Heat and Mass Transfer Yunus a Cengel Appendix
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Heat and Mass Transfer a Practical Approach, 3rd Edition, Yunus a Cengel Mae Joyce Torres Appendix...
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APPENDIX
PROPERTY TABLES AND C HA RTS (S I U NI TS )
1
856 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Critical-Point Properties
Substance
Formula
Molar Mass, M kg/kmol kg/kmol
Gas Constant, R kJ/kg kJ/kg K*
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n -Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlo Dic hlorod rodifl ifluor uorome ometha thane ne (R(R-12) 12) Dich Di chlo loro rofl fluo uoro rome meth than ane e (R (R-2 -21) 1) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n -Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl CH Cl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 1 20.91 12 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081
0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976
·
Temperature, K 132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365
Pressure, MPa
Volume, m3 /kmol
3.77 3. 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62
0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810
857 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2 Boiling- and freezing-point properties Boiling Data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal Boiling Point, °C
Ammonia
33.3
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n -Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
185.9 80.2
Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5
Latent Heat of Vaporization, h fg kJ/kg 1357
161.6 394
Freezing Data
Freezing Point, °C 77.7
189.3 5.5
Latent Heat of Fusion, h if kJ/kg 322.4
28 126
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
97.7 210
99.2 25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
183 —
212.7 230–384
— 80.3
Liquid Properties
Temp., °C
Density, kg/m3
Specific Heat, C p kJ/kg °C
33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20
682 665 639 603 1394 879
4.43 4.51 4.62 4.78 1.14 1.72
20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.78 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0
·
858 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals
Composition Aluminum: Pure Alloy 2024-T6 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium
Melting Point, K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K) /C p (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
kg/m
3
106 C p k J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·
·
933
2702
903
237
97.1
775
2770
875
177
73.0
2790 1850
883 1825
545
9780
122
2573
2500
1107
27.0
594
8650
231
96.8
Chromium
2118
7160
449
93.7
Cobalt
1769
8862
421
99.2
Copper: Pure
1358
8933
385
401
117
1293
8800
420
52
14
1104
8780
355
54
17
1188
8530
380
110
Boron Cadmium
Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn)
7.86
200
302 482 65
237 798 163
473
787
482 252
413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360
400 240 949 186
600 231 1033 186
800
1000
218 1146
925 1042 68.2 174 185 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 48.4 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628
1550
Bismuth
168 200
100
33.9
75
393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395
379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425
366 433
352 451
859 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)
Composition
Melting Point, K
AlSl 1010 Carbon–silicon (Mn 1%, 0.1% Si 0.6%) Carbon–manganese–silicon (1% Mn 1.65% 0.1% Si 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 14 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 2 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1Cr– 12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AlSl 302
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K) /C p (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
kg/m
3
C p k 106 J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·
·
7832
434
63.9
18.8
7817
446
51.9
14.9
8131
434
41.0
11.6
7822
444
37.7
7858
442
42.3
7836
443
48.9
38.2
36.7
33.3
26.9
12.2
492 42.0
575 39.1
688 34.5
969 27.4
14.1
492 46.8
575 42.1
688 36.3
969 28.2
492
575
688
969
477
14.9
3.95
AlSl 316
8238
468
13.4
3.48
AlSl 347
7978
480
14.2
3.71
35.3
129
Magnesium
923
1740
1024
156
1000
10.9
7900
11,340
800
31.3 1168 29.3 971 27.6 1090
3.91
601
600
39.2 685 37.4 699 35.0 685
15.1
Lead
400
48.8 559 44.0 582 39.7 559
480
1670
200
58.7 487 49.8 501 42.2 487
8055
AlSl 304
100
24.1 87.6
9.2 272
12.6 402
39.7 118 169 649
36.7 125 159 934
17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074
20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267
25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606
860 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded)
Melting Point, K
kg/m
Rhenium
3453
21,100
136
Rhodium
2236
12,450
243
150
Silicon
1685
2330
712
148
Silver
1235
10,500
235
429
Tantalum
3269
16,600
140
57.5
Thorium
2023
11,700
118
54.0
505
7310
227
66.6
Titanium
1953
4500
522
21.9
Tungsten
3660
19,300
132
Uranium
1406
19,070
116
27.6
Vanadium
2192
6100
489
30.7
693
7140
389
2125
6570
278
Composition
Tin
Zinc Zirconium
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K) /C p (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K 3
106 C p k J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·
·
47.9
174
116 22.7
16.7
100
58.9 97 49.6 186 147 89.2 884 259 174 444 187 24.7 59.2 110 39.1 59.8 99 40.1 85.2 188 9.32 30.5 300 68.3 208 87 12.5 21.7 94 10.3 35.8 258 41.8 117 297 12.4 33.2 205
200
400
51.0 127 154 220 264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264
46.1 139 146 253 98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300
600
800
1000
44.2 145 136 274 61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134
44.1 151 127 293 42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145
44.6 156 121 311 31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156
19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332
19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563
20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597
21.6 342
23.7 362
Source for Tables A-3 and A-4: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons,
861 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals
Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron Boron fiber epoxy (30% vol.) composite k , to fibers k , to fibers C p Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type lla insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k , to layers k , to layers C p Graphite fiber epoxy (25% vol.) composite k , heat flow to fibers k , heat flow to fibers C p Pyroceram, Corning 9606
Melting Point, K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K) /C p (J/kg · K)
Properties at 300 K
kg/m
3
C p k 106 J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·
·
2323
3970
765
46
15.1
2323
3970
765
36.0
11.9
2725
3000
1030
2573
2500
1105
590
2080
272 27.6
9.99
—
3500
2273
2210
—
1.60
509 2300
1623
82 — 55 —
190 —
52.5 —
32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490
600 18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880
800 13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2 135
1000 10.5 1225 7.85 1225 47 1975 6.3 2350
—
0.67 — 10,000 21
1.18 — 4000 194
1.89 —
21.9 —
2.37 —
2.53 —
1540 853
1950 5.70
4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793
11.1 0.87
5.7 8.7 13.0 0.46 0.68 1.1 337 642 1216 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 — — 908 1038 1122 1197
709 450
450 — 133 —
400
2.10 2.23 2.28 0.37 0.49 0.60 364 757 1431
1122 1950
200
88.0
2.29 0.59
1500
100
1400
2600
935 808
3.98
862 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Material Building Boards Asbestos–cement board Gypsum of plaster board Plywood (Douglas fir)
Insulated board and sheating (regular density) Hardboard (high density, standard tempered) Particle board: Medium density Underlayment Wood subfloor Building Membrane Vapor-permeable felt Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped 0.73 kg/m2 felt) Flooring Materials Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Tile (asphalt linoleum vinyl)
Thickness, L mm 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm — 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm 20 mm 13 mm 20 mm — — 16 mm 20 mm
Thermal Specific Density, Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C ·
·
R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W ·
1922 800 800 545 545 545 545 545 288 288
— — — 0.12 — — — — — —
1.00 1.09 — 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.30 1.30
0.011 0.057 0.078 — 0.055 0.083 0.110 0.165 0.232 0.359
1010
0.14
1.34
—
800 640 —
0.14 — —
1.30 1.21 1.38
— 0.144 0.166
—
—
—
—
0.011
—
—
—
—
0.021
— —
— —
— —
1.42 1.38 1 26
0.367 0.217 0 009
863 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (Concluded) (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Material
Thickness, L mm
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco
Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate Sand aggregate Perlite aggregate Siding Material (on flat surfaces) Asbestos-cement shingles Hardboard siding Wood (drop) siding Wood (plywood) siding, lapped Aluminum or steel siding (over sheeting):
·
·
1.40 0.65 0.72
1900 1100 1100 1100 —
— — — — —
1.00 1.51 1.26 1.46 1.26
0.037 0.026 0.077 0.058 0.009
—
—
1.30
0.166
19 mm
1860
0.72
0.84
0.026
13 mm 13 mm —
720 1680 720
— 0.81 0.22
— 0.84 1.34
0.055 0.016 —
— 11 mm 25 mm 10 mm
1900 — — —
— — — —
— 1.17 1.30 1.21
0.037 0.12 0.139 0.111
10 mm 13 mm
— — —
·
1920 1280 1857
Stucco Roofing Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt roll roofing Asphalt shingles Built-in roofing Slate Wood shingles (plain and plastic/film faced)
Thermal Specific Density, Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C
R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W
— — —
864 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–6 Properties of insulating materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)
Thickness, L mm
Material Blanket and Batt Mineral fiber (fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass)
50 to 70 mm 75 to 90 mm 135 to 165 mm
Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber (organic bonded) Expanded polystyrene (molded beads) Expanded polyurethane (R -11 expanded) Expanded perlite (organic bonded) Expanded rubber (rigid) Mineral fiber with resin binder Cork Sprayed or Formed in Place Polyurethane foam Glass fiber Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam) Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders (sprayed) Loose Fill Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)
75 to 125 mm 165 to 222 mm 191 to 254 mm 185 mm
Thermal Specific Density, Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C ·
4.8–32 4.8–32 4.8–32
— — —
136 64–144 16 24 16 72 240 120
0.055 0.036 0.040 0.023 0.052 0.032 0.042 0.039
24–40 56–72 70 190 9.6–32 9.6–32 — —
·
0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96
R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W ·
1.23 1.94 3.32
1.0 0.96 1.2 1.6 1.26 1.68 0.71 1.80
— — — — — — — —
— — 1.045
— — —
0.046
—
—
— — — —
0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
0.023–0.026 0.038–0.039 0.026
1.94 3.35 3.87 5.28
866 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–7 Properties of common foods (Concluded) (b ) Other properties
Food
Water Content, % (mass)
Temperature, T °C
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, m2 /s
Specific Heat, C p kJ/kg · °C
Fruits/Vegetables Apple juice Apples Apples, dried Apricots, dried Bananas, fresh Broccoli Cherries, fresh Figs Grape juice Peaches Plums Potatoes Raisins
87 85 41.6 43.6 76 — 92 40.4 89 89 — 78 32
20 8 23 23 27 6 0–30 23 20 2–32 16 0–70 23
1000 840 856 1320 980 560 1050 1241 1000 960 610 1055 1380
0.559 0.418 0.219 0.375 0.481 0.385 0.545 0.310 0.567 0.526 0.247 0.498 0.376
0.14 106 0.13 106 0.096 106 0.11 106 0.14 106 — 0.13 106 0.096 106 0.14 106 0.14 106 — 0.13 106 0.11 106
3.86 3.81 2.72 2.77 3.59 — 3.99 2.69 3.91 3.91 — 3.64 2.48
Meats Beef, ground Beef, lean Beef fat Beef liver Cat food Chicken breast Dog food Fish, cod Fish, salmon Ham Lamb Pork, lean Turkey breast
67 74 0 72 39.7 75 30.6 81 67 71.8 72 72 74
6 3 35 35 23 0 23 3 3 20 20 4 3
950 1090 810 — 1140 1050 1240 1180 — 1030 1030 1030 1050
0.406 0.471 0.190 0.448 0.326 0.476 0.319 0.534 0.531 0.480 0.456 0.456 0.496
0.13 106 0.13 106 — — 0.11 106 0.13 106 0.11 106 0.12 106 — 0.14 106 0.13 106 0.13 106 0.13 106
3.36 3.54 — 3.49 2.68 3.56 2.45 3.71 3.36 3.48 3.49 3.49 3.54
867 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–8 Properties of miscellaneous materials (Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)
Material Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Chrome brick 473 K 823 K 1173 K Fire clay, burnt 1600 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay, burnt 1725 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay brick 478 K 922 K 1478 K Magnesite 478 K 922 K 1478 K Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) 198 K
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m K ·
2115 1300
0.062 1.4
3010 — —
2.3 2.5 2.0
2050 — —
1.0 1.1 1.1
Specific Heat, C p J/kg K ·
920 1465
835 — —
960 — —
2325 — —
1.3 1.4 1.4
960 — —
2645 — —
1.0 1.5 1.8
960 — —
— — —
3.8 2.8 1.9
1130 — —
1 60
Material Ice 273 K 253 K 173 K Leather, sole Linoleum Mica Paper Plastics Plexiglass Teflon 300 K 400 K Lexan Nylon Polypropylene Polyester PVC, vinyl Porcelain Rubber, natural Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Snow, fresh Snow, 273 K Soil, dry Soil wet
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m K ·
Specific Heat, C p J/kg K ·
920 922 928 998 535 1180 2900 930
1.88 2.03 3.49 0.159 0.081 0.186 0.523 0.180
2040 1945 1460 — — — — 1340
1190
0.19
1465
2200 — 1200 1145 910 1395 1470 2300 1150
0.35 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.12 0.15 0.1 1.5 0.28
1050 — 1260 — 1925 1170 840 — —
1100 1190 1515 100 500 1500 1900
0.13 0.16 0.2–1.0 0.60 2.2 1.0 20
2010 — 800 — — 1900 2200
868 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–9 Properties of saturated water Volume
Enthalpy Specific
Thermal
Vapori-
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Coefficient,
zation,
C p J/kg · °C
k W/m · °C
kg/m · s
Number, Pr
1/K
of Saturation Temp.,
Pressure,
T °C
P sat kPa
0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
0.6113 0.8721 1.2276 1.7051 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.628 7.384 9.593 12.35 15.76 19.94 25.03 31.19 38.58 47.39 57.83 70.14 84.55 101.33 143.27 198.53 270.1 361.3 475.8 617.8 791.7 1002.1 1254 4
Density, kg/m3
Liquid
Vapor
999.8 999.9 999.7 999.1 9 98.0 9 97.0 9 96.0 9 94.0 9 92.1 9 90.1 988.1 985.2 983.3 980.4 977.5 974.7 971.8 968.1 965.3 961.5 957.9 950.6 943.4 934.6 921.7 916.6 907.4 897.7 887.3 876 4
0.0048 0.0068 0.0094 0.0128 0.0173 0.0231 0.0304 0.0397 0.0512 0.0655 0.0831 0.1045 0.1304 0.1614 0.1983 0.2421 0.2935 0.3536 0.4235 0.5045 0.5978 0.8263 1.121 1.496 1.965 2.546 3.256 4.119 5.153 6 388
h fg kJ/kg
2501 2490 2478 2466 2454 2442 2431 2419 2407 2395 2383 2371 2359 2346 2334 2321 2309 2296 2283 2270 2257 2230 2203 2174 2145 2114 2083 2050 2015 1979
Liquid 4217 4205 4194 4186 4182 4180 4178 4178 4179 4180 4181 4183 4185 4187 4190 4193 4197 4201 4206 4212 4217 4229 4244 4263 4286 4311 4340 4370 4410 4460
Vapor 1854 1857 1862 1863 1867 1870 1875 1880 1885 1892 1900 1908 1916 1926 1936 1948 1962 1977 1993 2010 2029 2071 2120 2177 2244 2314 2420 2490 2590 2710
Expansion
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
0.561 0.571 0.580 0.589 0.598 0.607 0.615 0.623 0.631 0.637 0.644 0.649 0.654 0.659 0.663 0.667 0.670 0.673 0.675 0.677 0.679 0.682 0.683 0.684 0.683 0.682 0.680 0.677 0.673 0 669
0.0171 0.0173 0.0176 0.0179 0.0182 0.0186 0.0189 0.0192 0.0196 0.0200 0.0204 0.0208 0.0212 0.0216 0.0221 0.0225 0.0230 0.0235 0.0240 0.0246 0.0251 0.0262 0.0275 0.0288 0.0301 0.0316 0.0331 0.0347 0.0364 0 0382
1.792 103 1.519 103 1.307 103 1.138 103 1.002 103 0.891 103 0.798 103 0.720 103 0.653 103 0.596 103 0.547 103 0.504 103 0.467 103 0.433 103 0.404 103 0.378 103 0.355 103 0.333 103 0.315 103 0.297 103 0.282 103 0.255 103 0.232 103 0.213 103 0.197 103 0.183 103 0.170 103 0.160 103 0.150 103 0 142 103
Vapor
Liquid
0.922 105 13.5 0.934 105 11.2 0.946 105 9.45 0.959 105 8.09 0.973 105 7.01 0.987 105 6.14 1.001 105 5.42 1.016 105 4.83 1.031 105 4.32 1.046 105 3.91 1.062 105 3.55 1.077 105 3.25 1.093 105 2.99 1.110 105 2.75 1.126 105 2.55 1.142 105 2.38 1.159 105 2.22 1.176 105 2.08 1.193 105 1.96 1.210 105 1.85 1.227 105 1.75 1.261 105 1.58 1.296 105 1.44 1.330 105 1.33 1.365 105 1.24 1.399 105 1.16 1.434 105 1.09 1.468 105 1.03 1.502 105 0.983 1.537 105 0.947
Vapor
Liquid
1.00 0.068 103 1.00 0.015 103 1.00 0.733 103 1.00 0.138 103 1.00 0.195 103 1.00 0.247 103 1.00 0.294 103 1.00 0.337 103 1.00 0.377 103 1.00 0.415 103 1.00 0.451 103 1.00 0.484 103 1.00 0.517 103 1.00 0.548 103 1.00 0.578 103 1.00 0.607 103 1.00 0.653 103 1.00 0.670 103 1.00 0.702 103 1.00 0.716 103 1.00 0.750 103 1.00 0.798 103 1.00 0.858 103 1.01 0.913 103 1.02 0.970 103 1.02 1.025 103 1.05 1.145 103 1.05 1.178 103 1.07 1.210 103 1.09 1.280 103
869 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Enthalpy of Saturation Temp., Pressure, T , °C 40
P , kPa
51.2
Density, , kg/m3
Liquid 1418
Vapor 2.773
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Expansion
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
C p , J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
h fg , kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
225.9
Thermal
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Prandtl Number, Pr
Vapor
Coefficient, Surface , 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
1254
748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878 104
2.550 106
5.558 0.235
0.00205
0.01760
4
6
35
66.2
1403
3.524
222.7
1264
764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509 10
3.003 10
5.257 0.266
0.00209
0.01682
30
84.4
1389
4.429
219.5
1273
780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178 104
3.504 106
4.992 0.299
0.00215
0.01604
4
6
25
106.5
1374
5.509
216.3
1283
797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882 10
4.054 10
4.757 0.335
0.00220
0.01527
20
132.8
1359
6.787
213.0
1294
814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614 104
4.651 106
4.548 0.374
0.00227
0.01451
209.5
1306
4
833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371 10
6
5.295 10
4.363 0.415
0.00233
0.01376
206.0
1318
853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150 104
5.982 106
4.198 0.459
0.00241
0.01302
4
6
0.01229
15
164.0
1343
10
200.7
1327
8.288 10.04
5
243.5
1311
12.07
202.4
1330
873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947 10
6.709 10
4.051 0.505
0.00249
0
293.0
1295
14.42
198.7
1344
895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761 104
7.471 106
3.919 0.553
0.00258
0.01156
4
6
0.01084
5
349.9
1278
17.12
194.8
1358
918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589 10
8.264 10
3.802 0.603
0.00269
10
414.9
1261
20.22
190.8
1374
943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430 104
9.081 106
3.697 0.655
0.00280
0.01014
1390
969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281 104
9.915 106
3.604 0.708
0.00293
0.00944
997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142 104
1.075 105
3.521 0.763
0.00307
0.00876
15
488.7
1244
23.75
186.6
20
572.1
1226
27.77
182.3
1408
25
665.8
1207
32.34
177.8
1427 1028
0.0833 0.01456 2.012 104
1.160 105
3.448 0.819
0.00324
0.00808
4
5
30
770.6
1188
37.53
173.1
1448 1061
0.0808 0.01507 1.888 10
1.244 10
3.383 0.877
0.00342
0.00742
35
887.5
1168
43.41
168.2
1471 1098
0.0783 0.01558 1.772 104
1.327 105
3.328 0.935
0.00364
0.00677
4
5
40
1017.1
1147
50.08
163.0
1498 1138
0.0757 0.01610 1.660 10
1.408 10
3.285 0.995
0.00390
0.00613
45
1160.5
1125
57.66
157.6
1529 1184
0.0731 0.01664 1.554 104
1.486 105
3.253 1.058
0.00420
0.00550
4
5
50
1318.6
1102
66.27
151.8
1566 1237
0.0704 0.01720 1.453 10
1.562 10
3.231 1.123
0.00456
0.00489
55
1492.3
1078
76.11
145.7
1608 1298
0.0676 0.01777 1.355 104
1.634 105
3.223 1.193
0.00500
0.00429
139.1
1659 1372
4
0.0647 0.01838 1.260 10
5
1.704 10
3.229 1.272
0.00554
0.00372
132.1
1722 1462
0.0618 0.01902 1.167 104
1.771 105
3.255 1.362
0.00624
0.00315
4
5
60
1682.8
1053
65
1891.0
1026
87.38 100.4
70
2118.2
996.2 115.6
124.4
1801 1577
0.0587 0.01972 1.077 10
1.839 10
3.307 1.471
0.00716
0.00261
75
2365.8
964
115.9
1907 1731
0.0555 0.02048 9.891 105
1.908 105
3.400 1.612
0.00843
0.00209
5
5
133.6
80
2635.2
928.2 155.3
106.4
2056 1948
0.0521 0.02133 9.011 10
1.982 10
3.558 1.810
0.01031
0.00160
85
2928.2
887.1 182.3
95.4
2287 2281
0.0484 0.02233 8.124 105
2.071 105
3.837 2.116
0.01336
0.00114
2701 2865
5
5
4.385 2.658
0.01911
0.00071
90
3246.9
837.7 217.8
82.2
0.0444 0.02357 7.203 10
2.187 10
870 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure,
Density, , kg/m3
T , °C
P , kPa
Liquid
Vapor
40
71.66
690.2
0.6435
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Expansion
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
C p , J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
h fg , kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
1389
Thermal
4414
2242
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Prandtl Number, Pr
Vapor
Liquid Vapor
Coefficient, Surface , 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid
N/m
—
0.01792 2.926 104
7.957 106
—
0.9955 0.00176
0.03565
—
4
6
—
1.017
0.00185
0.03341
8.490 106 1.875 1.028
0.00190
0.03229
30
119.4
677.8
1.037
1360
4465
2322
25
151.5
671.5
1.296
1345
4489
2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492 104
0.01898 2.630 10
4
8.311 10
6
20
190.1
665.1
1.603
1329
4514
2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361 10
8.669 10
1.821 1.041
0.00194
0.03118
15
236.2
658.6
1.966
1313
4538
2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236 104
8.851 106 1.769 1.056
0.00199
0.03007
4
6
10
290.8
652.1
2.391
1297
4564
2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117 10
9.034 10
1.718 1.072
0.00205
0.02896
5
354.9
645.4
2.886
1280
4589
2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003 104
9.218 106 1.670 1.089
0.00210
0.02786
4
6
0
429.6
638.6
3.458
1262
4617
2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896 10
9.405 10
1.624 1.107
0.00216
0.02676
5
516
631.7
4.116
1244
4645
2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794 104
9.593 106 1.580 1.126
0.00223
0.02566
4
6
10
615.3
624.6
4.870
1226
4676
2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697 10
9.784 10
1.539 1.147
0.00230
0.02457
15
728.8
617.5
5.729
1206
4709
2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606 104
9.978 106 1.500 1.169
0.00237
0.02348
3016 0.4927 0.02573 1.519 104
1.017 105 1.463 1.193
20
610.2
6.705
1186
4745
0.00245
0.02240
25 1003
602.8
7.809
1166
4784
3120 0.4811 0.02658 1.438 104
1.037 105 1.430 1.218
0.00254
0.02132
30 1167
595.2
9.055
1144
4828
3232 0.4695 0.02748 1.361 104
1.057 105 1.399 1.244
0.00264
0.02024
4
857.8
5
35 1351
587.4
10.46
1122
4877
3354 0.4579 0.02843 1.288 10
1.078 10
1.372 1.272
0.00275
0.01917
40 1555
579.4
12.03
1099
4932
3486 0.4464 0.02943 1.219 104
1.099 105 1.347 1.303
0.00287
0.01810
4
5
45 1782
571.3
13.8
1075
4993
3631 0.4348 0.03049 1.155 10
1.121 10
1.327 1.335
0.00301
0.01704
50 2033
562.9
15.78
1051
5063
3790 0.4232 0.03162 1.094 104
1.143 105 1.310 1.371
0.00316
0.01598
5143
4
3967 0.4116 0.03283 1.037 10
1.166 10
1.297 1.409
0.00334
0.01493
5234
4163 0.4001 0.03412 9.846 105
1.189 105 1.288 1.452
0.00354
0.01389
5
55 2310
554.2
18.00
60 2614
545.2
20.48
1025 997.4
5
5
65 2948
536.0
23.26
968.9
5340
4384 0.3885 0.03550 9.347 10
1.213 10
1.285 1.499
0.00377
0.01285
70 3312
526.3
26.39
939.0
5463
4634 0.3769 0.03700 8.879 105
1.238 105 1.287 1.551
0.00404
0.01181
5
5
75 3709
516.2
29.90
907.5
5608
4923 0.3653 0.03862 8.440 10
1.264 10
1.296 1.612
0.00436
0.01079
80 4141
505.7
33.87
874.1
5780
5260 0.3538 0.04038 8.030 105
1.292 105 1.312 1.683
0.00474
0.00977
5
5
85 4609
494.5
38.36
838.6
5988
5659 0.3422 0.04232 7.645 10
1.322 10
1.338 1.768
0.00521
0.00876
90 5116
482.8
43.48
800.6
6242
6142 0.3306 0.04447 7.284 105
1.354 105 1.375 1.871
0.00579
0.00776
6561
5
0.00652
0.00677
95 5665
470.2
49.35
759.8
6740 0.3190 0.04687 6.946 10
5
1.389 10
1.429 1.999
871 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–12 Properties of saturated propane Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure, T , °C 120
P , kPa
Density, , kg/m3
Liquid
0.4053 664.7
Vapor
Vaporization,
Volume Specific
Thermal
Expansion
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
C p , J/kg · °C
k, W/m · °C
, kg/m · s
h fg , kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
Prandtl Number, Pr
Vapor
0.01408 498.3
2003 1115 0.1802 0.00589 6.136 104 4
Liquid Vapor
4.372 106 6.820 0.827 6
Coefficient, Surface , 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid
N/m
0.00153
0.02630
110
1.157
654.5
0.03776 489.3
2021 1148 0.1738 0.00645 5.054 10
4.625 10
5.878 0.822
0.00157
0.02486
100
2.881
644.2
0.08872 480.4
2044 1183 0.1672 0.00705 4.252 104
4.881 106 5.195 0.819
0.00161
0.02344
90 80
6.406 12.97
4
6
633.8
0.1870
471.5
2070 1221 0.1606 0.00769 3.635 10
5.143 10
4.686 0.817
0.00166
0.02202
623.2
0.3602
462.4
2100 1263 0.1539 0.00836 3.149 104
5.409 106 4.297 0.817
0.00171
0.02062
4
6
70
24.26
612.5
0.6439
453.1
2134 1308 0.1472 0.00908 2.755 10
5.680 10
3.994 0.818
0.00177
0.01923
60
42.46
601.5
1.081
443.5
2173 1358 0.1407 0.00985 2.430 104
5.956 106 3.755 0.821
0.00184
0.01785
4
50 40
70.24 110.7
6
590.3
1.724
433.6
2217 1412 0.1343 0.01067 2.158 10
6.239 10
3.563 0.825
0.00192
0.01649
578.8
2.629
423.1
2258 1471 0.1281 0.01155 1.926 104
6.529 106 3.395 0.831
0.00201
0.01515
4
6
30
167.3
567.0
3.864
412.1
2310 1535 0.1221 0.01250 1.726 10
6.827 10
3.266 0.839
0.00213
0.01382
20
243.8
554.7
5.503
400.3
2368 1605 0.1163 0.01351 1.551 104
7.136 106 3.158 0.848
0.00226
0.01251
7.457 106 3.069 0.860
10
344.4
542.0
387.8
2433 1682 0.1107 0.01459 1.397 104
0.00242
0.01122
0
473.3
528.7
10.36
374.2
2507 1768 0.1054 0.01576 1.259 104
7.794 106 2.996 0.875
0.00262
0.00996
5
549.8
521.8
11.99
367.0
2547 1814 0.1028 0.01637 1.195 104
7.970 106 2.964 0.883
0.00273
0.00934
4
7.635
6
10
635.1
514.7
13.81
359.5
2590 1864 0.1002 0.01701 1.135 10
8.151 10
2.935 0.893
0.00286
0.00872
15
729.8
507.5
15.85
351.7
2637 1917 0.0977 0.01767 1.077 104
8.339 106 2.909 0.905
0.00301
0.00811
4
6
20
834.4
500.0
18.13
343.4
2688 1974 0.0952 0.01836 1.022 10
8.534 10
2.886 0.918
0.00318
0.00751
25
949.7
492.2
20.68
334.8
2742 2036 0.0928 0.01908 9.702 105
8.738 106 2.866 0.933
0.00337
0.00691
5
6
30 1076
484.2
23.53
325.8
2802 2104 0.0904 0.01982 9.197 10
8.952 10
2.850 0.950
0.00358
0.00633
35 1215
475.8
26.72
316.2
2869 2179 0.0881 0.02061 8.710 105
9.178 106 2.837 0.971
0.00384
0.00575
5
6
40 1366
467.1
30.29
306.1
2943 2264 0.0857 0.02142 8.240 10
9.417 10
2.828 0.995
0.00413
0.00518
45 1530
458.0
34.29
295.3
3026 2361 0.0834 0.02228 7.785 105
9.674 106 2.824 1.025
0.00448
0.00463
5
6
50 1708
448.5
38.79
283.9
3122 2473 0.0811 0.02319 7.343 10
9.950 10
2.826 1.061
0.00491
0.00408
60 2110
427.5
49.66
258.4
3283 2769 0.0765 0.02517 6.487 105
1.058 105 2.784 1.164
0.00609
0.00303
5
5
70 2580
403.2
64.02
228.0
3595 3241 0.0717 0.02746 5.649 10
1.138 10
2.834 1.343
0.00811
0.00204
80 3127
373.0
84.28
189.7
4501 4173 0.0663 0.03029 4.790 105
1.249 105 3.251 1.722
0.01248
0.00114
133.2
5
0.02847
0.00037
90 3769
329.1 118.6
6977 7239 0.0595 0.03441 3.807 10
5
1.448 10
4.465 3.047
872 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–13 Properties of liquids
Temp., Density, T , °C , kg/m3
Specific Heat, C p , J/kg ⋅ °C
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m ⋅ °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K
Methane (CH 4 ) 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
420.2 405.0 388.8 371.1 351.4 328.8 301.0 261.7
3492 3580 3700 3875 4146 4611 5578 8902
0.1863 0.1703 0.1550 0.1402 0.1258 0.1115 0.0967 0.0797
1.270 107 1.133 104 7 1.174 10 9.169 105 7 1.077 10 7.551 105 9.749 108 6.288 105 8 8.634 10 5.257 105 8 7.356 10 4.377 105 8 5.761 10 3.577 105 8 3.423 10 2.761 105 Methanol [C 3 H 3 (OH)]
2.699 107 2.264 107 1.942 107 1.694 107 1.496 107 1.331 107 1.188 107 1.055 107
2.126 1.927 1.803 1.738 1.732 1.810 2.063 3.082
0.00352 0.00391 0.00444 0.00520 0.00637 0.00841 0.01282 0.02922
20 30 40 50 60 70
788.4 779.1 769.6 760.1 750.4 740.4
2515 2577 2644 2718 2798 2885
0.1987 0.1980 0.1972 0.1965 0.1957 0.1950
1.002 107 5.857 104 8 9.862 10 5.088 104 8 9.690 10 4.460 104 8 9.509 10 3.942 104 8 9.320 10 3.510 104 9.128 108 3.146 104 Isobutane (R600a)
7.429 107 6.531 107 5.795 107 5.185 107 4.677 107 4.250 107
7.414 6.622 5.980 5.453 5.018 4.655
0.00118 0.00120 0.00123 0.00127 0.00132 0.00137
100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100
683.8 659.3 634.3 608.2 580.6 550.7 517.3 478.5 429.6
1881 1970 2069 2180 2306 2455 2640 2896 3361
0.1383 0.1357 0.1283 0.1181 0.1068 0.0956 0.0851 0.0757 0.0669
1.075 107 9.305 104 7 1.044 10 5.624 104 8 9.773 10 3.769 104 8 8.906 10 2.688 104 7.974 108 1.993 104 8 7.069 10 1.510 104 8 6.233 10 1.155 104 8 5.460 10 8.785 105 4.634 108 6.483 105 Glycerin
1.360 106 8.531 107 5.942 107 4.420 107 3.432 107 2.743 107 2.233 107 1.836 107 1.509 107
12.65 8.167 6.079 4.963 4.304 3.880 3.582 3.363 3.256
0.00142 0.00150 0.00161 0.00177 0.00199 0.00232 0.00286 0.00385 0.00628
2262 2288
0.2820 0 2835
9.773 108 9 732 108
8.219 103 5 287 103
0 5
1276 1273
10.49 6 730
84101 54327
873 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–14 Properties of liquid metals
Temp., Density, T , °C , kg/m3
Specific Thermal Heat, C p , Conductivity, J/kg ⋅ °C k , W/m ⋅ °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K
Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39°C
0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300
13595 13534 13473 13412 13351 13231 13112 12993 12873
140.4 139.4 138.6 137.8 137.1 136.1 135.5 135.3 135.3
8.18200 8.51533 8.83632 9.15632 9.46706 10.07780 10.65465 11.18150 11.68150
350 400 500 600 700
9969 9908 9785 9663 9540
146.0 148.2 152.8 157.3 161.8
16.28 16.10 15.74 15.60 15.60
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
10506 10449 10390 10329 10267 10206 10145
158 156 155 155 155 155 155
15.97 15.74 15.54 15.39 15.23 15.07 14.91
1378 1349 1320
85.84 80.84 75.84
100 200 300
927.3 902.5 877.8
4.287 106 1.687 103 1.241 107 4.514 106 1.534 103 1.133 107 4.734 106 1.423 103 1.056 107 4.956 106 1.316 103 9.819 108 5.170 106 1.245 103 9.326 108 5.595 106 1.126 103 8.514 108 5.996 106 1.043 103 7.959 108 6.363 106 9.820 104 7.558 108 6.705 106 9.336 104 7.252 108 Bismuth (Bi) Melting point: 271°C 1.118 105 1.540 103 1.096 105 1.422 103 1.052 105 1.188 103 1.026 105 1.013 103 1.010 105 8.736 104 Lead (Pb) Melting point: 327°C
0.0289 0.0251 0.0223 0.0198 0.0180 0.0152 0.0133 0.0119 0.0108
1.545 107 1.436 107 1.215 107 1.048 107 9.157 108
0.01381 0.01310 0.01154 0.01022 0.00906
9.623 106 2.277 103 2.167 107 9.649 106 2.065 103 1.976 107 9.651 106 1.884 103 1.814 107 9.610 106 1.758 103 1.702 107 9.568 106 1.632 103 1.589 107 9.526 106 1.505 103 1.475 107 9.483 106 1.379 103 1.360 107 Sodium (Na) Melting point: 98°C
0.02252 0.02048 0.01879 0.01771 0.01661 0.01549 0.01434
6.718 105 6.639 105 6.544 105
6.892 104 5.385 104 3.878 104
7.432 107 0.01106 5.967 107 0.008987 4.418 107 0.006751
1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.810 104 1.815 104 1.829 104 1.854 104
874 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure Temp., T , °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, C p , J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s
Prandtl Number, Pr
150 100 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300
2.866 2.038 1.582 1.514 1.451 1.394 1.341 1.292 1.269 1.246 1.225 1.204 1.184 1.164 1.145 1.127 1.109 1.092 1.059 1.028 0.9994 0.9718 0.9458 0.8977 0.8542 0.8148 0.7788 0.7459 0.6746 0 6158
983 966 999 1002 1004 1005 1006 1006 1006 1006 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1008 1008 1009 1011 1013 1016 1019 1023 1033 1044
0.01171 0.01582 0.01979 0.02057 0.02134 0.02211 0.02288 0.02364 0.02401 0.02439 0.02476 0.02514 0.02551 0.02588 0.02625 0.02662 0.02699 0.02735 0.02808 0.02881 0.02953 0.03024 0.03095 0.03235 0.03374 0.03511 0.03646 0.03779 0.04104 0 04418
4.158 106 8.036 106 1.252 105 1.356 105 1.465 105 1.578 105 1.696 105 1.818 105 1.880 105 1.944 105 2.009 105 2.074 105 2.141 105 2.208 105 2.277 105 2.346 105 2.416 105 2.487 105 2.632 105 2.780 105 2.931 105 3.086 105 3.243 105 3.565 105 3.898 105 4.241 105 4.593 105 4.954 105 5.890 105 6 871 105
8.636 106 1.189 106 1.474 105 1.527 105 1.579 105 1.630 105 1.680 105 1.729 105 1.754 105 1.778 105 1.802 105 1.825 105 1.849 105 1.872 105 1.895 105 1.918 105 1.941 105 1.963 105 2.008 105 2.052 105 2.096 105 2.139 105 2.181 105 2.264 105 2.345 105 2.420 105 2.504 105 2.577 105 2.760 105 2.934 105
3.013 106 5.837 106 9.319 106 1.008 105 1.087 105 1.169 105 1.252 105 1.338 105 1.382 105 1.426 105 1.470 105 1.516 105 1.562 105 1.608 105 1.655 105 1.702 105 1.750 105 1.798 105 1.896 105 1.995 105 2.097 105 2.201 105 2.306 105 2.522 105 2.745 105 2.975 105 3.212 105 3.455 105 4.091 105 4.765 105
0.7246 0.7263 0.7440 0.7436 0.7425 0.7408 0.7387 0.7362 0.7350 0.7336 0.7323 0.7309 0.7296 0.7282 0.7268 0.7255 0.7241 0.7228 0.7202 0.7177 0.7154 0.7132 0.7111 0.7073 0.7041 0.7014 0.6992 0.6974 0.6946 0.6935
875 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure Temp., T , °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, C p , J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s
Prandtl Number, Pr
1.129 105 1.375 105 1.612 105 1.841 105 2.063 105 2.276 105 2.682 105 3.061 105 3.416 105 4.898 105 6.106 105 7.322 105
4.699 106 7.003 106 9.714 106 1.281 105 1.627 105 2.008 105 2.866 105 3.842 105 4.924 105 1.162 104 2.019 104 3.103 104
0.8019 0.7661 0.7520 0.7464 0.7445 0.7442 0.7450 0.7458 0.7460 0.7455 0.7745 0.8815
Carbon dioxide, CO 2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
2.4035 1.9635 1.6597 1.4373 1.2675 1.1336 0.9358 0.7968 0.6937 0.4213 0.3025 0.2359
746 811 866.6 914.8 957.4 995.2 1060 1112 1156 1292 1356 1387
0.01051 5.860 106 0.01456 9.141 106 0.01858 1.291 105 0.02257 1.716 105 0.02652 2.186 105 0.03044 2.698 105 0.03814 3.847 105 0.04565 5.151 105 0.05293 6.600 105 0.08491 1.560 104 0.10688 2.606 104 0.11522 3.521 104 Carbon Monoxide, CO
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.5297 1.2497 1.0563 0.9148 0.8067 0.7214 0.5956 0.5071 0.4415 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502
1081 1048 1039 1041 1049 1060 1085 1111 1135 1226 1279 1309
0.01901 0.02278 0.02641 0.02992 0.03330 0.03656 0.04277 0.04860 0.05412 0.07894 0.10458 0.13833
1.149 105 1.739 105 2.407 105 3.142 105 3.936 105 4.782 105 6.619 105 8.628 105 1.079 104 2.401 104 4.246 104 7.034 104 Methane, CH 4
1.378 105 1.629 105 1.863 105 2.080 105 2.283 105 2.472 105 2.812 105 3.111 105 3.379 105 4.557 105 6.321 105 9.826 105
9.012 106 1.303 105 1.764 105 2.274 105 2.830 105 3.426 105 4.722 105 6.136 105 7.653 105 1.700 104 3.284 104 6.543 104
0.7840 0.7499 0.7328 0.7239 0.7191 0.7164 0.7134 0.7111 0.7087 0.7080 0.7733 0.9302
50 0 50 100 150
0.8761 0.7158 0.6050 0.5240 0 4620
2243 2217 2302 2443 2611
0.02367 0.03042 0.03766 0.04534 0 05344
1.204 105 1.917 105 2.704 105 3.543 105 4 431 10 5
8.564 106 1.028 105 1.191 105 1.345 105 1.491 10 5
9.774 106 1.436 105 1.969 105 2.567 105 3.227 10 5
0.8116 0.7494 0.7282 0.7247 0.7284
876 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded) Temp., T , °C
Density, , kg/m3
Specific Heat, C p , J/kg · °C
Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m · °C
Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s
Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s
Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s
Prandtl Number, Pr
Nitrogen, N 2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.5299 1.2498 1.0564 0.9149 0.8068 0.7215 0.5956 0.5072 0.4416 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502
957.3 1035 1042 1041 1043 1050 1070 1095 1120 1213 1266 1297
0.02001 0.02384 0.02746 0.03090 0.03416 0.03727 0.04309 0.04848 0.05358 0.07938 0.11793 0.18590
1.366 105 1.843 105 2.494 105 3.244 105 4.058 105 4.921 105 6.758 105 8.727 105 1.083 104 2.440 104 4.839 104 9.543 104 Oxygen, O 2
1.390 105 1.640 105 1.874 105 2.094 105 2.300 105 2.494 105 2.849 105 3.166 105 3.451 105 4.594 105 5.562 105 6.426 105
9.091 106 1.312 105 1.774 105 2.289 105 2.851 105 3.457 105 4.783 105 6.242 105 7.816 105 1.713 104 2.889 104 4.278 104
0.6655 0.7121 0.7114 0.7056 0.7025 0.7025 0.7078 0.7153 0.7215 0.7022 0.5969 0.4483
50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000
1.7475 1.4277 1.2068 1.0451 0.9216 0.8242 0.6804 0.5793 0.5044 0.3063 0.2199 0.1716
984.4 928.7 921.7 931.8 947.6 964.7 997.1 1025 1048 1121 1165 1201
0.02067 0.02472 0.02867 0.03254 0.03637 0.04014 0.04751 0.05463 0.06148 0.09198 0.11901 0.14705
1.201 105 1.865 105 2.577 105 3.342 105 4.164 105 5.048 105 7.003 105 9.204 105 1.163 104 2.678 104 4.643 104 7.139 104 Water vapor, H 2 O
1.616 105 1.916 105 2.194 105 2.451 105 2.694 105 2.923 105 3.350 105 3.744 105 4.114 105 5.732 105 7.133 105 8.417 105
9.246 106 1.342 105 1.818 105 2.346 105 2.923 105 3.546 105 4.923 105 6.463 105 8.156 105 1.871 104 3.243 104 4.907 104
0.7694 0.7198 0.7053 0.7019 0.7019 0.7025 0.7030 0.7023 0.7010 0.6986 0.6985 0.6873
50 0 50 100 150
0.9839 0.8038 0.6794 0.5884 0 5189
1892 1874 1874 1887 1908
0.01353 0.01673 0.02032 0.02429 0 02861
7.271 106 1.110 105 1.596 105 2.187 105 2 890 10 5
7.187 106 8.956 106 1.078 105 1.265 105 1.456 10 5
7.305 106 1.114 105 1.587 105 2.150 105 2.806 10 5
1.0047 1.0033 0.9944 0.9830 0.9712
877 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m
Temperature, °C
Pressure, kPa
Gravity, g m/s2
Speed of Sound, m/s
Density, kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity, W/m °C
Viscosity, kg/m s ·
·
5
0 200 400 600 800
15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80
101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08
9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804
340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2
1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134
1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764
10 105 105 105 105
0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30
89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49
9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801
336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3
1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027
1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732
105 105 105 105 105
0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19
79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92
9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798
332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4
1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928
1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700
105 105 105 105 105
0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239
3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69
70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28
9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795
328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4
0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837
1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668
105 105 105 105 105
0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234
4000 4200 4400 4600 4800
10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2
61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51
9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792
324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4
0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752
1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635
105 105 105 105 105
0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7
54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52
9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785
320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3
0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675
1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602
105 105 105 105 105
0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223
6000
24.0
47.22
9.788
316.5
0.660
1.595 105
0.0222
878 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (a ) Metals Material Aluminum Polished Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Anodized Bismuth, bright Brass Highly polished Polished Dull plate Oxidized Chromium, polished Copper Highly polished Polished Commercial sheet Oxidized Black oxidized Gold Highly polished Bright foil Iron Highly polished Case iron Wrought iron Rusted Oxidized
Temperature, K 300–900 400 400–800 300 350
Emissivity, 0.04–0.06 0.09 0.20–0.33 0.8 0.34
500–650 350 300–600 450–800 300–1400
0.03–0.04 0.09 0.22 0.6 0.08–0.40
300 300–500 300 600–1000 300
0.02 0.04–0.05 0.15 0.5–0.8 0.78
300–1000 300
0.03–0.06 0.07
300–500 300 300–500 300 500–900
0.05–0.07 0.44 0.28 0.61 0.64–0.78
Material Magnesium, polished Mercury Molybdenum Polished Oxidized Nickel Polished Oxidized Platinum, polished Silver, polished Stainless steel Polished Lightly oxidized Highly oxidized Steel Polished sheet Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Tin, polished Tungsten Polished Filament Zinc Polished Oxidized
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
300–500 300–400
0.07–0.13 0.09–0.12
300–2000 600–800
0.05–0.21 0.80–0.82
500–1200 450–1000 500–1500 300–1000
0.07–0.17 0.37–0.57 0.06–0.18 0.02–0.07
300–1000 600–1000 600–1000
0.17–0.30 0.30–0.40 0.70–0.80
300–500 500–1200 300 300
0.08–0.14 0.20–0.32 0.81 0.05
300–2500 3500
0.03–0.29 0.39
300–800 300
0.02–0.05 0.25
879 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded) (b ) Nonmetals Material Alumina Aluminum oxide Asbestos Asphalt pavement Brick Common Fireclay Carbon filament Cloth Concrete Glass Window Pyrex Pyroceram Ice Magnesium oxide Masonry Paints Aluminum Black, lacquer, shiny Oils, all colors Red primer White acrylic White enamel
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
800–1400 600–1500 300 300
0.65–0.45 0.69–0.41 0.96 0.85–0.93
300 1200 2000 300 300
0.93–0.96 0.75 0.53 0.75–0.90 0.88–0.94
300 300–1200 300–1500 273 400–800 300
0.90–0.95 0.82–0.62 0.85–0.57 0.95–0.99 0.69–0.55 0.80
300 300 300 300 300 300
0.40–0.50 0.88 0.92–0.96 0.93 0.90 0.90
Material Paper, white Plaster, white Porcelain, glazed Quartz, rough, fused Rubber Hard Soft Sand Silicon carbide Skin, human Snow Soil, earth Soot Teflon Water, deep Wood Beech Oak
Temperature, K
Emissivity,
300 300 300 300
0.90 0.93 0.92 0.93
300 300 300 600–1500 300 273 300 300–500 300–500 273–373
0.93 0.86 0.90 0.87–0.85 0.95 0.80–0.90 0.93–0.96 0.95 0.85–0.92 0.95–0.96
300 300
0.94 0.90
880 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials Description/composition Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz-overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered Low iron oxide type Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective) Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Paper, white Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface) Roofing tiles, bright red Dry surface Wet surface
Solar Absorptivity, s
Emissivity, , at 300 K
Ratio, s /
0.09 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.63 0.60
0.03 0.84 0.37 0.05 0.93 0.88
3.0 0.17 0.30 3.0 0.68 0.68
0.65 0.80
0.13 0.28
5.0 2.9
Solar Transmissivity, s
0.79 0.88 0.40
0.88
0.92 0.93 0.92 0.87
0.10 0.30 0.08 0.09
0.45 9.2 3.1 11 9.7 0.87
0.98 0.26 0.16 0.27
0.98 0.90 0.93 0.83
1.0 0.29 0.17 0.32 0.90
0.26
0.85
0.30
0.65 0 88
0.85 0 91
0.76 0 96
0.1 0.09 0.08
Laminar Critical Transition flow zone zone Complete turbulence, rough pipes 0.05
0.07
0.04
0.06 0.03
0.05
L a m i n a r f l o w , = 6 4 / R e
0.04
f
0.02 0.015 0.01 0.008
f
0.03 0.025
0.006 0.004 0.002
0.02
0.001 0.0008 0.0006
Roughness, ε Material
0.015
0.01 0.009
Glass, plastic Concrete Wood stave Rubber, smoothed Copper or brass tubing Cast iron Galvanized iron Wrought iron Stainless steel Commercial steel
0.008 8 8 1
103
ft
mm
0 0.003–0.03 0.0016 0.000033 0.000005 0.00085 0.0005 0.00015 0.000007 0.00015
0 0.9–9 0.5 0.01 0.0015 0.26 0.15 0.046 0.002 0.045
2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104
0.0004 0.0002
Smooth pipes
0.0001 0.00005
D = ε / D = ε /
2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105
0.000001
2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6
Reynolds number Re FIGURE A–20 The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular tubes.
0.000005 0.00001
8 107
2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108
D / ε
s s e n h g u o r e v i t a l e R
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