) •

Sheikh (‰Š‹)

Ghajar  Ž   Ghayn (Œ ) Ghajar 

(‚Ž)

±‚€€—

* Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound [ª] represented by ±‚ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between [ª] and [©], in which case ±‚ transliterates the former and ‚ the latter, whereas in everyday usage ‚ without geresh is pronounced [©] only dialectically but [ª] commonly.

˜±‡±˜

Sometimes an ¡ayin with a geresh (±‹) is used to transliterate Œ  •  • inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language

A geresh is also used to denote acronyms pronounced as a string of letters, and to denote a Hebrew numeral. Geresh also is the name of one of the notes of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, but its appearance and function is different.

Religious use The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical mystical texts. texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]");[11] others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or the redemption. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the Talmud illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed. [12] The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the Sefer Yezirah, or  Book of Creation , a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the Book of Genesis, largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and Zohar. [13][14] Another book, the 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe. [15] Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of  Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption". In addition, the letters occasionally feature in aggadic portions of  non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given anthropomorphic qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the Babylonian Talmud (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation): The four-pronged Shin

Why does the story of creation begin with bet?... In the same manner that the letter bet is closed on all sides and only open in front, similarly you are not permitted to inquire into what is before or what was behind, but only from the actual time of Creation.

Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 77c

Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within Mishna Berura of Yisrael Meir Kagan.

Hebrew alphabet

20

Mathematical use In set theory letter aleph is used to mark infinite cardinality of a set, for example "number" of all natural numbers is . Similarly beth is used for infinite ordinals. See aleph number and beth number.

Unicode and HTML The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks ( niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.

Notes a^

"Alef-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the opposed to with the hyphen, €˜ˆ‹ –€ˆ¢œ‘‰.

maqaf

(œ™, "[Hebrew] hyphen"), €˜ˆ‹ –€ˆŠ‘‰, as

b^

The Arabic letters generally (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants) have four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form. c^

In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Mode rn Hebrew, †‚‡, ˆ‚‰Š and ‹‚Œ can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and f in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions. In medial positions, positions, both b oth pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. €‰®™€¥ €‰®™€¥ƒ€¥ ƒ€¥Š  /fizi‚kaj/ and never /pizi ‚kaj/ (= "physicist"), ˆ· ˆ·„Ž¦ „Ž¦Œ /snob/ and never /snov/ (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to unambiguously denote the plosive variant: ˆ = /b/, “ = /k/, Š =/p/; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in Yiddish) a rafÀ placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant: °ˆ °ˆ = /v/, °“ = /ª/  and °Š = /f/. In Modern Hebrew orthography, the sound [p] at the end of a word is denoted by the regular form "Š", as opposed to the final form "œ", which always denotes [f] (see table of transliterations and transcriptions, comment [D]). d^

However, „„ (two separate vavs), used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the vavs but together as one character).

Yiddish ligature

 (also two

e1^ e2^ e3^ e4^ e5^

The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both [v] and [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. [16] Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context.

References [1] [1] [2] [2] [3] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

http http:/  :/   / www.unicode.org/  www.unicode.org/ charts/  charts/ PDF/  PDF/ U0590.pdf  U0590.pdf  http http:/  :/   / www.unicode.org/  www.unicode.org/ charts/  charts/ PDF/  PDF/ UFB00.pdf  UFB00.pdf  http http:/  :/   / en.wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/  org/ w/  w/ index.php?title=Template:Alphabet& index.php?title=Template:Alphabet&action=edit action=edit Ancient Ancient Script Scripts.c s.com: om: Old Hebrew (http:/  / www.ancientscripts. www.ancientscripts.com/  com/ old_hebrew.html) old_hebrew.html) Chart of Hebrew Hebrew glyphs at unicode.org unicode.org (http:/  (http:/   / www.unicode. www.unicode.org/  org/ charts/  charts/ PDF/  PDF/ U0590.pdf) U0590.pdf) Unicode Unicode names of Hebrew characters characters at fileformat. fileformat.info info (http:/  (http: /  / www.fileformat. www.fileformat.info/  info/ info/  info/ unicode/  unicode/ block/  block/ hebrew/  hebrew/ list.htm). list.htm).  / www.merriam-webster. www.merriam-webster.com/  com/ table/  table/ dict/  dict/ alphabet.htm) alphabet.htm) Merriam Webster's Collegiate Collegiate Dictionary (http:/  Resources Resources for for New Testamen Testamentt Exegesis Exegesis • Transliteration Standards of The SBL Handbook of Style (http:/   / www.viceregency. www.viceregency.com/  com/ Translit. Translit. htm) [9] Transliterat Transliteration ion guidelin guidelines es (http:/  (http:/   / hebrew-academy.huji. hebrew-academy.huji.ac. ac.il/  il/ hahlatot/  hahlatot/ TheTranscription/  TheTranscription/ Documents/  Documents/ taatiq2007.pdf) taatiq2007.pdf) by the Academy of  the Hebrew Language, November 2006 [10] Translitera Transliteration tion guidelines guidelines preceding preceding 2006-update (http:/  (http:/   / hebrew-academy.huji. hebrew-academy.huji.ac. ac.il/  il/ hahlatot/  hahlatot/ TheTranscription/  TheTranscription/ Documents/  Documents/ ATAR1. ATAR1. pdf), p. 3 Academy of the Hebrew Language

Hebrew alphabet [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Jerusalem Jerusalem Talmud, Talmud, Tractate Tractate Sanhedrin Sanhedrin 21b Babylonian Babylonian Talmud, Talmud, Tractate Tractate Pesach Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah Zarah 18a. Babylonian Babylonian Talmud, Talmud, Tractate Tractate Berachot Berachot 55c Zohar Zohar 1:3; 1:3; 2:152 2:152 The Book of of Letters. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990 issued issued by the Academy Academy of of the Hebrew Hebrew Language. Language.

Bibliography  Gese Geseni nius us'' Hebre ebrew w Gram Gramma mar, r, Ø5 ff. ff.  Hoff Hoffma man, n, Joel Joel M. 2004 2004.. In the Beginning: A Short History of the the Hebrew Language. New York: New York University Press. (http:/  / www.newjewishbooks. www.newjewishbooks.org/  org/ ITB) ITB)  SaenzSaenz-Bad Badill illos, os, Angel. Angel. 1993. 1993. A History of the Hebrew Language. Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. (http:/  / www.amazon. www.amazon.com/  com/ gp/  gp/ product/  product/ 0521556341) 0521556341)  Stei Steinb nber erg, g, Dav David id.. History of the Hebrew Language.  / www.adath-shalom. www.adath-shalom.ca/  ca/ history_of_hebrew.htm) history_of_hebrew. htm) Language. (http:/   Math Mather erss tabl tablee  Hebrew Alphabet Guide (http:/  / www.hebrewlanguageguide. www.hebrewlanguageguide.com/  com/ hebrew-alphabet/  hebrew-alphabet/ )

External links General       

The Hebrew Hebrew alphabe alphabet,t, meanings, meanings, and spiritua spirituall symbolism symbolism (http:/  (http:/  / www.inner. www.inner.org/  org/ hebleter/  hebleter/ index.htm) index.htm) How How to dra draw w lett letter erss (htt (http: p:/ /  / www.levsoftware.com/  www.levsoftware.com/ alefbet.htm) alefbet.htm) Official Official Unicode Unicode standards standards documen documentt for Hebrew Hebrew (http:/  (http:/  / www.unicode. www.unicode.org/  org/ charts/  charts/ PDF/  PDF/ U0590.pdf) U0590.pdf) Transliterate Transliterate your English English name into Hebrew Hebrew Letters Letters (http:/  (http:/  / www.kabalahyoga. www.kabalahyoga.com/  com/ name) name) Hebrew Hebrew Alphab Alphabet et Charts Charts (http: (http:/ /  / www. www. jr.co.  jr.co.il/  il/ alef-bet.htm) alef-bet.htm) Interac Interactiv tivee Hebrew Hebrew Alphab Alphabet et Lesson Lesson (http (http:/  :/  / www.makorehebrew.com/  www.makorehebrew. com/ lesson/  lesson/ plan/  plan/ 1439/  1439/ Consonants) Consonants) Mobile Mobile OCR OCR Hebr Hebrew ew Dict Diction ionary ary (htt (http:/  p:/  / www.cymraeg. www.cymraeg.ru/  ru/ daoulagad.html) daoulagad.html)

Keyboards  LiteT LiteTyp ype. e.co com m (http (http:/  :/  / litetype.com/  litetype.com/ ?lang=hebrew&style=moon) ?lang=hebrew&style=moon) • Virtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard  Hebrew Hebrew callig calligrap raphy hy alpha alphabet bet (htt (http:/  p:/  / www.script-sign. www.script-sign.com) com) Model Hebrew calligraphy Alphabet  Mikle Miklede det.t.co com m (http (http:/  :/  / www.mikledet. www.mikledet.com) com) • For typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)  Hebr Hebrew ew Wr Writ itin ingg (ht (http tp:/  :/  / hebrew-keyboard.com) hebrew-keyboard.com) • Typing Hebrew and Nikud using extended English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew Writing layout)  Prize Prize Find: Find: Oldest Oldest Hebrew Hebrew Inscr Inscript iption ion (http (http:/  :/  / www.bib-arch. www.bib-arch.org/  org/ bar/  bar/ article.asp?PubID=BSBA& article.asp?PubID=BSBA& Volume=36&Issue=2& Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9) ArticleID=9) Biblical Archaeology Review

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Hebrew alphabet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=5 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599050067 99050067 Contributors: 1297, 334a, 4pq1injbok, ActiveSelective, Adjwilli, Adrian.benko, Aeusoes1, Ageku, Aharon,

Al-Andalus, Alansohn, Aleph1, AlexanderKaras, AlexanderWinston, Alexandre-JÀrÎme, Allens, AlphAlphA, Altenmann, Ami hertz, Amire80, Ams627, AnieHall, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Ariel., Arthena, Assyrio, Astein1, Augurr, Avitohol, Avrum84, Azaghal of Belegost, Babelfisch, Benwing, Bgates1, Big Adamsky, Blanu, Bluewind, Bo Basil, Boboroshi, Branddobbe, Brando130, Brion VIBBER, Bronsin, Bryan Derksen, Bumm13, Bus stop, C0N6R355, CRGreathouse, CWesling, Calbaer, CalebWilson, Carolina wren, Cbogart2, Champson1035, ChanochGruenman, CharlesMartel, Chenlev, CheskiChips, Ck lostsword, Clinkophonist, CommandoJack, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cprompt, Crissov, Csernica, Cubfanpgh, Curb Chain, Cybercobra, DH85868993, DOSGuy, DVD R W, Dahveed323, Dan Pelleg, DanBLOO, Daniel il, Danitudos, Danny, DarkFantasy, DavidConrad, Davidl, Davidsteinberg, Dbachmann, Debresser, Def lective, Denelson83, DerBorg, Dhirsbrunner, Dimpan, DionysiusThrax, Dispenser, Docu, Dodiad, DopefishJustin, Doron waf, Dovi, Drift chambers, Drilnoth, DwightKingsbury, E=MC^2, Edal, Eddau, Edenc1, Editor2020, Eequor, Eisenstadt, Elendil's Heir, Eliyak, Ellywa, Emrrans, Epicgenius, Epson291, Ericbg05, Erinn, Error, Erutuon, Etams, Ewawer, FilipeS, FisherQueen, Fitzburgh, Flapdragon, Foobaz, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo, Ghewgill, Gilabrand, Gilgamesh, Glenn L, Glossaquepasa, Gogo Dodo, Gritchka, Grubbmeister, H92, Haakanbaarman, Hairy Dude, Hakeem.gadi, Haldrik, Happybunny95, Heronbythesea, Hertz1888, Hippietrail, Hmains, Howcheng, Hyacinth, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Ian.thomson, Ichwan Palongengi, Ijon, Ikiroid, Imeriki al-Shimoni, Inbetweener, Indexheavy, Infantom, Informator, Iridescent, It Is Me Here, Itai, Ixfd64, Izzedine, J. 'mach' wust, J58660, Jallan, James Arthur Reed, Jaqeli, Java7837, Jayjg, Jbabrams2, Jediknightelectro1997, Jeeny, Jesdisciple, Jestus 13, Jfdwolff, Jheald, Jimhoward72, Jklamo, Jnate19, Jndrline, Jni, Jnothman, Johanna-Hypatia, Johnman239, Jonathan48, Jonathanrcoxhead, Joshdboz, Judaeosemitist, Julian Mendez, Kaaveh Ahangar, KathrynLybarger, Keeves, Kenneth Alan, Khoikhoi, Klparrot, Koavf, Korenyuk, Krzyp, Kwamikagami, Kwork2, KylieTastic, Lady Aleena, Largoplazo, Lasunncty, Ldoron, LeaHazel, Lee-Anne, Leegee23, Leybl goldberg, Lfdder, LilHelpa, Lincmad, Lindum, LittleDan, Llusiduonbach, Lockesdonkey, Lotje, Lowellian, Luckynumbers, MacedonianBoy, Maelnuneb, Mahmudmasri, Malhonen, Malik Shabazz, Maltin75, Marek69, Marysunshine, Matt1957, Mausy5043, MaxÂ, Mbz1, McGeddon, Mdotley, Meaghan, Melaen, Metallurgist, Mgenuth, Mhss, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mitch3000, Mlang.Finn, Mo-Al, Monedula, Mournserve, Mrdice, Munci, Mustafaa, Muu-karhu, MuzikJunky, NHRHS2010, NSH001, NachMS, Naddy, Neatnate, Neelix, Nibblet, Nickshanks, Nixeagle, No such user, Nohat, Number 57, Olve Utne, OneTopJob6, Ordinary Person, Ori.livneh, OwenBlacker, Pasquale, Per Honor et Gloria, Phil Boswell, Philip Trueman, PhilosophicalNinja, Pjacobi, Plastikspork, Porges, PretoriaTravel, Protagor, Pseudomonas, PuckSmith, PuckSmith, Pyrop, R'n'B, RK, Ready, Redaktor, Redrose64, Reinyday, Renata, RetiredUser2, Rjwilmsi, RosenneJ, Ross Burgess, Rossnixon, Rotem Dan, Roybb95, Ruakh, Samuel, Samuels18, Saperaud, Sardanaphalus, SerafÂn33, Sethoeph, Sfan00 IMG, Sh33pl0re, Shaul avrom, Shirulashem, Shlomke, Simetrical, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, Smoothhenry, Soccerfun99, Solarix, Sonlarge, Sotakeit, Sputnikcccp, StOlaf12, Starjsr, Stephen C. Carlson, Stephen Gilbert, Stevertigo, Sumerophile, Summer Song, Suruena, TShilo12, Tassedethe, Tcherser, The Obento Musubi, The Rogue Penguin, The Thing That Should Not Be, Threeafterthree, Throttleryn, Tiamut, Tim Long, Timwi, Tobias Conradi, Toby Bartels, Tomerfiliba, Tommy2010, Trafford09, TreasuryTag, Truthanado, Ukexpat, Uriber, Uriyan, Vcohen, VeryVerily, Vincent Ramos, Viriditas, Vishahu, W. P. Uzer, Wakantanka, Wavelength, Wbm1058, Wereon, Westonmr, Wikinger, William Avery, Xolom, Xyz7890, YUL89YYZ, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yms, Ynhockey, Yoninah, Yossarian, Youssefsan, Ypediag, Yseewald, Yurik, Yym, Zabek, ZanderSchubert, Zerida, Zero0000, Zidonuke, Zundark, ZxxZxxZ, ¢. £¤¥¦§¨©ª«, †Š˜Œ… ,€Ž„˜…‰ ˜€‰, € •  €  • ‚  ‚  ƒ „  ƒ  „ , 518 anonymous edits

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Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:lamed.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lamed.svg ile:Lamed.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Mem handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwritin ile:Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg g.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Mem-nonfinal Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Mem-nonfinal_Rashi le:Hebrew_letter_Mem-nonfinal_Rashi.png .png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician mem.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_mem.svg ile:Phoenician_mem.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Original: User:Udzu SVG: User:Bryan Derksen File:Early Aramaic character - mem.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png ile:Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:mem.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mem.svg le:Mem.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Mem-final handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwritin ile:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg g.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Mem-final Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_Rashi. ile:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_Rashi.png png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Nun handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting. ile:Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Nun-nonfinal Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Nun-nonfinal_Rash ile:Hebrew_letter_Nun-nonfinal_Rashi.png i.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician nun.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_nun.svg ile:Phoenician_nun.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - nun.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png le:Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:nun.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nun.svg ile:Nun.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Nun-final handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriti ile:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg ng.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Nun-final Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_Rashi.pn le:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_Rashi.pngg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Samekh handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting le:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg .svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Samekh Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_Rashi. ile:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_Rashi.png png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician samekh.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_samekh.svg ile:Phoenician_samekh.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - samekh.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.png ile:Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:samekh.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Samekh.svg le:Samekh.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Ayin handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting. ile:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Ayin Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F  License https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_Rashi.p ile:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_Rashi.png ng : Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician ayin.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_ayin.svg le:Phoenician_ayin.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - ayin.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png ile:Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk). Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:ayin.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ayin.svg ile:Ayin.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Pe handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting. ile:Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Hebrew letter Pe-nonfinal Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Pe-nonfinal_Rashi. le:Hebrew_letter_Pe-nonfinal_Rashi.png png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician pe.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_pe.svg le:Phoenician_pe.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - pey.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.png ile:Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk).

Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:pe0.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pe0.svg ile:Pe0.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Pe-final handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting. le:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan

Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Pe-final Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_Rashi.pn ile:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_Rashi.pngg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Tsadik handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriti ile:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg ng.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-nonfinal Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-nonfinal_Rash le:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-nonfinal_Rashi.png i.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan

Pelleg File:phoenician sade.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_sade.svg ile:Phoenician_sade.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - tzadi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.png ile:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk).

Original uploader was Aharon at en.wikipedia File:sade 1.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sade_1.svg le:Sade_1.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:sade 2.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sade_2.svg le:Sade_2.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144 File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriti ile:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg ng.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors:

Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_Rashi. ile:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_Rashi.png png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Kuf handwriting.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting. ile:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_Rashi.png ile:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_Rashi.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan Pelleg File:phoenician qoph.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_qoph.svg le:Phoenician_qoph.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902 File:Early Aramaic character - quf.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.png le:Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aharon (talk).

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