Handbook of English Mcgraw Hill
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Handbook of English Mcgraw Hill...
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The
83.
Sentence
84. 55. Period
Fault
56. Comma
85. Revision
Sentences
58. Misuse
of
Ideas
87.
Rambling Sentences Choppy Sentences Incompleteness
63. Word
88. 89. 90.
Order
91.
64.
SplitConstructions
92.
65.
DanglingModifiers and Mixed structions ConIllogical
66.
Using the Library Choosingthe Topic
TakingNotes Preparingthe Outline Writingthe Paper Making Footnotes Making a Bibliography The Precis and the
67.
Paper
Dependent 86.
59. Related
62.
Proofreading
The Research
Clauses
61.
and
Fault
57. Fused
60.
Beginningsand Endings ManuscriptForm
Paraphrase
Comparisons
68. Parallel Structure 69. Point of View 70. Coordination
71.
Emphasis
72.
Variety
and
93. The
Precis
94. The
Paraphrase
Writing
for
nation Subordi-
95. Business 96.
73. Achievement
Tests
SpecialPurposes Letters
Report Writing
97. Social Letters
The
Paragraph Listeningand Thinking
74.
Topic Sentence
75. Substance 76. Methods 77. Order
of of
of Ideas
78. Transitional 79.
Paragraph Development a
98.
and 99.
Devices
of Writers Backgrounds
100.
Thinkers
TestingYour
Logic
PropagandaTechnique
Proportionand Length
80. Mechanics
The Whole
of the
Paragraph
Appendix
Theme 101.
81. Choice 82. Outlines
of
Topic
102.
Taking Tests Sentence Analysis and
Diagraming
McGraw-Hill
HANDBOOK OF
ENGLISH
VIRGINIA Head
of
SHAFFER
English Department,
High
Park
School,
Baltimore,
Coordinator
College
of
The
of
Forest
land; Mary-
Writing,
Johns
Coy Mc-
Hopkins
University
HARRY
SHAW
Formerly Composition,
WEBSTER
St.
Louis
DIVISION,
New
York
McGRAW-HILL
San
Francisco
Workshops
Director,
Dallas
New
York
University
Second
Edition
BOOK
COMPANY
Toronto
London
in
COPYRIGHT
We
wish
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and these authors,pubhshers,
to thank
of
for permissionto copyright materials: copyrighted
The
excerptsfrom
following excerpts from
Sportsmanlike Driving. sion Reprinted by permis-
of the American from
the
use
other holders
Association. ^
Automobile
The
William
Beebe. Reprinted by of Duell, Sloan and Pearce, Inc. ^ The excerpt from
High Jimgle, by
excerpt
permission Sister
My
Eileen,copyright 1938, by Ruth of Harcourt, Brace Ltd. i^
The
and
McKenney. Reprinted by permission and Inc. HartCompany, Rupert
excerpt from
AnythingCan Happen, by and Helen Papashvily. by permissionof Harper Reprinted i^ The excerpt from This I Remember, by Eleanor rs. Reprintedby permissionof Harper " Brothers and and Company."^* The excerpt from We Took to the n Rich. Copyright1942, by Louise y Louise Dickinson ^n Rich. Reprintedby permissionof J. B. Lippincott pany
Wing, i"" The excerpt from
Willis K.
and
Man,
by ClydeKluckhohn.
Hill
Book
Book
Rumor,
of Rinehart " in
for
" 1949 by the McGrawCopyright Company, Inc. Reprintedby permission of the
McGraw-Hill
of Dame
Mirror
by
Dav^d
Inc. '^" The
Company,
College," by
Robert U.
Evening Post articleby Remakes
Inc. ^^ The
excerpt from
Affairs by permission Jacobsen. Reprinted
Company,
excerpt from "How
from the Jameson.Reprinted
to
Stay
Saturday
permissionof the author. ^' The
excerpt
World, by James Stokley. Reprinted by permissionof Ives Washburn, Inc.
from
Science
Certain
Our
been copyrighted parts of this book have previously
Rewriting (1955) by Harry Shaw of CollegeComposition (1957) by with the and S. Harry Shaw and are reprinted George Wykoff York. kind permissionof Harper " Brothers,New under the titles Writing and and The Harper Handbook
McGraw-Hill
HANDBOOK
OF
ENGLISH
(c) 1960 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All RightsReserved. Copyright Copyright1952 by Harry Shaw and VirginiaShaffer. All Rights Reserved. or
Printed
in the
parts thereof,may
not
United
be
States of America.
reproducedin
any
This
form
permission of the publishers. IX
of CongressCatalogCard Library
Number:
59-10723
book,
without
CONTENTS
Preface Guide
10.
vii to
Exercises
x
11.
DiagnosticTests Subjectand Verb
12.
Pronoun
13.
Reference
14.
Case
15.
Parts Principal
16.
Tense
and
Usage Agreement Antecedent Agreement in
of Pronouns
of Pronouns
64 70 84 91 97
of Verbs
of Verbs
112 122
17. Mood
129
18.
134
19. 20.
Adjectiveand Adverb Usage Prepositionand Conjunction Usage Achievement Tests in Usage
143 146
iCapitalization I 21.
Use
of
CapitalLetters
152 iii
CONTENTS
Punctuation! 22.
Test on Commas, Semicolons, Diagnostic Colons, Apostrophes, QuotationMarks
161
23. The
Comma
164
24. The
Semicolon
192
25. The
Colon
197
Apostrophe:Possessives QuotationMarks
26. The 27.
Tests
28. Achievement 29. The 30.
on
and
Plurals
Punctuation
Points
Exclamation
32. The
Hyphen
33.
Parentheses
34.
Italics
and
QuestionMarks
and and
Syllabification Brackets
of the
Word!
Dictionary
Spelling VocabularyGrowth
41. Provincialisms
Colloquiahsms
45. 46.
231 242
244 259 268 268 269
43. Idioms 44.
222
227
Numbers
38. Pronunciation
42.
220
226
IThe
40.
217
224
35. Abbreviations
39.
212
218
Dash
37. Use
208
216
Period
31. The
36.
201
Vulgarisms Improprieties Slang
273
273 274
47. Triteness
275
48.
278
Jargon Words Specific Writing
49. Concrete 50. "Fine"
and
280 282
51. Wordiness
285
Euphony
289
52.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
83. 84. 85.
JTheResearch 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
396
Beginningsand Endingsof Themes ManuscriptForm and Proofreading Revision
Using the Library Choosing the Topic of a Taking Notes Preparingthe Outline Writingthe Paper Making Footnotes Making a BibHography
[The Precis
and
Paper
396 397
| 398
Research
407
Paper
410 414 415 417 421
the
Paraphrase
|
93. The
Precis
422
94. The
Paraphrase
424
[Writingfor Special Purposes 95. Business 96.
425
Letters
439
Report Writing
446
97. Social Letters
and [Listening 98. 99. 100.
|
Backgroundsof Writers and TestingYour Logic Propaganda Techniques
Thinking Thinkers
453 456 462
[Appendix[ 101. 102.
Index vi
Taking Tests Sentence Analysisand
469
Diagraming
480 491
PREFACE The is
McGraw-Hill
designed
describes
with
and
and
writers
stating
the
thinking
facts book
and
intelligentreading are
and
analyzed
student's
ability to and
writing
own
This
contains
believe format
of
of
of
essential studies
well.
as
with
the
placement his
tests
to
the
of
of
clear
and
to
faulty thinking the
develop
to
such
his
in
errors
A
form and
him
brings together
of sentence
analysis and student
in
in
one
provides needs
place the to
Expanded and
and
ence refer-
his the
which review
he of
all of the
other dent stu-
and
entrance
explanations master
new
nence promi-
acquaints
college
comprehensive
diagraming
the
ways
A
dictionary, and
English
tests
of
the
lish Eng-
authors
increased
instruction
in
content
shows A
for
taking
the
numbers. of
work
on
and
gives
of
book.
the
of
use
materials
section
which
section
the
student's
performance.
sentences
people
Handbook
color
usage,
writing provide
report
addition
In
expression
avoid
usefulness
second
a
levels
on
sion expres-
importance
features
new
rules, principles, and
to
careful
educated
that
McGraw-Hill
the
employing
sections
the
enhance
will
others.
the
and
It
speaking. number
a
of
provided
are
recognize
edition
new
kinds
some
listening.Types
exercises
to
appropriateness.
effective
to
needs
by
language
both
skills he
than
emphasizes
essential
an
as
about
Edition,
actually used
why
effective
more
this
know,
shows
the and
it is
as
Second
English,
build
student
English
considered
are
of
clarity,ease,
American
speakers
must
the
help
to
himself
express
to
Handbook
prove im-
can
sentence
principles and
tice prac-
them. vii
PREFACE
book
This
makes
usage, and
grammar,
and illustrated, enables
completelyfunctional approach to
a
mechanics.
Rules
clearly stated,
are
immediatelyapplied.Abundant the student
familiarize
to
drill
himself
with
terial ma-
portant im-
and helpshim to see how principles they apply to his own writing. The natural-sounding in the McGrawpracticesentences Hill Handbook the task of both of English greatly simplify
teacher
and
student.
to embody solely seven
thousand
Often
these
on
safe
lifeof
a
an
student
sentences
broadens
grammar. The authors make levels of instruction.
arrangedin and
sentences
appear
sentences
They
error.
themes
from
analyzedfor the
form
written
not
were
drawn
are
in
appear
travel,or driving, so literary figure,
and
is
These
this purpose.
of
a
paragraph from
incident illuminating
an
that the student adds
his cultvu-al outlook
to
the
his knowledge studies his
he
as
than
more
for different effort to pro\'ide special The drill that follows each major principle sections. The firstbeginswith easy two a
moves
on
to
the kind
of
that
sentences
The writing. These greater maturity.
in careful student
second
mally nor-
section
of providessentences may be used have with students who for superiorstudents or for review mastered the simplersentences. Thus, the teacher who do so. wishes to use homogeneous grouping can readily In recognitionof the fact that language changes,the
authors
of the McGraw-Hill
Edition, have
scrutinized
Handbook
every
illustrative explanation, its appropriateensure ness
to example,and practicesentence modern in a handbook reflecting While making clear that the standards
with to
the needs
remind
standards. standards
of those who
use
the
student
at
This
book
of written
that
English,Second
of
American
of
Enghsh change
it,the authors any
describes
fullyand Englishtoday. VIRGINIA
viii
are
careful
there
given time
HARRY
usage.
are
the accurately
SHAFFER
SHAW
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
For
assistance
indebted
are
to
former Park former
teacher
advice
her
superior
assistants
the
from Ellis
are
Newton
have
Park
Hopkins
No.
Hodes, 49
offered
Supervisor
of School
section
the
the
"The
School who
materials
Mrs.
Theme"
people and
and
at
McCoy
have
made
in
this
the
timore, Bal-
valuable needs
of
Director
Library,
in
more, Balti-
library.Suggestions and
Bloom,
Anna
Research
"The The
revision. to
in
trative locating illuspeople. young
the
and
the
Free
Libraries of
use
Round,
incorporated in
University,
using
on
Simeon
all these
High
Pratt
help in popular with
books
in
Enoch
invaluable
on
been
grateful to
Forest
while
Mr.
the
at
gave
Wiese,
examined
Paper"
and
son Patter-
Thea
Mrs.
School
at
manuscript
People's Work
Bernice
Mr.
children
nelly, Con-
the
at
to suit the adjustment of the material Philip Edwards, varying ability.Mrs.
paragraphs Miss
the
of
parts
of
Young
and
of
and
Baltimore,
authors
EHzabeth
Miss
people.
English Department
in
the
manuscript,
the
on
students
of
of the
School
High
the
preparing
number
a
Head
read
of
in
students
College
of The
authors at
the
Johns
helpful suggestions
book.
IX
EXERCISES
TO
GUIDE Asterisks
indicate
Grammar
41-42;
clauses, of
recognition
of, 3;
of
and
USAGE
'^achievement
135-136,
single subject,
pronouns,
lay, 121-122; 145;
pronoun,
like
as,
reference
of, 126-128;
118-120;
review,
of, 49-50;
tests,
145; prepositions of, 94-97;
128-129;
past
and
sit
subjunctive,
subject,
64-69;
of
lie and
conjunctions,
set,
and
tense
and
104-105;
and
and tecedent, an-
verb
compound
diagnostic
17.
and
80-84;
99-102,
pronouns,
verbs,
and,
pronoun
review, and
^variety
adjectives
146-151;
verb
choppy,
122;
'^
tense,
participle,
past
132-133.
*capitoZzzafion,157-159.
CAPITALIZATION"
flbbreDiaiions,
PUNCTUATION"
review,
76-77;
34-35;
sentences,
of, 14; verbals
in,
tion recogni-
adverbial,
kinds
verb
108-112;
sequence
in, 212-215;
and
personal
and
of, 36-37;
^agreement,
141-143;
72-73,
""case, of
relative
tests
of, 7; plurals,
case
31-32;
noun,
principal parts
subject
87-90;
of
adverbial,
capitahzing, 2;
of
recognition
nition recog-
of, 44-45;
of
nouns,
kinds
on
tests.
kinds
on
recognition
simple, 51-52;
verbs,
adverbs,
test
objective
test
recognition
in, 51-52;
78-79;
and
nominative
combining
"
achievement
of, 25; adverbs,
43-44;
noun,
adjective, 33-34;
function
51-52;
achievement
^achievement
3; phrases, of
*
adjective, 39-40;
recognition
feminine
and
exercises
adjectives, recognition
"
of, 26;
key
"^apostrophe, 205-207;
176-177;
colon,
and
review
227;
^achievement
capital with
letter
and
semicolon,
tests comma
198-
GUIDE
TO
EXERCISES
188and limiting expressions, appositives ductory 189; before coordinate conjunction,165-168; after introelement, 170-172; with nonrestrictive expressions, dress, of ad183-184; with parenthetical expressionsand terms
201;
with
comma,
178-180; review, 186, 187, 190-92;
in series, 174-176;
dash, 219; diagnostic tests, 161-164; end, 220; hyphen,222; and brackets, 225; numbers, 228-229; parentheses italics, 223-224; quotationmarks, 211-212; semicolon, 194-196,
WORD
rhyme, 290-291; choice of, 276-277; *review of choice, 287, 302-4306;simple,284words, 281, 282; dictionary, 243^247; "fine" 285; specific writing,284-285; idiom, 271-272; prgon, 279-280; pronunciatio 256245-248; adding suffixes, 243-244; spelling, of 258; of plurals, lists, 248-251; vocabulary, 254; spelling business words, 261-262; of foreignwords, 263; growth, 260-261; matching exercises, 265-267; of medical terms, "
diction, alliteration and
264; of musical terms, 264; of scientific terms, 264; words that are similar,246, 247; ^wordiness, and wordy,286-289.
SENTENCE
achievement
"
363;
electivesentences, 360diagraming,489^90; comparison,340-
and analysis
342; clauses,errors
in the
test
use
on
of, 315; emphasis,354-355; *
330constructions, 338-339; modifier, dangling, illogical 332, 333, 334-336; 'misplaced, 324-327; 'parallel structure, 344-348; sentences, balanced, 355; choppy, 319; effective, 352; fused, 312; incomplete, 309, 321-322; loose and periodic, 354; review "run-on," fused), 312-314; (incomplete,
"run-on," 311; unity in, 317, 318, 319; varietyin, 358-360; in construction, in verb tense, 349-350; split constructions, shifts 329; word
order, 324-327.
PARAGRAPH
^coherence, through order of ideas, 375incoherent 377; throughtransitional expressions, 380-381; letters, 377; topicsentence, 367, 373-374; "^ unity in, 368. "
xi
GUIDE
WHOLE
use
of use *^^^^"^!/.
PAPER"
of Readers'
Guide, 406;
limiting topic,409; PRECIS
AND
EXERCISES
392-395. *^^^^'^^^"
THEME"
RESEARCH
TO
THE
use
card
401; catalogue,
of reference
books, 402;
412, 414. taking,
note
F^cfs
PARAPHRASE"
and
phrase, para-
423-424.
WRITING
FOR
SPECIAL
VURVOSES" and-butter,450; formal invitations and
betters,*bread-
447; friendly, replies, 452; 'informal invitations and replies, 450; order, 438-439; 439; sympathy,450; *thank-you, *requestfor adjustment, 450; report writing,445. ""
THINKING" LISTENING AND of speakersor writers, 454-455;
listening, background propaganda techniques,
about advertisements,464; 464; thinking, name-calling, 466. logicin, 459^61, 466-467; in readingstatistics,
464;
TESTS
"
achievement
achievement
in
in
effective
punctuation,212-215;
360-363;
sentences, achievement
in
age, us-
ogies, 146-151; CollegeEntrance, 476-479; completinganal474-476; kinds of clauses,44-45; kinds of phrases,
36-37; punctuationdiagnostic, 161-164; usage 470-473. 64-69; vocabulary,
xu
diagnostic,
Grammar
Grammar
is
put
men
not
life into
new
different
slow";
but
these
formal
writing.
help
this part
in
given
the
student
the different that
types kinds
speech.
It
another,
are
to
write
of
words
be
a
the
in
reviewed. of the
variations
are
a
favorite
could
see
any to
in
appear
when
they
Because effectively. in
remember
to
the
part of
same
sentence, How
a
many
a
word
verb is
in
used
it is.
the a
bay. (Verb) small sailingvessel.
(Adjective)
follow, the essential
If there
forms
has
been
commonly
principlesof grammar some tendency to permit accepted as correct, these
presented.
grammatical you,
third.
"Drive
or
function
as
versation, con-
explanations
important
used
for
sport. (Noun)
glossary of grammatical If
me,"
only
more
one
part of speech
that
pages
is
in
noun
sailingacross we
it
informal
and
here
always
We
off
speak
levels
course,
valuable
defined
not
adjective
were
and
sentences,
my
variations
61.
book
Sailingis
are
A
of the
is
what
Far
In
definitions
of
may
an
determines
The
word
given
a
of
not,
use.
for
is
"It's
using
are
would
forms
of
English
as
grows
different
has
it
casual
people today
many
Grammar
it, and the
In
occasions.
and
thing. It changes
static
a
turn
to
the
terms
terms
used
appears in
this
on
book
pages are
52familiar un-
glossary. 1
"
CI^IS
NOUNS
1. NOUNS
la. A
Definition. is the
noun
of
name
a
person,
Thomas officer,
man,
or place, thing.
park,street, desk, team, Jefferson,
courage
lb. Kinds A
of
common
nouns.
is the
noun
of any
name
It or places, things.
persons, letter.
is not
of
one
written
class of
a
with
capital
a
horse, child,garden,alley, tub, book, engineer A or
proper
is the
noun
with
It is written thing. General
from
abstract any
a
of
particular person, place, letter. (See Section 21g.) capital a
Park, Linden
Grant, President Lincoln, Patterson
Avenue, An
name
Soil Conservation is the
noun
Service
of
name
idea
an
or
a
quality apart
object.
honesty, intelligence, grace A
collective
noun
names
class,crowd, army, Note: common
Abstract
nouns
or
objects.
fleet,family and
collective
nouns
are
usually
nouns.
EXERCISE
the proper nouns Identify them with a capital letter on
2
of persons
group
a
1 in the a
write
separatesheet of paper.
company high school
maryland
secretary
english
north
listand following
southern school
l^ir^g
high
Ic-d NOUNS
tuesday
general electric
automobile
junior
company house of repre-
lincoln
park
doctor
sentatives
1c. Number. If a noun singularor plural. in number. it is singular or thing, person, place, Field than one, it is plural in number. more is plural. fields Nouns
be
may
Then each
If it is
means
singular;
2
EXERCISE
Study Section 39d. correct pluralform of
one
names
sheet of paper write words: of the following on
a
the
tomato
lady sister-in-law
phenomenon James Id. Gender. Nouns
(woman, be
have four
) girl
masculine genders:
and
neuter
,
either masculine
or
(man, boy),feminine a noun ) When may
(desk, road feminine,it has .
common
gender
(person, playmate, companion). EXERCISE
Write
of each
on
your of these
paper nouns:
the feminine
3
form
(or equivalent)
" "^B 1e.
NOUNS
Case. have
tliree cases:
objective, possessive. Nouns in the nominative have the same and objective cases form: The boy (nominative),boy (objective). possessive case requiresan apostrophe(boys') or an apostropheand 5 (See Section 26.) (boy's). Nouns
If. Uses The are
of
nominative,
in the nominative
nouns
of
important uses
most
case.
in the nominative
nouns
case
the
following: Subjectof a verb. (See
1.
S.
The
3.)
Section
V.
mid-ocean.
caught the shipin
storm
s.
V.
Suddenly the winds
roared
in
s.
V.
the deck
Across
swept huge
S.
The
great blast of fury.
a
waves. s.
V.
rushed
passengers
to
their cabins
the
when
waves
V.
rolled
the
over
2. Predicate
It follows the verb some
other
s.
used
noun
Terms) be (am,
to
in
the
predicate(see
point back
to
ject. the sub-
been, be, were
is,are, was,
)
p.n.
V.
are
the
peoplewho
have
led the
struggle
liberty. s.
Those
a
hoy to play halfback.
Anwricans
for
or
p.n.
Jerryis the The
called
verb (become, seem). linking
V.
s.
predicatecomplement, subjectivecomplement. (See
also
noun,
predicate nominative, Section 14b.) A predicatenoun is Glossaryof Grammatical or
deck.
V.
girlswere
p.n.
the
winners
of the
basketball
ment. tourna-
19
NOUNS
s.
The
V.
man
on
the witness
in direct address.
3. Noun
Bruce, will you 4. Noun
in
ride
absolute
an
Appositivewith Section 14j.)
a
(See expression. camped
of
Uses
The
(For
We
(See
case.
the corral.
objectivecase. of
in the
nouns
case objective
Section see explanation, adverbial objective.)
14. See
also
verb.
objectof a the game.
won
72e. )
Section
further
Section 4d for 1. Direct
me?
the trail.
near
from
me
important uses
most
follow.
in the
nouns
)
in the nominative
noun
Melody,my horse, saw 1g.
with
of honesty.
person
.
the canyon
Night havingfallen,we 5.
a
23f
Section
(See
to
p.n.
seemed
stand
is the direct
(Game
objectof
the verb
won.)
Jean gave
a
of the verb party. (Partyis the direct object
gave. ) 2. Indirect
objectof
a
verb
(objectof
to
or
for
stood under-
)
.
Shall I
give Ted
objectof 3.
sweater
a
at
Christmas?
the verb. Sweater
{Ted
direct is the in-
is the direct
object.)
Objectof a preposition. Mother
broughtsome City is
4.
Appositivewith Section 14j.) We
met
Mr.
from
Atlantic
lantic City. {Atthe object of the prepositionfrom.) a
souvenirs
noun
in
the
objectivecase.
Townley,the sheriff.
(See
1h
NOUNS
objective. (See predicate
Objectivecomplement,or Section 14i. ) 5.
elected Walter
We
I consider her
6.
to
(See Objectof an infinitive. His desire to
The
pleasethe anchored
shipwas
to
9.
Objectof a gerund.(See
fuel.
save
The We
1h.
ranch
)
Street.
Main
car.
3g and
Sections
(noun objective
14h.
easy
used
as
14h.
)
job.
adverb).
sold last year. stayedhome all day.
of
Uses
There
3g and
Sections
Catchinga mustang is not an is good exercise. tennis Playing 10. Adverbial
14h. )
great.
was
his hat. Rusty galloped down
the Emilyis the girl driving
with her.
3g and
Sections
voters
(See Objectof a participle. Waving
14g.)
go to the movies. the chairman to take a walk
John
Sallyasked
8.
Section
(See Subjectof an infinitive. I wanted
7.
a
president. good player.
in the
nouns
two
are
was
possessivecase.
importantuses
of
nouns
in the
possessive
case:
1. Before
a
noun,
to
show
that might be relationship The
other close ownershipor some expressed by of or for the use of.
child's ball,his mother,
a
days journey,members
lounge 2. Before Have
6
a
gerund.(See
you heard
Sections
about Ruth's
3g and
26h.
)
winning the contest?
"
NOUNS
4
EXERCISE
Arrange the Put
in
nouns
these
those in the nominative
in
case
in another case objective write the reason why you have objective. in the
columns.
in two
sentences
column
and
Beside
each
one
column.
listed it
those noun,
nominative
as
or
Example: NOMINATIVE
OBJECTIVE
leopard
subject
objectof preposition
zoo
ers Recentlya leopardescapedfrom a zoo in Ohio. Some hunthad caughtthe animal on Christmas and shippedit to the United States for display in a new where the animals were zoo
confined
not
wide not
but
in cages
surrounded territory because
escape
the
allowed
were
by deep moats
were
to
The
moats. too
at
roam
will
animals
broad
for
even
over
a
could the
leopardto leap.Or so thoughtthe keepersof the zoo. But this leopardwas a wily beast. He apparently figuredthe distance and with a greatbound jumped across From the moat. carefully end of the country to another, the newspapers carried big one headlines that told of the chase. Armed groups soughthim in the park near the zoo At and in the surrounding neighborhood. firstthe superintendent of the zoo wanted the beast to be caught alive,but after a few hours, the danger seemed so great that hunters were told to shoot the animal at sight. the Because keepersconsidered the leopardto be a very dangerousbeast, they warned the peoplenearby to keep their children inside and
to
For
two
look for any evidence that would daysthe whole country read the
headlines announced with food.
that the
would
news
the capture. Then the avidly. to
try to trap the animal
peoplehad begun to consider the and the police to be very ineffectual. Then zoo huge pieces of druggedmeat were placedon the groundnear a cage in which the leopard's held, and the next morning the hungry mate was animal was found hardlyable to stand up because the drug was so
By
strong.He
this time
zoo
lead
was
some
seized,and the country relaxed. 7
2a-b
PRONOUNS
2. PRONOUNS 2a.
Definition.
A pronoun
2b.
is
a
word
used in
placeof
a
noun,
of pronouns.
Kinds
relative, personal, demonstrative,interrogative, intensive, indefinite, reflexive, and reciprocal. 1. A personal is a direct substitute for a noun. pronoun Like a noun, and case. It also has it has number, gender, in pronouns by a change of form person. Person is shown to indicate the person speaking(first person),the person spokento (second person ) or a person or thingother than the speakerand the one spokento (thirdperson).See the table of forms of personal following pronouns: There
are
several kinds of pronouns:
,
Singular
Grammatical
the fact arise from problemsfrequently that, unlike nouns, relative,and interrogative personal, have distinct case forms. These problems are pronouns discussed in Section
14.
relative pronoun antecedent the noun 2. A
"
8
relates to
which
or
connects
a
it refers. The
clause most
to
its
often
PRONOUNS
used
relative pronouns whichever, and
ever, that. Who-
who, which, and
are
whatever
less
are
employed frequently
compound forms; whosoever, whichsoever, and have almost entirely whatsoever use. gone out of current with the only relative pronouns Who and whoever are completecase forms. Relative pronouns do not show changes number. See the following in form for person, gender, or table of
The
choice
of
antecedent; the
is used
animals),and used
to
refer The
case
relative pronoun is determined by its deterand whoever form for who is mined
way
Section
which
a
whoever:
and
the pronoun is used in the relative clause. is used to refer only to persons; 14.) Who
by the (See
for who
forms
case
to
refer
and things(inanimate objects
to
persons considered as a group; that may either persons or things.
to to
flierwho
served
in World
II is
War
now
be
airline
an
oflBcial. Radar
equipment which be installed
must
3. A
has
The
crew
The
hat that I
The
man
pronouns
are
but
no
the
won
saw
used
for small
ships
carefully. race
named
was
gender
is
or
classes.
of fashion.
Taylor.
and
The
case.
out
now
Mortimer
pointsout
pronoun
from
excused
was
boughtlast summer
that I
demonstrative
number
4. An
which
be
is to
identifies. It
demonstrative
this,that,these,those.
This is the way That is my new
to
These
books; those
are
your
kick
a
spiral.
television
interrogative pronoun
set. on
the desk
are
mine.
(who, whom, whose, which,
what, occasionally whoever, whichever, whatever) intro9
PRONOUNS
duces
question.The
a
who
shall demand
Which What
is the route
that
a
who
interrogative noun proare
same.
pardon be granted?
should take from
we
the
Hammond?
do you have in mind? do you recognize?
Whom 5. A
for the
the relative pronoun
and
Who
forms
case
reflexive pronoun
of the sentence.
is used
for reference
to
ject the sub-
composed of one of the personal self, himself,herplusselfor selves: myself,yourself, pronouns themselves. These pronouns ourselves, itself, yourselves, also called compound personalpronouns. In formal are speechor writing,these pronouns are not used as subjects. It is
and
myselfwent on a hike. assistant burned himself. Right: His laboratory Right:They appointedthemselves as cheer leaders.
Wrong: Helen, Sue,
6. An
pronouns
Right:The
Right:We 7.
than
is used for emphasis.Intensive pronoun reflexive pronouns form. have the same
intensive
and nurse
herselfwas
students ourselves
at are
fault.
whollyresponsible.
Indefinite pronouns are somewhat other pronouns. Among the more
less exact
in
meaning
used indefinite frequently another,any, anyone, anything, are everybody, pronouns few, many, nobody, none, one, everyone, everything, each. The pronoun and its compound several,some, one forms, and compound forms built on the element -bodyform the possessivecase in the same as nouns (anyone's, way involve everybody's).Indefinite pronouns grammatical problemswhich are discussed in Section lid. 8. A reciprocal indicates an interchange of action pronoun in the suggestedby the verb. This interchange may be seen the only two followingsentences involving reciprocal nouns proin English:
10
The
two
The
members
teams
complimentedeach of the squad shouted
other. at
one
another.
ASSERTING
3. ASSERTING
3a-b
VERBALS
AND
VERBS
WORDS:
VERBS
WORDS:
VERBALS
AND
Definition.
3a.
A verb expresses action
state
or
of
being,
kicked the ball with all his
Morgan
strength.
readyat eighto'clock.
Be
became
Howard
and
statesman
a
wrote
a
number
of
books.
of verbs.
3b. Kinds Verbs
are
classified as
transitive verb
A
linking.
transitive,intransitive,or
accompaniedby regularly
is
direct
a
object. V.
o.
The
engineersthrew
The
ate refugees
a
the river.
bridgeacross
o.
V.
bits of bread
found
V.
old
An
o.
seized
woman
the road.
on
a
squawkinggoose
and
ran
into
the house. An
intransitive verb Automobiles
Peopleran verbs
Many
requiresno
from
Paris
wildlyin
can
crept alongthe roads.
every
be used
object. direction.
in either
a
transitive
or
an
transiti in-
sense.
We We
A
the
I
won
I
won
read the
with great care. (Transitive) read until late at night. (Intransitive) news
the firstset.
(Transitive) (Intransitive) easily.
verb or copulative, linking, to the predicate noun. subject
Washingtonwas My
our
shows
the
of relationship
firstpresident.
favorite color is green. 11
^^
ASSERTING
WORDS:
VERBS
AND
VERBALS
Auxiliaryverbs.
3c.
or verbs, such Auxiliary, helping,
would, should,do, did, shall,will,and
have, are shades voice
often used
of
with
other verbs
as
must,
of be and
particular (see Section 3f) or
to
express
meaning usuallyof time (see Section 3d). Such combinations "
can,
may, all forms
called verb
are
phrases. I have
known
This theme
Sd.
three times.
rewritten
was
(Voice)
Voice. verbs
Transitive or
the firstgrade.(Time)
Jerrysince
further classified as
are
to
voice
"
active
passive. A
verb
is in the active
voice
when
its
performs subject
the action. built
largehouse in the country. The engineers Jiave developednew types refrigerators. The Marshall Plan helpsthe reconstruction
We
A
a
is in the
verb
the action. are, was,
passivevoice that
Notice
were,
form
some
been, be)
is used
when
its
of
Europe.
subjectreceives
of the verb with
of electrical
another
be
(am, is,
verb in the
passivevoice. A
largehouse
The
doors
were
built in the country. bolted from the inside.
was
3e.- Mood.
The the A
mood
a
speakerthinks verb
in
questionof The What 12
of
the
verb shows
the mood
or
time
in which
of the action. indicative mood
states
fact. farmer
manner
plantedhis is it?
crop
early.
a
fact
or
asks
a
verb
A
Clean
verb
A
your books
contrary Section
in
command.
a
to
page 10.
indicates a condition mood subjunctive wish. The subjunctive is discussed in a or
the
fact
to
expresses
room.
your
Open
VERBALS
imperativemood
the
in
AND
VERBS
WORDS:
ASSERTING
17c-g. If you I wish
in
were
I
Europe, you in the South
were
iind life very different.
would where
it is
alwayswarm.
3f. Tense" Tense
of the action
state
or
expressed
verb.
by a
Every a
indicates the time
verb
has three
basis for the
made
in usage
form
these
tenses
formation because or
how
which
principal parts of
peopledo to
use
Many
tenses. not
them.
are
mistakes
understand
(See
used
Sections
how
as are
to
15 and
16.) The
principal parts of participle.''^
If the
second
and
-d,-ed, or -t,the verb
verb,and irregular the irregular verbs in an
*
A
a
verb
are
the present, past, past
principal parts of a verb verb. Otherwise is called a regular third
its
the
parts should be memorized.
add it is
Notice
precedinglist.
is sometimes also fourth principalpart, the present participle, the made is to by adding participle -ing present present form of a verb: talk,talking.The four principalparts are given
given. The tense
in this order:
talk,talked,talked,talking. 13
ASSERTING
WORDS:
the
Then tense.
write
(For
principal parts of each sentences using each of a
discussion of
tenses
AND
VERBALS
5
EXERCISE
Write
VERBS
of the
verbs. following
these verbs in the past and their use, see Section
16.)
verbs and verbals the difference between Understanding will help you to avoid one of the most serious in errors or fragment.A verb is used as writing,the half sentence the simplepredicate of a sentence; with the subject, the verb be used A verbal cannot a completestatement. may make of a sentence. as a simple (See Section 55. ) predicate kicked the ball.
(Verb) Kickingthe ball (Verbal) To kick the ball (Verbal) He
There
are
three types of verbals:
and participles, gerunds,
infinitives. (For helpin using verbals,see and j,and 65. )
Sections
14k, 16i
which has the function of both is a word participle verb and adjective. The present participle always ends in is the third The past participle singing). -ing {speaking, consists principal part of the verb. The perfectparticiple of having or having been plus the past participle (having spoken,havingbeen driven). 1. A
14
WORDS:
ASSERTING
VERBS
AND
VERBALS
the past participles in the
Notice
listof principal following
parts: PAST
Notice some
walk
walked
walked
smile
smiled
smiled
drive
drove
driven
draw
drew
drawn
see
saw
seen
sing
sang
sung
bring
brought
brought
end in -ed and of the past participles others changethe vowel (sung);and stillothers
that
in -n;
PARTICIPLE
some
can changetheir form completely(brought) The participle take an object and be modified by an adverb. When it does, the group of words taken together is called a participial phrase.(See Section 6b. ) .
The
ball kicked used
as
by an
the
playerwent adjective)
1
The
into the stand.
2
crowd
the team could be heard cheering in used as an (1: participle adjective phrase;2: objectof participle) 1
We
followed
ciple (Parti-
a
a
mile away.
participial
2
the crowd,
(1: participle cheeringlustily. in a participial used as an adjective phrase;2: adverb modifyingparticiple)
Gerunds form have the same gerund is a verbal noun. but are used as nouns as present or perfectparticiples, instead of adjectives. take an objectand be A gerund may modified by an adverb or an adjective. 2. A
1
2
the Discovering
plansof the enemy was the job of the service. (1: gerund;2: objectof gerund) intelligence 15
ASSERTING
1
WORDS:
VERBS
AND
VERBALS
2
is no Working intelligently
easy task.
verb (1: gerund;2: ad-
modifier) 2
Our
is the infinitiue
3. An
1
dislikes loud
singing. (1: gerund;
adjectivemodifier)
2:
by
teacher
music
usuallypreceded
of the verb
form
to.
walk
to
to
observe
be used
infinitive may adverb. An
as
is to My greatestpleasure
have
We as
Bruce
adverb
or adjective,
used as noun) (Infinitive used (Infinitive Billings.
1
from
as
adverb)
the infinitive.
pack?
help
objectand phraseor clause.
take
adverbial
an
an
you.
me
infinitive may
an
be modified
by
an
2
reach
To
travel.
to is omitted
go with
me
or
an
noun,
four
the word
Will you
The
a
enjoyed
days to spend in adjective) used was (Infinitive gladto have come.
Sometimes Let
have
to
the mountain
we
1
and
twenty miles. (1:
finitive; in-
objectof infinitive)
2:
George
walked
I tried to walk
2
2: adverb faster.(1: infinitive;
modifier) 1
The 2:
2
began to driftalong the slope.(1: infinitive; adverbial phrasemodifyinginfinitive)
snow
1
I intend
2
stay here until you
2: (1: infinitive; adverbial clause modifyinginfinitive)
16
to
arrive.
WORDS:
ASSERTING
"9
VERBALS
AND
VERBS
EXERCISE
6
the
followingparagraph,list in verbs that are used as simplepredicates; in list all verbals. The listing has been made From
all
column
one
another
column,
for the firsttwo
sentences.
Verbal
Verbs had
to
go
liked had named
the Englishpoet, had Shelley, out
he
the
Mediterranean
named
Ariel. But
on
had
sailor,some
a
Sea
because
of his friends worried
the boat
friends, he
some
warning of
slippedover set
a
he
was
the
sea waves.
for his home
out
liked
He
lightsailboat
in
about
however, loved the beauty of the in which
tragicdeath. very
to
go which
unskillful
as
a
Shelley, constantly. fashion and the graceful One day,after visiting him
Lerici
in
in
spite of
a
protect Shelley,his friend the to a good sailor,wanted Trelawny,who was accompany writer in a larger boat named Bolivar; but he had not obtained a
port clearance
Wishing
storm.
papers,
to
the port authorities kept him from hurry;so he set out, leavingTrelawny
and
leaving. Shelleywas in a fuming at the shore. The sailors on Trelawny's boat, gready concerned about Shelley, watched the black clouds gathering. When the storm broke, Trelawny,worried about his friend, finally of him. Meantime, tried to get news wife waited at Shelley's that Shelleycould not have been so foolish Lerici,feeling sure to set out in the storm. she decided to go to Leghorn to as Finally what had happened to him. Reachingthe city, she begged for see and was told that Shelley had indeed set out justbefore the news Panic-stricken,Mary made
storm.
of her
getting news
husband
in inquiries
difiicult. At
was
Trelawny learned shore
at
that parts of a wreck Viareggio.They stilldid not
days later was
the
body onlythirty years
of
Shelleywas
old when
every
had
washed
up
last she
and
up on the hope,but several
been
give up
direction,but
on
cast
the shore. He
he died.
17
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23
4ci-b
MODIFYING
4. MODIFYING
words:
ADJECTIVES
WORDS:
AND
ADVERBS
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADVERBS
Definition
4a,
adfective.
modifies adjective
An 4b.
of
of
Uses
a
noun
or
a
pronoun.
adjectives.
makes more or an nearly limiting, adjective By describing tell the meaning of the word it modifies. Adjectives exact what kind of,how many, ivhich one. Adjectives of two are generalkinds: 1.
a red convertible,an Descriptive:
easy
job,a
broken
window 2.
the first Limiting: day,his former roommate,
Note:
A
noun
considered
or
case possessive may be it limits the meaning of another
in the
pronoun
since adjective
an
fivetimes
noun.
articlesa, an, and the are adjectives. A is used before word sound; an, before a beginningwith a consonant
The a
that it is with a vowel sound. Remember beginning the sound, not the spelling, that determines which article should be used. A word beginningwith silent h actually word
starts with
sound
consonant
with y
vowel.
a
with
or
a
and vowel
The
sound
of y before a vowel is a calls for a, whether the word begins havingthe sound of y, such as longu.
a hero, a European,a apple,an hour, an opportunity,
an
university is called a predicate or adjective adjective predicate complement when it is related to the subjectby a linking verb (be,feel,become, taste, seem, appear, look, sound, for example )
An
.
24
The
water
The
com
feltwarm. is green.
MODIFYING
WORDS:
AND
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS
7
EXERCISE
In as
an
noun
in this paragraph. In adjective that each adjective modifies.
Across
watch
a
that
sea
the Venezuelan
littledistance, and
coastline with
fresh odor from
sweat
of the
back
sea
reached
occupants
the money
moment
a
into
the side of
into slipping
were
that the passengers
had
The the
few
air
the
thrown
smell
moments
clear
a
still.
was
heavy
of
dozen
a
their brown-
ship,and
our
the
in
their tails,flew
sea.
mingled with a
could
we
purpleAndes on
the
column, listthe
emerald,
the
the stevedores' bodies. In
small boats had skinned
stood
dived
another
turquoise,now
now
was
background.Flyingfish The
verbals)used (including
column, list each word
one
water
to
find
for them.
down
4c. Definition of adverb. An
adverb modifies
verb, an
a
in or by describing, limiting, nearlyexact. meaning more
4cl. Uses
of adverbs.
adverb
An
tells how,
(Adverbs that or
tell why
to
what
are
(When) paraderecently. did enjoy the music playedby certainly
We
(To what Here
The
extent.
of
phrases
6 and
7.)
a
saw
We
we
when, where, why,
usuallyin the form singlewords. See Sections
clauses rather than
If
another adverb or adjective, other way making the some
we
soldiers from
taxi drove
teU how
modifyinganother
)
extent
saw
the bands.
slowlydown
slowlythe
taxi
(Where)
countries. many the street. (How)
drove, we
have
an
adverb
adverb.
Iquite1 The
taxi drove
-"
very
I
I slowlydown
the street.
too
25
4cl MODIFYING
WORDS:
ADJECTIVES
The
following examples show adjectives
adverbs
AND
used
ADVERBS
modify
to
:
When
the
day
was
modifies the He
almost
was
over,
very tired.
guide was
our
tired. ) adjective sick with fatigue. {Almost
(Very
modifies the
sick. ) adjective is used
a noun Occasionally
is called the adverbial
noun
After the game
Neither
of either robs
Overuse
Both
and adjectives and
vi\
is weak
and
and
adverbs
can
adverbs
are
verbals) used a
second Have
is heavilv
discussed
stories
are
told
Among love for work
about
them
his
his
story.For
force.
Vxriting cific spe-
larded the
in Sections
the
that each
Mariner?
with
them jectives of ad-
use
IS and
author
adverb
Many
of the
63.
poem,
modifies.
very interesting, ridge. ColeSamuel
some
stopped to talk to liim. Lamb, awav; job on time, moved
grabbedthe button
profusely..
particularly good tales of the poet's today Coleridgemet Lamb walkingrapidly
are
One talking.
and
reach
an
Tlie Ancient
read
a
8
column, list the word you
of
(including your paper, list each word adverb in the following paragraph.In
on
as
use
and
make
help to
flabby.Particular problems in
column
one
used
of conciseness
EXERCISE
In
be
should
sentences
writingthat
id. but
(The
home.
adverbs
nor adjectives
adverb.
an
objective.)
went
we
as
of liislistener's coat a
few
minutes
Lamb
who but
was
hurrying tO'
Coleridgequickly
ing insisted upon finishbut waited patiently,
and
apparentlypreparing for a long talk. Presently Lamb took a knife from his pocket and carefullv cut ofi: the button that Coleridgewas ing holding.That evening Lamb, returnfrom work, saw Coleridgestillholdingthe button and still talking vigorously.
Coleridgewas
26
WORDS:
JOINING
5.
PREPOSITIONS,
JOINING
A
CONJUNCTIONS
Definition of
5a.
is preposition
of
a
sentence.
5b.
noun
is
preposition. a
word linking
or
pronoun followed It is usually
List of
Here
PREPOSITIONS
WORDS:
AND
to
used
to
other
some
by
an
show
the relationship word
in
the
object.
prepositions.
list of
a
5ci-b
CONJUNCTIONS
prepositions:
common
if confused is sometimes meaning of a sentence with in combination prepositionsare not used correctly other words. (See Section 43.) The
is used
Between
Among
is used
I must
The Note: more
money
two
when
two
are
was
are
than
more
choose between
In casual
than
when
considered. two
are
dancingand
divided
among
speech,between
considered.
tennis.
six heirs.
is sometimes
used
when
considered. 27
Sc-d Beside
next
means
Besides
are
5c. Definition of A
is conjunction
groups of words Sd.
Kinds
of
to.
popularboy in school sits beside me in French. and math? besides English you studying
most
What
CONJUNCTIONS
in addition to.
means
The
PREPOSITIONS,
WORDS:
JOINING
in
conjunction. word linking
a
used
words
to connect
or
sentence.
a
conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions joinwords or groups of words of equalrank; for example,and, but, for,or, nor. Certain coordinating used in pairsare called conjunctions correlative conjunctions. used of these are Most frequently either .
.
.
.
.
neither
or;
.
.
.
.
nor;
both
.
.
.
and; whether
or.
Subordinatingconjunctionsjoin dependent clauses to main clauses;for example,if,as, since, because, although, while,so that,when. (See Section 7. ) Note:
Certain
adverbs
are
used
as
They
connectives.
are
called
over, conjunctiveadverbs. Examples are however, morenevertheless, therefore. (See Glossaryof Grammatical
Terms
and
Section
24b.)
must good writing,conjunctions order that they may show the
In in
ideas. Often
a
be chosen exact
careless ^^^:iter will
with
care
tween berelationship use
and
where
the
of clauses needs to be more accurately relationship expressed, probablyby use of subordination. Notice how the emphasisand meaning differ in these sentences: The
search
and
for the chemical
further
formula
has been
will make investigation
rewarding,
the rewards
even
formula
been
greater.
Althoughthe 28
search
for the chemical
has
V9d
PHRASES
further investigation will rewarding,
greater.
even
Common
in the
errors
use
of
discussed
are conjunctions
19a-c, 23a-c, and 70.
in Sections
The
the rewards
make
conjunctionis
the seventh
speech,that you have studied of speech altogether. The seven
of
kind
word,
far. There
or
part of
eightparts parts of speechthat you have studied are nouns, adverbs, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and conjunctions. The eighthpart of speechis prepositions, the interjection, word with which is simplyan exclamatory littlerelation of the
Oh,
the
to
must
an
of the sentence.
you
portant It is the least im-
go? (Oh is an interjection.) to an good fortune came abruptend. (Alas
) interjection.
6.
6a.
are
eightparts of speech.
Here, alas,our is
rest
so
PHRASES
Definition.
phraseis a group of related words and predicate and which a subject part of speech.It is importantto know because their positionin a sentence meaning. (See Section 63b.) A
There
has been
much
which
does
functions how
to
as use
not
single phrases
a
often determines
discussion of the
new
tain con-
the
slum-clearing
projectin school. The
positionof
indicate that the
sentence
In
phrasein school makes this sentence took place in school. Actually, slum-clearing
should
the
read:
school there has been
much
discussion of the slum-
clearing project.
to
the use of phrases also helpsone Understanding (See Section 23. ) punctuate correctly.
to
learn
29
6b 6b.
PHRASES
Kinds
Phrases an
of
phrases.
often contain
a participle, a gerund, preposition, uerfo. (See Section 3g.) or a infinitive,
Prepositional phrases:
a
to
the dance,
boys, of
by
my
club, between
the tickets,at the end
the
of the
road
ball, Participial phrases: running a mile quickly, playingbaskethis head, overcome scratching by Gerund
phrases:
gas, exhausted after the journey kicking the animals, selling tickets, visiting the
ball,playingtennis, preparing a
report
Infinitive phrases:
Verb
phrases:
to
play the
to
walk
a
game
mile,
well, to sing a song, to
shout
loudly
have
written, would
see
the
have
circus,
dived,
to
am
beginning that
phrasemay contain another phrase.In the prepositional phrase at the end of the road, the objectof the prepositionat is modified by another prepositional phrase.Also, in the participial phrase exhausted by the is modified by a prepositional journey,the participle phrase. Notice, too, that phrases containingpresent participles and those containinggerundslook alike. The use of such a determines whether it is a participial phrasein a sentence or a gerund phrase.(See Section 3g.) jective adPhrases (exceptverb phrases)are used as nouns, adverbs. OT phrases are generally Prepositional used as adjectives as or adverbs; participial tives; adjecphrases, infinitive phrases, as as nouns, nouns; gerund phrases, sirable adverbs. In some or adjectives, types of writing,it is deinto a phrase;in other types it is to expand a word better to contract the phrase into a word. A knowledge of structure. phraseshelpsto give varietyto sentence Notice
30
a
PHRASES
phrases:
Noun
To
automobiles
manufacture
(Infinitive phrase as
was
a
great undertaking.
subject)
a Cranking the old 1910 model was riskybusiness. (Gerund phraseas subject) tried to develop mass production. Many manufacturers (Infinitive phraseas objectof tried)
The
next
step
to
was
invent
a
self-starter for the
nominative. (Infinitive phraseas predicate
that
the
infinitive
phrase
bile. automo-
Notice
prepositional phraseis prepositional
contains
a
phrase,for the automobile. This used as an adjective and modifies self-starter. ) The plan to developa self-starter tremendous caused pansion exin the industry. (Infinitive phrase as appositive) EXERCISE
9
phrasesthat you find in the following Beside each phrase, write the kind sentences. of phrase(infinitive tence or gerund) and its function in the sen(subject, objectof verb, and so on ) On
your
paper,
write
the
noun
.
Example : I.
1. 2. 3.
5. I
7. 8. 9.
gerund phrase subject "
Hearingsoft music makes me sleepy. a Planting gardenis good fun. his lessons. He hates studying
4. We
6.
soft music:
Hearing
decided
want
to
to
pay
his way.
playa harp.
Making a wise decision is not an easy task. Collecting pleasantexperiences. stamps gave Morris many I alwaysenjoyedfeeding the animals at the circus. Leaving her familyin a foreign country worried Alice a great deal.
10.
decision Shirley's
to
David
marry
upset her
family very
much. II.
Harold's
greatest ambition
was
to
make
the football
team.
31
PHRASES
12.
build
To
a
had
business
prosperous
his aim
been
since
childhood. Australia.
13.
My
uncle
14.
The
custom
15.
Jerry's plan to ily.
16.
Later, the Japanese started
17.
Running
18.
The
19.
The
20.
He
21.
She
soon
22.
His
hobby, restoringold furniture,later
wants
to
here is
a
to
start
a
go to bed early. the whole chicken farm surprised
largefarm
big problem now guests began to wanted
to
to
go
taughthim is to
their
make
to
to
to
motion
own
tures. pic-
cally. accept life philosophi-
provideadequate parkingspace. their presents.
open
jointhe club, but gettingin
learned
fam-
keep house,
to
was
knit, and
very to
sew.
became
a
difficult.
profitable
business. 23.
Arthur's chief desire
24.
Some
25.
Going
nations to
try
to
was
a
successful farmer.
aggression. prevent psychological
to
in Boston
concerts
be
Howard
gave
a
new
interest
in
music.
Adjectivephrases: Adjectivephrases,like adjectives, modify
The
bodies
of early automobiles
(Prepositional phraseused Women
as
wearing long dusters
nouns
or
nouns. pro-
high and open. ject) modifyingsubadjective were
and
goggles sometimes drove the cars. (Participial phrase used as adjective modifyingsubject) had few opportunitiesthen to buy a car. We (Infinitive phrase used as adjective modifyingobjectof verb) One saw an day we earlymodel stalled on the road. (Participial phraseused as adjectivemodifying object of verb. Notice that the participial phraseincludes a prepositional phrase,on the road. The prepositional phrase is used
32
as
an
adverb
and
modifies
stalled.)
6b
PHRASES
EXERCISE
On
your
lowing phrasesin the foladjective Classifyeach phrase and tell what it list separately phrasesused prepositional phrases.
sentences.
as
not
parts of other
Example: I. Singinga 1. A
modifies
participial phrase
gay song:
"
peasant
peasant singinga gay song trudgedpast us.
2. "Adonais" 3. Sue
is
5. There 6. The
tribute
a
boughta
4. Ichabod
saw
of John Keats. the memory dress to wear to the party.
new
to
coming toward strange object
a
ample time
was
snowshoe
white
him.
finish the work.
to
rabbit has very
largefeet
covered
with
soft
fur.
7. I should like 8. Exhausted 9.
the
write
paper,
modifies. Do
10
positionin the saxophonesection of the band.
a
the
day'slabor, he sleptsoundly. Southern High, we hoped to win
by
beaten
Having
the
city
championship. 10. There
was
knock
a
the door, and
on
a
of
man
huge proportions
entered. II.
You
break the lock
must
needed
for the
play.
The
12.
magazine made community.
13.
Caird, endorsed
15. A
wearing
man
entered 16.
Rex
of
the
saw
a
a
long,loose
and
overcoat
carryinga
cane
room.
the
start
with
the
Royals,pitchedhis
Royal Players, sponsoredand
the government. number of students
civil service
improve the morals of the
the
Hunter, making his
by
effort to
parties.
firstgame today. 17. The theater houses
18. We
an
machine and sponsoredby political his pictureeverywhere. new legislative body has produceda shift
by
liberal groups, saw 14. The election of a in the balance
get the materials
the cabinet and
on
takingthe
examination
ported supfor
a
job. 33
"b
PHRASES
of the controversial
19. Discussion
of aldermen
committee
20.
issue public-housing
a
today.
Peopletryingto get new
automobile
licenses formed
line in front of the office of the Automobile
Adverbial
excited
a
long
Commissioner.
phrases:
Adverbial
and phrasesmodify verbs, adjectives,
adverbs.
fell on our sidewalk. (Prepositional Yesterdaya woman phrasemodifyingverb fell) She fell hard enough to sprain her ankle. (Infinitive phrasemodifyingadverb enough) She was (Infinitive tive phrasemodifyingadjeceasy to lift. easy)
and
Restrictive
If
phrases:
nonrestrictive
the explainor identify word it refers,the phraseis called restrictive. If to which the phrase is not absolutely necessary, it is called nonrestrictive. Nonrestrictive phrasesare always set oflE by a
phraseis
from
commas
The
essential in order
the remainder
of the
citizens'committee
The
particular way
the
committee
nonrestrictive
demand
because
nonrestrictive
to
it is
what telling
examplesof punctuationfor
23h
the
for further
restrictive
and
modifiers.
sheet of paper, write
sentences. following
34
gains.
gan stature, begaining in political reforms within the city government.
EXERCISE a
because
the committee
the writer's purpose in began to demand. See Section
discussion and
On
which
adjective phraseis
essential
not
in
phraseis restrictive
citizens' committee, to
Here
sentence.
stature. gains in political
In this examplethe adverbial it tells the
to
11
the adverbial
phrasesin
each phraseand Classify
tell what
the it
^^
PHRASES
modifies. Do
list separately prepositional phrasesused
not
parts of other
as
phrases.
Example: in
prepositional phrase modifies flew phrase modifies flew jetplane:prepositional
South America:
I. To a
"
"
flew to South
1. He
America
in
of the darkness
2.
out Suddenly,
3.
During my George left home to seek I passed my driver's test
4.
5.
a
jetplane.
came
I took
spring vacation
octopus.
an a
tripwith five friends.
his fortune. and
aided my
father
by delivering
orders. 6.
7.
Lately,I have Mr. Upton was when
8. The
behind
In
II. The
13.
mass
formation,while the guerrillas,
trees, fired at them.
Mrs.
wedding,the
Barton
bridal company
natives
Remsen.
throughthe
hibiscus blossoms
wear
churches
in their hair and
one
the house
to teach
we
outside. in driver education
introduced courses recently how to drive. boys and girls
In these
days,it is very importantto
because
traffic is
learn
techniques driving
complicated by speed, take risks who to show Teen-age youths friends
are
in many
five o'clock this afternoon
At
19.
WashingtonBoulevard. caused It was by a boy His
the direct
cases
18.
20.
colored
by the secretary. can protect the plantsfrom the cold. planteda hedge highenough to keep
15. Schools have
some
sleepon
and
bands.
arm
By using screens, the world
17.
tertained en-
to be handled report is too complicated
14. Around
16.
was
hot afternoons.
on
leaves in their 12. The
in
Ecuador, dogswander
the floor
neighbor
a
occurred.
of the
eve
by 10.
a
soldiers advanced
the
in order.
budgetto keep my money walkingdown the street with
the accident
concealed 9. On
used
friends how car
was
fast his
smashed
seriously by the injured
to
there
of nineteen
off before of
cause was
who
an
an
could go. pieces,and several
accident.
accident
wanted
their
to
near
show
car
people were
collision,
35
PHRASES
Achievement
6c.
test
phrases.
on
your paper write all the phrasesexcept verb phrases the following Beside each phrase, write the sentences.
On
from
kind of
phraseand its function in the sentence. verbal phrases used or separately prepositional other phrases.
Do
not
list
parts of
as
Example: I.
Knittingsocks
1.
socks Knitting her
2.
for the Red
Cross:
for the Red
Cross
gerund phrase subject "
consumed
a
great deal of
time.
Dischargedfrom the back to college. have
3. Airmen
found
army, the
the young
man
eagleflying9,750
decided
to
feet above
go the
earth. 4. Plastics
5.
becoming very popularin factories producing household objects. Men workingon the projectwill be research workers of wide are
experience. 6. The
first step in the
is to investigation
isolate the cold virus.
has tried to improve conditions,but company been blind to obvious problems.
7. The
it has
the editorial law for three years and then joined practiced staff of a large newspaper. The man's main is to write stories about ordinary objective people. learn to respect the law. must cars Young peopledriving he was exhausted from fighting, sent to California Finally,
8. He
9.
10.
II.
for
a
rest.
candy business here, Ted Saunders started two in a nearbytown. stores whose The company job was employed a group of men
12. Besides
13.
running
a
look for flaws in the garments finished by weavers. admit would 14. At that time, no school in America to
15. On
to
woman
studymedicine. the second
three hundred 36
a
has
floor of the
people.
is building
an
auditorium
seating
7a-b
CLAUSES
house, decorated
16. The
with
flagsand bunting,was
ready
for the carnival. 17. Attracted
by the
noise, Sue lefther
and hurried into the
room
street.
18.
Annuallyan Day
Foundation
United 19. The
mother
American to
set
is chosen
examplefor
an
by
the Mothers'
other mothers
in the
States.
has bamboo houses alongirregular streets, village in a haze of of oil everywhere, derricks enveloped
native
the smell
throb of engines. smoke, and the never-ceasing 20.
Aiming
at
medium-income
a
houses prefabricated 21.
22. Plarmed
24.
single pattern,the houses
a
builders work
these Selling
hard
houses
production. are providedwith
Speciallessons
in
to
ship, salesmanrequireshigh-powered ardization. to standtry to meet all objections
often
but the salesmen
25.
mass
garages. the house under a roof in get the task is not alwayspossingle day,but accomplishing sible.
The a
on
$10,000.
problemin
a
plan
and varietythroughwings,porches,
some
23.
to cost
build these houses is
To
group, the manufacturers
are techniques selling
given to
all
ployees em-
of the company.
7. CLAUSES 7a. A
Definition. clause is
a
group of words
(See Section predicate. 7b. An
Kinds
23 for
which
has both
punctuationof
of clauses.
clause independent{main, principal) statement sense
and subject clauses.)
makes
a
plete com-
and
sonable may stand alone; that is,it makes reaif the remainder o" the sentence is omitted.
I listened to
Although I listened
to
a
radio program. should have been a
studyinglast night,I
radio program.
37
CLAUSES
there
Sometimes
clause in
be
may
than
more
one
independent
sentence.
a
John studied,but I listened
to a
radio program.
stand alone. dependent,or subordinate, clause cannot the rest of the sentence It depends upon to complete its gins meaning; it is subordinate. A dependent clause usuallybewith a relative pronoun (such as who, which, that) or a subordinating conjunction (such as if,as, since, because, while, when, where, until). although, A
Dependent
clauses:
althoughit is raining when
I
saw
him
if I learn to drive
who
would
go with
us
adverbs, Dependent clauses may be used as adjectives, of these parts of or nouns. According to its use as one clause, speech,a dependent clause is called an adjective an
adverbial
clause,or
clause.
noun
a
Adjectiveclauses are usuallyintroduced by a relative conjunction (who, which, that) or by a subordinating pronoun (when, where, why). Sometimes, however, the 1.
relative pronoun is omitted. that could introduce pronoun A called
a
clause introduced
relative clause.
The
(See
convertible which
omitted, the relative
When
the clause is said
by
a
Section
you
to
relative pronoun 23h.
wanted
be
derstood. un-
is also
)
has been
sold.
jective (Ad-
clause
I
modifyingconvertible) told him the reason why I was not coming. (Adjective clause modifying reason)
The
He
man
whom
you
recommended
an
excellent
clause modifyingman) job.(Adjective is a boy I never admired. (Adjective clause modifying
boy;relative pronoun 38
has done
whom
omitted)
CLAUSES
12
EXERCISE
clauses list the adjective sentences following and tell what word clause modifies. Some each adjective clauses. contain sentences no adjective may the
From
1. The
automobile
radio which
I ordered
on
Saturdayhas
not
arrived.
housewives, who soap operas are take a great interest in serial stories. 3. The fire started in the hotel coffee shop,which closed. was of the listeners
2. Most
4. Flames
the 5.
discovered
were
the elevator shaft in
coming from
of the hotel.
rear
Today I interviewed a lawyer.
6. He
to
back
justcame
from
who
woman
young
a
wishes
become
to
he spent his Easter
Indiana, where
holiday. 7.
became
Henry
stationed 8. Of
nearbycamp. good times that
at
all the
the
soldiers who
were
a
hay ride
our
acquainted with
barn dance
and
9. In front of the
I had
stage
was
a
the
duringvacation,
I
enjoyed
most.
pit where
men
stood
to
see
the
play. 10.
The
modem
of human 11.
12.
13.
They
must
There
find
a
house
in which
was
a
relative invited
found This
Pride and
of which
data
they can
which
live
on
she
a
had
greatly
income.
group of outlaws the peoplein the community.
15. A
16.
pictureof almost every aspect
Jane Austen wrote novels of manners, Prejudiceis the most famous. Mrs. Henry McClintock discussed the presentedat the last meeting. reduced
14.
novel presents a fife.
who
endangeredthe
lives of
boy to his home, where the youth books. many enjoyable has been a periodin which conversation has received the
fittleattention. 17. The
road
to the
is
a
part of
a
main
highway and
leads
eventually
sea.
39
CLAUSES
time when
18. The
she
to
was
leave
and quickly,
came
she took
boat for the country that she had never seen. 19. The motion with littletime pictureadvances rapidly, a
filledwith
not
20.
mystery and intrigue. speakerurged parents to encourage
The
skillful with instead of The
21.
Dr.
Downs
24.
The
show
who
i'san
man
a
broad
2. Adverbial
of
a
Chinese
of the
he is alert where
all
to
pay the older members. needs
slam
to
every his
on
drivinglessons
our
highwayfilledwith
clauses may
February 14.
drivingconditions.
took
we
committee jail
familymust
every courtesy to expert driver seldom
country road
become
Tijne
a
members
younger
The
is
satisfied craftsman
a
the work on reportedbriefly was appointedby the mayor on
brakes, because 25.
child who
second-rate white-collar worker.
respectand A
become
to
a
familythat inherited a house with sinister and all people conof a spellwhich haunted nected with the place.
which 23.
a
his hands
story tellsof
memories
22.
that is
has
cars.
relationships.
express nine
(when, before,while, since): When
a
boy drives
a
car,
he
learn certain
must
the road. (Clause modifies verb
learn.)
while carefully pedestrians
will watch
He
must
rules of
he is
driving.
(Clause modifies verb will watch.) Place
(where, wherever ): After to
I
the finding
book
where
1 had
the house. (Clause modifies the
hurried
back
gerundfinding.) fishing.
to go ivherever we am can findgood willing (Clause modifies the infinitiveto go.)
Manner
(as, He
as
kicked
if): the
appleas ifit were
the verb kicked.
Condition
a
hall. (Clause modifies
)
{if,so, unless, providedthat):
If ijou have
the blouse
in
blue, I will buy
modifies the verb ivillbuy.)
40
leftit,I
it.
(Clause
CLAUSES
(because, as,
Cause
The
since
): engine had broken with troops. (Clause modifies the
late because
train, three hours
down,
crowded
was
the
late.) adjective
order
Purpose (in
worked
We
that
that,so hard
all
day
): that the
so
would
house
be
pretty for the party. (Clause modifies verb worked.) Result
(that, so that,so The
pileof
to
start
We
were
driftwood
so
modifies
.
.
that
):
mounted,
that
so
soon
were
we
able
fire.(Clause modifies verb
blazingbeach
a
mounted.
.
) stale crackers.
hungrythat we ate the adjective hungry.)
much
Degree or comparison (than, as justas): John climbed
farther than you
did.
as
as,
(Clause
...
as,
verb (Clause modifies ad-
farther.) Concess^ion
(though,although):
ceived Althoughthe Socialists lost seats in the election,theyreceived. a largepopularvote. (Clause modifies verb re-
) EXERCISE
the adverbial
Write
and sentences
1. As
may
contain
theyreached
2. Before
he
clauses found each
tell what
a
started
13
no
tences followingsen-
adverbial
clause modifies. Some
adverbial
clauses.
shady spot in on
in the
the
the road, the
camping
trip,he
stopped. bought a new cars
sleeping bag. 3. We 4. When
reached
justas the
camp school was
immediately got
dismissed a
jobin
an
sun
was
for the
setting. summer
vacation, I
ofiice.
5. If you do not want any of the colors mentioned, be gladto take your order for another shade.
we
shall
41
CLAUSES
day while
7.
takingundersea picturesoflFthe coast of Lower CaUfomia, he encountered a huge porpoise. I do not like him. Althoughhe has alwaysbeen pleasant,
8.
During
6. One
wheat 9. I 10.
was
the last few
days, it
has
rained
so
that the
hard
has been ruined.
never
had
If you
wish
or
he
bicycleuntil
a
the money
I earned
additional information
buy
to
character
concerning my
get in touch with Mr. Horace may has been so successful that he has been
ability, you
11. The
mayor
one.
Brown.
elected
six times.
worked
12. We
for
hours
ten
that the
in order
job might be
completed. 13.
14.
graduatedfrom high school, he entered of Maryland. University Althoughhe did not score, he made the best play of After he
was
the
the
game. 15.
Speakingwith quiet confidence, the to
country 16.
In the
periodfrom because
Europe 17. When not
18.
We
1200
to
rest
of the world.
1600, famines
in
common
were
difficultto transportfood. failed,people died because
it was
the
crops food from other countries. get have wasted our as resources
if
they could
thought the supply
we
limitless.
were
19.
cooperate with the
urged his
statesman
If we
are
careful in the future,we
not
may
again be without
materials necessary for comfortable living. 20. In order that we of our may preserve some government has set aside national parksand 21.
However,
22.
Men
are
these efforts
are
small, so
eager for money
more
than
wildlife,the bird
that very
theyare
refuges.
little is
for
complished. ac-
protection
of the country. 23.
Since
be 24.
we
make
we
are
money lesson. 42
a
the
rest
have been
we
country has been
think also of
25. When
help feed
careful than
more
The
must
so
of the world, in the
mechanized
we
should
past.
that Americans
possible petroleumshortage. to waste no our longerwilling shall have learned we quickly,
resources an
must
to
important
CLAUSES
A noun performthe functions of nouns. clause is usually introduced by that,what, who, which, where, when, how, why. It is used as:
clauses
3. Noun
Who
Subject: Objectof verb:
does guilty
is
hope that college. Objectof preposition: We judgea I
reached
He
Appositive:
wise
not
concern
me.
will be able
you
by
man
what
to
go to
he does.
the conclusion
that it
was
positi stay out of Newberry.(See Ap-
to
in
Glossaryof
Grammatical
Terms.) Predicate
One
noun:
serious
the Occasionally
relative pronoun conjunctionthat is omitted.
I told
him
I would
(7 would
go.
no
(See Section If,item 2.)
running water. Caution:
that there is
problemis
the subordinating
or
go is the
dependent
clause. ) I told him
that I would
go.
EXERCISE On
your
in the
all the
write
paper
Some
clauses that you find tell how each noun clause
noun
and
sentences following
is used.
14
sentences
may
contain
1. I
promise that
I wiU
2. I
hope that
go to the party. he could get to North
I
4. I do not
know
clauses.
noun
helpyou.
can
asked how
3. He
no
what
Avenue.
I should tellEdith about the
5. One
party.
result of my work in literature is that I have better taste in reading.
6.
Experimentsshow for
7.
that music
job. Success depends,in
8. The to
will decrease the time
required
a
inheritfrom
we
developed
measure,
upon
we
what
characteristics
parents.
fact that it looks like rain has
leave
9. That
our
a
no
effect
on
my
decision
today. shall win
the pennant this year is
a
clusion. foregonecon-
43
CLAUSES
10. The
article says that
11. Who
will inherit the money does not interest me. fact that he had learned scoutingsaved his life in the
12. The
youth should
be
taughtto
be responsible.
jungle. 13. We
judgedby what
are
say. President's advisers feel that
14. The
strike situations 15.
Why
16.
He
20.
In
from
that an message is that international
the
he
placewhere
urgent call had
boy brought the conclusion affairs is
He
highlydesirable. him is certainly a mystery.
lives.
18. The
19.
cooling-off periodin
a
is
you like born justa short distance was
now
17. A
we
cheaperthan
said he would
1798,
another
scientist named
a
nal for interresponsibility
war.
the party. Malthus warned
try to get
come.
to
the world
that
the 21. 22.
would outgrow the food supply. population Nobody paid any attention to what he said. Everybodythoughtthat the abundant supplyof food
would
lastforever. 23.
Now
again receive warnings that
we
food
our
supplyis
not
adequate. 24. What
we
do
can
to
save
our
is
remaining resources
portant im-
an
problem. 25. That
we
clear
to
are
wasting
your
test
paper,
sentences.
1. He
is
by
farming methods
bad
is
everybody.
7c. Achievement On
land
our
dependentclause in the adverb. or noun, adjective,
write
each
Label
it
of the
one
douses.
on
most
that 1 have
skillful locksmiths
lowing fol-
ever
seen.
2.
They
moved
years. book
3. The
to
4. The
5.
44
to
farm
a
would become
businessmen
in
Iowa, where
be of great interest a
to
they spent a
person
fifteen
who
tends in-
journalist.
knew
what
was
coming.
Althoughshe looked like a brightchild, she in learning to read. diflBculty
found
great
CLAUSES
truth of the matter
6. The
is that he is very lazy. all morning so that I might go to the circus
hard
7. I worked
in the afternoon.
spent the weekend
8. We
of those
at one
charminginns
where
George Washingtonslept. 9. When
heavy load
a
simplylies down 10.
She
had
to
often had 11.
that it was 12.
13.
cook
the result
How
and
get up
to
is
was
put
the llama's
on
refuses
to
back, the animal
move.
very earlyin the morning because she for as many as people. eighteen achieved is less important than the fact
achieved.
broughtinto beingthe efficient, immaculate that we take for grantedtoday. nurse would not The conditions that one found in earlyhospitals be tolerated for a minute in these days. Trainingschools
14. When
she
for
nurses
nineteen, she decided
was
to
go
to
Europe,where
she 15.
plannedto studymedicine. Althoughshe looked delicate of the stuff which
16. A
new
stick
and
shrinks from
material which is plastic pleasesthe patientsvery to
17. Another
frail,she
not
was
made
task. disagreeable ings dressused in surgical now a
much
it does
because
not
the wound.
changewhich
has taken
placein
me
is that I
enjoy
classicalmusic. 18.
Althoughthe
field of
are opportunities
19.
20.
21.
costume
expectedto
designis crowded, develop.
new
many
that we could have a fine time if we were thinking both acceptedat the same college. that In the eighteenth common so century, smallpoxwas scarcely anyone escapedfrom the malady. I hope that Sallywill be surprised, is because her mother workingvery hard to make the party a success. I
was
22.
He
23.
before going to law school. college Grain found that she had married Phyllis
reached
the conclusion
that it would
be wise
not
to
go
to
onlya spoiled
husband, but all his relatives. 24.
This
25.
Many peoplewho
is
one
of the
most
have
excitingstories
I have
frequentautomobile
ever
read.
accidents
are
childish. emotionally
45
^"CI^B^
SENTENCES
SENTENCES
8.
"
Definition.
8a. A
is
sentence
a
group
of words
expressinga complete
thought. have
The subjectis predicate. the name the verb of the person or thing about which makes The predicate is what is said of the statement. a pendent contain verb which it must a subject; completesan indeverb. ReSuch a verb is called a finite member: statement. and gerundsare not finite infinitives, participles, It must
a
subjectand
a
verbs. 8b.
Kinds
of sentences.
structure
be
classified
accordingto grammatical simple,compound, complex, or compound-
Sentences
may
as
complex. One
of the
writers greatest problems of inexperienced
the type of sentence which suits the idea to use learning to be presented. They must try, also,not to use the same kind of sentence too often. (See Section 72.) A simplesentence completethought.The expresses one simplesentence subjector a compound may have a single verb or a compound verb;but all of the subjects a single subject, must performthe action in all of the verbs. is
Ralph; Ralphplaysin the school orchestra. (One subject, one verb, plays) Ralph and Sallyplayin the school orchestra and sing in the gleeclub. (Compound subject, compound Ralph, Sally; verb, play, sing) Phrases may
have
do many
They
affect the kind
not
phrasesand
sold their
of
stillbe
a
sentence
simplesentence.
wedding presents in
travel to
A
sentence.
order
to
get enovigh
they; one Europe. (One subject, verb, sold; simplesentence) money
46
to
SENTENCES
contains two or more independent compound sentence combined clauses. It is really two by an simplesentences appropriateconnectinglink. This connectinglink may be a coordinating conjunction {and, but, for,or nor) preceded also be a conjunctive adverb It may (however, by a comma. wise) thus, then, so, yet, othernevertheless,therefore, moreover, preceded by a semicolon. Or the connecting link
A
may
be
omitted
and
semicolon
a
is useful
sentence
when
used. The
be
may
wish
you
to
pound com-
two
express
thoughtsof equalvalue. Harold a
graduateof
bv hut and I
for college
to
went
Smith.
onlv
(Two
blank application
however,
I
am
not
completethoughtsjoined
prettv; her
sure
sister is
thoughtsseparatedbv
from
of
a
going
however
university;
state
our
there. (Two
plete com-
semicolon) very homely. (Two complete semicolon)
thoughtsjoinedby is
his sister is
comma)
a
signed an
Sue
year, but
a
and
a
contains one complex sentence independentclause and one or more dependentclauses. The is the dependent or sign of the complex sentence subordinate clause. (See Section 7b.) A complex sentence of the two ideas to be expressed is used when one depends the other to completeits meaning. on
A
(dependent) When
she
was
a
little girl, she
(independent) much interested
was
very
in horses.
(dependent)
(independent) A
broken
sign
hung
on
the
gate, which
(independent)
(dependent) When
he
was
ready to
partlyopen.
was
make
the
trip,he
had
to
wait
on
(dependent)
Lono; Island because
there
was
bad
weather.
47
SENTENCES
Careless
writers
subordinate
clause
as
the mistake
make
sometimes
of
using a
sentence.
a
violin is broken.
Althoughmy
the bell rang.
When
these are not Clearly, complete ideas. They are a part of a complex sentence. has characteristics of The compound-complex sentence It has two both the compound and the complex sentence. has, and independentclauses, as the compound sentence at least one dependentclause,as the complex sentence has. (dependent) When
the
legislature passed a
complained;but the money
for
(independent) sales tax, many people
(independent) the Governor agreedto
use
much
of
improved schools.
Knowing how to use these three kinds of sentences help you to give variety,interest,and good form to
will your
writing. Sentences
are
also classified
purpose. A declarative sentence The An
four
a
fact
asks
a
teach crime?
imperativesentence
expresses
come
as
soon
makes
an
assertion.
question.
detective movies
Please
or
engines.
sentence interrogative
Do
An
planehas
states
and
accordingto meaning
as
an
entreaty or
mand. com-
possible.
Forward, march. An
exclamatorysentence Oh, ifhe
48
were
expresses strong feeling.
onlyherel
*"
SENTENCES
15
EXERCISE
of the
sentences following is simple, compound,complex,or compound-complex and give the reason for your decision. For example,sentence 1 is complex because it contains one independent clause and one dependentclause.
On
1. He
tell whether
paper
your
belongsto
each
club which
a
is
composedof
famous
in
men
sports. 2. After
hearinghis
first concert, the child wanted
study
to
music.
this pointone
3. From
Plains 4. The
on
7.
8.
fortymiles
across
of the Great
clear
day. used as a fortified structure was a strongly the king or confinement for those who displeased a
court.
and he has chemistry, constructed his own even laboratory. By the end of the year, the building job was begun;but it did not progress rapidly. The American man soldier escapedwith the assistance of a Gerof money. he promiseda largesum youth,to whom The author is very fond of moralizing this and displays
5. For
6.
look
Bastille
placeof his
can
six years
his
hobby
has
been
interest in the book.
9. I have
a
to
10. Your not
11. The
12.
party sounds be able
to
come.
tickets
are
to
be
can
very bad sulk and
torn
temper, and after
an
argument I
clined in-
am
be sarcastic. like great fun, but I'm afraid that I shall be
printedwith
a
that
section perforated
off.
The
old part of the city, which dates back the modem Ages,was built on the top of a hill;
to
the Middle
cityoccupies
the lower
13.
14.
slopesand part of the plain. The dance, accompaniedby native drums, was stamping steps in rhythmicpatterns. We drove up the mountain, shuddering at each
a
series of
narrow
turn
of the road.
15.
Everyone said a
hotel,but
we
that it would didn't have
be hard
to
get reservations
at
any trouble.
49
SENTENCES
16.
Walking into
his father's office,he
intention
to sea.
17. The
to
go
National
the
the
she graduation,
they wanted not
that he
20.
The
to
in
22.
frenzyof
The
cousin
did tell me
of the
end
portant im-
an
on
greatest
history.
after time, the person
a
the
there.
work, my
the Ambassador
of Pericles symbolized
Florida;
to
is in business
of his
nature
expectedto accompany mission. diplomatic
periodin Athenian
familywent
about his activities; but he
much
sav
death
21. Time
against planneda fight
brother, who
isit her
\
her
and
of the confidential
19. Because
could
has
his
cold.
common
18. After
Institute of Health
calmlyannounced
who
discovers
wide
the door leaving vigor enough to make an
excitement,
people had
fire rushes
a
off
open.
attempt
free
to
themselves. 23.
He
but immediately
was
peas
for
him;
reporter. 25. The highlight of the dav's
speedboatsand cruisers,for worth
one
hundred
so
he
the
rest
2. When
was
canned
green
his
club
job as
for
races
seven
club will ofter
the
phies tro-
to
15. prepare
to
back
move
to
sundown. in
find the meadows
resort
decree,
16
men
brother landed
my to
3. The
at
zone
law
a
dollars each.
his
captain ordered
up
will be
which
the directions in Exercise
1. The
gave
events
EXERCISE
Follow
with
journalism. chicken patties and
diet of
much
too
Dame
Notre
into
went
luncheon-club
24. The
from
graduated
was
crowded
with
he
Newfoundland, filled with
ished aston-
was
cups. butter-
daisies and
and people,
the band
ceaseless accompaniment to the noise. 4. The native children approachedthe Americans
kept up
a
and
held
out
their hands.
5. When
Joan
she looked on
50
decided
forward
to to
her aunt accompany a good time; but she
the reallysuperbtime
to was
that she did have
Ocean not
City, ing count-
SENTENCES
book
6. The
if the author
client
with the famous
9. He
is
criticize in
into the
mild
a
the
manner
to
room
await
interview
an
lawyer. network
of
in trouble continually
and
recommend
suggestionof satire,as
epidemics recognizethe danger of potential
People who
8.
subtle
period. ushered
was
a
tryingto
were
stuffinessof the 7. The
with
is written
world
a
publichealth has
stations.
spent
now
a
largepart
of his inheritance.
Althoughhis compositionwas contest, this only served to
10.
attributed
everyone
and
the
for rejected
popular;for trigues, inpetty jealousies,
Ravel
make
the Prix de Rome
rejectionto
more
politics. 17
EXERCISE
Use
your knowledge of clauses and kinds of sentences On to revise the following paragraph. your paper, rewrite the paragraph. Remember that short,choppy,simplesentences do sentences
not
make
but style; interesting
are
combined
an
to
make
when
compound
or
simple complex
ideas be careful not to put too many sentences, you must The ideas which appear in one be sentence must together. closelyrelated,and the conjunctionsused to join them must
show
and
61.)
what
the
of
Conservation
our
States. Some
their land.
They
same
Wise
farmers
crops
restore
They do
not
The
are
do
They them. insects
know
how
importantproblem for
an
timberland
and
59, 60,
Sections
to
use
waste
owners
wisely.Farmers
it
crops year after year. The soil loses its richness. help their land. They plantspecial crops. These
nitrogento the soil.Range lands are another problem. often damaged by overgrazing. Then the animals
get enough to away. A hard are DDT
farmers
not
eat.
overgrazedland
blown
is
resources
the United
plantthe
is. (See relationship
third to
The
is eroded
might
by
problem is
control. DDT kill valuable
buy
must
owner
the
wind.
insects.
could
The
They
be used
insects.
commercial
Some
feed
is topsoil
the crops. of to kill some eat
of the valuable
fruit trees. pollinate
51
^^
OF
GLOSSARY
EXERCISE
GRAMMATICAL
TERMS
18 _^
Follow
the directions in Exercise
drive well. Your
to
He A
is
instructors
baby.He
a
wants
to
thinks is
person who
and
teachingboys
Many high schools today are safe drivers. The
17. to girls
be
be an adult emotionally say a person must littlebrother shows oflFfor company. be
hasn't learned
He
seen.
growing up.
He
acts
on
think.
to
does
He
reason.
automobile A show-off in an feelings. takes is a baby emotionally. He exceeds the speed limit. He drives an His old car. He ten car. peoplein a five-passenger has bad brakes. He dashes past other cars car on impatiently their right. He is like your littlebrother. He is showingoff for crowd. His showing off is more a dangerousthan that of your littlebrother. He may kill people. Little brother merelyannoys people.Some boys are eighteen years old. They are stillbabies to drive cars. emotionally. They should not be permitted not
act
result of his
a
GLOSSARY
9. In
as
a
used.
discussion of grammar and writing, many there are which Sometimes several terms If you
meaning.
same
the
have
trouble
with
a
terms
have
term,
are
the
consult
following pages.
ABSOLUTE
of
TERMS
GRAMMATICAL
OF
An
EXPRESSION. noun
a
or
pronoun modifies no
it modifies
whole
the
sentence
absolute and
a
expressionis composed
singleword as
a
absolute
An participle.
whole
rather,
in the sentence; or
adds
pression ex-
details
to
the
statement.
The Two
tire
being flat,we
hours
decided
having elapsed,we
to
pump
again
it up. set
out
on
our
journey. The
littleboat
hugged
the shore, its sails
flappingin
the wind. ACTIVE
VOICE.
A
performsthe 52
verb is in the active action.
voice
when
its
subject
GRAMMATICAL
OF
GLOSSARY
A word
ADJECTIVE.
be either
extent.
a
noun
that modifies
pronoun. It may Section 4b for examples.)
or
verb,
other anor adjective, adverb. It tells how, when, where, why, or to what (See Section 4d. )
The
ALLITERATION.
the
that modifies
or descriptive hmiting.(See
word
A
ADVERB.
^JF
TERMS
in prose
It is
beginningwith a good device to use tising. used chiefly in adver-
usuallynot
writing.At present it
an
words
of Several
usc
sound.
same
a
is
Money with Munder
Make
Sales Service
Simplified Tasty,Tempting, Tantalizing The
ANTECEDENT. a
(noun
or
pronoun) to
which
refers.
pronoun
substantive
A
APPOsiTivE.
substautivc
added
to
another
substantive
the it or explain it. The appositive identify signifies thingas the substantive it explainsand is said to with it. apposition One
More
to
same
be in
port. rubber, this country had to imimportant product, (Rubber is in appositionwith product.) hardy than wheat are these grains rye, oats, and "
barley.(Rye,oats,
and
barleyare
in
with apposition
) grains. An
appositiveagrees to
dashes
which
unless
My
friend Andrew
so
two
Andrew is
and
it refers and
it is
that the
in number
is set
closelyrelated words
built
seem
to
with
oflFby to
the
noun
the substantive
commas
the other
part of the
sailboat.
a
related closely
case
or
stantive sub-
same
pression. ex-
(The appositive to
which
it
fers.) re-
53
^f
GLOSSARY^
Vferb used
A
AtTSffLiAi^v
and
of tense
matiori
"help"Another
to
forms.
voice
ought,shall,will
must,
'OIIA.MMATIGAL
OF
Be,
in the'^fbr-i^
verb
d", Hdbepfrvay,
can,
( J^iq-'^s
examples.
are
TERMS
.shhvoa a visitV:;^orrii"xli b-iO"//A gone-'awayfor ifiZ?please :il:J :^I .cis/bfi lorijo turn out the light. should have been working with the stevedores on
ir-Heiifls
""fiL
You
isi"r
We
the dock.
The
or change of form that a noun undergoes pronoun in a sentence. to indicate its relationship to other words There are three cases in English nominative, possessive, and objective.
CASE.
"
A
CLAUSE.
( See
cate.
of words
group
Section
which
7. )
a
^uDiectjarida predi-
-J
.,
.
has
,^
.
,
.
-j.
,
The
the
change in
form
of
or adjective adverb to indicate greater or smaller degreesof quantity, The three degreesof comparison are or manner. quality, (See Section ISf.;). positive, comparative,and superlative.
COMPARISON.
"""---'
^''^ small'^"---- -'"srtialler-'
-
oiitfessi
ill 90
wisely qiiickly
,
The
bn:. 1^55
"
i
smalle^P ''' V^^^^'-^
'
--b
li svii:: i^^^
si?
grmlj
jCtcjB mo^t-'#isfeTy^--2
wisely
more
least
Jess quickly
comparative degree
between
"''
an
quickly
sho\V
is used; to
jel^ionships
ideas, '-^i /: li or persons, objects, ban d'iiw fiu'J:;-;ov:qr: ai 3i,g ,?4no ,s\iS).\!'sVi!id \saVs::5i two
is taller than
Fred
This box
-cii^i -.
Ine .among "":'= -/.s
':
^':',\
-
,.
'-:/:
This
than
or
b:[f; looiiiHi.;
deeree jSJfjiOl
is the
sewing
the other
lu
used
is
more:
"
ofiAlIan
/
is less attractive
superlative three
I.
'"-'^'' to
orfjrv,r! one.
sviji2oqc"Ba^, relationships
snow
-
r
Vle)r.:oi008
fa/feitDneinhis kit is the most
,
?,I
.
jl
family;odi attractive
,
229h"ia
,
r
ZSflgfiD
Iciii ovbniSjS
of the sixiasvajfeble.
the A wftp(^:;C)r expressiqiTj^^^d jt^Qig^flmplete cpi^ii^^^^MENT,A prediindicated:. -oidj^a,! cate by ahother word or expressiiiai./
complement
may
be
a
substantive
ori
an
adjective
OF
GLOSSARY
GRAMMATICAL
^
TERMS
verb. It completesthe meaning of the copulative also called the subjective noun complement,or predicate or adjective. that
Crawford
Mr.
is
a
(Substantiveused
salesman.
complement) used Jane is very gay. (Adjective
is
cate predi-
as
complement) predicate
as
that completes or complement is a noun adjective objective the meaning by telling somethingabout the direct It is also called predicate object. objective. An
They called the dog Jerry.(Noun) We dyed the dress blue. (Adjective) COMPLEX
A
SENTENCE.
clause and COMPOUND
one
or
dependentclauses.
more
A
SENTENCE.
independent
containingone
Sentence
containingtwo
Sentence
more
or
independentclauses. COMPOUND-COMPLEX
least
tw^o
A
show
pages 18
list or
table
containingat
Sentence
and
clauses independent
CONJUGATION. to
A
SENTENCE.
dependentclause.
one
givingall the
forms
mood, tense, number, person, and to
23. A
CONJUNCTION.
of
a
voice.
verb
(See
)
linkingword
groups of words
used
words
connect
to
or
Coordinating conjunctions ing joinwords or groups of words of equalrank; subordinatconjunctions joindependentclauses to main clauses. (See Section 5d. ) CONJUNCTIVE serves
Some
as
ADVERB. a
in
a
sentence.
An
link between
ad Verb
used
as
a
It
connective.
independentclauses
or
sentences.
theless, neverconjunctiveadverbs are however, moreover, wise. thus,then, so, yet,othertherefore, consequently,
55
^
Hst
A
DECLENSION.
substantive When
A
ADDRESS.
that
names
John, where When
ELLIPSIS.
a
are
time
for
the person
to
you? rolHngthe
The
omission
of
word
a
of grammaticalcompleteness omitted the
is
one
spokento.
court, Fred, we'll stiU have
or a
words
clause
or
the
necessary
to
sentence.
In the
parenthesesmight be speakingand writing;without such words called elliptical. are the
below,
sentences
a
of tennis.
sets
two
in direct address
pronoun
finish
we
of
(I,my, me)
Or
noun
refers
or
different forms
case,
declined.
is said to be
givingthe
TERMS
number, person, and gender. substantive are thus shown, the word
indicate
to
changesin
DIRECT
table
Or
GRAMMATICAL
OF
GLOSSARY
in
sentences
words
in
patriotscarried guns, others (carried) swords, stillothers (carried)clubs and sticks. While downstream, we grounded on (we were) drifting of
Some
sand bar.
a
He
the
eighteenyears
was
of age; his brother, (was) twelve
of age). (years
an
idea. It and 7^
a
are
VERB.
A
four
vcrb
a
word
tvalked
I Jmve
Verbals GENDER.
There
are
The are
to
to chiefly
used
introduce
expletives.
as
saw.
we men
used
commonly
are
love freedom.
hundred
that is
peoplepresent.
capableof making
independentassertion. He
56
that
truism
There FINITE
there
Alice whom
was
It is
and
is expletive
An
EXPLETIVE.
Finite verbs
express
a
complete tense.
school.
the job. finished not
finite verbs.
classification of substantives four
accordingto
genders:masculine, feminine, neuter,
sex.
and
GRAMMATICAL
OF
GLOSSARY
TERMS
(eithermasculine
common
feminine): boy, girl,it,
or
Nearly all traces of grammaticalgenderhave from modern Englishnouns. disappeared individual.
present
form gerund has the same (See Section 3g.) perfectparticiple.
verbal
A
GERUND.
or
the
Speedingis
The
GRAM^L\R.
A
noun.
most
common
which
science
as
of automobile
cause
deals with
words
and
the
cidents. ac-
their
other. Rhetoric deals with the art to each relationships of expressive speech and writing,with the laws of clear, with the features effective writing; is concerned grammar of a languageand with speechand writingaccording to standards
various
(idiomaticusage).The
IDIOM
of IMPERSONAL
of the pronoun
usc
it in
a
raining. The
INFINITIVE.
form
(to go, A
INFLECTION.
to
change in
the other
Heavens!
You
Verb The
A
VERB.
requirea
the form
of
words you have
Verb
in
a
man
usuallypreceded
a
word. lated regrammatically
not
sentence.
meant.
broken
uscd
the
object.(See glossary.) trembled
as
vase.
in such
direct
in this
poor
that is
cxclamatoryword
Oh, that's what
INTRANSITIVE
of the verb
see).
to
An
INTERJECTION.
not
The
Section
acteristic expressionchar43.)
like this:
It is
to
of
manner
language.(See
a
CONSTRUCTION.
sentence
by
of usage.
he
way that it does tive Section 3b and Transia
spoke. 57
^^
INVERTED
The
ORDER.
the
Inverted subject.
and
in
order
that
sentences
implying a negative idea. that What
do
Seldom
VERB.
(or between
and
other
in
tences sen-
modifiers.
fine voice.
bands. guerrilla
the
came
his
seem,
smell
express
ing link-
are
relation
the
nephew.
inexpensive.
or
form
that
a
verb
in which
manner
three moods
undergoesto
is made.
statement
a
show
indicative,imperative, English:
in
subjunctive.
Section
information
word
show
Section
that
idea, or
The
NUMBER.
about its
restrict
change
whether
the word
one
something quality. "
in the or
modified
meaning. (See
names a
clausc that furnishes
phrascor
A
MODIFIER.
thing,an
word.
limits another
or
4.)
change or A
that describes
word
A
additional
more
form
of
than
a
one
a
Plural:
men,
but does 23h.
Section
person,
a
substantive are
)
place,a
or
verb
indicated. (See
39d.)
man, Singular:
5S
a
as
was
of mind
NONRESTRiCTivE
to
hills
change of
are
(See
NOUN.
precedes in questions expressingor used
It is sometimes
such
such
man
seems
state
MODIFIER.
not
word
a
appear, copulative)verbs, which
The
There
the
Vcrbs
That
the
tence sen-
subjectand complement.
The
MOOD.
with
other adverbial
I heard
from
a
think?
you
have
Down
LINKING
with
start
always used
is
start
in
part of the verb
a
or
TERMS
of the words
arrangement
that the whole
so
GRAMMATICAL
OF
GLOSSARY
boy,lady,knife,he, is boys,ladies,knives, they,are
followinga preposition,or the the thingor person clause indicating
substantive
The
OBJECT.
word, phrase,or ajffected He
by
the
verbal.
or
room.
carpenters built
house.
a
would
said that he
He
verb
transitive
a
is in
The
^F
TERMS
GRAMMATICAL
OF
GLOSSARY
go.
compound objectconsists of two or used as objectof a verb, a verbal, or
A
The
built the house
Duanes
and
substantives
more a
preposition.
the barn.
(Compound
objectof verb) The
PARALLELISM.
of
equal value. (See
PARENTHETICAL a
of the
use
is not
of the and
23e
A
PARTICIPLE.
33.
cxprcssiouthat interrupts
Any
for the
necessary in
sentence
for ideas
68.)
Section
MATERIAL.
thought and
structural form
same
which
it
pleteness grammaticalcom-
(See
occurs.
tions Sec-
)
word
which
has
the function
of both
verb
The present participle adjective. always ends in -ing is the third prin(speaking,going).The past participle cipal verb. The perfectparticiple consists of part of the having or having been plus the past participle {having spoken,havingbeen driven).(See Section 3g.) and
PASSIVE
VOICE.
PERSON.
The
(See
in this
Voice
qualityof
a
glossary.)
substantive
or
verb
that shows
speaker(firstperson ) the person spoken to (second person),or another person or thing spokenabout (thirdperson).Nouns do not show person by changesin form. Finite verbs undergo a few changes whether
it relates to the
,
in form
I
to
show
agreement
with
their
in subjects
person.
read, you read, he reads 59
^^
OF
GLOSSARY
group subjectand
TERMS
does
which
of related words
A
PHRASE.
GRAMMATICAL
not
contain
and which functions as a single predicate part of speech.Phrases are classified accordingto use as and adverbial phrases, and according to noun, adjective, form as prepositional, and participial, gerund,infinitive, verb phrases. a
The
PREDICATE,
part of
a
which
sentence
makes
an
assertion
about the
is the verb (or verb A simplepredicate subject. consists of the verb phrase)alone; a completepredicate with other completingword or modifier, object, any
which
have.
it may
nearlytwo hundred yards. drove the ball vaadij {Drove is the simplepredicate; hundred two ) yardsis the completepredicate Tyler drove
Mr.
noun
or
pronoun 5a-b. Section (See
PRINCIPAL
ball
of a showing the relationship
word linking
A
PREPOSITION.
the
to
word
in
three
parts of
a
be
and
(See expressed. word
A
PRONOUN.
RESTRICTIVE
(tense,mood, Sections 3f and 15. )
of verbs
uses
sentence.
tive, (presentinfini-
verb
) from past tense, and past participle forms
the
)
The
PARTS.
other
some
used
in
a
phrascor
A
MODIFIER.
placeof
which tone,
(See
noun.
clause
all other
voice) can
Section
2. )
that restricts
or
changes the meaning of the word modified. Restricti\e fied modimodifiers limit the meaning of the word adjective to one or thing;theyanswer paiticular person, place, the question"which?" (See Section i23h.) A
SENTENCE.
group
meaning. (See SUBJECT or
OF
A
of words
8.)
Section
A
SENTENCE.
thingabout
which
an
is this substantive
substautivc assertion
alone. A
simplesubjecttogetherwith 60
expressingcompletenessof the person ject A simplesub-
naming
is made.
coDtpletesubjectis
its modifiers. A
a
compound
OF
GLOSSARY
GRAMMATICAL
of
subjectconsists of the
^^
TERMS
two
or
substantives used
more
jects sub-
as
verb.
same
The
green
house
is for sale.
The
green
house
is for sale.
The
green
house
and
two
(Simple) (Complete) of land
acres
are
for sale.
(Compound) inclusive
An
SUBSTANTIVE.
for
term
and
noun
a
all
noun-
and noun noun Pronouns, gerunds, equivalents. phrases, clauses are noun-equivalents. italicized exThe following pressions used
are
The
dog
They
are
From
New
Did
tomorrow.
Orleans know
words
that he
a
here
was
grammaticalrelations
between
in sentences.
The
TENSE.
long distance. today?
Chicagois
to
Construction; the
SYNTAX.
old.
three years
was
coming
you
substantives:
as
of the action
time
by TRANSITIVE
the verb. A
VERB.
(See
Verb
of the state
or
Section
that
3f .
of
pressed being ex-
)
requiresa
direct
objectto
completeits meaning. The
My VERB.
A
playerhit brother
word 3a-f
VERB
A
adverb.
assignment.(See
expressingaction A
shall have
VERBAL.
studied the
state
or
of
Section
3b.)
tion being.(See Sec-
)
.
PHRASE.
a
the ball.
Verb
with together
taken, will have
verb
verb
phraseand form
used
a
been
verbal. as
a
shall take, auxiliary: taken. Distinguish tween be(See Section 3c. )
an
noun,
an
or adjective,
an
(See Section 3g.)
The
changein the form of a verb to indicate whether the subject is the performerof the action (activevoice) is acted upon or voice), (passive
VOICE.
61
Usage Since
languageis to
choose
a
of communication,
means
the words
formal
languagemakes
hand, the
you going with?" is research paper, the formal. Hence, sent
."
were.
.
causes
.
an
or
to
with
for
discuss
Language
not
with
matters
about
but be whom
men
the
The
words
job the are
in
a
more
the
Governor
only carries thought,but
reaction.
a
friends,"Who
read: "The
stiff,
the other
acceptablein many groups, appropriatelanguage would would
and
a
On unfriendly.
conversation
sentence
a
emotional
the grammar in which
present. Sometimes
Englishin an interview impressionthat you are not serious
may give the work. In an informal
Puritans
to
of casual
use
that
the
seem
you
tant impor-
grammaticalforms reader exactly the idea
and
will carry to your listener or emotional that you wish tone
it is
that you
it also
choose,
ion the fashsay, even affect the hearer are put together your thoughts reader. For this reason, it is importantfor you to know that is employedin what
several levels of one
language and
for each
occasion.
be Of
you
able
to
course,
choose as
you
the propriat apseek the
illiterate rightexpressions, you will avoid those which are or vulgar. In addition to being modified by the broad distinction between rules conformal and informal language,many cerning fied modiword are usage and grammaticalstructure guage by considerations of time, place,and situation. Lanis constantly of your reading, In some developing. 62
pCUff
USAGE
which you will find expressions another periodbut which are now and Forest
Celia in
of
correct
were
outmoded.
As Shakespeare's
Arden, Celia says, "I
cannot
You
go
Like no
clear in
and When
lind Rosa-
the
It enter
further."
Today
words negativewould not be used. Sometimes appropriatein a certain section of the country may carry little meaning or sound ridiculous elsewhere. Although "tote a poke" is quite meaningfulin parts of the South, this double
few
Yorkers
New
or
San
Franciscans
all.Finally, every
understand
the
pression ex-
of
studydevelopsits own which may mean littleto peoplewho have not vocabulary for example,may studied in the field.Technical expressions, in be understood only by a limited audience experienced It is important,then, if you want industry. your language which are and clear,that you use to be correct expressions in current, national, and reputable use. When or a grammaticalform, be you choose a word careful about your source of information. It is not enough the expressionused by public to say that you have heard it in a reputable or seen speakers magazine.Advertisements, magazines, broadcasts,or speechesmay use newspapers, Several examplesin print, incorrect forms of language. eral sevpronunciat misuses by famous speakersor writers, several misat
in
word,
a
area
national radio broadcast
do
not
make
grammaticalstructure, or a pronunciationgenerally acceptable. i,hd teuBbotd^f^pSD^iional AlthoughgoWf idicli(Ma"ife^ about the labels to be appliedto certain expresdisagree sions, if best still wish learn to guides you they are your the standard Englishof today.Your handbook shows you the formal structure ing writnecessary for serious or dignified and speakingand indicates a colloquial informal or variation when there is an acceptedone. A reliable, up-todate dictionary records and labels words and expressions. Remember that the mere does not entry in a dictionary reputableuse. Your guarantee that a word is in current
a
a
63
I^^^l
DIAGNOSTIC
dictionary helpsyou by the absence
of
presence
a
in informal
but
word
a
the
word
has
like
no
strictive re-
regardedas appropriate formal labeled "colloquial" is generally acceptable not formal speechand writing. be
label, it may word
USAGE
"restrictive label"
archaic,obsolete, illiterate, slang.If A English.
IN
of judge the acceptabihty
to
or
TESTS
of informal than of is made use Although much more formal English, when educated there are occasions people ^^'ho have responsible positionsmust write business reports, articles for company of club meetings,and minutes journals, articles for publication. To such people,a knowledge even of formal Englishis imperative.The drill in this section includes experiencewith both formal and informal English because in dailyliving there is a need for both. Do
you
say:
"I didn't
sleepgood last night." Terry and
"Jennymet "One "I All
was
these
studythe
sentences
10
pages
to
that will
Here
is
chance
a
On
error.
and whole a
few
the
reason
what
is correct, write
64
from
Take
the
make
check
IN
the
game."
diagnostic
mistakes.
Then
errors.
your USAGE
11-14). habits. All
your usage
the
test appeared in diagnostic
of the sentences write
the number
write
the
contain
Do
at
of each
correction
for each correction.
unless it is
sentence
words
to
your paper, the number,
Beside
home
to correct
I (Sections
of students. Most one
you
helpyou
for you
in the
sentences
came
tore."
TESTS
Diagnostic Test
10a.
where
see
are
incorrect.
are
DIAGNOSTIC
10.
the
of the pages in my book I almost froze when
in Section
tests
I at the station."
not
or
positions com-
least tence. sen-
tions correc-
rewrite
the
for impossible
the correction
should
C beside its number.
in you to show be. If the sentence
When
your paper
has
DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS
checked
been
IN
and
which
know
you
trouble,turn
you
lOa
USAGE
the sections
to
are principles giving that will explainyour
problem. Examples: 1.
of the students have
Every one
2. At
boughttheir class rings. the famous
placewhich we visited were the parrot farm, and Village,
one
Indian
Seminole
monkey jungle.
the
Correction: 1. has
1.
his
verb
and subject and
pronoun
agreement agreement
antecedent
2. C 1. The
2.
mailinglists contains
whom
we
Every
man,
3. Lack
child
and
woman,
modern
doctors in many bed of the river
customers
lost.
were
nurses equipment discourages
hospitals.
placesand deep would at others,which make swimming dangerous. It'shard to keep in touch with girls who you know at camp
4. The
5.
of all the
names
think will be interested in the sale.
of materials and
and
the
but who 6. A
you do businessman
not
7. When
see
complaintis
mistakes 8. The
made
in
phenomena is
not
some
oflFend anyone,
to
ticularly par-
justified.
little about
people know
at
all winter.
be careful
must
if their
shallow
was
there's gardening,
many
planting. observed
in almost
every
country
in the
world. 9. I asked Father to let Johnand I go to New York. 10. The tunnels,Holland and Lincoln, extends under River 11. Roads
are
accidents 12. Before
one
and
connects
Manhattan
with
New
the Hudson
Jersey.
beingconstantly improvedso that the chances of due to a faulty few. highway are comparatively makes up their mind, they should consider all
the factors involved. 13. I shall be very gladto alwayssuch fun. 14. While was
the line
was
wonderingwho
come
to
your party because
beingarrangedfor I'd walk
the
theyare
I processional,
with.
65
DIAGNOSTIC
15. I think it 16.
her who
was
don't you
Why
and go to Maine 17. Each of us are
and
broke
Marcia
with
TESTS
IN
USAGE
locker.
my
Dad
meet
and
York
I in New
us?
expectedto
for the materials
pay
that
we
broke. 18. A discussion between
neither of 19. Either
us
one
of
of the
Every
21.
With
22.
years The chief
one
executives
our
for
Englishtweeds
20.
results because
no
taxed
were
going to London
the
are
their
heavilyon
cousins, who
two
my
topic of discussion
is
fall stock.
our
businesses
profits. grandmotherlives my older than myself.
excess
I will have
to compromise. willing
buyeror
our
obtain
to
are
you and
are
four
problemscaused by
the 23.
overcrowdingof the colleges. I noticed was was Jerry,whom quite good-looking, coming toward
24.
us.
If I had to
not
have
approvedof
Bob
going
Europe.
25. On
the bed
for the 26.
been her, I should
After
is the skirt and
the dress which
is to
be
packed
trip. the Board deliberation,
some
the business
which completely,
of Directors
seemed
to
reorganized
Ralph and
1
a
good idea. 27. Please fillin the enclosed
28.
blank application
It says in this book that it will increase of the salesmen. the English
30.
Either
31.
The
by
I
or
you
Shriver and
Mr.
The
are
I
of an inability
Measles when
66
we
you
were
see
new
in my
sales if you
same
cause
them
to
would
often serious.
Me
problemsof
riage mar-
put off marriage until they
going
was
improve
of the club. president office was employed
he in my absence. individual to face the
which tonight,
are
be the
to
sure
middle-aged. thoughtthat Father
the movies 34.
are
who stenographer
sometimes
33.
return
by Monday, June 10. cause Employment problemsis helpedby modern machinerybepeoplewho buy them need somebody to work them.
29.
32.
and
to
have and
let
Sallyand I go to pleasedus very much. my
brother
children,and theynearlykilled
had us.
them
DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS
3Nr;USA.GE
35il Imjthe backfield atjleastxolaie p"j^b
iineaihav'er"^xperJIeii
and
the speed thati.dS;risiessai"y tot-ieaiTyrlthg-ipigddntod goallineio:*-jr-il]hloi sa;; (r3fi'// isd :loo:IeevBd biuo'j I .?
S6"sM.ost' Amerieanff^read'^^tlie newsp"p"irs,findritgisjthqreife excellent
SJ.lThe
stewards
bosses which 38. The
of
means
of he
number
fit niui mo propagandaarb spreading labof unions caal ;write"a 'iie|)erfe agalfM ffia feels is not following jthe^^"irtraoti. JieJ
aBre ol-peojdeiivhoisi4ccfeediinlth^vHHea3t
-(ol bns^ bluodz sVV .9. small.:-";"""^hd 9u8 ""loloob '^!rll .'(isbviery 89.'.The following with thei'Hr^wingsJ de5criptid)i^.togethjei p"fe^ for the q" sent a master air akpoStxi; plan development 40. The direction ofothd run\feayS ccfc diaVeebeen dfecidiedfafbeir'a) siderationcif the/prevailiiig; fuQ. 1 norlW .21 winds, fio/ hose 41. The gardenerwhotoil hoped waoffladrfithe TOH:lciJwaS sfek today. .19\ 'Jiag v/sxi isrl siov/ i'aaBfinsIsH .hi ,SI 42. I'm 5ure it;wasn!fehifnBv^ficm^ jtm.'sa.m'a.hGieDA^sm"DlA 43. Mrs. Bingham is [the'biilyi of the iWojneHilwho Ihate one ;
reached 44.
their:' si as quotsa.oiq
:rio'//
oj
'jUb
I rkiv/ I .T [
eb\^'
and/Iyth-ersffiiwiH^alwaysfbe aofriendl)ei^liri :that jwboeveii) yoiaiJchBrojfedssa 4^ :;l3ieD CEfflapany.vthirik^s ifepiid.?2j;orlsilj 00 Ihooph sentative will do a good job. 46.;'TJhisis the boy whom migl^t^"wefl youi said-syjpn'ihougM ev^rd yarlj eisSo Imedil jaora edi in the job..sr"53m ^ovs 47. ^Freedom' "f Jthe f"-e"si anidlofiffsabrieidssemb^ifdiQif that equalopportunity for theifexpressionief all mean sarily z:d .fj--] Sib :opimonSjare.^ayailabl"ccJ v;i ,:-i-i:.'Vziilgniflain!''! .fiS Between
48. Please
you
give these books
to
whoever
calls for them.ofbjii
Y3EXQhavK'befen:IhEE"
;thanjHefoaiid)"^^ longer: iiernaolBaedi jiiguBj 8nc;:2"I3?; d s.'iT'.'CeHtipeiArti 49.
"
-'""
50. Are SB
kmTmS"
'
lO
snO
.i-2
of those
peoplewho listens to a spsaci^i-adic sdj Jog fjo"(jBflJbBig bbw I .2S siua ^Ijgiis "l5Jrj(jgcajriD"Mecy
10b.
you
one
.bib ijoy
_qo Dmgnost^j^.7^f^^|^^(|e^}]^^g^":-lJ
balbnBii .iBgsI
difficult, teen-agerswould
be
more
better
preparg^BlPo^'^i^^
'
3.
danger. if I Really,
^
were
you, I'd get
out
jj ^^gfi qj ^9^10 of here in a hurry. od
67
lOb
DIAGNOSTIC
of the
4. Most
in the
actors
seasoned
have
paying much
6. Not
7. When
the
to
boy attemptedto
left his wallet 8. I suppose 9. We should 10.
stars.
where
at,
were
we
all talk foolish when
we
we
Cityat eightin
excited.
are
has
send for the doctor; Sue
at
the
felt badlyall
noon.
has broke
the window.
12. When 13. Booth
Dick. you, I thoughtyou were alwaysdoes his work neater than Sarah.
14. Helen
hasn't
I firstseen
Moving
17. I wish 18. This
I
Delaware,
to
batch
of
22.
work
yet.
built
largestone house. street for thirty years. as as rapid you do. a
taste
as
well
as
the last.
the titlesearched, he would
have
lost his
the house.
Magazine by takingadvantageof
Home
your
the most
we
same
to
suit
new
candy doesn't had
not
depositon
21.
this
able
was
19. If he had
her
wore
on living
am
Get
day.
arrived
morning, we
quick;Mary
20.
that he
his fare,he found
pay
11. Come
16. I
missed
we
home.
at
Leaving Oklahoma in Tulsa
15.
they
she told that story.
her when
attention
but
in the road.
turn
our
shook
USAGE
IX
unknown,
picturewere
performedhke they were 5. I could
TESTS
liberal offers
they have
of
one
made.
ever
Graduatingfrom high school in 1938, he took a job as apprenticein a machine shop. his work, he put his book away and turned on Finishing
an
the
radio. 23.
The
24.
One
of been
gayer if you had been there. of the firstlessons taughtthe salesmen is how to write
party would
legible. 25.
I
sure
gladthat
was
you did. 26. The J.V.team 27.
There
is
be
must
a
you
got the engine started
as
quickas
doingpretty good this year. new
trial because
this
one
has
not
been
handled 28. After to
29.
an
hour, Toby jumped up and began
bark.
The order
68
legal. layingasleepfor
radio to
was
so
hear it.
low
that
we
had
to
set
rightbeside
it in
DIAGNOSTIC
30.
John has six
eat
31.
That
32.
I cannot
33.
IN
TESTS
lOb
USAGE
last nighthe appetite;
tremendous
a
of
ears
have
must
corn.
dark face
powder makes
you
look like you have
studywithout you turn off the radio. strikes man Suddenly,this here dark-complexioned
dice. jaun-
the
boy
in the face.
34.
The
to Mrs. Pentz explained manager her two letters.
35. Since my tsvelfth birthday I ten dollars a month. 36.
the end
At
38.
home,
cities of
should
You
the
of
1 intended
42.
I
43.
Beginningto
After all the
escape.
all the songs
sang
that
learned
we
able
was
sick to
I could have
47.
The
the teacher
when
sent
Iiim
with fishing
my
brothers.
singsa solo. five months
ago,
finally
we
from
her vacation, I asked
Edith
what
Rico.
liked
to
have
48.
To
it was
swore
cobra is the
gone
to
the
play,but
most
Hal I
seen
deadliest snake
in the
I
sure
was
di-ugstore.
in the world.
compete with the raihoads, airlines have
The
the
move.
46.
rates
visit
to
jobtoday.
she returned
I should have
gone
build the house
she did in Puerto
too
that I
face Jake's
saw
that Robert
move
When
wished
Europe.
have
to
completedthe
49.
plannedan
of
average
principal.
41.
45.
we
I have
times
Many
to
44.
an
save
camp.
famous 40.
to
were
the way
On at
39.
wrote already
thoughtout careful,he breaks out of prison and flees to the jungle. He discovered that she was a city,who girlfrom his own ment. elopedyears before with a guardsman in her father's regidetails
37.
of the year he
able
was
that he
lowered
their
considerable. television
commentator
said that the
shiphad
sank at
9:45.
50.
Byron have
swum
swam
the
it,as
to Hellespont the legendsaid
prove that Leander he had.
could
69
SUBjElcrp ANl" 11. 1 la.^ A
AND
SUBJECT Verb
must
4gi^f:i;M|:N;T^
v^RB its
wifn
agree
AGREEMENT
VERB
sub|ecf in persoriraricr
'"'"',
number. ,
.,
(See
Section
,-
however,
may,
-
"
.^
assert
condition
a
verbs l^ie'^nldieieMa^seirt -a^^^e^^
state; The Because
3.) It
t,
action
words
stand
out
in clearly
or
a
state.
a
sentence, it is
a
of a sentence by begin the gfamifiaticaraiialj^sik look for the verb. Then findingtl^ie person or thingabout easy
to
which have
verb Ij^e,
the
makes
a
When
statement.
you
A subject is alwayseither subject.
a
find it,yoii
noun,
Oil group, of vWQ?!^%.1^4ifs g jio^%iOr;^iPT^iWun.y,h
a, word aII
,""
.'jr. ",rn
In the
the ivQjt)sacB subj"i(ft)tand; precedingosenteriGe,5tfee
the subject eomesjafter sentences easy to find,but in some the verb or is separated from the verb by other words. the verb agree with the subject, you try to make be sure that you have'ffle'realsubject. Then dedde whether it is singular Errors in verb forms iire frequently or pluraJ, Before
made in
the
in the thu-d
of the present
use
smgular
person
end
teijse". In -this tense, in
rs:
verbs
in
verbs
the ihird
tain usuallyend.in,-S*.-(Ifyou are uncerand nwm^er, con,sult Sections Ic and 2b. ) Remember that used as subjects, I aii(^.we ^e the forms for the firstperson; yoti, fpir shp,^i, .thesegon^, person;? /i^i and they,for the third person. oJ ;:oi? oo7 .ovocn
person pluraldo not about the person
The
firstdance
the poor. The verb The
boys
(Boys
helpsus
(The
noun
Daskets'fdr pay for X;^instmas chance is third'person kingulaf.
to
also third person singular.) '^'^' invite the pledgesto the first fobtb^lP'^ame. '
helpsis
is third
person
Thfe"v8i:h'^mvit^^il aM" plural.
third person plural.) I invite a difi^erentgirl for each The singular.
70
*
verb invite
.c^.ri
dance.
'^?W
fff"fperson
) p^'bffsfii^iilar.
is also first
AND
VERB
Don't
means
SUBJECT
AGREEMENT
with plural correctly and with I and you as singular Be careful subjects subjects. not to use it with a third person singular subjectlike he, the chair,the flower, doesn't. use Henry.With such subjects Note:
do
It is used
not.
don't
He
playtennis. Right:He doesn't play tennis. The car doesn't need washing. friends to make Jack doesn't seem
Wrong:
lib.
There
and
here
After there and then the
Wrong:
here
find usually
we
easily.
subjects.
not
are
very
firstand
the verb
subject. There
is dances
Fridaynightat
the
community
every
Fridaynightat
the
community
boys on boys on
the football
team.
the football
team.
every
center.
Right:There
dances
are
center.
Wrong:
There
Right:There Wrong:
Here
Right:Here 11c.
does
the
comes
the
come
is the tickets for the dance.
the tickets for the dance.
are
prepositionalphrase
A not
affect the
Phrases such
number
of the
as
men,
that follows
the
subject
of the verb. in the various
groups,
to
my importantwords
The phrases. prepositional in a prepositional phrase are a preposition(to,for,from, with, by, in, between, of, near some common are ones) and a noun which is the objectof the preposior tion. pronoun Do make the verb agree with the objectof a not preposition. sisters
are
Wrong:
called
Personnel
managers
from
the Stark
Company
interviews
class every year. (The word pany Comis the objectof the prepositionfrom. Managers
boys in is the
our
senior
subject.)
Right:Personnel managers boys in our Senior
from
the Stark
Company
interview
class every year. 71
11c One
of the
Right:One
of the
Wrong:
The
Wrong:
of the
AGREEMENT
each
boys presideat at boys presides
owners
VERB
AND
SUBJECT
meeting. each meeting.
jokeswith
store
campus
all the
students.
Right:The
of the campus
owners
EXERCISE
The
your you verb the
contain
paper
in the sentence
and no
verb
of the the
write
contains
sentence
subjectand
the number
write
working.Then
are
the
errors,
lla-c.
dents. stu-
subjectof form
Many
agreement. On with
sentence
correct
and put C after it. Some
sentence two
in
errors
all the
1
illustrate Sections
sentences following
of them
jokewith
store
each
which
incorrect
of the verb. If
write
the number
of the
sentences
of the may
have
errors.
1. Since
there is
over
65 million
vehicles in the country,
motor
the 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
one. problemof parkingspace is a tremendous has of our show that our A review new catalogues manager improvedthe stock. reassessed. Recentlythe houses on our street were Smog and smoke damage to merchandise and buildings of five billion dollars a year. reaches a figure Near the community center is three large departmentstores. The lack of police sult protectionat dangerousintersections re-
in accidents.
of the boxes
7. One 8.
of books
are
between Misunderstandings
missing.
students
and
playerswere
of the fighting;.
cause
of
9. One
our
problemswith nightfootball
are
do not go to our of the spectatorswho school. 10. Eleventh-hour attempts by a local businessman team
in the
daysone Suddenlyout of dog.
13. If
72
the behavior
to
keep the
cityhas failed.
11. In these 12.
the
Irving don't
of every five married women work. the woods comes hunters with a powtwo erful out
drive
he carefully,
will be
arrested.
14.
VERB
AND
SUBJECT
have
Movies
result,is
a
much
a
easier
the center
15. From runs
the eyes. of the cityto the three
how
shows
that
he
17. Sue 18. The
workingconditions pleasant
up
speedingin
should
of world
events
dailyhappeningsin Large
go
to
the movies
tonight.
in modern
offices helpsto
our
important to city.
very
own
is awarded
of money
sums
are
to
lid.
Singularpronouns
These
of the
some
as
is the
contestants
a
each, everyone, everybody, singular: anybody,someone, somebody,no one, nobody,one, either,neither. one, another,anything, Each
"f the
Right:Each
of the
Wrong;
requiresingularverbs.
are
pronouns
anyone,
Wrong: Everyone the
in
boys play some boys playssome the United
game
well.
game
well.
States
Neither
of the Senators
show
Right:Neither
of the Senators
shows
Wrong:
The
Note:
were
concerned
about
was
concerned
about
problem of slavery.
Right:Everyone in the United States the problem of slavery.
Like
us,
television shows.
on
or
automobile
an
attractive. stenography
19. News
many
towns neighboring
is.
grown don't think we
20.
as
on
friends think
of my
make
television and,
than
largerscreen
magnificent expressway.
a
16. One
lICl
AGREEMENT
pronoun
none
may
any any
uncertainty. uncertainty.
be used
with either
a
lar singu-
pluralverb, accordingto the sense of the sentence. and any, it requiresa singular verb when it resome fers to a quantityand a pluralverb when it refers to a a
number. Is there any milk? No, there is Are there any eggs?No, there
In informal
or
none. are
none.
colloquial speech,the pluralverb
used with everyone
or
each if these words
are
is often
followed
by 73
PP^W
m9
AND
SUBJECT
AGREEMENT
VERB
but caretheir meaning plural, to make ful phrasethat seems and writers follow the rule of agreement and speakers verb with everyone or each. a use singular a
that everyone
Notice
is written
as
word.
one
"each (two words ) means every one It is usually followed by an of phrase:
Everyone is expectedto come. to bringa Every one of us is required Words
lie.
well as,
as
the enemy,
as
u""i5 lost 'knapsack,
11f. A
collective
ori
use
a
fOj
verb.
of the
verb
The
team
for victory. fights
Our
class
sings very well.
The
on familydisagree
is
a
singular verb.
group
are
ered, consid-
plural.
pluralin
nouns
were
usuallytakes
noun
the
For
addition
'5' f trip. '*! "^^^^B'^^i^
the
If,however, the individuals
11g.
book.
sufiFering. rods, tackle,and equipment, including fishing
whole
My
well
pression ex-
separateone."
joinedto a subjectby with, in and includingdo not affect the
as allies,
Our
The
the
form
questionof but
my
dates.
singularin meaning,
singularverb. Measles
is sometimes
Mathematics
is
a
serious.
difiicultsubject.
Note: 1.
Althoughauthorities
number
of
considered
of these
some
to
differ in their
opinionsabout
the
the
followingare usually economics, news, poliphysics, tics, singular:
be
nouns,
ethics,mumps.
Subjectspluralin form, which describe a quantityor verb when the subjectis regarded number, require a singular 2.
as
74
a
unit.
Ten
miles is too
Two
from
far
to
walk.
five leaves three.
AND
SUBJECT
title of
3. A
or position,
The
11h. be
VERB
AGREEMENT
musiSalacaaibook, play,film,painting,
a
other
such
Frogs is
Fractions
work
is
singular.
and
words
such
all,none,
as
Three-fourths
of the roof is
Three-fourths
of the members
were girls
All the food
111. When
"many" number,
was
eager
it is number
of
A
number
is
The
number
is implied,
amount
or
considered.
painted. are
have
number
plural;when singular.
A
to
will
some
a
here. beach
party.
gone.
the word it is
qhjj
playby Aristophanes.
a
singularif bulk or a total number and pluralif individuals are
All the
ji
i
is used
it refers to
in the an
sense
of
arithmetical
peopleare waitingoutside. printedon every ticket. of peoplewho have subscribed
is
ingly surpris-
small.
Note: it is means
When
the word
number
precededby the article a, When it is precededby the, it usually usuallyplural. unit and is singular. a is
Some pluralsof foreign nouns. retain the pluralforms of the foreignlanguage nouns from which they have been taken. Though they may look like singularnouns, they are pluraland require pluralverbs. (See Section 39d, item 9.)
11j. Be
careful of the
Plural
Singular phenomenon genus
genera
synopsis
synopses alumni
alumnus
Synopsesof The
alumni
phenomena
two were
stories
were
in favor of
submitted. the building
stadium.
75
1 He Note:
used correctly singular.
Data
it
use
AND
SUBJECT
as
is
a
11k. A
verb
The
does
not
thingto
main
as
see
with
of the
and
verb
each If the that 1. 2.
and
sentence
on
contain
your
the necessary
in
errors
subject of
the number
paper
correction
corrections.
or
oppositethe
C
is correct, write
sentence
gardens.
2
sentences following
agreement. Write
now
predicatenoun.
a
is the beautiful
EXERCISE
Most
AGREEMENT
though many plural,
a
agree
VERB
number
of
sentence.
Every Mumps
of the
one
have
the
playerson
caused
a
have
team
great deal of absence
good grades. at
the
Liberty
HeightsSchool. 3. The
4. 5.
peoplepresent for the lecture by Professor than we Toynbee was far larger expected. Two-thirds of the group want a party rightaway. A number of states has motion-picture censorship. number
decision
6. No
United 7. Each to
be
can
made
unless
Nations
of the hunters
in
each
the
SecurityCouncil
of the five members
permittedby
are
the state
of the
approve. game laws
shoot four ducks.
8. Neither
of the
planspresented by practical.
seem
9. Don't
10.
of
you
think that economics
we subject
study?
Every
that the hero
time
the committee
are
comes
on
harder
the
than
members
anv
other
stage,the audience
sits breathless.
11. Each
of
our
12. Two-thirds we
of
our
employeda
13. Neither
monthlystatement. has been changed since traflfic regulations
customers
of these
receive
a
traffic director.
new
pointshave anythingto
do with
the
either of Mozart's parents musically gifted? of the girls in our class comes to school with
14. Were 15. Some
lem. prob-
their
hair in curlers. 16.
Every most
76
one
of the
economical
plansseem one.
but practical,
we
preferthe
AGREEMENT
VERB
AND
SUBJECT
17. If you
that either of the
decide
ready to sign the
are
18. The
than larger
are
this year
received
sold.
been
boys in
class intend
our
subjectjoined by
compound
A
been
have
before.
ever
19. All of the sugar has 20. Three-fourths of the
Hi.
contract.
of orders that
number
we acceptable,
plansare
to
lege. col-
enter
and
requires a
most
difficultsubjects.
pluralverb. Mathematics
the
chemistryare
radio have
and
Television On
and
landingfield stand
my
revolutionized and
B-36
a
a
social habits.
small
helicopter
Note: 1. When
the
form subjects
two
Bread
peanut butter
and
and
comrade
2. If two
or
more
the verb
by every,
Every boy If two
m.
neither .
.
friend
and
girlin
favorite snack.
with
was
me.
the auditorium
he appears
subjectsare .
is my
are subjects by and joined is singular.
cip?Iwhen n
sin
is used.
gularverb My
a singlethought,
a
the
nor,
preceded
applaudsthe piin-
the stage.
on
joinedby verb
and
agrees
or,
either
with
or,
...
the
subject
it.
nearer
Neither the student
nor president
his friends
want
to
see
Jackelected. Either
new
athletic fields or
providedin Either theyor 11n.
If
the I
am
a
swimming pool is
to
be
spring. at
fault.
and the other subjectis used affirmatively negatively,the verb agrees with the subjectthat is used affirmatively. one
He,
not
I,is responsible. 77
AND
SUBJECT EXERCISE
Many
of the verb
your paper, write the number are working.Then write the and
the
of the
Some
sentence
subjectof
after the number
C
write
of the
which
on
each
of the sentence.
sentences
have
may
you verb
incorrect is
sentence
two
correct in-
On
correct.
are
of that verb. If the
form
correct
have
followmg exercise
of the sentences
forms. Some
AGREEMENT
3
in the
sentences
VERB
Read
rect, cor-
fully. care-
errors.
Example: 1. Careful ,
.
with
the
best
materials
2.
,
make
i
,
,
1.
.^,
,
productthe finest 1.
combined
workmanship
,
.
workmanship
our
,
the market.
on
and tendingto the baby leaves my sister Cooking,cleaning, littletime for reading. late My cousin alwayssaid that my mother's hot rollsand chococake
3. Neither
for 4. An
the best food
was
the Governor
he had
tasted.
ever
available
his press secretarywere
nor
comment.
well
adolescent, as
his parents, have
as
ideas
about
growing up. 5.
and Speeding,overcrowding, automobile
6.
reckless
drivingcauses
many
accidents. and
Nearly every great artist,musician,
writer
has
personal
idiosyncrasies. 7.
My
neither
my
10. 11.
brother
nor
the
familycar
with
which
I agrees.
offers president's plan nor the negotiators' the are accepted,the government may have to take over plant. Parents worry about earlymarriages because neither a boy at eighteen. nor a girlare mature Either nose drops or an inhaler helpsto relieve a cold. the in this neighborhood, Homes includingthose justacross
8. If neither
9.
ideas about
parents have the
is assessed i3rJig^i-"et,
tfe.t'Wlt is
a
national
at fifteen
thousand
whose figure
dollars.
every
word
and
action
cany
weight. 13.
78
The
efficientmanner
in which
you
handle
dailyroutine
and
* VERB
AND
SUBJECT
showingthat you you are capable.
that
14. The
gave express company the glider and its mattress was
in the sales
made
the excellent shows
"'^
AGREEMENT
campaign
receiptacknowledgingthat
a
condition. perfect
received in
people say that television appearances of election has caused a and the threat of communism personalities largeturnout of voters. of perthe success At the time of your visit to our factory, formance of the productwas tests and the durability pointed
15. Some
16.
out.
and
17. Love is
18.
well
as
attention
as
not
relative pronoun
A
solve this
case.
{who, which, that)
may
emotionalism, are
needed
to
the word
singularor pluraldepending upon the pronoun
onlyway or pluralis precedesit and
tellwhether
to
which
to
relative pronoun is the part of the sentence
examine
to
decide
a
which
word
refers to. This word pronoun the pronoun. If the antecedent and singular, Our
be
refers.
The
be
needs, special
to
important to old people.
Facts,
11o.
comfort,
has
is
is the
of the
must
which
is the
(Which
of the relative clause. It refers
of
will pronoun be singular.
bowlinggroups
schedule.
the
antecedent
the singular,
the verb that goes with it
that
sentence
is called the
only one to the keptrigidly
team
the
in
lar singu-
and
to one
ject sub-
fore is there-
) singular. Monieka
is
of the six mission
one
by
our
church.
(That
relative clause. It refers
Jerryis the a
only one
of the
consistently good score.
forms
the in
and
(Who refers
ported sup-
is
plural.)
has maintained to
one.)
4
followingsentences you both independentclauses
your paper, write the number
are
subjectof the
who golfers
EXERCISE
In
is the
stations
to
that
stations
will find and
of the
errors
in verb
relative clauses. On
sentence
on
which
you 79
11 ~
"
working.Then
are
AND
SUBJECT
and
the
write
the corrected form
ville
the circus
by
AGREEMENT
each incorrect
verb
of the verb.
of the animals
number
Example: A
subjectof
VERB
that is
is used
in the
broughtto Dickeyparade throughthe
town.
1. that
1. The
are
number
"
hurricane
recent
are
has ruined
floods which
caused
our
stock. these
2. Note
3.
pieces,which
buy for the money. Since publishing our in
circular
our
4. The
which
think
we
made
two
improves
its
changes ance. perform-
dependableparts and reliable workmanshipthat our product outstandinggoes into our latest
same
has
have
we catalogue,
saw
representsthe best
certain
are
we
made
model. 5.
Jack is and
6. As
of the few
one
the honor
boys who
the papers, we of problemswhich
number
7. If every
of
one
made
both the
team
roll.
read
we
have
who
us
are
that the help thinking confronts us today is tremendous. cannot
a
citizen
vote,
we
are
to
sure
have
better government. 8. Recentlyone of the major-league teams with
one
of
9. Two
selected 10.
city for
long time
a
athletes
our
to be
who
wished
to
been
stars
have
the all-American
on
make all
have a
is the
change.
season
members
who
of each sentence. your paper the number verb and it write the subjectof each incorrect on
form
correct
correction. write
SO
C
of that verb. If
no
Explainwhy
correction
beside the
sentence
was
have
5
EXERCISE
Write
been
team.
onlyone of the committee provedreally responsible. Henry
which
you
is necessary
number.
have in
the
made
side Be-
the the
sentence,
the
2. Near 3. There
the 4.
5. 6.
her sister
and
1. Helen
AGREEMENT
VERB
AND
SUBJECT
parking lot
is two
three
or
school late every day. several largedepartmentstores. to
comes was
for each
boys trying out
positionon
team.
of the injurycaused Recentlythere has been investigations to the brain by boxing. to the school paper, Everyone in my classes are subscribing made at the The changesin the designof the house was
suggestionof the builder. 7. That
don't make
8. Each
of
difference.
any toasters
our
tested carefully
are
before
being
shipped. 9. The 10. The
of the
interior
earlytheaters
that
revenue
is collected
not
were
the
at
attractive.
very
support the
games
teams.
11.
Neither
12.
The
the
his wife
nor professor
of the three officialswere
decision
home.
at
were
before
announced
noon.
13.
During the last few years there has been over
14. The 15.
The
life. placeof sports in college
the
cake's
too
brown sold
were
arguments
many
well
as
puppy, to
it don't agree
sweet;
as
with
the black and
all.
at
me
the white
yesterday. life and people makes
ones,
tourists
some
16.
Mary'skeen interest in a delightful experience.
17.
Each
of the class
have representatives
her
parties
pledged support
to
the student 18.
president. ideas of how a Coleridge's societyshould perfect was very impractical.
19.
Either
20.
The
Each
22.
The
going
are
to
suffer
as
a
the
from
"f the
aged man-
result of this.
with aU the boys on captain,together
introduced 21.
I
Jane or
be
the team,
were
platform. actors
amateur
fright. developmentof
children
beginningto
were
depend
in
feel stage
largemeasure
on
familytraining. 23.
The
24.
Neither
mother, the
as
well
man
nor
as
the children,have
his
lawyers
are
been
ready
to
quarantined. agree
to
that
proposal. 81
AND
SUBJECT
EXERCISE
Follow
results obtained has been
very
3. If
-^
5.
experiments with penicillin
by our recent gratifying.
2. First the sisters of the bride and
then
appears;
with
of these
faulty, pleasediscuss
plansseem
of the oflBcers of the or one representatives going to Europe to settle the question.
5. Gulliver's Travels have
of the company, in addition president officers, were present at the meeting. the office of the swivel
8. There's
several
the
is any
write
at
us
The
Everyone
many years. several of the
largemahogany desk, chairs. straight a
ask
to
want
you. approaches,each
celebrations
of the
for the dance.
complaintsabout
him
in the
of the
One
I
to
the
merchandise, please
once.
to
on
money 13.
small
letter,togetherwith
forwarded 12.
few
questionsthat
prepares
If there
was president a
of the
time
natives
11.
chair, and
pany com-
popularreadingfor
been
6. The
9. As
the issue
our
is
10.
aunt
me.
4. Either
a
follows her
uncle. one
7. In
AGREEMENT
6
the directions in Exercise
1. The
VERB
materials, was advertising
the
yesterday. school
have
opportunity to
an
make
some
the side. who
men
has made
great progress
ing in the build-
of
14.
15.
16.
houses is Foster Gunnison. prefabricated and garages provide His developmentof porches, fireplaces, house. variation of the standard prefabricated The publicthoughtthat Leeuwenhoek and other scientists who believed his theorywas crazy. for a while; his mother and father George must leave college needs
him
17.
There
was
18.
anywhere in Many peoplefind with
19.
82
the farm.
on
no
running the city,
owning
This country,
a
water
and
that the comfort
home
makes
with together
the
sanitaryarrangements
no
and cost
Canada
securitywhich
reasonable.
seem
and
comes
some
of the
Latin-
VERfi
StJBJECt AND
Ei^
'MaterMi"*^^^ asrl eibsy .bsaq/ils
pleteprosperity. 20^
The
01
2Make
Cl^^PSIV
T-IUOI^OHI
f the feav-fe Gourit^f ies/J
FAmericah
-mx
ADREEISf
-afid^of imrsfQlitic^VirssAUi bur^pehtiGS attempt ait!tariff reforib VerysdiffictfltJf.fe^s of
structure
any
"
bsniBlaiijfn
,
/ifJy-ioac sIgma b isbnij directionsJ9^S^gjpi"e} 5e g9bBffri9cfdm sdT
.Vi
m.'=
as,
sense,
well
country sells to other abroad. ..it buys from 2.
r
as
tell
economics:
countries
be
must "
-
;
/
oi us
r
ahbc
-jiid
that
wjiat
balanced
by
ra.
what n,
-.
nr axil .yi Din^a ^;jQ::;:;^rr_.ououbmu. of the chief clerk includes a,uthonzatjbn of over-
;.
.
pThe duties
.
,
; :.,: , ^v'
handlingthe.^afer^, the prih" on largepanpTs,explains^ how it shows ciplesof advertising; good design,coloring, and lettering the customer. attracts We thM'aU thef 0ecdsslli^ are. .peiise3!ldr"sray efi[iiipment, has been including clampstdTpaQJ^Jtl^l^feyvjsjteT, shipped
time, arrangements for pay, drafts,and
3. The
4.
''
"noi'ixnDqoisjup scb
_,
(mn^.:\_-i_
liviD .91
.':"'.
ic,Ih3Howthe
ibW ?,-'_Bb
lo-iinGa baSinlJ
lo zsoi'n^^^jLpjj^-f.:. j^Ij ^j^'j^rji
s'lr;
fl. rCommon
lo lad
mounted m-aferial,
to you.
8^- fi^fpiip^siiie]3ifpi!p#pg^byil"^lieFiw"*^siqvl ^"(fil the stories.
,l"br8"g "fS@f1"q fefi^ ^i^dffiyfi
work Fielding's
Q. In
8"'-9lat show
the
we
touches luO gnijiiv/
often find littlehumorous
Ms thinkin^/rov/ '^ubtlfet^i^f
fe In the laboratory, the te'chnioian is able to performvarious^ combined with the proper clinical ex+3 /tests which, when ed Ion bn"ainination,results in arquickand aecufa^teidriagr^osjss "
the aJ)proach, and the form of the salps-x|^fg ^[fXhe language, is different for the yajious^ q^I types,of sales expected. ..^^j.^^^ 9. Mrs. oj
Hammond
fdren,:were
sent
word
that she, together with her chil-
lake:for another ;w"ekol;0 istayingatVjtJie
lQ"A;ipaintingofothe artist,'as wel/asoone
of jBorda
and
his
waHra^ church. -fnrjpriestrbrbihef,xhangsjjon'th"^ 11. So far as finding the peoplewho slides had been lost inJ the landwere concerned, we had given up hope. f2"qfe339i"t= there Was bahstMclid^ a
dam
13. From
and
a
hydroelectric plant.
the bottom
of the Susquehanna
.aaco
River
come
ai
deposits
ed"f "X"*"l"f*1|fe^"J"mi^s."lf"yAfKi-ac"^^K ibiQw
ni
bns
btq ^lolugrjis
xbodon
bno
"HT
^^^odyisv^ "iX^*i4 ^8
12a-b
AND
PRONOUN
14. The
full effect of the program of years has elapsed.
15. We
live in
16.
Drive
Civil War
days.
a
rubber
dates back
the
Eckels
be
not
almost
armed
a
until
seen
ber num-
that fronts
hundred
services
a
years
on
to
are
maintained
a
factor safety
Defense.
blades of the fan
to
AGREEMENT
houses three-story
Secretaryof single
but adds
20.
will
Unified conti'ol of the three
17. The
19.
and
Moreland
under
18.
of those
one
ANTECEDENT
onlyact
not
as
quiet operation.
peoplewho was approached the idea of buyinga prefabricated house. on The rapidproduction construction methods and the mass used in building the prefabricated house keepsthe pricelow. Mr.
Of
all the
have
done
12.
was
of the many
one
Rutherford
present,Mrs.
women
is the
one
who
the best work.
PRONOUN
ANTECEDENT
AND AGREEMENT
12a.
A
pronoun
gender, number,
should and
its antecedent
with
agree
in
person.
writingwould be very dull if we repeatednouns instead a we use again and again.Consequently, pronoun of repeating will the noun. But the meaning of the pronoun Our
not
be
clear unless it has the
gender,number,
same
for which it stands. This person as the noun the antecedent. (See Sections 1 and 2.) Orion
is
an
material. important synthetic
be better than
nylon.{It refers
Both orlon and third person.
Pronouns in
do
not
it
are
to
is called
It is said
to
ent. orlon,the anteced-
ber, numgender,singular
neuter
)
necessarily agree
with their antecedents
case.
12b.
The
words
each, either,neither,somebody,
body, everybody, 84
noun
and
and
nobody
are
artysingular,and in
PRONOUN
ANTECEDENT
AND
formal
Englisha
words
should
of these to any one referring singularihe, his,him, she, her, it).
pronoun
be
colloquial Englishthe somewhat. Peoplewho
In
informal
and
but
12kC"*CI
AGREEMENT
rule stated above wish
casual sometimes should
this form
their
not
appear
to
refer
to
in formal
body; every-
writing.
Colloquial: Everybodytook their heavy coat to camp. Formal: Everybody took his heavy coat to camp. Each of the boxers was accompaniedby their Colloquial: Formal:
12c.
of the boxers
Each
collective
A
used
noun
singular pronoun and
if the group if it is pluralpronoun
a
individual
as
antecedent
an
ager. man-
ager. man-
takes
thought of as thought of in terms is
a
unit
a
of its
members.
The
audience
The
audience
Note:
his
accompaniedby
was
laxed re-
sound
languageto
their
use
has been
Once
you
generous with its applause. in their seats. shiEted restlessly was
decide
whether
collective
a
is to be
noun
it as stick to your decision. If you use or plural, singular the subjectwith a singular that all proverb, make sure nouns and if you use it with to it are singular; referring a pluralverb, make sure that all pronouns are plural.
Wrong:
The
Right:The Right:The 12d.
A
noun
antecedent All
an a
indefinite pronoun used in the third person. pronoun
as
an
indefinite pronouns are in the third person they are used in direct address or in apposition
and
except when from
or
takes
nouns
with
their diflBculties. familywas discussing its difficulties. familywas discussing their difficulties. familywere discussing
a
these
pronoun two
uses,
of the first or all
nouns
require a third-person pronoun.
second
and A
person. Aside indefinite pronouns
phrase such
as
of
us,
"5
12C^^^lB of
If a
Right:If Wrong:
a
man
wants
man
wants
Neither
Right:Neither
to to
achieve
success,
achieve
success,
its antecedent ^
you he
must
work
for it.
must
work
for it.
of you has finished your lunch. of you has finished his lunch.
12e.
When
mon
gender, the
unless
AGREEMENT
the pronoun and affect the person of the pronoun.
not
Wrong:
ANTECEDENT
AND
between
coming
ijou
does
PRONOUN
the antecedent
is
masculine
it is clear that
should
pronoun
the
of
singular noun
a
refers to
noun
be
com"
used
girlor
a
a
"voman.
Right:Each of
member
of the dramatic
playfor
a
Right:Each
the annual
member
production. girls' gleeclub was
of the
her favorite Christmas
12f. A
pronoun
loves
He
or
or
asked
to
name
carol.
with
agrees
joinedby
club indicated his choice
the
of two
cedents ante-
is connected
with
nearer
nor.
or everything everybodywho
his work. In this cool room,
neither the
the
gardenianor
roses
will
lose their freshness.
12g. Who
refers to persons,
tfiat refers
to
The
man
The
book
or
persons who
refers to
things,and
things.
the story is your doctor. contains some you lent me very
told
which
which
me
exciting
stories.
The
flierthat took her
woman
triphas been awarded 12h.
What
should
not
a
planeon
a
round-the-world
medal.
be used to refer to
an
expressed
antecedent.
Wrong:
The
book
arrived
Right:The 86
you
sent
me
as
a
graduation present
yesterday.
book
Right:I heard
what
that you sent what you said.
me
arrived
yesterday.
PRONOUN
ANTECEDENT
AND
AGREEMENT
8
EXERCISE
of the
Most
which
pronouns
in
sentences
do
the
followingexercise
contain
agree with their antecedents.
not
Write
Then write the of each sentence. your paper the number form of any pronoun that is wrong correct or colloquial. In some verb will also need to be changed. instances a on
of the pronoun sary), (and verb, if necesin parentheses, of the pronoun write the antecedent have corrected. If a sentence is correct, write C beside
Beside
you the 1.
the
number.
sentence
be in their
placeat 8:45. everyone passedin their paper? mind human has not caughtup with the speed of
Every
2. Has 3. The
student
must
their
inventions.
own
4.
form
correct
Everybody who
goes to
our
will
camp
enjoy their
summer
vacation.
5. We
offer
when 6.
a
money-back guarantee
buys this new paint. in our Everyone familyhas their
7. A
business executive
customers
are
10. When
a
make
football
chores.
from
employees
their
class has their way,
the
rulingwill
be
kinds of
peoplewho make pleasant guests. their changes they may system abruptly,
many company
to
cease
household
littlekindness.
a
year'ssenior changed.
9. There
own
gets better work
8. If next
The
our
he
if they use
11.
of
to each
money. team
has
won
game
every
playedthis they've
year. 12.
Can
any can't.
13.
Each
14.
If a
a
of
15. The
reallyindependent?The
the nurses' home
is trusted
and
allowed
had to
our
answer
is
they
personal problems.
stay out
late,you
have
of
responsibility. Shakespeare's day today.
theater in
they are 16. A
in
us
boy
sense
be
state
student
they have
understands a
chance
to
the
was
not
so
elaborate
as
national
government better if participatein student government. 87
PRONOUN
17.
18.
19.
20.
When
gets bored
person
Not
a
the schools.
of my
one
will
neighborshas
cause be-
television programs
watchingsome
tell justwhat
can
you 22.
for
AGREEMENT
neat job,you should wear clothes and avoid gaudy jewelry. A the backgroundof every person should consider carefully speaker they hear. than The diesel engine weighs much the gasoline more engine, and therefore they are not used in automobiles. cation The pohce department gives their support to driver edu-
A
interviewed
girlis
a
in
21.
ANTECEDENT
AND
happen
made
next.
in
improvements
any
their home. 23.
24.
25.
impudent boy
An
sometimes
sets
brothers and sisters,and they want younger When I have no time, every absolutely
Follow 1. The
the directions
the back
During the next will subjectus to
3. In the
4. If
their
to
6. The
8. The to
88
get settled of the
a
good
company
every
of books
the back
window.
will
us
own
meet
piled
situations
that
business
no
if he
even
is unknown.
and
me,
their
dramatize
everyone
was
ing try-
their barracks.
in
favors
as
small
engraved on of your
man
chance
voted
and
appealingwords
club
had
man
scientific aflFairs.
boys besides
By voting for the has
of
successful
girlsreceived
emblem
each
into
find
songs, he will be 5. There were many
the
unfamiliar
noses
singers can
their
boxes
grounds had
that it blocked
year
in
him.
8.
pressures. earlydays,peoplethoughtthat
poke
to
7.
mother
their
9
Exercise
in
school
leavingthe
car
high in
so
2.
imitate
to
for them. neighborhoodasks me to baby-sit In our two-party political system, each party has platformon which their candidates run.
EXERCISE
for
example
an
to
to
pay
keys of
silver with
the
it.
choice, the average
can Ameri-
improve his government. a
bonus
of employee,regardless
of
their
one
hundred
salary.
dollars
PRONOUN
9. If
a
11.
in the
The
great
sand
with
indicate 13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
plays,by the time life they are good for nothing. rolled on, continually washing the and
never
saltyspray. turns
on
them
turn
student
Any
prime of waves
he
Sometimes
AGREEMENT
all the time
ocean
its
to forgets
12.
works
person
they are 10.
ANTECEDENT
AND
who
beside
the
porch lightor
the hall
lightand
ofiF.
is interested
their
what
name
sign this sheet and
should
they wish
courses
to
take.
also confor the job,one must sider qualifications conditions under which to work. you are willing To continue education under the scholarship plan,one must have made satisfactory gradesin all his courses. Bacon introduced scientific approach to learning a new which would help everyone if they used it. cinating Many songs that were popularin Grandpa'sday have fasrhythms that make it stillappealingtoday. Although I think that partiesand dances are all rightto a addition
In
certain
to
I believe
extent,
it is harmful
it is carried
when
to
excess.
18.
19.
When
in the through our state, particularly industrial section, you see mostlyugly factorytowns. where Anyone, no matter they live,what school they go their religion at the recreabe, is welcome tion to, or what may a
person
rides
center.
20.
ntmiber
A
of
producerswill piouslypass
their interest
in free
EXERCISE
The verb Write write
also no
and
on
contain
of why explanation
correction
is
own
product.
errors
in
subjectand
and antecedent agreement. pronoun Then the number of each sentence.
your paper the necessary corrections an
its
claiming prohard
10
sentences follov^^ing
agreement
then work
enterpriseand
keep high tariffprotectionfor
to
resolutions
necessary,
of verbs and
you
have
write
C
made
pronouns. Write the changes.If
beside
the
sentence
number. 1. Have
either of the
boys finished
their homework?
S9
AND
PRONOUN
2. Each
of the
machines pohtical
their chosen 3. Each
ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
office
into
trying to put
are
candidates.
of the
boys have aheady done
what
told
theywere
to
do. 4. When
child
a
returns
he is interested 5.
Only
who
one
at
is the
once
has
of the
school, one
to
slept
which
sports.
such
on
thingsin
a
bed
how
know
hard
they
are.
either of you written your minutes? 7. Everyone is enthusiastic over the coming election and 6. Have
their candidate.
workingto promote 8. The
attendance it is
as
9. As
11.
time
went
of
one
before
May
All members
of the
else interested anyone invited to leave their name with
in business
writing.
The
of the
maker
the
15. Each on
17.
of the
of the
are
men
matter
so
employeesis
the
secretary.
given a
course
says that the
house prefabricated don't
the
the
long
late,he
ance appearsell. they
as
must
report
at
once
supervisor. of us, at
the
Only to
one
urged to attend in takingpart in
are
and
appointment each
to
16.
club
drama
After their
If any
great
so
never
1,
of the houses 14.
was
every
of the
Every
play are
13.
the games
at spirit
villageand city was obligedto its privileges to the state. students are requiredto pay their dues
on,
some
meeting; 12.
and
now.
surrender 10.
are
one
time
or
ourselves another, have expressed
subject.
after the
improvement
they able
protest were
Neither
trouble
nor
to
expense
got their members
association
block the were
zoning law. spared in giving each new
of the 18.
boys the education they wanted. Not onlyhas the value of real estate gone up, but the of labor and materials have risen tremendously.
19.
Each
teacher with
20.
Studies of the had wives
90
some
will report factors which in their in the classroom. successful work
problemseems
work
because
to
show
experience before she knows
the value
that
women
marriage of money.
cost
terferes opinion in-
who makes
have
better
OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
13.
The
13a.
to which
the
thoughtof
refers should
pronoun
reader. He which
the pronoun misunderstand what clear
cannot
be able
must
to
is meant
of his pronoun in his mind. be expectedto be a mind
the word to on put his finger to refer. Otherwise, he may
he has read.
the reader
to
is clear to the writer
sentence
a
he has the antecedent
reader, however,
2 and
a
clear.
Sometimes
The
PRONOUNS
OF
antecedent
be made
because
I^SCl^C
PRONOUNS
is of
Writingwhich is not perfectly littlevalue. (See Sections
12. )
13b. The antecedent
of
a
should
pronoun
be expressed,
merely implied.
not
Mrs.
Seton
told
the other
me
cottage at the seashore. He
day
doesn't
thinks the salt aii* will do him
Who
is this he?
No
is in the mind
husband
clears up the
Vague:
is
mentioned.
The
speaker. Changinghe difficulty.
no
Improved:Because law lawyer. Vague:
go, but she
to
of the
I intend to be
(There
want
a
lawyerbecause
it is
to
tecedent an-
her
work. interesting
for
it.) work, I intend interesting
antecedent is
a
good.
has been
man
that she has taken
I like to travel in Switzerland.
to
be
a
They are alwayspleasant
to visitors.
Improved:I like to travel in Switzerland. to visitors. pleasant 13c.
Avoid
the indefinite
In Indefinite:
Better:
this
Better:
have
Delaware
of it and
it magazine article,
This articleshows
Indefinite: They
use
that
good roads has
The
war
Swiss
are
always
they.
shows
that
war
rible. is hor-
is horrible.
in Delaware.
good roads. 91
13cl-ff
REFERENCE
Vague: They
used
It is sometimes
idea. In these
clear
It
It is necessary,
imperativeare 13ci. Do
an
is necessary.
who
the "House
made
it is true, it is
Divided"
certain, it is
impersonal if
use
send
can
in the
We
speech.
it likely,
the pronoun
and
today,or refrigerator a
the
send
few
a
the
for factory
can
for
few
days if it is
instead of
is
If in
Informal: The Formal:
The
keep
can
it
necessary. we
keep it
can
days.
it English, singleantecedent.
a
we
refrigerator today,or
In informal
Note:
introduce
sentence. We
Better:
wealthynation. wealthynation.
correct.
not
same
Vague:
a
PRONOUNS
tomorrow.
Lincoln
was
a
to impersonally
antecedent
no
cases
It will be
the
Argentinais Argentinais
It is said that
Better:
Note:
say that
OF
boys were boys were
refers
sometimes
but
to
an
theytried not to but they tried not
nervous, nervous,
idea
show to
it.
show
their uneasiness. 13e.
In formal
people
in
writing avoid general.
the
use
of you
to
mean
such as "You informal speech, or colloquial expressions how importantmoney is" or "Dancing makes can see you the Formal use are graceful" permissible. Englishrequires In
of
one
or
in these statements.
anyone
Anyone can see Dancing makes 13f. that
In to
formal refer
Informal: The
to
important money
a
whole
company which
is.
graceful.
one
the
avoid v\^riting
comfortable. 92
how
use
of
which, this,
clause.
has had makes
our
entire
working
in
tioned, buildingair-condihot
weather
very
REFERENCE
PRONOUNS
OF
rearrangedthe
have
Informal: We
it easier
In
these
of which.
to
sentences
Such
1. Ahead
whole
a
be
which,
its antecedent.
Formal:
The
three
ways.
fact,a
tion, situa-
improved in
has had our company makes fact which a
act,
an
use
The procedure.
will be
antecedent
is the
statement
can
of the word a
will make
thingsquickly.
sentences
habit, or
a
find
file,which
entiie
a
precedingwhich
noun
tioned, buildingair-condi-
entire
working
weather
hot
in
comfortable. Formal:
the rearranged
have
We
will make
it easier
Improved: Because
our
work
can
Improved: Our
it
the
which.
word
buildinghas been aii-conditioned,we comfort duringhot weather.
arrangement
new
makes 3. Recast
in
thingsquickly.
omittingthe
the sentence,
2. Recast
find
to
file,a procedurewhich
entire
for possible
us
material
find
to
the
in
file
thingsquickly. for the
antecedent
providean
to
sentence
of the
pronoun.
Improved: The makes
installed
hot weather
system which
new
which air-conditioning,
very comfortable. rearrangedthe entire file accordingto
working in have
Improved:We
has
company
will make
it easier
find
to
a
things
quickly. Note:
If the
meaning
awkward construction
13g. nouns
of the
stilted if it
were
the
would
sentence
come be-
corrected,the informal
be used.
may
Avoid
Vague:
or
is clear and
ambiguous reference same gender.
Howard
told Arthur he could
sentence
latter or
is not
mean
either
to
that he had
been
either Howard
clear. It could be
former, or by giving the Arthur said.)
of
two
elected. or
cause (Be-
Arthur, the
improved by using exact
words
which
93
f ^^1^
EEFERENCE
Improved:Howard Improved:Howard
that the latter had
told Arthur said
Arthur, "You
to
Ambiguous reference
the floor.
on
from
volumes
the
on
or
the
removed
the books
placedthe
and
placedthe floor. (Constructionchanged.) the
of
Improved:He
Avoid
placedthem
{Volumes used
floor.
tion construc-
as
synonym
books.)
for
13h.
by using a
boxes?)
the boxes
from
elected. elected."
been
have
the boxes and
(The books
the books
took
Improved:He
been
by changingthe
or
took the books
He
PRONOUNS
corrected
also be
can
for the antecedent synonym of the sentence.
Vague:
OF
use
and
in
same
of
place
boxes
on
the
a
personal
to
us.
pronoun.
Wrong:
Please fillout
Right:Please
the blank
fillout
and
return
the blank and
The
sentences following to a stated clearly
refer
the number
of each
the pronoun
which
your
the 1. In 2.
If
correction.
our
When
3. Mark
has been
unable
to
teacher
tries to correct
most
94
do
on
each
not
your number
paper
Then
write
clear antecedent. is necessary,
write
write
C
side be-
in
to
feature modern
art.
the football game. do his homework. May he have was
goingto
given control of the studyhall,it would more
time.
chargeof your
organizationwas it.
theyplanto
completesame?
were
give the teachers
need
no
Frank, he
George met
4. If the students
6. Our
Beside
publicmuseum
the weekend
5. The
pronouns antecedent. Write
number.
sentence
new
which
contain
correction
no
us.
11
sentence.
has
it to
return
EXERCISE
same
the corrective
gymnasium
work
posture. established
to
helppeoplewhen
they
REFERENCE
PRONOUNS
OF
7. I think that when hke
is arrested,it agitator
an
makes
him
look
martyr.
a
8. Edith
told Sarah
that she
be elected
to
sure
was
president
of the class. 9. When
I visited
Denver, I
the kind of climate
theyhave
saw
I like. 10.
The
old stable
down
torn
was
and
a
theater built in
new
place,which improvedthe appearance of the neighborhood tremendously. colonel The for telling humorous is famous stories,and he he reads. gets it by rememberingeverything
its
11.
12.
13.
Sam's
father
was
a
his
shop.
My
uncle Charles
and he read many bookseller,
sent
us
books which
some
books
in
enjoyedvery
we
much. 14.
If the
won't work,
toaster
can't have
we
it for lunch.
15. The
16.
lamp is very durable, which accounts in breakage. The building which is poorly designed,
for the
causes
loss slight
space
to
be
wasted. 17.
In this book made
never
had
18. We
hot baths
Dijon a
It has not
been
in this town,
20.
The
21.
When
at
the hotel, which
twenty years
and
it
great generalwho for
enough
was
me
contains
now
the firsthouse
since
her mother
than
more
how
they could
not
old she
do
was
built
ants. 10,000 inhabit-
was.
immigrants arrived,the ground in the
broken, and
not
a
landmark.
littlegirl asked the
Jacksonwas
tactical mistake.
a
make
to
19.
it says that
West
the few
it with
was
tools
available. 22.
Please fillin the blanks to
23.
us
so
When
We to
to are
make
25. Unless it
we
can
Jack asked
what 24.
that
over
the enclosed
on
Mr.
for
and
without
beginservingyou Henderson
form
a
it
return
delay.
job,he didn't know
say.
trying to it
more
rid the
streets city's
of rubbish
in
order
attractive.
payment is made to our attorneys.
in
ten
days'time,
we
must
turn
95
REFERENCE
EXERCISE
OF
PRONOUNS
12 ^
Follow 1. He
was
3.
Sign the My work
4. The
in
and
return
that in
June
5. Our
make
his
policyis
it also to nonmembers
service
when
it is worth
in God strongly frequently.
cause be-
believed God
it mentions
give
to
at once.
us
year is very hard, but I shall graduate. have
must
his poems
to
same
the senior
poet Markham in
to
too.
card
know
it to
11.
businessman, and all his life he tried
a
like it
son
2.
the directions in Exercise
but first,
members
to
it is
give
to
possible. the
don't need them, your eyes examined; oculist will tell you. 7. When Mrs. Ennis told the story to my mother, she was of what had happened. sure if you
6. Have
8. Richard's
not
has lived many years in Tahiti,has learned speak the language,and likes them because they are so
to
uncle
colorful. 9.
her notebook
Sandy examined
took with bitterness,
paper, and tore it to pieces. 10. When you walk throughthe halls,you with in
11.
you old school.
our
In
whom
mystery
some
encouraged to 12.
The
We
continue
why these programs groundsaround the
have 13.
stories
to are
walk
miles from
talk,which
to
want
on
choose
can
not
was
criminals television,
their crimes, which should
be
not
stadium
are
her
out
the person
possible be
to
seem
is another
son rea-
presented. very
small, and
they
where
theypark. conductinga trafficsafetycampaign
to
make
it safe
for school children. 14.
Diggs but
15.
If you at
16.
17.
we
and
Haworth
cannot are
goods shippedby June
10,
the merchandise,
return
same
once.
bought a plannedto do comes
so
employeesseem 96
the
it.
dissatisfied with
We
Ed
do
want
new
house, which
was
somethingwe
had
for years.
earlyevery morning that it makes the other lazywhen they arrive at nine o'clock.
14a-c
PRONOUNS
OF
CASE
staflFoflBcer'sassociates
18. The
industrious,but
honest, and
20.
it does
not
alwayswork
that way.
out
19.
cated, be well edu-
supposedto
are
Competing
a selling largevolume of volume of sales largepotential
gas companies which indicates a gasoline,
are
for
build in this section.
service
our
In
if
station
suburbs, civic
some
14.
There
PRONOUNS
OF
for
cases
and
nouns
and objective. Because possessive, their form rules
show
to
given here
14a.
The
the nominative
are
verb
a
forms
nominative
or
2.)
subjectof
The
tive, pronouns: nominado not change nouns
the case, objective for pronouns. (Review importantchiefly
1 and
Sections
alwaysbeen high,
it.
CASE
three
are
has
consciousness
the sections show
and
we
is in the nominative
he, she, it,we,
/, you,
are
case.
you,
they. Sarah and When
14b.
joineda
comes,
he and
Ned
We
boys can
The
pronoun
{am, is,are,
subjectis
was,
in the
nominative. The It Do
Note:
I have
was
do
a
better
club I
at
school.
going
are
job without
the
a
boat.
girls.
followingany part of the verb be been, be) and referringto the were, nominative it is called a predicase, cate (See Section
officersof the class are
If.)
Carol,Alfred,and
I.
he.
you think it could radio last night?
have
been
she who
Colloquial Englishpermits"It'sme"
but these forms 14c. The
build
to
should
objectof objectivecase: me, Section 1g.)
a
not
verb you,
in formal
appear or
a
or
sang
"It
was
the
on
us,"
writing.
prepositionis
him, her, it, us, them.
in the
(See
97
14cl-e
CASE
the particularly
Watch
members
Both object. Mother are
the verb
had
invited
and
me
of objects
are
of
compound
a
case.
same
(Hilda and
the station.
me
met.) her and
to
me
party. (Her
a
invited.)
the verb
always been a real of the preposition objects
there has
him
Jack and
Between
at
me
of objects Fulton
Mrs.
be in the
must
Hilda and
met
member
second
PRONOUNS
OF
him
(Jack and friendship.
are
between.) the
AU
(Fred and her
her.
and
the senior dance
plansfor
are
made
were
the
of objects
by
Fred
preposition
by.) Note:
Common
are prepositions
to,
for, from, with, by,
between, near, beside,like,and but w^hen
(See
5a-b.
Section
The
The
indirect
indirect Uncle
to
sent
the direct
me
him.
the party but
objectis
is object
Fred
except.
means
)
Everybody came 14d.
it
the a
m
the
objectivecase.
of object
to
bracelet from
me object;
is the
(Excepthim)
or
for understood.
India.
objectof
to
(Braceletis understood.)
piece of that cake. (Me is the objectof for understood;piece is the direct object.)
Save
me
a
14e.
The compound
used
as
myself,herself,himself, itself, themselves, yourself,yourselves,ourselves are intensive
Dave, Colloquial: Formal:
Dave,
or
pronouns
reflexive pronouns.
Marian, and
myselfwent
Marian, and
I went
The party was Colloquial: Formal:
The
party
was
on
on a
a
picnic.
for Dave, Marian, and for Dave,
picnic.
Marian, and
myself. me.
Right:I'll make the sandwiches myself.(Intensive,for ) emphasis Herselfrefers Right:The cat washed herself. (Reflexive. to
98
cat.)
CASE
There
Note: to
be
14f.
l^ft"
PRONOUNS
OF
used In
are
words
no
clause is one words
or
a
introduced
from
understood
are
other parts of the
Supplying the missing part
sentence.
decide
with
the
of the
case
words
by ffian or as, nominative or objectiveaccording the complete clause. An elliptical word or more missing;the omitted
clause elliptical
an
theirselves. The
themselves.
himselfand
are
will be the pronoun of to the structure
word
or hisself
will
help you
that will be
pronoun
to
used
in
the clause. brother is taller than 7.
My
clause /
{Than introduces the elliptical
I is therefore the
am.
the verb
understood.)
am
Dick
is
of is
just as good understood.)
an
about
actor
as
Nobody cares of subject
does understood.)
I shall send
him
more
understood. This
Them
is
she.
rather than her.
{She
{Her
is
is
he.
than
success
your
subject {He
objectof
is
send
)
television program amused {Me is objectof amused
me.
Caution:
of subject
a
pronoun
and
much
you
than
more
understood.)
must
be used
not
as
an
adjective. Them
prizefighters put on a good show Right:Those prizefighters put on a good show Right:I enjoyedthe good show put on by them
Wrong:
EXERCISE
This
exercise as
verbs each Write
or
C
errors
also
in the
of
use
and
beside the
personal pronouns and objectsof the number
beside it write the necessary explanationof why you have
an
If
night. last night. last night.
13
nominatives, subjects, predicate Write on prepositions. yom- paper
sentence
correction.
contains
last
no
correction
sentence
is necessary
in
a
of
corrections.
made
each
sentence, write
number. 99
1I4f
case
1. Eileen 2.
her
and
both
are
did you run when and her husband
Why
3. Her
pronouns
of
class oflRcers. called principal
the
I?
duringthe
China
prisonersin
were
and
Frank
war.
4. I
she and
saw
5. On
October
her mother
30,
6.
My
father used
her
sister.
7. Maud
married
and myselfare coupleof girls
a
give a Halloween to
a
from groceries
send
who
man
10.
the pep
at
Dickens
was
as
poor much
boy,his
entire
him
12.
Did
your
13.
The
guide who
excellent
familyexcept he
15. Whenever
she and
to
her.
as as
and
me.
I, will do when
put
was
in
a
mock
a
he
was
debtors'
a
prison.
and
us?
as
employed by my brother showing us the city.
was
job of Everybody but the coach
store
because
rang the bell. class have the same test
It
14.
his
who
11.
was
to
assembly. for social reforms
wrote
going
party.
8. I think you will enjoy the book as 9. Ten football players, Dave including
ballet
last week.
York
in New
Ted
him
I had
and
and
left the locker
I did
an
when
room
arrived.
somethinggoes
in
wrong
our
house, it'sme
who
get the blame. 16.
brother
Althoughmy parents seldom
17.
Howard,
Ben,
Canyon 18.
19.
Fred's
this
my
planninga trip to
are
What
are
21.
It must were
If I
at
me,
my
sister.
promised to give he the tripfor a graduation present. than them, I never AlthoughI studymore
20.
100
me
or
parents have
that him
23.
punisheither he and
careless than
more
the
Grand
summer.
marks
22.
is much
and
Nick
you going have been him
to
and
his brother
seem
to
get the
get.
give Sallyand her for Christmas? who
told you
that Mark
and
me
the dance.
her, I should
Jack and he to the party after the way last week. they treated we girls and Give Harold I an opportunity to explainwhat happened, and I am that you will excuse sure we boys for being late. were
not
invite
CASE
24.
1^|"
PRONOUNS
OF
because
I can't
trouble
not
the accident
explainjust what the with Judithand she when
25. There
has
because
been
never
better student
the directions in Exercise
heard
the courage 3. Sue, Phyllis, and
and
me
me.
home
were
alone, we
it was finally
who
me
investigate. waiting for Zelda myselfwere
to
anybody is late,it'salwaysher. not forgetthat the other side
as
than
I
13.
for several minutes, but
had
5. Do
and
you
strange noise.
a
trembled
2. We
4. If
Rosalie
evening when
1. One
was
14
EXERCISE
Follow
I
occurred.
competition between
any
a clearly
are
you
was
wants
to
come.
as
much
win
to
us.
and me went year Dad friend of his invited he and
6. Last
7. You
imagine what
cannot
have
8. We
great admiration
to
I for
a
fun him
month, and
a
a
tripto the Everglades. and I had on that trip.
for she and
singing often brought my
9. Our
Florida for
her mother.
brother
and
I before
the
student 10.
assembly. between striking similarity our gettingalongwell.
The ensures
Thank
11.
you weekend.
12.
Larryand decided
13.
for the marvelous
her
to
wait
wedding. and Two girls
going
were
until Ted
another
to
my
time
you
gave
get married and
boy and
me
in
could
me
and
roommate
new
plan to
Jim
and
me
I last
June,but they
plan a go
to
double
the freshman
dance. 14.
15.
16.
Since
father has
alwaystraveled a great deal, my mother had of bringing responsibility up my brother and I. The glee club is the main interest of my and roommate I, but my brother won't join we boys in singing. I think it was he who planned the reorganizationof the my the
business. 17. On
Sunday
I for
a
my
parents
came
to
camp
and
took Allen and
country picnic. 101
f ^^^a^g 18. There
19.
mail for Pete
no
and
I because
OF
PRONOUNS
we
had
failed
Susan.
to
with Dad and to go fishing My littlebrother alwayswants I, but we give he and Jerrya quarter and send them for ice
20.
was
write
to
CASE
cream.
If I
him, I'd appoint a
were
14g. The subjectof
an
infinitiveis in the
infinitive is the form
in front of it "
to study,
to
I wanted group
him
to
of words
write,
verb used without
The
is the
Gordon
The
is the
for her. dance. and
sing a duet. (A
me
infinitivealthoughit is used
an
and
me
are
of subjects
the infinitive
sing.)
objectof an objectivecase.
is in the
whole
(The president. objectof wanted; him
father let Jimmy and him
My
usuallyhas to sing.(See Section 3g.)
for class
run
after let is
to. to
14h.
to
teacher let Gordon
music
case. obiective
of the verb that
of to run.) subject Doris expected to wait me Jackasked me to go to the The
meet
like them.
customers
The
to representative
new
librarian
infinitiveto
wash
infinitive or
wants
to
us.
see
our
car.
of any
(Us
other verbal
is the
objectof
the
see.)
Findingyou here is a surprise.(You is the objectof the ) gerundfinding. the I hurried across Having recognizedhim instantly, street. (Him is the objectof the participle liaving ) recognized.
complement of the infinitive fo be is in the pressed. objectivecase when the subjectof the infinitive is ex14i. The
This
construction
requiresan 102
may
case objective
cause
after
some a
trouble
verb. linking
because It may
it
help
CASE
1^"|^|C
PRONOUNS
OF
will occur after to be case objective must (1) The sentence only when two conditions prevail: of the infinitiveform of the verb to be; (2) the subject use that infinitive must Notice the difference in be expressed. these examples: to remember
that the
but (Here, to he is the infinitive, the pronoun is in the As a result, it has no subject. nominative case.) he. (Here, the form were I thoughtyou were is not an infinitive. ) I took you to be him. (In this sentence, you is the subject I should
like
to
be he.
of the infinitiveto be. The in
the
of an infinitive is subject the objective must case
Then
case. objective
follow. ) Aunt
The
construction
14j. An word
is
with which
The
it is in
used
and
one
in the
be avoided.
can
same
case
Terms.)
Albert,Roland, and for the ofiice. (Albert,Roland, me, are us
a
all
us
"
and
be in the
must
of
possessivecase before
the
as
apposition.(See Appositive in
Grammatical
with
be
be
wants principal
run
The
me.
awkward
an
appositive must
Glossary of
14k.
to be
Jane took Lucy
a
noun
gerund. (See
or
Section
same
me
to
"
in
position ap-
case.)
pronoun
should
3g.)
I do not "
is the football. (Playing approve of his playing gerund.It is the objectof the prepositionof.)
My
teachers
were
(Winningis the His
Note:
The
Be
sure
of my
winning
the
prize.
gerund.) is the gerund.) improved.(Singing
singingcould be sure
latter is
possessivecase We
not
between gerundand participle. distinguish used as an and does not have a adjective precedingit. to
him
standingon the participle modifyinghim.) saw
corner.
is (Standing
a
103
14p
case
of
sentence
Also
write
an
If
correction.
Write
correction
no
C beside the sentence 1.
2.
3.
in the
errors
of the three
use
cases
of your paper the number and beside it write the necessary corrections. each of why you have made explanation
personalpronouns.
each
pronouns
15
EXERCISE
This exercise contains
of
on
is necessary
in
a
sentence, write
number.
Yesterdaymy sister took picturesof my familyand myself. The guard would not permit Alfred and he to enter the building. The Sherwoods want Judy and I to go with them to Atlantic City.
4. The
manager for the job.
5.
and
Nancy
want
me
Short
Miss
gave
thank
to
and
you
completedirections
I
for
weekend
wonderful
a
the shore.
at
6. I asked
Dad
let
to
Josephand
I go
Salt Lake
to
Cityfor
a
visit.
7.
Howard
YesterdayMrs.
invited Sue
and
I to
come
to
Mr.
Harris
a
party. 8. I
not
am
9. What
is the
of
use
they had
10. Because
would
of him
sure
going to college. Latin? studying not completedtheir work,
me
leave for the game. 11. Do you remember house? me telling you about our new of him finding 12. If I were a sure job in Detroit, I'd sell the not
permit Allen and he
house now, 13. Our drama
when
I have
a
coach
wants
Hazel
to
good offer. and
I to be in the Christmas
assembly. 14. For
some
15. At Christmas 16.
It
the company hard for Beatrice and me
was
17. Let
I took Stuart to be him.
reason
time
Irving and
I work
myselfhave done 18.
Arrangementshad the
19. We
conference,but
similar
been made a
experimentsin for Mr.
Green
our
returns
to
show
laboratory.
and I
order prevented me special
all expectedthe election
be he.
104
some
on
gave Ed and she a bonus. to believe Dick's story. the experiment because him and to
attend
going. the winner
to
CASE
hope the
20.
I
21.
The
22.
141
PRONOUNS
OF
will be he.
winner
Starr, Davidson
to take
a
Please
reserve
and
the manager
wishes
Company
I
in business letter writing.
course
for Mr.
Carson
and
send
Roger
I
the seventh
on
room
a
floor. 23.
The
24.
but there is no Pittsburgh, permanendy. Althoughwe had worked not
firm is
wish
25. How
going to
the
did
court
indication of
hard for
and
give Steve
to
and
I
a
in
employerdid salary. our
helpedthe
that had
it to be he
prove
plantin
beingtransferred
us
year,
increase
an
the
I to
enemy? 141. Who
is in the nominative
subjectof
a
verb
or
is used
and
case
the
tion (See Sec-
predicatenominative.
as
as
14b.) Who
whom
and
used
are
relative clauses and follow
the exactly The
as
rules
same
sportsmen who
relative pronouns
as
that introduce
interrogative pronouns. They
personal pronouns.
as
sailed the boat
the
over
rapidswere
of the verb sailed.) subject who has just built a ranch-type Our house, neighbor, {Who is the spent years in planningthe structure. of the verb has built.) subject
(Who
Californians.
The
arises with
the choice of who
subordinate firstand will to
illustrate a
sentences
two
next
is the
clause
verb
helpi you
whom.
the
see
The
in natural order
Arranging the
next. to
not
are
or
problemthat "
words
often in the
that is,subject
clause in natural order
of the relationship
relative pronoun
the clause. It is difiBcult to
see
from
here
who
the
people are. peopleare tive.) nominapredicate
(Relativeclause in natural order reads: the who.
We
are
Then
not
order:
it is clear that who
sure
the
who
next
the
is
a
will be. (Natural president will be who. Who is the president next
nominative.) predicate 105
"^""""
CASE
Natural
14m. the
arranged
order.
Question: Who of
PRONOUNS
will be clearer if theyare
sentences Interrogative
in natural
OF
order:
shall I say called? I shall say who called.
{Who
is
subject
called.) Whom
is in the
objectof object.
Current
who
a
usage and
verb
or
and objectivecase a preposition and
studies whom
indicate
that the
breakingdown.
is used as
as
rect indi-
an
distinction between
In formal
English in cases where a prepositionor verb immediately case tained. precedes the pronoun, the objective (whom) is reIn informal conversational English,when the pronoun precedesthe verb or prepositionof which it is the object,who is accepted;but in writing anythingbut the most should observe the rule informal, chattypaper, one for the objective case. is
and
person with considers him
Right:Every works
with
Informal conversation:
My I
mother
am
{Who
going with. the object of the preposireally tion and
going is
in
a
immediatelyprecedingit.) alwayswants to know where
with, but who
Sanford
Mr.
very conscientious of the prepis the object osition
{Whom
person.
whom
this
the
who
I'm
informal
case.
Notice
Englishaccepts that who
of which preposition
cedes pre-
it is the
) object. Informal conversation:
Who
do you wish the objectof the
to
speak to? {Who
to, preposition
but
is formal in-
Englishaccepts who in this case. that who Notice precedesthe preposition of which it is the object. Formal:
The
bank in
106
handles the
same
every
overdrawn
manner,
no
count ac-
matter
CASE
14n
PRONOUNS
OF
whom
it
objectof
is
)
concerns.
Formal:
(Whom
concerns.
Clerks
instructed
are
handle
to
ously courte-
all requests for information,regardless of whom
from.
theyare
relative clause is the
of. Whom
is
(The whole
objectof the preposition the objectof from.)
subjector objectof an and as a complement of the infinitive to its subjectis expressed.(See Section 14i.) is used
Whom
14n.
when
Whom
are
you
the
as
send
going to
(Natural order: whom
is the
objectof
as
You
to delegate
a
going
are
the infinitive to
the
be
the world considers to people whom thinkers are reallyappealingto emotion,
(Natural order: The world considers whom Whom
did
you
did think him Note:
In
is the
think
be?
to
not to
he.)
(Natural order:
You
) complement.
containingrelative pronouns,
sentences
be
the infinitive to
is the
Whom
good logic. good
follow
trouble:
onlywith the subordinate clause. Omit semiparenthetical expressionssuch as I think,do you consider, we regard,you know if the thoughtof the clause remains completewithout them. Arrange the subordinate clause with subjectfirst and then
1. Be
3.
him
to be whom?
these directions if you have
2.
subjectof
whom;
send.)
Some
thinkers;whom
be
tion? conven-
send
to
finitiv in-
sure
to
work
verb. 4. If you
are
stillin doubt, substitute he
In pronoun. used. If him
Example: He 1. The J
is
general,where
a
subordinate .
admires.
correct,
seems
man-"
clause
,
he
makes
him
for the relative
sense,
who
the relative pronoun
use
"1
am
is: "^ 1 whom ,
^
or
(
be
whom.
everybodyadmires.
sure
I
can
7
am
sure
evervhodu 3
y
""
107
"I^fC^
case
the
2. Omit
parenthetical expressionI -l
natural
order
the
Everybodyadmires Everybodyadmires
him.
3. In
Twho
5. Conclusion:
(Whom
is the
have
maining: re-
clause
everybody
reads:
admires
is
The
whom. a
whom
man
I
am
sure
everybodyadmires.
objectof admires.) and
and
who
as
He
Whoever
l4o.
We
^ j
whom (^ 4.
sure.
pronouns
everybodyadmires.
"
1
am
of
follow
whomever
the
rules
same
whom.
medal
given to whoever has the highest grade of the whole clause ever whois English.(The object to
in
will be
has the
is the
highestgrade.Whoever
subjectof
has.) Send
the
to
office whomever
main
morning. (Whomever He
tells the
(Whomever
old
same
is the
is the
employ objectof employ.)
story
to
you
whomever
he
this
meets.
objectof meets.)
EXERCISE
16
Beside of each sentence. your paper, write the number it should as it,write the correct form of the relative pronoun On
appear in formal this form. If any write English, 1. Please
selected informal
beside your correction.
X
send
English.Explainwhy you have would be acceptable sentence as
us
the
of three firms who
names
you
have
counts ac-
with. 2. This is the
boy who
we
met
3. I have
yet decided
who
not
the game. I shall vote for. at
4. Of all the charactei-s in
5. When
I reached
ask for.
108
Dickens, who do you like best? who I had been told the office, I forgot
to
CASE
14
PRONOUNS
OF
6. Who
do you think we guide who we
7. The
Lincoln
on
hired
camping trip?
our
Washington showed
in
the
us
Memorial.
could
8. We
took
9. I tried to
not
decide who
get
in touch
William
10.
Has
11.
Whom
could
12.
Please
let
had
the class elected
whom
know
play.
the carpenter who
with
told you who it have been?
me
the best
made
should
be
she has
not
mended. recom-
you
president?
as
notified in
of
case
accident. 13.
The
14.
Who
15. Do 16.
has
woman
who
the
two
who
17. Because
the
peopledid The
border
19. Who
the
the conference
was
historian who
a
with. alwaysdisagreed committee selects as speakeris
indifference 20.
Who
did you
21.
Who
do
22.
I
to
a
mittee com-
our
matter
of
plete com-
me.
it was?
sav
week?
playnext
we
that I
sure
am
by.
the being changed constantly, the land belongedto.
was
who
know
not
speakerat has
housed
theyare
over? quarreled for all students, no responsible
women
organizationwill be
Your
for five years.
seen
applyto?
did you you know
matter
18.
child who
a
get along with whoever
can
you
put
in
charge. 23.
If the card
was
unsigned,how
could
you
tell who
it
was
from? 24.
Of all the
25. Mr.
whom peoplein history, has
Henderson
1.
directions in Exercise
Today people often before theygo to bed
2. Before out
who
3. Please
the invention
theyhad make
a
know on
who
mentioned
never
EXERCISE
Follow
would
to be? you prefer he works for.
17
16. who
the
winning
candidate
is
election
of the elected
night. the voters didn't find telegraph, until days or even weeks later.
list of all those whom
you
think will
tribute. con-
109
14
CASE
4. This is the
whom
man
I believe has
OF
PRONOUNS
promisedto speakat
our
assembly. 5. Our
wants
son
to
who girl
a
marry
think is
we
not
worthy
the
highest
of him. shall sell our
6. We
antiquesto whomever
will pay
price. 7. The
Gorgon
turned to
8. I will call this I know 9. Mrs.
10.
she looked at.
whoever
stone
the attention of
problemto
our
Senator, whom
well. Corcoran
is
a
whom
capablewoman,
very
doinga good job. We had a long argument
who
over
ask to the
would
we
think is
we
party. 11. I can't
imagine who
do such 12. Who 13.
thing.
a
for? you say this packagewas notice was sent to all of our customers
have
14. When
good credit rating. opened the door, he was
a
he
the visitor 15. In
to helpyou willing
did
The to
think will be
you
to
who
sure
we
he
found
expected
be. has
the author
Beatrix
not
whom
reader feels is alive and
created
a
character
whom
the
real.
the company accepts will be sent to Brazil. 17. Let me know who you think you could use on the team. 18. Ted is so proud of his television set that he wants to show 16.
Whoever
to
whoever
19. The
20.
book
is
novels and poetry. who I mention No matter
There know
22.
My not
23.
is
roommate,
him
Please let me
know, has
both
alwayspretends
conversation, Stan
well.
pleasurein arguingwith on
written
emotion
whom
to win
I feel
his
sure
a
whom
person
you
point.
will be very
has exciting,
know
when
you will arrive and who
you would
to invite.
In many
25. Who
in
you
yet returned from Europe.
cannot
110
no
counts
like me 24.
the house.
by Hardy, whom,
to know
21.
to
comes
it
countries
marry did you
who
peoplehave so theyplease.
think him
to
be?
few
that they privileges
CASE
OF
14
PRONOUNS
EXERCISE
18
the directions in Exercise
Follow
did you say will ride your horse in the race? the growth of toad have the power to cause can a
1. Whom 2. How wart
whomever
on
5. We
with
Major
Holdon, whom
Eric
is with the 95th Division.
I understand
carried word
found
a
touches it?
3. I should like to communicate
4. We
16.
of the
meeting
all the ranchers who
to
we
home.
at
can
coaches
secure
for whomever
needs
help with
his
work. 6. The
firm
sales when 7.
worried
was
Mr.
Latin, but
Frances
near
refused girls
us
whom
should
chargeof
be in
and him
Benton
down
Bettysat
about
to
resigned. with her and I and struggled help her because she doesn't
listen in class. 8. I don't know her go 9. I have
to
who
to invite to
the luncheon
known
next
across
and
were
very
in their
severe
included.
of all the
immigrants whom
the
to
ocean
Helen
week.
teachers who
some
handlingof students,I 10. Think
the card club when
get
a
you know free education such
have as
traveled
you and
me
have. 11. Mr.
Sutton
Ames
is
an
honorable
he has any business with. 12. There was doubt in the minds no
man
respected by
all those
who
of the
peopleabout
whom
should be elected. 13. Can 14. We
the man who I as one you recommend challengedthe students of Newton
thoughtwe 15. Are
sure
you
16. Whom
could beat it
do you
was
can
trust?
High, who
we
easily.
him
who
consider
to
downtown? you saw be the best writer in the senior
class? 17. The
bus driver
18.
Choose
19.
Our
20.
Two
whoever
firm will
not
great women
Florence
very rude to my mother and I. tired of the whole question. you want; I am let we employeeshave a coflFeebreak.
was
who
the world
and Nightingale
Marie
will
alwaysremember
are
Curie.
Ill
15 21.
22.
PRINCIPAL
peoplewho
fame
Marie
was
Curie
had 23.
said Marie
Einstein
Curie
has one
not
of
a
She
married
won
the Nobel she
OF
VERBS
onlyone of all celebrated corrupted. for who learning group of Polish girls was
the
great appeal. Pierre Curie, whom
a
PARTS
everybody knows
prize with her. about to be married, a friend who
24.
When
25.
very fond of offered to give Marie a wedding dress. The young scientist asked the friend who had made the oflFerto give her a dress that could be used later in the
was
where laboratory
15.
her and
PRINCIPAL
Every verb
her husband
PARTS
she
later
was
worked.
OF
VERBS
has three
principal parts:the present,the past, and the past participle.* If you know these parts of any verb, you can form all of its tenses. (See Section 3f.) The of many English verbs are past and the past participle formed by adding -d, -ed, or -t to the present.These are called regular, or weak, verbs.
There
are,
pattern.These
however, other verbs, which
do
not
follow this
or irregular, strong,verbs, and they form the past tense and in several ways. past participle establish a rule for these to Although it is impossible changes,groups of these words do often fall into a special pattern. One group has a vowel change in the past tense, and in some well. in the past participle cases as
*
Often
are
called
the present participle, form made a considered is of the form, one present swimming. swam, swum, tense
112
by adding -ing to the principal parts: swim,
PAETS
PRINCIPAL
OF
PRESENT
Some
add
-n
15
VERBS
PAST
verbs in this group, in addition to the past participle. PAST
Another tense
PAST
and
PAST
PARTICIPLE
to
the vowel
PARTICIPLE
grow break
grew broke
broken
fly
flew
flown
freeze
froze
frozen
drive
drove
driven
write
wrote
written
eat
ate
eaten
ride
rode
ridden
fall
fell
fallen
grown
changesits form completelyin past participle. group
PAST
change,
PAST
tlie past
PARTICIPLE
113
US
PRINCIPAL
A few verbs
changethe PKESENT
A
few
PARTS
last consonant, PAST
PAST
but
made
made
have
had
had
build
built
built
the
form
same
not
VERBS
the vowel.
PARTICIPLE
make
others have
OF
for all three
principal
parts. PRESENT
If you your Note:
are
PARTICIPLE
burst
burst
hurt
hurt
hurt
set
set
set
spread
spread
spread
cast
cast
cast
uncertain
about
the
correct
verb form, consult
dictionary. A
word
PRINCIPAL
114
PAST
burst
is not dictionary
PRESENT
PAST
slang,ohs., dial.,or archaic in the appropriatefor formal speakingor writing.
labeled
PARTS
OF
SOME
VERBS
TROUBLESOME
PAST
PARTICIPLE
PRINCIPAL
PARTS
OF
VERBS
15
meanings) 115
15
116
PRINCIPAL
PARTS
OF
VERBS
15a.
Do
The
VERBS
misuse
not
the past tense
and
the past participle.
pound principal part,makes a comonly when it is accompaniedby
the third past participle, of the verb
tense some
OF
PARTS
PRINCIPAL
part of have
The is used
be.
or
principal part,of auxiliary.
past form, or the second vdthout
Wrong: I Right:I
an
saw
fireman
done
Right:The
fireman
did
Seen
and
done
with the aid of
Wrong: I have Right:I have Wrong:
Herbert the
verb
the flames reach the top of the building. the flames reach the top of the building.
seen
The
Wrong:
a
are
some
somethingvery
something very
brave.
and form past participles
part of the verb have
saw
several cock
seen
several cock
or
tenses
only
be.
fights. fights.
praisedbecause yearbook. was
brave.
he had
did
a
good job on 117
15iw
PRINCIPAL
Right:Herbert was praisedbecause the yearbook. on careful
Be
I could of gone
Wrong:
Right:I Right:I 15b.
could have
Do
good job
a
last week.
the circus
to
gone
the circus,
to
confuse
not
done
VERBS
the circus.
to
could've gone
he had
OF
of for have.
to write
not
PARTS
verb irregular
an
with
regular
a
verb. It is easy to make
the mistake
of
adding-ed
regular certain ir-
to
verbs.
Wrong:
drawed
He
drew
Right:He Wrong:
Last
Right:Last
bucket
a
bucket
a
of
of
nightthe wind nightthe wind
from
water
Mowed hlew
of the
hour. miles an thirty miles an hour. thirty at
at
EXERCISE
Most
the well.
from
water
the well.
19 in the
of the
contain errors sentences following Write on past tense and the past participle.
the number
of each
necessary. If write C beside the 1. We
went
correction
no
your paper
the correction
is necessary
in
or a
tions correc-
sentence,
number.
sentence
the
to
and
sentence
use
to hospital
Mary,
see
who
had
broke
her
arm.
2.
I swum Yesterday
3. I
4. She
5. I
has
6. I should 7. The
tore
go down of told you
letter was
8. I had
its widest
point.
a
him
seen
at
thinglike that in my life. the whole sleeve out of her dress.
done
never
the lake
across
wrote
alreadybit
the
street
the whole on
into
justa few
minutes
ago.
story.
thin v/hite paper. the applewhen I
seen
that it
was
rotten.
9. The 10. You 11.
Sue to
118
boys had should had
never
pieces.
drunk
of gave wore
all the milk that
was
in the icebox.
him
enough money. the dress before, and
now
it
was
tore
PRINCIPAL
PARTS
12. The
old
OF
15
VERBS
taken
woman
huge
a
basket
and
set
for the
out
store.
13. If you have broke the test tube, you must pay for it. find him. 14. I have hid him in the closet so that Jerrycannot
15. We
rung
16. We
are
and
rung, but nobody came worried about Anna because
to
the door.
she hasn't
ate
a
thing
all day. balloon
17. His
the floor,bursted
layon
and
tore.
18. "How
far have you drove in this car?" asked the policeman. 19. We that Angelohad not stole the money. were sure 20. When the letter, pleaseshow it to me. you have wrote 21.
Jack was
22.
When
23.
Have
24.
You
badly beat by
I heard
you must
25. He
done
of him
of knew
boy
again,he had
rode in
ever
another
an
in the
become
airplane?
that the chair would
the work
so
neighborhood. a cian. great physi-
that carefully
break. corrections
no
were
needed. EXERCISE
Follow
directions in Exercise 19.
1. Our
team
2. His 3.
beat
was
suit had
badlylast Saturday.
shrank until it
citizens Enterprising
and 4. We
of
20
made
a
drove
out
was
almost unwearable.
have built new
homes,
tore
down
trees,
beautiful residential section. Essex
to
Inn
for the reunion
and
seen
a
lot
old classmates.
our
5. When
my
mother
seen
my
wet
hair,she knew
I had
went
swimming. clothes had been soaked in the rain, I wrang my out and hanged them up to dry.
6. Because
them 7. When
I had had
a
few directions, the I begun driving
if I had
drove it for years. school serves 8. A small shop near as
tractor
ever
the best milk shakes I have
drank.
had poor preparation last year, for we reportsor done any outside reading.
9. We
10. When
you come chose for our new
to
see
show us, v\^e'll
you
seldom
gave book
the lot
we
have
home. 119
PABTS
PRINCIPAL
When
11.
the
bursted, the child
his mother
to
run
balloon
12. If I had
for
VERBS
and frightened
was
protection.
last summer,
worked
OF
I could
of
went
to
this
camp
summer.
13. When
the
I
garden,I saw that probablybroke his leg.
and
tree
Several
14.
into the
ran
the
times
Bettywas
I
sign said
onlythree
come
swTing the bat and hit the ball 18. The book could not have been wrote 17. He
thoughone
even
19. When saw
a
They
20.
The
lead
Learn
to
use
by
Lie and
we
had
not
been
lie and correctly
PAST
sit
a
author, reputable
of it. spokehighly the street, I thoughtI
theywould
had
never
mean
PAST
"rest"
or
have
lay,sit and set
are
as
do
not
set.
follows:
PARTICIPLE
"recline."
They
take
object. I have
lyingon the beach all day. YesterdayI layon the beach for onlya short been
Mother I had
lies down
every afternoon for an hour. justlain down when the telephone rang.
Please sit here. How
120
long have
you
sat
stole
careful.
principal parts of lie,lay,sit,and
PRESENT
the fence.
over
the woods, where
into
us
on
hundred.
thin.
so
person
equipment if
our
15c.
critic has
past Charlie
I
miles,but the
drove about five hundred
had
we
but
her voice.
out
had
thoughtwe
road
pieces by my
two
done
never
the whistle drownded 16. We
bit into
was
fell from
anythingto punishhim. in the water, at something pointingexcitedly
playfuldog,but 15.
leash
Bill had
there?
time.
an
Lay
and
set mean
Mr.
Burke
I
the
set
For object.
They take objects. "place." laid the
some
the desk before
on
the window
meanings
in which
sun,
and
moon,
settinghen
stars
is
hen that has been
a
sentence
and
incorrect
form
beside
has been
make.
beside the
sentence
number. for
bill is
tax
new
If
the
an
eggs.
correct
the number verb
form
of
of each
form, if
of explanation
an
an
every
is correct, write
sentence
a
afternoon
an
placedon
correct
used. Write
that you
laid down
the
it write
correction
2. If the
take
not
21
sentences, choose following lie or lay. On your paper write
the verb
1. She
it does
firm.
EXERCISE
the
sill.
set.
it becomes
when
sets Jelly
In
me.
instance:
The
A
notes
painton
of
can
Set has
Note:
VERBS
OF
PARTS
PRINCIPAL
C
nap.
passed,it will
laythe
the poorest people. 3. Mrs. Johnsonlaid the baby in its crib for
heaviest burden
on
manufacturer
4. A
afford
cannot
to
a
nap. let his machines
lay idle
for
long. I passedthe house, Mr. for a gardenwall. How longhave you laid there
5. When
Walters
6.
in the sun?
7. The 8. I
three silver dollars have
never
the time
laid the foundation
9. He
theaters The
11.
I had
layingthe
bricks
layingon the counter. to lay down duringthe day. for his career by workingin summer were
duringvacation.
trash has laid in the
10.
was
just laid down
alleyfor
for
a
a
week.
littlerest
when
the
Tony
stilllayasleep
telephone
rang. 12.
It
was
under 13.
A
time
the
to tree
start
for the station,but
in the
foreignshiphas
yard.
laid
on
its side in
the harbor
for
two
weeks.
121
16a 14. This field was 15. On
layingfallow the
weekends
when
I
sit and
22
followingsentences, in the way
set
Exercise
here last year.
was
but duringthe brightwith sails, at anchor. quietly
EXERCISE
the
VERBS
was
cove
the boats laid
week
In
OF
TENSE
correct
that you
in the
errors
the
corrected
of
use
in
sentences
21.
1. If I set here much 2. I wanted
I'llgo crazy. longer, of plants this morning. a row
to sit out
3. Set the basket
on
4. Those
women
will set
5. I
afraid the
was
the table and the
on
here.
come
porchall day.
wouldn't jelly
I hadn't
because
set
used
enough sugar. 6. Let's sit where
the theater to set
to
had
sun
the
into
side, he 12. Did
14. I had
been
justset
Unless
chair with
on
the
shows the
tired of
so
down
to
porchand
16. Tense
after the the
water
boy. flowing
cave.
never
sat
the house.
to
his
drawingsby
his
collapsed. in straight rows? set the plants
you
13. I have
15. He
set
settingin his wheel
11. While
broughtboxes
on.
longbefore we got back the ground and went I sat my bundle on to Jervisused to set for hours listening
8. The
10.
the harbor.
Shakespeare's day,the peoplesometimes
7. In
9.
see
can
we
sew
when
rocked
TENSE
the time
settingin
Albert
for
place.
one
two
arrived. hours.
VERBS
OF
of the action
by expressed
used, the reader carefully will not understand what happened first or how action continued. (See Section 3f ) tenses
are
or
a
verb.
listener
long the
.
16a.
The
present tense
is used
to
show
now.
He I
122
hits the ball.
see
Sallycoming
across
the campus.
action
pening hap-
TENSE
This
16b-c
VERBS
OF
tense
is also
be true,
to likely
true, or
In As
at
continues is read
at
for
that
statements
are
all times.
Like it,Shakespeare presents the questionof first sight. (Permanentlytrue; the question
You
love
used frequently
presentedwhenever
be
to
As
Like
You
It
seen.)
or
to find that people in Europe no disappointed their national costumes, but dress justlike longerwear
I
was
Americans.
used to Althoughthe present tense is occasionally make dramatic something that happened in the past, the of this of the material is often cheapenedby the use tone device. Never he says to tell a story by saying,"Then Caution:
me.
.
Then
.
I said.
.
.
." Use, "He
said
to
me.
.
.
.
Then
." .
16b.
I say.
.
.
The
shows
tense
past
that
action
completed
was
in the past. We
the game.
won
careful when
Be
you tell a story not
to
shift from
past to
present. 1
When
Judy
2
appeared,she
dressed
was
in
3
dress
cut
very low. We
filmyblue
a
4
all thoughtshe looked beauti6
5
ful. In
a
few
minutes
the doorbell
(Verbs 1, 2, 3, Stanley. in the present.) are Note:
and
For the
use
of
can,
may,
4
are
ringsand
in
in
the past; 5 and
of might,see Glossary
Often Misused, page Expressions
comes
6
Words
295.
present perfect(fiave seen, has done) is used for action that began in the past and has continued. 16c. The
Bob
has written
The
ice has been
to
us
too
every week for several years. thin for skating. 123
16cl-e
OF
TENSE
VERBS
the present perfecttense, not the simple in the past and present tense, to indicate time starting to the present. continuing Caution:
Use
French for several years, but he studying speaka word of the language. French for several years, Right:He has been studying cannot speaka word of the language. He
Wrong:
16d.
The
is
past perfect{bad written, had
action that occurred
that
action
fast. In
but
he
cates finished) indi-
in the past before
other
some
in the past.
happened
All the roads
cannot
blocked
were
because
the
snow
(It had fallenbefore the roads
the Apriltheyrepaired
streets
which
had
fallen blocked.)
were
ing had cracked dur-
the storm. Notice
the three different tenses
in required
the
following
sentence:
(pasttense) to Helen to tellher been (past but I have perfect) very ill, nothingfrom her. perfect)
I wrote
16e.
with is
To express a / and we and
usuallyused Be
I should
heard
(present
shall use simple future (expectation) will with aiS other subjects. {Should
like
shall,and
would
careful;the fireworks will burn
I shall be
that Edith had
July. gladto come
like will.) your hand.
in
twenty be very
for
an
interview
at
your
convenience.
To
mand, determination, promise,comexpress strong feeling, will vs^ith1 and we, the part of the speaker, use on
and shall with all other He
shall
not
go
to
subjects. the party unless he has finished his
work. I will not I will
124
see
go to that school;I don't like it. that the book reaches you tomorrow.
I^^W
VERBS
TENSE
OF
Note:
In informal
future
in the subjects
16f. Should
to
or
I should
all
with
with
used frequently
to subjects
a
express
read
is
all
tense.
is used
duty
or
Englishwill
"""
tion express obligaif clause. in an
condition
than I do.
more
could go to Bermuda. the contest, we If he shoidd win the contest, he would have a good
If I should win
reer ca-
ahead.
16g.
would
Use
all
with
subjectsto
habitual
express
action. would
He
When a
16h. an
The
future or
a
is used
perfecttense
condition
I shall have
The
learned
will have
present express
ride
to
melted
will have
snow
a
to
at
indicate
to
been
that
completed by
in the future.
time
16i. Use
coffee
littlesidewalk cafe.
action
some
in
were
we
gardensday after day. Paris, we would alwayshave
the
to
go
by
that you
the time
before
we
come.
start.
infmitive unless you time before the main
wish
the infinitive
verb.
(not to have seen) you about the exam. to tellher. (Not to have told) I should have preferred
I intended
to see
fakes action which 16j. A present participle expresses time as the action expressed in the place at the same main action
verb.
The
which
perfectparticipleusually expresses began before the action in the main
verb. school Starting Illogical: did not
Having Logical:
start
at
at
he eight,
the
same
started school
at
finished
time
at
he eight,
(Perfectparticiple) Moving to Charleston,we found Illogical: Logical:Having moved to Charleston,we
at
(He eighteen.
which
he
finished
the
at
eighteen. delightful.
town
found
finished.)
the
town
lightful de-
125
16
TENSE
OF
VERBS
23
EXERCISE
_
the
In
followingsentences, by writingthe correction
tense
beside
the
contains
sentence
any
the
and
for the
reason
verb rection cor-
on
C
write
error,
in
errors
your paper. If beside the sentence
number
sentence no
correct
a
number. 1.
My
rushed
son
few
grabshis
ing coat, and goes dash-
the hall.
down
2. A
into the room,
then elapsed; it disappeared.
minutes
the
suddenlyas
as
storm
peared, ap-
3. It has been 4. I
here. are very cold since we waiting for this dance for three weeks.
am
5. When with 6.
entered
we
found
cabin, we
our
some
thief made
oflE
supplies.
our
Terry lives in
Mexico
New
is there for
He
now.
two nearly
years. 7. I expected to have
for the holidays. gone to Richmond the material which SaturdayI discussed with Mr. Kelpert
8. On
he
to presented
1954
9. From
the committee he
until now,
Friday.
on
director of the
was
James Newell
Hospital. 10. After
12.
13.
14.
find the
pairof
ice skates you
had found 15. If anyone the writer would diary, 16. When
Alex
came
longer Peoplein white
was
but
no
no
18. When nurse,
126
happinessdid
of the spirit. but in things things, went to the National Art Gallery. we Leavingthe Capitol, Lady Castlewood thoughtthat her husband's coldness was due to the fact that she lost her beauty. If they realized how ridiculous it was to believe in superstitions, themselves could worries. save people many When I reached home I was surprised yesterday, greatly to
17.
that real
lie in material
not
11.
decided
discussion,we
some
so
sound
the and
what
out
have
sent
me.
Samuel
been
Pepys
said in his
beheaded.
of age, the Cossack societyof free free as it once had been. seemed
to
be
everywherein
the
people
hospital,
is heard.
respirometerstarted,the surgeon she hands
him
the instruments.
nods
to
the
TENSE
19.
OF
16
VERBS
Being built
years ago, the hotel
hundred
a
sidered confinally
was
unsafe. 20.
21.
I fed the lost
dog as I fed my country dogs ten years ago, and he came alongall right. but she draggedthe I preferred to have told her nothing, information
22.
the
Since
from
me.
daysof Adam,
pastimes is the
of the
one
by
criticism
old
most
of human
common
the habits of the
peopleof
young. 23.
out Starting
24.
Today is
foot,Sue reached
on
Sarah's
Tampa
I intended birthday. EXERCISE
at
dusk.
send
to
her
card.
a
24
will with use English usage, many peoplenow to indicate future time. If you wish to practice subjects
In current all
formal
usage, refer
departfrom tvill.On
to
formal
Section
16e.
Englishusage
any corrections necessary. If the C beside the number. Doris
see
below
sentences
in the
of shall and
use
of the
the number
your paper, write
1. I think I shall
Many
and
sentence
is correct, write
sentence
tomorrow.
2. If you are not careful,you shall burn your 3. John will be present tomorrow if I have to
fingers. drag him to
the
meeting. 4. I
determined
am
be very
5. I would
that he will
not
for grateful
any
the game. which assistance
go
to
you
can
give me. 6. I
am
committee
shall present
a
sensible bill
the Senate.
to
7. I
that my
sure
promise that will be
8. We
I shall write
pleasedto
you every day. discuss the planswhenever to
you
are
ready. 9. I will be very the Governor. 10. Before
old 11. I
we
happy to
move,
we
make
will have
an
a
appointment for you with sale of all the stock in
our
store.
assure
you
we
your visit in
our
shall do hotel
a
in everything
memorable
our
power
to
make
one.
127
16 12.
TENSE
If there
specialservice that be happy to arrange
is any
I will pleasant,
13.
think that you would in the hotel where you work.
14.
We
I would
15. As
soon
with 16.
as your order as soon the shoes are repaired, we
as
will make
VERBS
stay
your
for it.
find it very
will send
OF
pleasantto
live
possible. shall send
them
to
you
at
any
the bill. will be
We
have
glad to
very
consult with
you
us
time.
17.
18.
would
We
like
shipyour order at once, has handled shippingroom
to wait
until
If you
will write
our
will
We
need
you
a
we
of
copy
can
an
open
will have
we
previous orders.
address
the enclosed
on
booklet.
our
information
some
standingbefore
and
name
your
card, I shall send 19.
but
to
concerning your
credit
for you.
account
afraid that I will fail in French.
20.
I
21.
We
22.
Since
am
would I
am
be very grateful for your prompt payment. familiar with the apparatus used in a dentist's
ofiGce,I should
not
have
to
be
taughthow
to
it.
use
will be
23.
We
24.
I would
on our pleasedto placeyour name mailinglist. like to apply for the job advertised in yesterday's
News. 25.
I shall consider to send
26.
that 27.
will
we
would
a
personalfavor
samplesof
you
hope that
We
it
our
will hear from
we
give you
like
if you merchandise.
our
you
and
best services
on
will
wish
permit me
to
assure
you
all occasions.
28.
you; so why not pay us a visit? If you cannot get tickets for the first balcony,get them the orchestra;and I shall pay you when I see you.
in
29.
If
this afternoon, I will receive the game placebeside my major letter.
to
30.
I shall
We
we
to
see
win
stick definitely
the fall I will be
able
to
tennis
to
enter
and this summer, the club tournament.
EXERCISE
The of 128
two
paragraphcontains following things:(1) a shift in verb
star
a
maybe
in
25 errors
tense;
that
(2)
are an
a
result
illogical
b
17ci"
MOOD
Section 16a-d. Then Review to the basic tense. relationship the paragraph, rewrite keepinga basic tense and making all When verbs show to that tense. a relationship logical you begin to write, decide whether the story is to be presented
with the past tense or the present tense used in the exercise should show tenses
the basic
as a
All
one.
to that relationship
basic tense. When time
the
at
from
Washington last
visited
we
zoo,
time
which
time
to
her
giftsto
as
along,suddenlywe
see
and
arm
bear
that appears fires.As a cub he The
U.
and
had
S.
woods.
a
many
Presidents.
various
bear
wearing
rightup
He
hat.
a
was
to
to
urge us wearing a hat when
was
sent
walk
we
sister
is
so
guardgrabbed that this is the
all the posters warning us against forest rescued from a forest fire in New Mexico.
on
him
As
My
to
ForestryService thoughthe
used
marvelous
a
animals interesting
the cage. The pushed her aside. Then he tells us
that she rushes
excited
contained
had
we
year,
would
be
good symbol
a
careful about
be we
him
saw
fires in the
because
he has
justhad his picturetaken.
17.
The
mood
the
a
a
verb
indicates
the
in
manner
is made.
statement
17a.
of
MOOD
Every verb has three moods (See imperative,and the subjunctive.
Use
the indicative mood
to
state
a
which
a
the indicative,
"
Section
fact
or
to
3e.
)
ask
question of fact. Who
started the rumor?
(Questionof fact)
Alfred
told the story first.(Statement of fact) whole story is false. (Statement of fact)
The
17b. or
a
Use
the imperative mood
request (go, open, Shut
Open
to
express
a
command
sfiuf,sing).
the door. a
window.
129
Mm
^^^^
1 7c.
Learn
MOOD
recognize the subjunctiveforms.
to
PRESENT
SUBJUNCTIVE
(if) I be (if) you be (if) he be
be (if) we (if) you be (if) they be
PAST
SUBJUNCTIVE
(if) I were (if) you were
(if)he
were (if) we (if) you were (if) they were
were
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
(if) I come (if) you come (if) he come There
Note:
onlythree
are
(if) we come (if) you come (if) they come
and the indicative mood: mood subjunctive has no present subjunctive person singular
be
is used
the verb
(1)
the third
-s
all persons in the is used with all persons (3 ) were
he;
the
ending;(2) of present subjunctive
with
to
between
differences in form
in the
past
of the verb to he. subjunctive does not in current Although the subjunctive appear that there are some constructions Englishvery frequently, stillrequireit,especially in formal English.
IZd.
the
Use
I wish
the
Use
a
If I
were
we
to
express
a
wish.
to
express
a
condition
good driver.
were
tall.
subjunctivewere
fact.
to
contrary
If
were
wishes he
He
17e.
I
subjunctivey^ere
were
you, I'd refuse at
home,
to
let her
could
we
use
my consult our
car.
unabridged
for the derivation of the word. dictionary
(I am in the 130
not
you. We
are
not
precedingexamplesare
at
home.
Hence
the
contrary to fact.)
statements
li^
MOOD
""""B
is used also to suggest a condition subjunctive contrary to fact. though not completely improbable,
The
Note:
that is
Suppose he Caution:
Not
to
were
tell the whole
clause
every
that
story!
beginswith if requiresa
subjunctive. stillasleep. he is probably night, (The speakerthinks he probablywas out late.) If she was there,I didn't see her. (The speakeris willing there even to accept the fact that she was though he If he
did
17f. Use to
not
after subjunctivewere doubt or uncertainty.
talks
He
Do
not
if he
as
group. She looked
not
her.)
see
the
express
Note:
late last
out
was
the
thoughshe
as
the
use
were
though,
as
If
as
in the
onlyintelligent person
exhausted. completely
were
after though when subjunctive
it is
precededby as. dioughhe
Even
is
deaf, he doesn't have
to
shout.
17g. Use the subjunctivein that clauses expressing necessity,mild command, or a parliamentarymotion. I
that the committee
move
he
It is essential that he appear
The I
17h.
In
appointedby the president. at
the
meeting.
insisted that he tell the whole
committee
suggest that the topicbe considered
parallelconstructions, do
not
at
our
story. next
ing. meet-
shift the mood
of verbs.
Wrong:
If I
were
in
your
positionand
was
offered
a
trip to
were
offered
a
tripto
Europe, I'd certainly go.
Right:If
I
were
in your
positionand
Europe, I'd certainly go. 131
17
IvIOOD
EXERCISE
Correct
the
beside
the
1. If I 2.
correction
no
3. If her mother
the
the
in
for the sentence,
a
that
tion. correc-
C
write
he
spaniel. in his old
back
was
go with
the
to
job. to
us
the
picnic.
Institute,I could Polytechnic
from Jane. you, I'd stay away do the job more quicklyif I was
6. I could
number
sentence
get
need.
algebraI was
sentences. following
reason
well,Ellen would
was
transferred
was
5. If I
train
he wished
times
in the
number.
Sandy,I'd
Many
4. If I
is necessary
sentence
was
of verbs
paper, write beside of the verb and the
your form
correct
If
in the mood
errors
On
26
radio. my neighbor's that he is reinstated at
not
noyed anconstantly
by 7. I 8.
move
My woman
9. She 10.
The a
neighbor,who of thirty. looked
requiresthat every operator of
law
If I
12.
The
13.
He
the
was
lawyerinsists acted
if he
as
If your work 15. The company
vehicle has
motor
a
was
done
was
wishes
16. If Mother's
for the
be
changesmade.
some
that he
signsthe papers. of the university. president
carefully, you that
but the materials
once,
would
there principal,
14.
health
were
are
it
would
able
was
not
get a promotion. fillthe order
to
at
available.
better,we
could
make
plans
some
summer.
wrote
his
justas autobiography
somebody
else.
18.
If he
why disappointed,
19.
I demand
20.
I often wish
21.
If
22.
Every
132
a
was
death.
to frightened
was
if she
as
driver's license.
11.
17. He
dresses eighty-five,
is
if she
as
once.
was
that he I
time
I
able
was
onlythis was see
givesme
was
writing about
didn't he tell me? written
sing as Todd
apology. can.
Thursday,I could pay for Europe I shipsailing
next a
to
a
if he
you what wish I was
I
owe. on
it.
"^
MOOD
23.
Even
24.
I
though I that
move
committee
a
studying. appointedto studythe problem.
exhausted, I kept on
was
is
27
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
1. If Howard
was
the medical
26. would
student, he college
a
be
acceptedby
school.
2. The
requests that he pays his bill at once. company 3. Though he works hard, he does not get promoted. 4. I
am
that Catherine
sure
tell us 5. If I
if she not
was
married.
is not
was. so
I should
nervous,
6. Mr.
asks that action
Sommers
be
can
7. The
man's have
to
is
delayeduntil
face
was
red that he looked
so
Elinor
taller than
was
If the President
given
were
negotiate,you would the
is such
at
news
once.
she is. free hand
a
and
was
sent
to
him
to
action.
some
why
company,
todaythat
was
so
13.
If
our
committee
warm
the
were
than
more
as
going
was
don't you
invite
party?
It
As
see
good
12.
14.
if he
as
apoplexy.
9. I wish
If he
mation infor-
more
obtained.
8. Eloise insists that her sister is told the
11.
speakingbefore
mind
not
audience.
an
10.
would
mother
Her
if Corsica
though it were
out
If I
17.
If he
was
18.
If he
was
19.
If the machine
was
sure
to
the
complish ac-
sea.
sorry for Ed, he showed sorry for Ed, he would
shippedon
no
send
must
fail,I think I should have been
was
should
the Mediterranean, it seemed
over
15. If the country is interested in wise laws, it of wisdom to its lawmaking body. 16.
summer.
do.
risingfrom
was
as
serious-minded, we
more we
peoplelooked
I felt
evidence
men
told. of his
helpthe boy in Tuesday,I should
feeling.
some
have
way. been
notified. 20.
If the situation are
seem
a
bit
remember improbable,
stranger thingsin life than
that there
in novels.
133
" ^V
18. Most
what
in the
errors
because
AND
ADJECTIVE
result not
AND
ADJECTIVE
of
use
ignorance,but
of
ADVERB
ADVERB
USAGE
adverbs
and adjectives
of carelessness.
They
people developbad speech habits careless friends they hear among
Remember
that whenever
somethingis done, you The
President
Scientists have
want
you need an
the
are
made
are
result of
a
as
coworkers.
or
that tells how
word
a
USAGE
adverb.
in the crisis. ivisely in their worked tirelessly
acted
search for
new
drugs. We
walk
must
rapidlyif
we
are
to
reach
the station
in
time.
18a.
adjectivemodifies
An
a
noun
or
pronoun.
free ticket.
A
A careless
speaker.
Tired but
cheerful,we
reached
tired and (The adjectives
the top of the mountain. cheerfulmodifythe pronoun
we.) 18b.
adverb
An
modifies
a
verb, an
or adjective,
other an-
adverb.
(Modifiesinfinitive) speakfreely. He (Modifiesverb) spokecarelessly. Sue has a very free manner. free) (Modifies adjective Morton (Modifiesadverb carelessly) spoke too carelessly. We
18c.
Do
want
not
you
use
an
to
adjectiveto modify
a
verb
or
other an-
adjective. Wrong: I sure am gladto see Right:I surelyam glad to fat. Wrong: He's some He's very fat. Riglit: Wrong: Tell the children
Right:Tell Wrong:
The
Right:The 134
you. see
you.
playquiet. the children to play quietly. he poor fellow looked real happy when poor fellow looked very happy when to
saw
he
us. saw
us.
Note:
ADVERB
AND
ADJECTIVE
USAGE
all words
Not
holy,for example,are
ending in lyare adjectives. 28
EXERCISE
In the
sentences, following and
adverbs.
paper. Then
write
If
correction.
the
correct
correction
no
correct
the
Write
Lovely and
adverbs.
in the
errors
number
sentence
and
word
is necessary,
jectives of ad-
use on
the
reason
write
C
your
for the beside the
number.
sentence
peopletake life too serious. but we Everythingwent off perfect,
1. Some 2.
rides
3. He 4. A
5.
Why
6. We 7. The 8. We
women
watch
very close.
his grammar
were
dressed
afraid that Tom
doesn't 9. I think 10.
must
don't you speakplain? tried to bringthe planein and
are
Doesn't
it land
smoothly. he
play very good. she singslovely. Carol skate beautiful? 29
the directions in Exercise
1. Who
have
poor and unattractive. the team because won't make
EXERCISE
Follow
worried.
were
horse real wild.
a
student
sure
do you
suppose
told my
28.
father I
was
doingterrible in
physics? when
2. Even
3. The
Sidneyspoke extemporaneous,
Shimerdas
4. When
5. 6.
9.
was
teresting very in-
lived very poor in a littlehut on the prairie. to the prairie, theythoughtit would be
theycame heaven; but theychanged their minds complete. Any criticisms that you give will be treated confidential. board the facts straightWhy don't you givethe assessment forward?
7. The
8.
he
hard, but I think supposedto be extremely you will do good in it. Jane playedthe part of the blind woman very realistic. If I don't replyto a letter quickenough,I forget what to course
is
write.
135
I^^^l didn't do
10. We 11. The
AND
ADJECTIVE
poor
good in football this season. near starving. peoplein India were in
writingwas
to
show
how
poor peoplein England lived. 13. A nomber of us are working real hard
assembly a 15. On
17. 18.
to
wretched
make
the
the pep
success.
playthe piano good. Simday nightEthel and I did our do
sure
and
Country Club,
16.
USAGE
so
12. Dickens's purpose
14. You
ADVERB
it turned
at
act
the Woodholme
real
good. Since I worked for my money, I thoughtI could spend it wise not I pleased; but my mother as or thoughtdifferent. will be shippedas quickas possible. Your merchandise of clumsy built At the edge of the fairgrounds a row was out
stalls. brother
has
19.
My
20.
Do
come
are
bitinggood.
to
successful extraordinary
been
see
next
us
when
summer
My
22.
After her
the bass and
on
success
1 Sd.
earlypioneers,learned to live their simplehome comfortable as anybody could. as She hasn't very good manners. She eats noisy. Mrs. Kropotkinacted very rude toward her neighbor. After verbs such
as
in
smell, taste, feel,sound, look,
(used intransitively), use an adjective if the describes the subjectand an adverb
become
appear,
if the word
word
trout
the stage, she treated her old friends
very indifferently. 23. The Burdens, who were
25.
advertis-
feet hurt terrible in these shoes.
21.
24.
in
the action
describes He
looked
cold
in the
standingin
verb. the
snow.
scribes (Adjectivede-
he.) He
looked how
coldlyat
he looked.
I feel awkward
me
and
left the
room.
(Adverb tells
)
peoplelook at me. (Adjective) I felt awkwardlyin pocketafter pocket. (Adverb) The cake tastes good. (Adjective) He tasted the mixture cautiously. (Adverb) The flower smells sweet. (Adjective) 136
when
USAGE
ADVERB
AND
ADJECTIVE
Badly is often
Note:
misused
after
feel.
Right:I feel bad. (Sick or wicked) badly. Right:Arthur spells adverbs: cheap, or adjectives slow, loud. hard, fair,first, fast,deep, wrong, well, tight, of these also have forms in ly:slowly, Some loudly.The Do not adverbs in formal English. as lyforms are preferred Well is and second are preferable. first secondly; say firstly, when the oppositeof sick. It is an it means an adjective adverb when it tellshow somethingis done. Never use good to tellhow somethingis done. words
Some
Right:You 18e.
Be
may
acted
be either
well in the in the
accurate
play. of
use
(See also Section
comparatives and
perlatives. su-
67.)
change their forms to show a greater or smaller degree of the qualitythey indicate. of This change is called comparison.There are three degrees comparative,and superlative. comparison:positive, and adjectives
Most
POSITIVE
DEGREE
cool
(adv.)
comparisonsthat
less and can
be
least
DEGREE
COMPARATIVE
(adj.)
soon
In
adverbs
are
used
DEGREE
SUPERLATIVE
cooler
coolest
sooner
soonest
indicate less of with
the words quality, all adjectives and adverbs that a
compared.
This
construction, however,
can
be
avoided
if it
seems
awkward. Formal: Better:
She is less weak She is
not
so
than she
weak.
was
yesterday.
Or,
She is stronger.
137
^
ADJECTIVE
and adverbs adjectives comparative degreeby adding-er by adding -est. Most
of Adjectives
of
one
and
the
AND
ADVERB
USAGE
form the syllable superlative degree
parative syllables usuallyadd -er for the comand -est for the superlative. Sometimes, however, such adjectives have two forms for both comparative and superlative.
two
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
heavy lovely handsome
Adverbs
heavier
heaviest
lovelier
loveliest
handsome
more
deadly
handsome
most
or
or
handsomer
handsomest
deadly
more
that end
SUPERLATIVE
deadly
most
or
or
deadlier
deadliest
in
than two of more ly and adjectives the comparative and superlative by
syllables usuallyform and most. more prefixing POSITIVE
carefully quickly steadily beautiful
138
carefully quickly steadily
most
most
carefully quickly steadily
more
beautiful
most
beautiful
more
competent
most
competent
more more more
(adj.)
competent Some
SUPERLATIVE
COMPARATIVE
(adj.)
and adjectives
adverbs
are
most
compared irregularly.
good (adj.) bad (adj.) badly(adv.)
better
best
worse
worst
worse
worst
well
better
best
(adv.)
1. The actions
than
ADVERB
AND
ADJECTIVE
USAGE
comparativeis used
bought two new becoming?
Which The
dresses. Which
or objects
when
more
brilliantstudent
think is
do you
of your eyes has better vision? sorrel horse galloped faster than the
is the most
He
or
compared.
are
I
two
persons is used compared; the superlative
are
two
when
more
bay.
in the class.
the superlative is often used when English, onlytwo thingsare compared. that is, double 2. Avoid comparativesand superlatives; In informal
do not
use
has been
more
added He
is
Right:He
is
Wrong:
3. Choose
the an
most
or
to
form
before the
a
word
to which
comparativeor
-er
the
or
-est
superlative.
happierthan his brother. happierthan his brother. more
the
Do not fuse concomparative form carefully. with the comparativeof comparativeof an adjective
adverb. He
learns
Right:He
learns
Wrong:
thingseasier than Gertrude does. than Gertrude does. thingsmore easily
like round, square, unique,and equal adjectives of comparisonbecause their meaning are logically incapable is absolute. An objectis either round not round. It cannot or be rounder. However, because these words logically lost their superlative force, they are have, in a measure, often compared in informal English, and even good writers adverbs like quiteor completely before them. use 5. Avoid the subjectcompared if the subject including is part of a group with which it is being compared. Use few
4. A
other
or
else in such
Butte Illogical Better
Butte
Illogical My Better
My
cases.
largerthan than is larger
is
cityin Montana. any other city in Montana. any
brother is taller than brother
is taller than
anyone anyone
in
our
family. our family.
else in
139
H""^B^ 18f. These be
used
and
to
This kind of
Better:
These
not
This here
Right:This The
kinds
here
use
of
use
a
in formal
Undesirable: Better:
standard
18g.
that.
this or adjectives
after this kind
this
or
sirable de-
is not
sort
English.
This kind
of
kind
me. day alwaysdepresses me. day depresses a
of people is acceptedby
informal
writers
some
English.
of the
fewer adjectives
and
less.
nouns quantityand is used M^ith singular refers to numless food, less sugar).Fewer ber
to
(lessmoney, animals
not
guilty. guilty.
of
refers
and
should
is
an
Be carefd
Less
there after the
This kind
These
Note:
man
or
and
are
USAGE
dogs are fine for hunting. dog is fine for hunting. of dogs are fine for hunting.
or
is
man
ADVERB
of
kind
Better:
Wrong:
as
those
pluralforms modify singular nouns.
These Illogical:
Do
AND
ADJECTIVE
is used
with
formal
English due
{fewer people,fewer
pluralnouns
) .
18h.
In
modifying a The
modifies
news
have
to
been
business
hard work 140
are
due
is often
reports,radio
strike in the
Informal: The
adjective
an
health
was
due
to
health.) to
poor
(Due thinking.
woes.)
expressiondue
Informal:We
good
(Due modifies
of the world
woes
in especially
that her
said
woman
careful exercise.
The
as
noun.
old
The
is used
of
unable
used
talks,and to
ship your
factory. has expanded due our
as
salesmen.
to
a
preposition,
business letters. order
the
due
energy
to
a
and
careful not
18i. Be The
Try writing. without
to
choose
to
the
adjectivesor
overuse
adverbs
and adjectives
of
overuse
1^9
USAGE
ADVERB
AND
ADJECTIVE
helpof
too
1.
2. In
a Sicily message by telephone.
3. This here
pictureis
ings mean-
28.
this summer. lot of money be delivered quickerby foot than
has
sure
your
30
the directions in Exercise
My dog Smoky
will weaken
modifiers.
many
EXERCISE
Follow
adverbs.
will express your
verbs which
1
cost
can
not
me
a
clear.
very
steady;so we gave him the job. looked steadythroughthe window at the
looked
4. He
5. Esther
ered snow-cov-
fields. 6. I
have
sure
felt bad
7. In the Romantic
all
day;I
didn't
the poets freer than in the Classical Period.
8. Gertrude 9. An
Period
works
faster than
avoid all sources
his
do
engineer must
sleepgood last night.
were
able
11.
big problemstodayis whether educating young peoplesatisfactory.
of
12. There work
be
Antonia more
and
14. The
less absentees
16. I
her class.
if the
the schools
students
in the fields with
worked more
took
are
their
the
she became
men,
rougher.
personnel manager than neater typed more
15. Our
to
serious.
more
13. When
patientthan anybody in
our
would
order
in the finished structure.
Rachel One
more
shop.
planningthoroughin
of weakness
more
write
beautician in the
any
10.
is
to
hired Gloria because
her letter was
mine.
successful. campaign has been extraordinary entertained wonderful the experiat your home, and ences
sales
was
in my stillvividly mind. draws better than any boy in the
are
17.
Jimmy
18.
Mother
tasted the dessert careful
to
see
art
class.
whether
it
was
too
sweet.
19.
She
added
didn't taste
some
sugar because
she found
that the
frosting
sweetiyenough. 141
AND
ADJECTIVE 20.
I have
alwaysv^^anted sent
one
21.
you Matilda
me
does
sure
looked
real
a
uneasy;
USAGE
player,and the me happy. somethingwas worrying
good
make
I'm
ADVERB
sure
record
her. 22.
Ted
looked
around
as
uneasy
if he
thoughthe
being
was
watched. owl
23.
An
24.
These
much
sees
of
kind
nightthan a hawk does. alwaysready to criticize
clearer
at
peopleare
others
severe.
which
25. I don't know
I
enjoy most, opera
EXERCISE
Follow 1. The 2.
My
ballet.
31
the directions in Exercise surgeon cousin's
or
28.
performedthe operationas skillfulas he could. manners improved considerable during his stay
in camp.
3. He 4. The
to anyone spoke very condescending favorite book of George Eliot most
5. The
of
success
who
not
to
to
be
nation
is
was
thirty.
the Bible. zens citi-
dependentupon
intelligent.
vote
wish
6. We
democratic
a
under
educate
attached
voters
our
to
secure
independentand bosses. political to
the
think
7. I think this paper is arrangedmuch than yours. neater 8. The store has ordered these two types of materials. Which do 9.
10.
you
consider
Every year
there
for
peopleover
By
now,
and
fifty.
given you
Stephen has
12.
I'm
13.
I
less opportunities in the business world
are
the Florida
I suppose
11.
durable?
most
a
been
sun
has tanned
you
ful wonder-
real
healthyappearance. successful extraordinary
with
his
neering engi-
experiments. was
was
14. The are
not
near
so
tired
broughtup
I
was
yesterday.
strict that I
never
had
a
date until I
twenty. of our state are cantaloupes not alwaysgradedcareful.
15. I didn't realize how
city,because 142
so
as
I
was
much
my
real young
uniform
mother at
good fruit,but they hated
the time.
moving
to
the
invitation sounds
16. Your
badlyall day and
very
labor
18.
violin sounds
My
of the
19. One
but pleasantly,
ship the relationall questionsinvolving
capital.
and
different from
The
milk
21.
The
cook
22.
pepper. The Italian lecturer
tastes
sour
she
was
customers.
because
20.
yours.
reprimandedbecause
was salespeople
actingimpertinentto
has felt
Mother
leave her.
I cannot
17. I feel very strong about between
I^^Cl
USAGE
CONJUNCTION
AND
PREPOSITION
tasted the
it
left
was
of the
then
careful and
soup
out
added
than spokeEnglishplainer
erator. refrigmore
of my
some
friends do. 23.
departmentof postersused by the advertising
The
not
are
24.
I
understand
can
you. 25. When
near
attractive
so
as
that the decision
our
petitors com-
ours.
must
appear
sudden
to
my paper route, I alwayskepta careful watch for the McDermotts' dog, which had a habit of attacking I had
strangersunexpected.
19.
PREPOSITION
AND
CONJUNCTION
USAGE
The
most
common
errors
in the
made in two are conjunctions ways: with 1. By confusing a preposition The
choice
unless,is
between
like and
as,
of
use
a
and prepositions
in usage. conjunction
between
or
without
and
example. 2. By choosing the wrong prepositionto accompany certain words. Use different than, for from, not different example. an
19a.
In written
verb,
not
as
a
Englishuse like conjunction.
as
a
prepositionor
a
Although like is frequentlyused as a conjunctionin casual English, the best speakers and writers still colloquial, to use as or as ifwhen a clause follows, prefer 143
19b-c The Colloquial:
ground like he
The
Sarah's friends Colloquial: Formal:
she
Our Colloquial:
as
wings.
were
interested
in books
and
travel
were
interested in books
and
travel
Kay
is that she treats
us
Miss
Kay
is that she treats
us
children.
were
to objection
main
if we
Miss
to objection
main
Our
had
was.
like we Formal:
wings.
was.
Sarah's friends as
had
groundas if he
like she
USAGE
opened his parachuteand dropped to
aviator
the
CONJUNCTION
opened his parachuteand dropped to
aviator
the Formal:
AND
PREPOSITION
children.
were
Right:Jane looks like her father. (Preposition) Right:You are behavinglike a baby.(Preposition) As is
a
when preposition
however, the difference
Right Right Right Right
it
in
means
meaning:
He
acts
like
He
acts
as
He
acts
like the chairman
He
acts
as
Like should
madman.
a
in the
the madman
be used in
play.
of the club.
the chairman
not
"in the role of." Notice,
of the club.
alwaysfelt like Roger would Right:I alwaysfelt that Roger would
Wrong:
T9b.
Right:The Right:The Right:We Right:We for
19c.
Use
unless
as
a
be successful.
without conjunction,
crops will die without rain. have crops will die unless we will will
not not
rent rent
that. conjunction
be successful.
I
Use
the
placeof
the
rain
as
a
osition. prep-
soon.
apartment without
a
redecoration.
the apartment unless you
redecorate
us.
the
appropriate preposition with
certain
words. A
will good dictionary
be used with 144
many
words.
show
the
to prepositions 43.)
correct
(See Section
AND
PREPOSITION
In casual
Note: at
the end of
l^F
USAGE
CONJUNCTION
all
it is English,
rightto
sentence, but it should
a
not
use
be
preposition
a an
unnecessary
preposition. Wrong:
Where
Right:Where Right:What
are
you
going to?
are
you
going?
are
you
writingwith? 32
EXERCISE
each
From
the
pairof
number. 1. He
write
on
also your
Write cannot
it
in in parentheses expressions
or
the
choose
sentences, following and
correct
word
paper beside the for each choice.
your reason
pitchwell (without,unless)he
warms
or
pression ex-
sentence
up
oughly. thor-
as) I told you to do? you have my suit cleaned (like, didn't feel (like,that) this citywas largeenough to
2. Did 3. We
handle 4. The
5.
words
the convention.
but they acted reallyonly neighbors, as (like, if) theywere part of our family. We treated (like, were as) kingsduringour visit. Sewells
were
6. The
never answers unless)he firstknows (without, poor man what his wife is going to say, 7. The team but it doesn't yet look (like, is shapingup nicely, as
if) it will be
a
team. championship
8. The
doctor says that the he has an operation.
9. The
awnings will be
pullthem 10. Your
up
at to
answer
patientwill die (unless,without)
torn
pieces (without,unless) you
to
once.
the
problemlooks (like,as if) it
should be
correct.
11.
and (as, like)most Joelwas eighteen, for excitement. was looking
12. The
scenery in Puerto I had ever seen.
13. He
feels
14. We
rode
Rico
waves
his age, he
diflFerent(than,from) anything
was
(like,that) the world the firstfive
boys of
is
againsthim.
(like,as
if) we
were
on
a
rollercoaster. 15.
My
Canadian
friends
at
camp
were
very much
(like, as) me. 145
"
20.
ACHIEVEMENT
TESTS
ACHIEVEMENT
your paper the number the number, write the correction Write
and
for each
reason
sentence
only when
a
sentence
contains
errors,
Examples: 1. Every one 2. Hazel
no
completerevision
Bernice
near
necessary the whole
Write
If
is necessary.
a
beside its number.
v^rite C
and
Beside
sentence.
corrections
or
correction.
of the students have
lives
USAGE
USAGE
IN
of each
on
give the
IN
Test I (Sections IT -14).
Achievement
20a.
TESTS
their
own
lockers.
I.
Correction: 1. has
his 2.
1.
locker
own
2.
of my
1. One
often 2. The
and
pronoun
me
favorite
violinistwho
agreement antecedent agreement
near objectof preposition
is Alfred
actors
performswith
verb
and subject
Lunt, whom
know
you
his wife.
I should
select
as
my
favorite
was
a
child
prodigy. 3. Since the medical
of many
cause
men
is
diseases
keptbusy in
are
unknown,
a
number
of
research.
but everybodythinks ways to solve a problem, that their way is the rightone. announced 5. The company that every employeecould obtain
4. There's many
their bonus 6. To
by stopping at the cashier's desk. we straight, help the depositor keep their account
you 7. The
statement
a
onlyway
animals
have
the end
at
in which
been
of each
that the party will be 8. I am sure enjoy themselves. 9. 10.
cattle and
domestic
by quarantine. a
success
and
everyone
will
spenda few dayswith Mother and I? The business,including the shop,the goods on hand, and all the fixtures, thousand dollars. sold for fifty were
Why
don't you
11. I don't know 12. You I at
146
month.
disease among
stoppedare
send
are once.
to
come
who
he could be.
expectedto
send
the papers
to
Mr.
Henderson
and
TESTS
ACHIEVEMENT
USAGE
of to give the secretarythe names requested guests who theyintend to bringto the dinner meeting. fore with buses and thereis replacing transit company cars
13. Members any 14. The
IN
are
vehicles to keep in more many it when 15. This is my old coat. I alwayswear unless we the man 16. We cannot are accuse have
who
you saw Bastille
17. The
gardenhas
Dan
24.
chance
a
man
a
the contest.
win
to
to
the oflBce, where
he told the
story to the principal.
every trick. the Sherwood is studying
appoint as
director.
Every one
of
us
and
told that
were
materials that 25. Her
lution Revo-
districtis
our
teen-ager's opinion,like their problems,are for granted. When Mother playsbridgewith Mrs. Summers, Mr.
him
was
suffering.
A
about 23.
I
it
which oughtto rearranged, completely
with his brother
went
whole
22.
and
been
their
elected from
who we congressman of absolute integrity.
give Jane
21.
symbolof
a
was
sure
in the French
important part
The
19. The
20.
it
it rains.
room.
playedan
because 18.
the
enter
repair.
questionof we
often taken
she argues
who
should
we
tory pay for the labora-
must
broke.
we
Anthonyleft the prairieand
went
to
the
town
to
live. 26.
Mother
27.
The
let Carol and
the sale
placedon
price of these stunning trays are
price that our
A-1
I go to the circus.
we
offer
to
customers
who
we
credit list.
beautiful scenery with its snow-cappedmountains, green pastures,and blue lakes remind him of Switzerland.
28.
The
29.
The were
30.
to
advertised nationally
double have
decided
The
peoplewho onlyfifty.
number
of
electron,as
well
as
attended
the
the proton,
were
meetingsregularly shown
to
carry
electrical charges. 31.
32.
of voting is ignoredby many privilege people,and there is in many bodies corrupt legislative consequently there by the bosses. sent politicians there seems If between you and I no compromise is possible, littlechance of us doingany business. The
147
"
33.
The
ACHIEVEMENT
prizewill be given to whoever
TESTS
the
makes
IN
USAGE
number largest
of sales. 34.
Enclosed
of
some
printedour
is
35.
Fred
36.
Of
does
address
new
not
business
our
followed
Please
do
refer
to
and
Emma
new
whom
only one exactly.
us,
our
ager. man-
him.
is the
the directions
not
of
name
I to go with
and
Henry
want
which
replyenvelopeson the
and
all the contestants, Bert
have 37.
is
I,
think
we
stage-struck
as
juveniles. 38.
I
am
that
sure
of the
one
who
men
is
is the
present
guilty
person. 39.
George'sfather,whom Frank and I to play.
40.
It wasn't
until last
and
and
41.
Jack
led
once
evening that everyone
myselfbreathed
When
the ballots have
to the
who principal,
the Youth
I understand
been
a
band, taught
knew
their parts
freelyagain. counted, pleasesend
will forward
report
the secretary of
to
same
a
Commission.
told to
give the message
whomever
in the office.
42.
I
43.
It is economical
44.
Cataloguingand arranging our specimens for the exhibit has kept my brother and I busy duringthe whole summer.
45.
Mr.
was
Harrison
for the 46. After like
47.
the
48.
new
with 49.
If each
of the
The
I
are
to
be
selected
of the stacks
serpents twined of the
in order in
to
determine
the
whether
are library
likely
efficiency.
to
shall have
results of the
condition.
Corps around
of the
members
report, indicates
148
or
begin to feel at last tion. reallybelongsto the organiza-
people who
arrangement
we carefully,
50.
largebottle.
a
this business, I
in
insigniaof the Medical two
was
position,
new
contribute
The
in
thinks that either you
three months one
purchaseit
inspectionhas been made
An
to
to
to
an
of
a
winged stafiE
it.
do
committee
their work
excellent report.
as inspection,
that the
consists
covered
of buildings
the
by the attached factory plantis in satis-
ACHIEVEMENT
20b.
TESTS
Achievement
Follow 1.
and
Every cat
3. The
Test
II (Sections
quarantined.
were
Sarah
has
5. This
been
not
would
be
the Crimean dreadful
were
7. The
she
well; so
don't
doctors
out
if
dreadful
out, the
broke
War
wasn't
breeze
a
blowing.
of techniques
nursing
of date.
valiant,but
worked
the assistance
theyneeded
very bad. 8. Joan says she has felt badlyall day. 9. I could of gone if I had knew that you nurses
10.
I'm afraid his foot is froze.
11.
The
gadgetswhich simpler.
12. If I
we
helpedput
life
and
more
more
job.
new
up
going,
were
makes
invent
we
him, I'd try a
was
After
the tents,
carried
we
for the
water
animals.
circus I
like
downtown
go
to,
heat
6. When
14.
we
had.
she used
13.
I.
Test
could beat any of the men. better than any party was
necessary, Jim Goldie's house
at
11-19).
for Achievement
in five counties
dog
been
party
have
of
USAGE
the directions
2. If it had
4.
IN
drunk
huge glassof
a
milk
when
I
home
come
from
school. 15. The
said lifeguard out too they swum
16.
did
We
that the
drownded
because
far.
think that the
not
boys almost
experiment would
out
turn
very
good. 17. He
18.
told Mr,
Each
Kenworthy that
of the
he
was
forty-eight sampleswere
sure
to
be
the
on
placed in
a
mittee. com-
separate
jar, 19. Headlines
in
the newspaper
is
arrangedso
that
it attracts
attention.
20.
the T-formation
Since
have
teams
21.
The
has been
used
successful,many
school
adoptedit.
old man's
eyes reflected the kindliness
that laid in his
heart.
149
ACHIEVEMENT
22.
I wish
23.
Neither
I
able
was
Mother
I
nor
When
25.
When for
26.
piece of
a
we
year,
USAGE
story.
hear that Edith
failed;
all. the
board
for
ten
years, I
gone. that neither of us
doingso and
Peters
me
have
did any
shooting
bad. who
reprimandedif things
is
in the oflRce.
go wrong 27.
at
IN
life was
not
are
alwaysMr.
It is
my
consider
you
a
careful
left,after being with
I
felt like
surprised to
are
she don't do her work 24.
she the whole
tellJackand
to
TESTS
Digging a
hole
ten
man
whom,
feet
deep, the boys went
away
left
and
it.
28.
A
strange time,
one
shall
He
30.
The
conference
is
pointin
31.
no
Since
the house
enters
29.
not
you
terrible sick;so 32.
33. 34.
35.
36.
37. 38.
firstprize of
win
I worked
leave 40.
at
joinsthe party.
we
waitingany longer. Paul and will
not
I for
a
be able
visit,our to
father has been
accept your invitation.
Because
an
jobonlytwo months when I was obligedto to have accompaniedmy familyto Nebraska.
the
in order
of the heat
air
wave,
conditioningsold
very
factory satis-
summer.
Every nightthere has been I would
have
loved
to
physically impossible. 150
at
it.
last 41.
Gertrude
expense-paid tripto Europe will be given solve the puzzle. to whoever can Everybody said he acted as a fool at the wedding. board to the New don't jump direct from the drafting cars like some productionroom peoplethink they do. recommend that there be appointed an We experienced of waterworks. superintendent in oil,he begun life Losing his fortune in an investment at fifty. anew wise for you to have given him the key. It was not the highest made The prize was to be given to whomever mark in German, but I never thoughtit would be me who A
would 39.
and
later,knew
I will see that he does not. my money. will probablylast until five o'clock;so there
use
invited
you
learned
we
some
have
sort
gone
of party; and although to all of them, it was
ACHIEVEMENT
42.
TESTS
It says in this article that the average
healthier than their meals 43.
USAGE
IN
Since
a
more
the average
singleperson
them
45.
very good indeed. directors wish The
to
express
cooperation duringthe year and to wish you a Merry Christmas. The
are
you
have
did
appreciationfor your this opportunity welcomes
their
47.
studyingSpanishbecause every man and woman in the oflficehave spent a good deal of time on similar subject that have not helpedtheir work. some I have alwaysfelt like I'd like to be a dancer.
48.
This
46.
firm
product,advertisers
a
improve business. election againstJohn Cameron,
If you
an
sell
to
44.
won
person is more because they have
regular.
good picture can
turningto
married
to objects
me
school is different than
all of the other schools I have
attended. 49.
The
beach
was
of the
most
so
pleasantI
could
of laid for hours
in the
sun.
50.
One
in sights interesting
Seattle
are
the Cascade
Mountains.
151
Capitalization USE
21, A
piece
freelyor writers not
to
He
new
of
a
be careless about
first word
Capitalizethe
is dark
car
asked, "Is your
new
Capitalize the
21 d.
book,
poem,
car
blue?"
of
line of poetry.
a
woman's
a
word
fair?
which
follows
automobile
An no
the
under
one
driver's
or
important
play, magazine,
words
of
a
Salesman
in
a
magazine
composition. (See Sections and Harpers Magazine, Romeo Sonata, Death
license
should
be
twenty-one.
musical
152
Resolved
resolutions.
in formal
Capitalize
and
wasting in despair
Die, because
grantedto
sentence
every
blue.
first word
Shall I
Resolved:
of
these rules.
direct quotation.
Capitalizethe
Whereas
about
where
for students
Our
21c.
scattered
capitalsare
pression they should be used gives the imalmost of illiteracy. modern It is true that some have ignoredthe rules of capitalization, but it is
the first word
21b.
which
writing in
omitted
wise
21a.
of
LETTERS
CAPITAL
OF
27i
and
Juliet,The
title of
a
article,or 34a.)
Moonlight
LETTERS
CAPITAL
OF
USE
articles (a, or conjunctions, Capitalize prepositions, the) only at the beginning or end of a title or when an, letters. they consist of five or more Note:
21
Capitalizethe
e.
h'ne and
the first word
A.
Crowded
B.
Poor
topic of of
item
Capitalizethe
the
is not
list.
a
following:
sanitation
of
recreation
/ and
pronoun
rarelyused. capitahzedunless is
21 g.
Capitalizeall
from
proper
nouns.
The
more
proper
O. interjection the tree.
on
oh interjection
common
beginsa
it
space
the
UsuallyI find the firstripechestnuts O mighty river, flow on! O
out-
conditions
parksand Unpaved sti-eets
2. Lack
Note:
an
housing
1. Poor
21 f.
in each
shows investigation
3.
in each
of slums
1, Causes
Our
firstword
sentence.
and
nouns
(See Section
1.)
words
They
derived
include
the
following: of
months, and days holidays, (Christmas,February,April,Monday). 1. Names
of
the
week
of persons and titlesaccompanying these names, usuallynot the titles alone unless the title is used in
2. Names
but
place of when
a
used
Mother
name. as
and
Father
are
only capitalized
names.
Fred, Helen, Mr. Brown, Dr. Anderson, Captain Wharton, Aunt Helen, the doctor, the captain,my avmt Can
Note:
The
you
hear the
words
whisties.Father?
President
and
Vice
to President,referring
153
OF
USE
the President
and
President
Vice
CAPITAL
LETTERS
of the United
States,are
alwayscapitahzed, 3. The
of
names
races,
nationalities. languages,
Caucasian, the French
language,Chinese
lacquer, Japanese
cherryblossoms 4. The
of cities,states, counties, countries,
names
bodies
of
constellations,and
mountains,
water,
tinents, con-
planets(exceptthe earth).
River, 5. Names
States, North
Arizona, United
Tucson,
Rocky
Mountains,
America,
sippi Missis-
Orion, Jupiter
of streets, parks, trains,planes, buildings, ships,
orchestras. hotels, Building, HollywoodBoulevard, Yellowstone Park, Equitable tra, the Ritz-Carlton,Philadelphia Symphony OrchesS. Super-Chief,
of the
6. Points
when
they mean precede the name
S. American
(North, South, East, West)
compass sections
of
a
Scout
of the
country
street, but
or
not
when
was
a
when
they
they mean
direction. moved
We
When
I
the South
to
when
the thief,he
saw
was
I
child.
running south toward
the
river.
7. The their
of
names
members, and
political religious parties, groups or particular organizations groups.
Democrats, Catholics,Methodists,Bender American
8.
Company,
Society
clubs, departmentsof the governSchools, colleges, ment.
Edison
Glee
154
Historical
and
and
High School, Drake
East High School University,
Club, Departinentof Agriculture
USE
OF
9. Events War
2B1n^|
LETTERS
CAPITAL
documents. historical periods, history,
in
the
Between
States, Middle
Ages, Declaration
classes when
the
of
Independence of school
10. Names
word
class
companies ac-
them.
Juniorclass,juniors
or
when subjects
of school
11. Names
theyrefer to languages
classes. specific Latin, AlgebraII, algebra English, cred Capitalizewords referringto the Deity and sabooks, but not the word god or goddess referring gods. pagan
21 h.
to
Lord, Savior, Master, Bible, Koran, Jehovah,gods of the Romans
Note:
We
21 i.
used
Pronouns
can
be
sure
reference
in
that He
will
Capifaiizethe firstword
complimentary close of
a
Mr.
Evans:
Note:
Any
word
whom
the letter is written
used in
care
for
Deity
are
talized. capi-
us.
in the salutation
and
the
letter. Dear
Dear
the
to
placeof
Sincerely yours,
Sir:
of the person to is also capitalized, but not any the
name
words. intervening
My 21
dear
Sir:
My
dear Sister:
j. Capitalize the abbreviations degrees. A.B.
Ph.D.
of
titles and
demic aca-
Lieut.
155
21i
USE
Note:
Do
1. The
Wrong:
of
name
2. The
a
worker
is the Assistant is the assistant
Right:He
CAPITAL
LETTERS
the following: capitalize
not
He
OF
particular job.
a
of the
Foreman
foreman
of school
names
in
of the
bindery. bindery.
unless theyare subjects of
names languagesor specific
of
names
courses.
H mathematics, Journalism French, physics,
3.
word
Any
but the firstin the
complimentaryclose
of
a
letter.
Wrong:
lovingNephew, lovingnephew,
Your
Right:Your 4. The of
a
word
when
in the salutation
it follows my
letter. dear Dr. Harlow:
Right:My 5. The
used
sulphur.
some
to school,if the referring
6. Terms is not
substances.
of chemical
names
Right:We
name
of the school
mentioned.
Right:I Right:I
go
to
go
to
7. Names
Right:He
9. The
juniorhighschool.
Edgar Allan
Poe
School.
JuniorHigh
has measles.
such
precededby Right:My
the
of diseases.
8. Nouns
a
father,mother, possessive. as
father is a names
Right:To me, Right:This is 156
dear
aunt
when
they are
enthusiast. fishing
of the autumn
the best
and
seasons
means
earth,sun, and
m,oon.
blue leaf-smoke.
placeto
watch
the
risingmoon
or
sun.
CAPITAL
OF
USE
LETTERS
EXERCISE
The errors
1
from students' themes contain sentences following each senin capitalization. On tence, your paper, rewrite using the correct capitalization.
1. At the head
of the Student
President and 2. Plutarch
discussed
Statesman
4. The
Vice
Roman
a
have
we
Student
a
President.
then
and
Statesman
Greek
a
compared them. Sulphurand Hydrogen Sulphidein Chemistry.
and
studied
3. We
Student
a
Government,
author
lived for many
in
years
small
a
cottage
in
devonshire,England. 5. The
of
President
consult with the 6. I want
get 7. We
to
to
go
appointeda organization Executive Secretary. our
Business
Collegefor
committee
months
nine
and
to
then
job.
a
the advice of
asked
James Hannibal,
but he referred
us
judgerhynhart. I wish to applyfor the positionof Counselor at camp coxton. Of all the good times that I had duringthe Springvacation, I enjoyedmost the dance given by the North High gleeclub. to
8. 9.
studied
10.
Marie
11.
physics. The lawyerhas street. lexington
12.
I think that easter
13.
They moved
14.
Mother
Curie
to
sent
radium
and
his office in the
comes
the
west
nobel
prize in
at fidelity building
april8
and settled
visit aunt
to
me
on
the
won
10
east
this year,
on
an
who sally,
iowa
farm.
lives in
paducah,
kentucky. 15. Horace but he 16.
The
has cannot
chamber
called "what
17. We
took
a
alwaysdone well in physicsand mathematics, master Spanishor french. of commerce is going to publisha pamphlet to
boat
see
in Cleveland."
down
the danube
river from
vienna
to
buda-
pest, 18.
If you go
west
of president 19.
for
blocks,you will find the office of the
two
the company
The
renaissance
and
literature,
was
a
at 712
charles
street.
periodof great developmentin
art
157
21 20.
21.
OF
USE
read the declaration of
Have
you
bible
completely?
The
wanted
seniors
from
book 22.
The
23.
There
24.
She act
ever
as
25. An
or independence
advertisement
an
as
many
were
chief file clerk,but she often has
of eclipse
the
sun
when
occurs
the Sun
the New
paragraphscontain errors following On your paper, write with a capital each capitalization. Samuel
Johnson,one eighteenth century, was shop so period,many
that
most
taken
became
to queen
could
be
cured
very
by
samuel anne,
in
word
capitalization. that requires
figuresof the September18, 1709.
to
the books
read
in
during this they believed quite superstitious,
people were
sick person
passes
colorful
born in lichfieldon
samuel
when consequently,
cure
the
the boy father,a bookseller,permitted
the
was
of
Moon
2
The
a
to
the Earth.
and
EXERCISE
that
for their year
secretaryto the President.
between directly
His
the
company. in very human many ways. there in town catholics. as are baptists our
romans
employed as
was
get
LETTERS
snedden, driscoll and
godsof the are
to
CAPITAL
well-read,
the touch
of the queen, suffer from scrofula,he
began to but the supposedpower
the disease failed, the afiliction remained
gave him trouble for years. because the Johnsons did
of
with
a
queen
to
Johnsonand
enough money to educate their brilliant son, a neighbor sent the boy to pembroke college, oxford, there Johnson some beganhis writingcareer by translating latin verses, he later wrote taxation no tyranny, which argued tionary colonists in the revoluagainstthe pointstaken by the american and showed war Johnsonas a firm supporter of the tory not
have
party. the author of the first as todaywe remember Johnsonchiefly showed book which a dictionary, great prejudiceagainst the scotch,and as the organizerof a famous group called the literary club, members
of the latter included
peoplein
london.
edmund revnolds, the artist, 158
david
the
most
the garrick,
tellectua important in-
actor, sir Joshua burke, the statesman, oliver gold-
USE
OF
CAPITAL
LETTERS
when all members, smith, the writer, were granteda pension by the king,he showed number
of poor
whom people,
he
EXERCISE
the
Rewrite
keptin
Johnsonwas
finally
great kindness
his house
on
to
fleet street.
3
letter,using correct following 4315
capitalization:
Aldrich
avenue
Minneapolis9, Minnesota October Marston 52
east
31, 1960
Brothers sixteenth
street
illinois Chicago, dear sirs:
pleasesend 1 copy 1 copy 2
the
books with bill: following preston, the growth of american
anderson,
new
a
ideals
criticism
bigleaguebaseball copiesJackson, very truly yours, howard sachs
159
Punctuation
Punctuation
used,
is
distort
it may
meaning; but if it is carelessly was meaning. The followingsentence
aid
an
to
by a businessman not longago. The poor punctuation used by his secretarydistorted the meaning and caused
dictated
the firm
embarrassment.
some
The
house
bought on
was
dollars. We
She
put
can
wrote:
Monday
for five thousand
it in excellent condition
and
resell
it.
employerhad expectedher
Her
The
house
dollars
bought on
was can
we
put
write:
to
Monday.
five thousand
For
it in excellent condition
and
resell
it.
careless omission
Sometimes
humorous
Wrong:
results,as When
we
in the
cooked
complainedthat cooked
the
the
lead
can
to
in
woman
the
next
apartment
pans.
might tell the
reader
that
woman.
Literaryartists
the
rattled
sometimes
fashion;but in business
in
woman
use
and
a few important,and following
160
comma
rattled pots and
we
cooked, we Right:When complainedthat we
free
a
sentence: following
first glanceat the sentence
A we
of
pots and
the
next
apartment
pans.
punctuation in the
a
very
is professions, clarity simplerules is imperative.
DIAGNOSTIC
TEST
good
How
is your
Do punctuation? what reader exactly
ways al-
sentences
your
to say? you mean what you need to study.Then to see the practiceexercises that will helpyou with your
convey to your the diagnostic test
Try turn
to
problems.
COLONS,
SEMICOLONS,
MARKS
QUOTATION On
your paper, the necessary
and
them
commas,
in your
of explanation If a
sentence.
ing followingsentences, supplysemicolons, colons,apostrophes,
the
rewrite
quotationmarks.
omit
COMMAS, APOSTROPHES, ON
TEST
DIAGNOSTIC
22.
After each
correction.
each
marks
If unnecessary
that you
correction
needs
sentence
no
write
sentence
made
have
correction, do
used,
been
have
not
an
in that
rewrite
it,
but write C beside its number. 1. If you
desire any information about the citywe that you call on our Personal Service Bureau.
2. When
I
father gave 3. Lawrence
the
are
we
6. How 7. The
me
after Simmons
Mr.
the
Biddison
streets
were
10. A
star
chosen
was
my for
and cobblestoned
not
paved as they
today. alwaysfair Mr. Hathaway said the manager try to pleaseour customers, in ts are Davy? many your last name machine which the First National Bank has adding pricesare
road
then did 9. Yes
business
in
years course old job.
Hopkinslacrosse
narrow
justinstalled is a real 8. The
a
Olympic team.
4. The
5. Our
home
came
suggest
timesaver.
outside Miami we
round
the flowers person
a
applyingfor clothes
and
curve.
from
were
longand straight onlynow
was
and
the Aliens'. a
job to
see
must
that
be
sure
they are
to
wear
dean
conspicu in-
and
neatlypressed. 11.
and Shelley
Keats
poetry occupiesa highplacein English
literature. 161
DIAGNOSTIC
12.
13.
14.
He
is famous
his
which autobiography
be tolerant of others.
15. Our
chef has
and
has
been
in
for
employ
our
nearlytwenty
excellent staflFto assist him
an
as
a
result
years
we
are
that the meals will be
alwayssure
17.
for chiefly
peoplecall the best of its kind. fire engines and milk wagons In the days of horse-drawn cars Sam Smith kept a bookshop on Center Street and we boys often went there to talk about literature and politics. We show that we have grown that we must intellectually have increased our interests in current problemsand that we can
16.
however
TEST
good. In modern times when one speaksof a fool he is usually but in medieval to a referring person who has not good sense days the fool was a professional jesterin the kingscourt. Pepys'tells in his diaryof the bubonic plague that swept England and of the great fire that destroyeda largepart of London.
18.
My
father does
he does 19.
The can
20.
21.
22.
not
want
rule the
William
Harlow
Hallam
Gross
the
the
car.
despothowever
benevolent
rule themselves.
peoplecan
of plans to build a large number has begun his work in our city. the Orioles play against Rochester see althoughthese teams cannot compare in those of New
York
the game
other exotic many for his book. his work
Wisconsin
three
won
placesin
resulted in Mr.
the manager. of Mr. Perry son
and
was
Blacks
Mrs.
very
traveled
IllinoisMay 22 1899
Java and
said
Madison
to use
no
as
born in Peoria
neglectof
Major John
James drivingso rapidlybut
who
houses prefabricated I took the boys to said Uncle Jackand with playingability enjoyable. Mark
states
well
peopleas
get information
24.
to
approve of forbid him
author of the book
India Persia
23.
not
order
for
to
charged being dis-
Henry Perry
decorations
to
of
braveryin
combat. 25.
The
report submitted corner
location for the 162
new
by
of Fleet and our
business
plantnext
Mr.
Arnold
Exeter
showed
Streets will be
we consequently
month.
that the southwest
shall
an
excellent
ing beginbuild-
DIAGNOSTIC
26.
27.
28.
29.
TEST
thingis certain this is not the kind of bill which should be rushed throughCongress without serious thought. A ladys purse containingfive one-dollar bills a silver ring and some in the employeesrest room. found change was its employeesto set of efforts among The management aware closed shop feeblyendeavored to a nullifythem by up union. promoting an independent company One
The
Mutual
floor of the
Insurance
will be obliged to building
31.
was
Most
are
convertibles
33.
There at
34.
five
are
gerund
verb
is
and
children
the
on
ill. roadsters sedans
new
infinitive.
and
Goodman
The
for
room
buses. althougha few are old secondhand kinds of phrasesprepositional participial
sale of ladies and
a
make
party at the Kings house but
the party Mrs. Kings mother of the cars in the parkinglot
There
to
move
day of and 32.
the
have
plannedto
We
occupies one
now
oflBces.
government 30.
which
Company
Canes
mens
suits
store.
new
playingwith
were
dresses and
misses
pretty little pink
some
seashells which
35.
36.
theyhad found on the beach. A business which is unwilling to change its practices to conditions will never suit new be very profitable. When Ellen heard the lecturer speakwith great enthusiasm about antiques she iTished out and bought a lovelyChippendale sofa.
37. When
received
we
and
Henton
acceptance of
Hawkins
plan for the reorganizationof their business job by moving the credit managers oflBce to 38.
was
39.
born
Hettie
1821
after the death
of
two
the
began
the third floor. otlier children
of great happiness to her parents. who Manners a was war correspondent gives in his
source
a
Harry short
in
we
our
story The
Voice
realistic picture of soldiers
Speaks a
in action.
40.
The
steps creaked
stale and 41.
The outer
as
I walked
on
them
and
of
course
the air smelled
musty.
no-smokingprovisionsdo lobbies
of theaters
designatedwith placeswhere
the
to
not
restaurants
approvalof the smoking is permitted.
or
Fire
to
apply to the other places
Department
as
163
"
42.
THE
When
the
began scampering
43.
44.
A
renewing
old
dozens
of
dogs
ing acquaintancesvisit-
and showinghow revelry
happy they
be free.
to
were
around
of former
scenes
Hfted
dogs was
quarantineon
COMMA
who
person
wants
to
build
a
hot rod
several
watch
must
thingscareful grindingof crankshaft bearingsremoval of of bearings. metal from the bearingsurface and reshaping As we approachedthe house said Peter we heard a man and we to me say 111 get him if you leave the jobentirely fled without
45. Here
is
a
lifeand 46. When
nature.
the scientist he
tree
waiting to hear more. from directly painter who draws his inspiration
which
saw was
47. It looked
of the
projectingfrom This animal its
of his torch toward
the beam
suspendedfrom a branch hangingupsidedown. somethinglike a Teddy bear
the branch
48.
sent
legsso
tree
littleanimal
curious
a
but
the scientist could
as
see
it moved a
the
of
row
along spines
its neck.
the potto can double up with its head between that it is in excellent positionto use those spines
49.
too close. any attacker that comes Because I love animals readingSandersons
50.
experiencesthat I have ever pleasant had but I should not have enjoyedthe rats snakes and frogs that the scientist met everywhere. and whistling skinks were Flyingsquirrels scalyanteaters
on
was
of the
one
animals
junglebut much
to
new
I
about
soon
that
Use
a
me
until I read
became
of
a
scientists
acquaintedwith
them
trip to the and learned
their habits. THE
before
comma
joinstwo
Treasure
most
23. 23a.
Animal
COMMA
the
independent
coordinatingconjunction
clauses.
The
are and, but,for,or, nor. A coordinating conjunctions has at least two compound sentence independentclauses, which are usually To joinedby a coordinating conjunction. determine whether what is compound, read sentence a comes
164
before
the
coordinatingconjunction and
see
if the
COMMA
THE
alone; then read what follows thoughtis completestanding the conjunctionand see if it is complete. If there are two before the conjunction. completethoughts, placea comma If there are not two completethoughts, is needed. no comma There
was
elevator for the
an
decided
to
comma
is needed
of visitors,but
use
we
walk up the steps.(Two complete thoughts) Norris darted around the corner and halted abruptly. (No the
because
followingand
words
completein themselves; they are part of the Norris. ) used with the subject, compound predicate not
are
Note: 1. If the clauses
be omitted. short,the comma may This statement, however, immediately bringsup the question "How
are
short is short?" If the
independentclauses consist of and verb,then theyare obviously short,and the onlysubject comma may be omitted. Examples:John studied and Mary I laughedand I cried. Sometimes lack of punctuation played. between short clauses may cause In momentary misreading. readingthe sentence that follows,your firstthoughtmay be that the boysate the hired man. The
boysate
2. If the clauses
semicolon
is
bacon
long and
are
used
and the hired
before
the
ate
man
contain
sausage.
other commas,
conjunction.(See
a
Section
24c.) When
he arrived
different
at
he college,
and fraternities;
it
was
was
only after
with his father,his brother,and able
to
decide which
to
one
of the
and
On
errors
in the
from
student
comma.
If
no
was
themes
punctuationof compound of each
your
be used and the
sion discus-
his friends that he
paper, write the number Beside it,write the word after which a
sentences.
much
jointwo
1
sentences following
letters contain
to
join.
EXERCISE
Most
invited
comma
needs
comma
to
tence. sen-
should
be added
to
165
COMMA
THE
a
the example,
the
beside
C
write
sentence,
for the firstsentence
correction
the mother
take
to
2. The
had
commercials
very elaborate and fifteen-minute program.
of
a
but everybodyhas his pet superstition the matter too seriously. entirely from
senator
the 5. Most
of the critics received
art
new
from
one
people
some
cussing dis-
Georgia were
polltax.
publicloved 6. The
and Mississippi
take
sometimes
are
3. Almost
4. A
left
was
of himself.
care
three minutes
take
an
givenbelow:
the child
late and
work
to
is
As
late,
1. 1. Often
number.
sentence
the book
the
coldlybut
very
it. is
museum
a
beautiful
structure
and
of the
some
paintingsare exquisite. to Joe for he rested was tripon the ocean pleasing
7. His
most
of the time. 8.
Suddenlydark clouds appearedon became rough and wild. wish
9. We
10.
and
to
We
tried to
have 11.
His as
assure
15.
you
get
to
pleaseyou.
Toscanini
see
be of service
opportunityto conduct
but
didn't
we
to fight strength throughthe mob. clothes were old and raggedbut his spirit was
should
like
sincere
welcome
to
hope that
could
one
of the small-town
It's been
drive
into
town
you
haughty
as
movie
living at one fireplace A banquet has room
other feasts and
holiday,
entered is
and Indianapolis
to
press ex-
houses.
longtime since we've all about me. probablyforgotten The shouts of the people grew wrestlers had
to
you will enjoy your residence here. show at in the evening and see a
a
16. The
166
in to
We
two
17.
you for this desire of our
sea
the
a
14.
thank
the
and
ever.
12. We
13.
to
the horizon
the
each other and
seen
louder
and
louder
you've for the
ring.
and comfortably proportioned
has
a
large
end. been
arrangedfor
the
festivitieswill be held
evening
duringthe
and
many
three-day
COMMA
THE
18.
I do
hope that
and 19.
will arrange to
The
Last
22.
23.
24.
a
few I
summer
that I 21.
for
any
spend Julywith
familyintends
Oakland 20.
haven't made
you
drive
to
weeks
plansfor
the
us.
my aunt's summer and we'd love to have
played tennis
summer
lodge in
to
almost
you joinus. day and found
every
bit.
improved quite a
assignedthe task of examining the methods and proceduresused by other companies and also the job of to our use. adaptingthese findings One thousand dollars has already been paidand the balance of seventeen thousand will be paidwithin sixtydays. We able to obtain adequatechemical supplies but we are cannot get enough equipment of other types. She was proud of her beautyand spent much time keeping I
was
herself attractive. 25. The
had
sun
vanished
now
peeped througha
break
in
and the silver moon completely the deep blue clouds.
EXERCISE
Follow
2
the directions in Exercise
1.
units for you and holdingthe freezing know when us appreciate your letting you would
L. We
have I. It
should
are
them
to not
clanged
as
the Indian
see
find the
like those in the
J. Streetcars
to
delivered.
to interesting
was
like
costumes
dances
but
of the witch
I
appointed dis-
was
doctors
were
pictures.
theytraveled
to
and
fro
on
their
daily
tripsand grass grew between the stones on the street. t. The story has been told far and wide and will forever be
legendin
a
these mountains.
).
The
).
forced out of their homes. many peoplewere Lucy had many music teachers but scales and rhythm simply would not sink into her head.
TrinityRiver broke throughthe levees
in several
places
and
^ Calls for service the
same
scheduled
day
received
and
for the
next
before 1:00
those
received
p.m.
were
after 1:00
acted p.m.
upon were
day. 167
COMMA
THE
8. I invited him
for lunch
and
in the stainless steel
9. The
Metal
and
10.
has been with
Some
of the homes
The
the
were
simplehouses
relations between
The
look
35
17.
had
not
25
any
and
it
an
pany com-
prevented
was
of the Governor. walk
to
to
the top of
that its
states
have
machinery costs claim
some
a
reduction
of
feel certain
best effort and
that I
can
quickly.
Charities and no to the Associated liberally good objector worthy enterprisefails to receive his support. He made speechesfrom the truck and was so well many received him everywherethat his political party rewarded with a good job. Virtuallyall cottages here are reportedrented for the hotel reservations
and
high. usuallygone
have
We
have
we
taken
a
to
has
resort
The
of
passionsand 23b.
Use
a
united
causes
comma
dependent The
a
cottage at Santa water
clause
Ireland is
have
to
for the
summer
Barbara
sports are
backgroundof pine forests
a
cause
said
are
Carmel
you will joinus for July. 19. Surf bathingand all kinds of
one
and
and
hit
all-
an
but
this
hope that
oflFeredand
the
picturesquebays.
which
arouses
flaming
violent arguments. to
introductoryphrase independent clause.
separate
from
fact that the element
an
is
an
means introductory
precedesthe independentclause. 168
clash
open
the
subscribes
year
or
in
of
most
but experiencein the business of selling
learn
time
20.
cancel his
but
management
percent and
give the job my
summer
18.
and
the best time
firm
I will
15. He
16.
to
percent.
I have
14.
Paulson
the littlevalley below.
at
Practically every been reduced by
13.
stainless steel
estates magnificent of workingmen.
labor
earlyevening was
the hilland
supplyof
a
it.
on
worse grew steadily only by the intervention
12.
has
Company
buy from
and
us
were
industry.
trying to persuadeMr.
order
them 11.
Products
the present situation
discussed
we
Often
it is at
that it the
very
COMMA
THE
may be Failure
element of the sentence. The introductory beginning a clause,a phrase, merely a word. or, occasionally, to
it will
punctuate
the
interfere with
clearness
of the
element is a clause, it will introductory ample, probablybegin with a subordinating conjunction for exwhile, or when. if,as, since, because, although, If the
sentence.
"
When
she
high school, she
determined
to
be
artist.
an
If
finished
dormitoryrooms
no
are
oflFthe campus. is months Althoughsummer
available,I'll inquire about
rooms
to
If or
an
a
make
sentence
plansfor
should
comma
Acting on
follow
win
started
phrasecontaininga participle used as an an adverb, a or adjective the phrase.
the advice
the
have girls
a
of Mr.
bought some jective) (Participial phraseused as ad-
stock in the company. To
the
their vacation.
beginswith
infinitive and
away,
game,
you
must
Crawford,
watch
played.(Infinitive phraseused
as
we
each
card
that is
adverb)
long prepositional phrase is usuallyfollowed by a if it beginsthe sentence. Even comma a short prepositional if the meaning would phrasemust be followed by a comma A
otherwise
be confused.
Common over,
are prepositions
to, for,from, with, between, in,
under, by,across, after. littlecountry store
bread nearby,we bought some and cheese. (Prepositional phrase) After a long walk in the brisk air, we were glad to rest before the fire. (Prepositional phrase,in which the objectof the prepositionis modified by a second phrase) In
a
Caution: 1. Sometimes
in
a
compound-complexsentence
the
in-
169
COMMA
THE
clause
phrase or troductory the
In
sentence.
could
anyone
which
sentence
because introductory
precedes the independent clause hose. Therefore,a Bill Tucker and
is used
comma
hit
he
had
reached
it
second
after it.
ball into the hole between
a
third base; and
reached
the
of
middle
follows, the clause before
it is considered
get
the
in
comes
before anyone base.
second
short stop could get it,he had
gerund or infinitive phrase used as the subjectof from the rest of the sentence is not separated by
2. A sentence
a a
comma.
a Planting gardenrequiresskilland care. her To spend a month at the seashore was
EXERCISE sentences
after
introductory phrase or
comma
On
your
Beside
an
paper, it write
placedand
the
example,the
contain
the word
after
If
comma.
beside
C
correction
1. While
walking home physicsbook. you
3. Because
you advance
4. If you
desire are
expect
an
one
a
of the
should
to be
added
number.
sentence
is
be to
As
a an
given below:
yesterday,
from
school
interview
of
attend
sentences.
comma
needs
comma
the
information to
of each which
of the
use
dependent clause.
for the first sentence 1.
2. Should
no
in the
errors
the number
write
write
sentence,
have
3
of these
Most
chief desire.
our
I
best
about
yesterdayshe
can
be reached
customers
we
lost her
at
home.
want
you
to
the sale.
the convention
for your reservation. the purchaseof a retirement
pleasemail
the
closed en-
card
5.
6.
170
Through policy, you of in old yourself security your age. If you purchasea cottage at Shelby Cove you colony. property in an exclusive summer
can
assure
will
own
THE
7.
COMMA
During the
suffered
occupationAthens
years of the German
indescribably. 8. As
she
she noticed
water
9.
10.
11.
coming
was
for many
To
run
mile
a
a
years and
fast
as
ran
cool
as
our
tions follow the direc-
what
know
I have
counselor
a
counselor
a
good physical
firstof all be in
must
person
pailof
a
of the bushes.
movement
Thinkingthat the figurewas a ghostwe legscould carry us. To make a good model airplane you must exactly. as AlthoughI have not had any training gone to camp should do.
12.
strange
a
the well with
from
back
condition. 13.
In
to laboratory
function
his expert direction the symphony orchestra be one of the most famous in the world.
Under to
15.
During the past month 6 percent requiredfor machineryrepairs.
16.
Because to
he had
no
of the work
parental guidanceor
Complying with your request of March blank. you a membershipapplication
18.
After
If you a
20.
Since
of
examination
an
to
sure
want come
a
to
for
room
the
guests you
house
in
Portland
we
may
our
placeyour
to
the attractive
for paradise AlthoughI have had is
a
have
will be
of pleasure
the
reservation
In addition
ing reserv-
to
one
thousand
now.
oranges into their dry throats, that evening. of gettinghome
features
alreadyoutlined Shelby
children. littleexperienceI
can
very much interested in the work. 24. Since the establishment of the company been several reorganizations. 25.
began
mailing
are
we
plan you
hotel is limited
22.
I
life he
was
ShelbyCove.
Suckingthe cool juiceof the the boys discussed the ways
23.
hours
you?
capacity of must
10
easy payment
our
21.
Cove
home
grew
wild.
run
17.
19.
need
we properly
additional technicians.
two
14.
for the
order
assure
you
that
am
As
I threw
from rising
open my window the building across
I could
the
in 1921
see
a
mass
there have
of flames
street.
171
THE
4
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
I look back
1. As
2. For
some
be
to
our
the five years which I spent that I learned a great deal.
reason
that
busiest
day.
supplya Noticingthat
it
was
parents would
our
and
5.
have
we
not
balls in order
Having months
a
Fridayseems needed.
plantsare
that becoming very dark and thinking be worried,we began to gatherour bats leave.
to
two
whole
to
buy
the
on
the
closed en-
she wanted.
will have card
clerk in
a
and candy for gone without ice cream Theresa had finally saved enough money
glovesthat 6. If you
as
determined
citylike this largepower
3. To 4.
3.
on
I see drugstore
COMMA
your secretarytype your name mail it to me I will see that you
and
receive
one
of the first copies. 7. I assured
him
that
24-gaugesteel
as
soon
guarantee that if you
9. We
you may return have notified our available
we
do
them
at
not
shipmentof
our
for 100
water
coolers.
find the materials satisfactory
our
customers
shall be unable
we
receive
will fillhis order
we
8. We
not
as
expense. that since the materials
to filltheir
orders until
are
May
10.
the
and his group moved throughthe jungle, zoologist the bushes suddenlyparted;and there, in front of the astonished scientists, stood a huge baboon.
10, As
23c.
Use
clauses A
in
series
to
commas a
words,
phrases,
or
series. of three
consists
clauses in the
separate
same
Nouns:
or
more
words,
phrases,or
construction.
The
crowd
consisted of men,
women,
and
children. Verbs:
Mr.
French Adverbial
phrases:He into
172
reads, writes, and
Brewster
ran
speaks
like a native. down
the
the steps,across
park.
the street, and
COMMA
THE
clauses:
Noun
asked
what
I intended
should Some
the
writers omit
because
in
this omission
it is better
Caution: a
Do
series
or
Wrong: We Right:We 23d. when
Use
placea
not
the United
before and
commas
to
the
use
I
States. in
series;but
a
understand mis-
cause
may
before
comma
and. of
before the firstmember
comma
after the last member. and pears, into the basket. peaches, put, apples, and pears into the basket, peaches, put apples, to
commas
they are
two
separate
or
modifies adjective
If the last
it modifies
and
the
the combined
no
adjectives
more
modifiers of the
coordinate
modeled Tall,slender,graceful girls
coordinate
when
there, and
do
to
to
return
sentences
some
me
arrived in Siam,
I had
how
They
same
noun.
the clothes.
and
noun
the
one
are idea,the adjectives
ceding prenot
is used.
comma
At the ticket window
stood
a
man
a large, shabby carrying
leather suitcase. In
this
leather
sentence
modifies
suitcase.
shabby are coordinates with each other,but theydescribe the leather suitcase. difficultto determine
It is sometimes
not
whether
Large
and
with leather;
not
or
the
coordinate. One way of testingis to insert are adjectives the conjunctionand between if the and fits the adjectives; when it is omitted. In the sentence use a comma naturally, can above, we was large and say, "The leather suitcase but "The suitcase was shabby," large, shabby,and leather" does
not
sound
natural. We
largeand shabbybut Caution:
If
a
than the noun,
word do
not
therefore between
use
a
comma
shabbyand
between leather.
modifies the not
rather adjective following separate the two words by a comma.
I boughta Yesterday
combed
cotton
pullover. 173
THE
the
Here Hence
do
we
combed
word
have
not
modifies
series.
should be
comma
5
the
in
errors
Include placed.
punctuationof
the
comma.
beside the number.
As
is correct,
placea
correction
for the firstsentence
C
1. 1. The
noun.
a
of each of the your paper, write the number and beside it write the word or words after which
On
sentences a
contain
sentences
pullover.
not
modifyingthe adjectives
two
EXERCISE
These
cotton,
COMMA
members
is
If a an
sentence
example,the
givenbelow.
students,teachers,
of the
students
societywere
teachers
and
clerks. 2. We
that there
sure
are
are
many
like to 3. 4.
5.
you would home.
purchasefor yourself your into the A short fat girl came room. In my classes I have learned about my country its history government and its people. The tight buttons sewed around black silk cap had gay shiny the
crown.
6. The tax
candidate reform
was
and
the auction
elected
economy sale she
in
on
platformof
a
slum
clearance
government.
bought a beautiful inlaid rosewood table an antique highboyand a wrought-iron lantern. The courses and to in science taughtus to questionto reason
7. At
8.
thingswhich familyor your
experiment. 9. The 10.
He
had dark green cushions. himself and made prescriptions
paleyellowporchchairs mixed
delivered
sodas
useful generally
in the store.
EXERCISE
the directions in Exercise
Follow 1. The
and 2. The
and 174
6
book
tellsof her
off the stage and uttered girl ran
a
her many
romances
her
war
famous
friends
on
adventures.
piercingscream
for the house.
5.
droppedher pailof
water
COMMA
THE
3.
the butter and
Earlyin the morning we milk the cows churn pickberries or peachesand stringbeans.
4. It
fun
was
make
to
friends
new
of the school and
activities
take
to
5. I believe that the school has
in the various
clubs.
joina few
to
part
taughtme
think
to
to clearly
and to appreciatebeauty. intelligently cold the Franklin pioneeredin the study of the common conduction of heat by various substances and the prediction converse
6.
of the weather. 7. The
club
few
a
competitors and in
10.
of
Salten
Company
doing
was
purchasedthe plantsof two planningto establish a branch office
was
Pittsburgh.
The
children
to
came
the
ball
playedlong intense volleyball,
or
lot
vacant
and
Follow
attic
structure
They
hung
was
rotten
was
needed
to
repairthe roof 3. The with
girlwore high narrow
the main
store
the whole
bats
effect
the weeds
down
dodge
ball
speed
5.
clusters of
in order to make a
4. Standardization
cut
with
and
of
7
the directions in Exercise
1. The
noons spring after-
warm
on
games
EXERCISE
2.
on
closed its mills and
country's power industry.
years, the J. M. million-dollar business had
9. Within
and
engine equipment
wheels
displaythe devices. safety
have
to
arrangements
strike shut off the
stoppedthe a
made
boat models
newest
8. The
has
the
wooden
gloomy.
was
erect
the
fences
new
and
placehabitable.
dull green coat and fleecy, heels a beigesilk muffler
hat brown and
shoes
beigegloves.
of the size of the paper will save space in in individual office storage cabinets and room
in file cabinets.
5. The
clerk is trained
information amount
6. Members receive
to
in the proper
of the sale of the
to legibly
columns
and
show
to add
the necessary and
extend
the
accurately.
Home
patientshandle
staff in professional
write
Corps of the correspondenceand
Service case
nontechnical
Red
Cross
assist
the
duties. 175
COMMA
THE
7.
8.
9.
Accordingto
today spend an hour a week at the motion picturestwenty-five average of one hours Hstening to the radio or watchingtelevision and five hours reading. The book profits to visualize the by the author's ability and to to describe it convincingly scene eighteenth-century who made our history. bringto lifethe men prove imScientists all over the world will perfect new weapons and make of ready the instruments present weapons destruction that
10.
statistics,individuals
some
The
will turn
man
is to investigation
each
methods
methods
new
the kinds
cover
the laboratory
by samplesand
againsthimself.
which
used
samplesanalyzed analyzingthe
in
and
time
save
may
EXERCISE
This exercise reviews
of
money.
8
letters and the use capital of the comma in a series, after an introductory element, and before the coordinating tence. conjunctionin a compound senOn your paper, write this paragraph, placingcommas and each capitalletters where they should be. Number that you make. At the end of the paragraphlist correction the numbers
and
the
beside
of
use
each
number
write
the
for
reason
the correction.
Saturdaythe championshipgame Last
a
stadium
the stands
northern
in football, when
filledwith
were
shoutingfor their team alongin perfecttime
and our
then took
high school played polytechnic
around
and
half
we
playedwell,
and
the ball carrier fumbled
seats
at
the ben
ton
waving pennants boys girls
parents and teachers, swinging
gay
band
arrived
we
entered
the field marched
in the reserved
once
section, for the first
skippybroke his ankle and our chances of winning declined, when they saw that skippywas out of the miscalled the boys seemed to lose heart, the quarterback game time the right tackle pulledout of the line at the wrong a signal team
recovered
hoped but of 13-7 176
then
the fumble
as
he
and
was
tackled, then the
scored
in vain, my hopes were in favor of poly.
on
tlie game
the
next
ended
opposing
play.I with
a
still
score
COMMA
THE
EXERCISE
the directions in Exercise
Follow few
A on
summers
in a laylazily
her father sat
chair and read
deck
and
father
beautiful
a
was
trip.mrs.
nolte
of the time but
most
and judith
theyplayeddeck tennis and shufHeboard the top deck to get a good sun at night, tan and danced the boat stoppedfor a day at port of Spain in trinidad the
on
when
active,
were
passengers had her father had able
indies, it
8.
with her mother
judithwent
ago
cruise to the west
a
9
to opportunity
an a
business
the inside of
see
a
new
kind of life,because
acquaintance in this
town
judithwas
home, it was built charmingtropical around a a patio where palm and banana trees surrounded fountain, when home she talked of nothingbut judithcame trinidad. I was enthusiastic that I plannedto visit the west so indies myself. to
23e.
see
Use
a
separate
to
commas
clauses from
phrases,or
words, parenthetical
the rest of the sentence.
and is not a thought parenthetical expression interrupts Althoughit often necessary to the meaning of the sentence. A
makes
the
smoother
sentence
or
adds
a
bit of additional informatio
the
pressions thought is completewithout it. Some exused in a sense are frequently parenthetical however, for instance, of course, as we said,for example, to tell the truth. If these expressions or any others are used before them and parenthetically, theyshould have a comma a
after them.
comma
The
The a
task,it is true,
words
diflBcultone.
the thoughtthe interrupt
The
completewithout from expressionis separated
Hence
or
a
it is true
one. difficult
of the
is not
the
sentence
is
task is this the
not pression. ex-
rest
by commas. The parenthetical expressionmay be a rather longclause inphrase.Such expressionsfrequently give interesting sentence
177
"^P formation.
If,however, they interruptthe
considered
theyare
COMMA
THE
thought,
main
parenthetical.
evidentlytakinghis cue from his brother, answered aflRrmatively. if theyhave plentyof time, even men, Many professional w^illhave nothing to do with politics.
Kenneth,
conjunctiveadverbs however, moreover, thus, then, so, yet, nevertheless,consequently, therefore, otherwise are sometimes used as parenthetical expressions. if one pendent But of these conjunctiveadverbs joinstwo indeThe
Caution:
be
clauses,it must
precededby
Jane,however, stayedat
semicolon.
a
(Parenthetical)
home.
John went to school;however, Jane stayedat independentclauses) 23f. Use
to
commas
nouns
or
used
pronouns
Henderson, may I see I asked you, Ronald, not The
words
when
comma
yes
used
and
a
(Two
tence sen-
in direct address.
to
a
moment?
here
come
today.
usuallyfollowed by beginning of a sentence.
no
the
at
the rest of
you for
Mr.
23g.
from
separate
home.
are
a
Yes, I have studied French.
nobody was
No,
there.
EXERCISE
The
involve
sentences following
shown
10
23d-f. On
errors
in the
uses
of the
piece of
paper, write the number of each of the sentences, and beside it write each word after which a comma should be used, with the comma. comma
As
an
in Section
example,the
1. 1. I cannot 2. Have
178
you
any
givenfor
the firstsentence:
believe. Doctor,
believe Doctor
by
is
correction
a
chance
that the disease is a
suggestionas
to
so our
serious.
lodgings?
I
COMMA
THE
it will
3. Yes not
strange I suppose the old cottage.
to
come
to
seem
to
go
the beach
and
delivery promiseyou may recall was for the firstweek in April. what had happened gave a long wail Billyafter realizing and began to sob bitterly, the loss of his throne drove David from King Saul fearing the palace. but will you do something No Helene I don't need money,
4. Your
5.
6.
7.
for me? 8. Our
will I
present Governor
am
be reelected
sure
by
large
a
majority. York
9. New
as
all know
we
has
successful
developedmany
writers.
10.
here Rex
Come
and
do your tricks.
EXERCISE
11
the directions in Exercise
Follow 1. Don't
make
2. These
so
much
10.
noise Herbert.
erate-pric mod-
immediatelyapplyto
effective
price increases shoes.
whole
3. His
life in fact
might have
been
changed if he
had
acceptedthe job. her little sister, bravelyconcealing
4.
My
5.
her seat relinquished Boys and girls you
disappointment,
Sarah.
to Aunt
will have
unusual
an
opportunitythis
year. 6. At
present for examplewe
five thousand 7.
Jenny glad of think of the
8. Some
9.
10.
test a
have
tubes which chance
to
it is said
thousand
of the
need.
we
the
make
unpleasant company
of the evidence
onlythree
triptried
hard
that she would
by
the defense
not
to
have. counsel
cerns con-
and cannot be presented secrets at this time. military The house designedI believe by Carter and Wells is a French Provincial cottage with a charmingoutdoor terrace.
The
new
airporthas three runways
feet
long and
a
two
of which
large,impressiveadministration
are
3,000
building. 179
THE
COMMA
12
EXERCISE
_^
Follow
the directions in Exercise research program
1. Our
2.
begun last year has
service
passenger
Pepys though not
10.
been
now
of improved
in the interest
completed. lost interest in
an entirely egoistnever
himself. 3.
4.
to perhaps the majority of the people traveling will go by air. Europe this summer of the greatestcrowds in the history One of American golf
Many
estimated
United 5. Four
6.
from sixteen
to be
to
twenty thousand
fans
saw
the
Open Championshipyesterday.
States
girlshailed by everybodyas the the best-balanced U.S. team to England won sent ever Wightman Cup matches yesterday. travel organizationsproceedingon Some the premise that American good-looking
there will be
too
many
travelers
to
share
tions accommodaexisting
have
tours. plannedall-expense unsuccessful actors cepting unwillingto admit defeat by acother employment sank into abjectand hopeless
7. The
poverty. 8. The over
9. The
river swollen
hours by thirty
its banks
flooded the
and
swept
town.
plans for the year, said that nothing would be accomplished did his share. unless each member in addition to The first two years of high school gave me of the value increased factual knowledge an appreciation of
23h.
rain
chairman, opening a discussion blunt,straight-speaking
of the
10.
and
of continuous
an
committee's
education.
Use
to
commas
phrases from
separate the remainder
non
restrictive
clauses
of the sentence.
phrasesare restrictive when they limit the the they modify by identifying meaning of the word the question that is meant. one particular They answer Clauses
"which?"
and
or
"what
kind?"
John Mackay, who The
180
man
who
is
our
is
postman, is postman is a former our
a
former aviator.
aviator.
COMMA
THE
peoplewho
about
I like books
In the firstof these sentences,
who
is
eventfullives.
had
have
postman merely
our
John Mackay;
providesadditional information In is alreadyidentified by name.
about
clause identifies the
talkingabout.
man
we
question"which man?" the question"what answers
phraseis
restrictive
Ellen
kind
and
of
answers
people?" whether
determines
sometimes
context
It
In the third sentence, the clause
the
The
sentence, the
the second
are
he
a
clause
or
nonrestrictive.
or
Sarah
entertained
while
us
lunch the
busy in the kitchen. After preparedthe meal rested,and were
and
Louise
Mary
who girls
had
the others washed
the
dishes. Lake with Jim and Alan Crystal who had prepared a picnic.After lunch the girls, meal, rested while the boys washed the dishes.
Ellen and Sarah drove for the
to
In the firstpairof sentences, who
teUs which
of the
the second
pair,there The
meant.
are
a
modifier
such
a
mistake
no
of
writer
about
sentence
a
can
meal
restrictive.
simplygivesadditional
which
In
girls
information. tell whether
If he punctuates he will mislead the reader. incorrectly,
is restrictive
sentence
Our
clause
onlythe
Sometimes
be
preparedthe
is therefore
rested; it girls can
had
club has
camera
worked
nonrestrictive.
or
a
duringthe
who
The members projector.
new
paid for
summer
it out
of their
earnings. The
omission
of
worked
duringthe
clause
is restrictive
members
paid for
that
"
the
worked
duringthe
If you
are
is, that
But projector.
of the members
have
indicates
summer
that aU
clause would
before and
commas
had
summer.
made
uncertain
this
after the clause who to
the reader
it tells which
the writer
contributed
and
Commas
before
meaning
clear.
whether
a
modifier
meant
that the of
the
to
say
that all had and
after the
is restrictive
or
181
COMMA
THE
readingthe sentence stillexpresses the meaning you
without
nonrestrictive, try sentence
modifier
if the sentence
now
and
is restrictive
means no
should
and
is nonrestrictive
commas
be
had
mind, the
in
off
set
it. If the
by
commas;
somethingdifferent,the modifier should be used. Study these
sentences:
With
modifier:Tourists, who their
cameras,
usuallybe recognizedby
can
to
seem
the native
outnumber
population. Without
modifier:Tourists
With
modifier:Tourists a
With
modifier:All firstsentence
must,
is pure
next
last makes
men
the
sense;
these
two
dutiable a
is
family responsibilitie
with
same
without
the
the clause is omitted.
clause,but
not
greatlychanged by
the the
therefore,the clauses
sentences,
or
clause is therefore nonrestrictive. when
nonsense
meaning
have
the exactly
means
without
sense
to
carry life insurance. should carry life insurance.
modifyingclause; the
The
declare
lation. popu-
goods dutyplus penalty. if detected, pay the duty plus
who
men
should
The
fail
the native
penalty.
modifier:All
Without
outnumber
if detected,pay the
must,
the
who
modifier:Tourists
Without
to
seem
EXERCISE
are
same
The
kind
omission.
of In
restrictive.
13
of the
followingsentences by require correction the addition of commas, usuallyto punctuate nonrestrictive of the comma Other also required. uses are expressions. of the sentences Some are correctly punctuated.On your sentence, adding the necessary paper rewrite any incorrect Some
If
commas.
do
not
1. The one
182
a
rewrite
is correct, write
sentence a
correct
a
number;
sentence.
fifteen dollars that I had
eveningon
C beside the
so
saved carefully
date with Sandra.
was
spent in
COMMA
THE
2. Grandfather
who
a
was
huckster
wanted
to
get
stall in the
a
market. 3. Her
knees
which
and
shaky.
weak
4. I tried to find
the usual
different from
5. Mrs.
husband
Seaman's
promised to printthe 6. It
to
7. Our
team
who
Mrs.
firm
v/ould
were
now
give me
thing some-
thing. is in the
tickets free of
suggestedby
was
spot which
vacation
a
and
normallystrong
were
who
members
which
has lost four
has
charge.
that
Bruce
call on
printingbusiness be
committee
a
pointed ap-
ill.
are
juries men throughinfirst-string
hardlyexpect to win. Basketball playerswho than six feet tall have a are more real advantageover their shorter teammates. until I have been reading about the labor problemwhich was blank to me. a complete recently who where there is love Parents do not providea home if their children become affection and guidanceare to blame delinquents. My favorite in the playwas Alexander Harding who played the role of the prince's tutor. The second and third floors which were formerlyshowrooms can
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
are
13.
The be
14.
other
The
16.
blouse
of similar
stylethat I catalogue.
on
but the mountain
road
with friendly
became
He
storage space.
as
page 372 of our I attended school which
seen
house 15.
used
now
him
start
The
suit which
18.
of
a
When
the Governor
you
ordered
vacancy heard not
to
you in your office. the price which
our
who
offered
can
new
to
help
buy
shippedby
employed last year think
I
is
has told
outrageous I
the house.
Everybody who
to
Exeter
20.
schools in the country. Taking her "over-month"
bag
Grandma
who
have
see
far from
Scott has been
Mr.
19.
to
offer
his business.
I
decided
to
poorlyconstructed.
was
express. 17. One of the counselors whom me
not
was
have
goes
her favorite cousins
thinks it is
a
went
of the finest
one
to
Lynchburg
small farm. 183
COMMA
THE
21.
22.
23.
24.
My
I learned very interesting the business the cityand the county.
which
this interview
thingsabout who
aunt
in living
was
was
Denver
at
the time
wrote
to
us
of
amazing experiencewhich she had had.
EXERCISE
14
the directions in Exercise
Follow 1. The
meeting
called
was
the chairman
to
13.
order
by
who
Ford
Mrs.
called
for her report. banquet committee My father's huntinglodgewhich is set high on a mountain a lake is as overlooking quaint as a picturein a book. The bullywas who spent a strong husky fellow of seventeen his time beating the small boys. on
3.
home.
our
two
During
an
2.
being
was
long weeks she found herself walking up the gangplankof the shipwhich was to take her to America. AlthoughI have learned many thingswhich will helpme I value my English trainingabove all others. After
many
25.
four miles from
about
constructed
bridgewhich
to visit the site of the
planwas
Our
4. We
knew
Roger
as
when
boys around 5. The
of the
a
theywanted
of the
success
used
follow other
made leadership
my
who
successor
my
to
be rid of him.
to
organizationunder
impatientwith
me
littleboy who
slow
a
was
easygoing
boy. 6. All of
which
a
sudden
we
had
been
any
warning in
went following
7. The
machine
will cut
operate it an 8. When
interest
lecture
9. The
second
downpour
of control and turned
out
office expenses and
Mr.
Reever
he stood up
folded
the
he read
with
and
began
magazine
us.
flood in that of rain
who
samplesbut he wool
give employeeswho
finished the article which
within
area
which
felled
called was
that I wanted.
on
unable
a
week
and
backed
had yesterday
me
to
followed
telephonewires
crashingupon parked automobiles
184
the truck
day,
easier
Josephhad
great
10.
advance
completely.
over
to
without
get
me
some
up
a
heavy
sent
trees
sewers.
interesting
any of the fine
English
COMMA
THE
23i.
Use
separate appositivesfrom
to
commas
the rest
of the sentence. An to
appositiveis
another
substantive that
American
Robert
and
an
same
excellent sailor.
two
or
the end followed
of the finest
one
poets. (Jones and Englishmanare the same; the same.) Frost and author of "Birches" are should
commas
the
appositivefrom is at
the
pronoun)joined thing.
or
Frost, the author of "Birches,"is
Robert
comma
(noun
means
was Englishman,
Jones,an
A
substantive
a
of the
rest
be used
sentence.
If the
appositive
precededby
of the sentence, it is
by
separate the
to
a
comma
period.
a
Caution:
which appositive
1. An
is
part of
a
name
is not
separated
by commas. Richard
the Lion-Hearted
was
an
king. English
appositiveis restrictive; that is, it identifies or Hmits the meaning of the word with which it is the question in apposition.If the appositiveanswers 2.
Sometimes
an
"which?"
it is restrictive and
commas.
(See Section The
phraseto
My
brother Sam
my
means.
not
be
separated by
)
house
is adverbial.
is sick.
my house tells which and It is therefore restrictive
In the firstsentence, writer
23h.
should
to
phrasethe requiresno
commas.
The
second
in apposition Names case. special with words like brother, sister, friend are written now if one has onlyone brother or sister without commas. Even or friend,so that the appositivedoes not tell which, the related to the preceding is considered so closely name noun
that
no
commas
sentence
are
is
a
needed. 185
THE
COMMA
15
EXERCISE
your paper, write the where they are needed
followingsentences, placing to punctuate an commas appositive, of address,a parenthetical a series,a term or an expression, introductory dependentclause. On
1. Bob to
Coleman the cup
win
2. Good
4.
is the
Prince
well-known
a
Southern
at
High expects his
team
this year.
Night,Sweet
more
3.
the coach
biographyof John Barry-
much-admired
actor.
keenest rivals have two Polytechnicour several of their outstanding players. tools Mr. Andrews of a man longexperiencein selling tellyou the advantageof buying our products.
City
5. He
lost
and
sold the business
J.P.
to
David
Company
will
old reliable
an
firm. did
6. Dan
Baumgarten 7. One
that
know
you was
once
a
of the persons
8. Dr.
she
met
the
book
Dr.
Celeste
was
Armiger an
reputation.
director of the
Nils Peterson
of
teacher?
whom
author of considerable
author
the
worried is greatly hospital
about 9. He
the increased expenses. opened the icebox and saw
a fancyimmediately
10. When
I reached
Sheldon
somethingthat caughthis
dish of macaroni
the
1. The
3. She
first wrestler
Mrs.
a
15.
youthlooks small and insignificant man. ruggedlargeheavy-set
a
mere
the turningof the tide. speechmarked a historic moment was happy because she was leavingRussia and going the land of
opportunity. an important businessman the large expensivedepartmentstores.
Joan'sfather
5. Student
government
an speaking
186
greetedby
was
16
the directions in Exercise
to America
4.
cheese.
the director of the volunteer workers.
beside the other 2. The
I
waitingroom
EXERCISE
Follow
and
art
which
gave
me
a
worked
chance
will be valuable to
me
to
for
learn
one
of
public
in later life.
COMMA
THE
6. When
did
not
9.
Bob
tall handsome
a
settle down
to
expect
on
a
at
10. Elizabeth
farm.
our
became
haughtyand
interested
conceited
in
Mr.
Follow
where
of the
most
2. Winston
took fighting
15. end
of the
3. In your
Dr.
course
fact and the
5. Some
Labor
I have
Davis
learned
to
tween bedistinguish
opinion.
scientists
producta
the
policy.
is far different from
man
part later
and
Minister
Prime
oppositionrebuked
Conservative
for its food
Government
of the island that
place.
Churchill British wartime
leader
Pope
the southern
firston
arrogant
an
17
the directions in Exercise landed
1. We
Darcy
person.
EXERCISE
4.
she
marine
Spanishclub two guests one from Uruguay and one from Cuba spoketo us in Spanish. the sixth and seventh of the season In two games yesterday Northern High the championof last year was badlydefeated. When farm he found he visited The Poplars a neighboring the peoplegreatly of a robbery. disturbed by news
7. Last week
8.
married
Joanne
have
DDT
Pope
been
working on wallpaperwhich will
the poet. an
new interesting
kill moths
flies and
mosquitoes. 6.
Henry
Bronson
county
was
one
married
of the to
most
wealthy farmers
kind-hearted
a
in
the
pert engagingwoman
of 7.
thirty. Godfreywas
never
8.
9.
have
often led into
occurred
to
him
doingfoolish thingsthat had
it not
been
would
for Dunstan
his
dishonest brother. thoroughly I have a reasonably of two guages good command important lanLatin and Spanishabout which I had no knowledge before I entered high school. Doing two term papers one on labor problemsand the other on a
the fine
development of
American
railroads has
given
me
develop a techniquefor handling skillin usingthe library and a method of
opportunity to
reference materials facts. organizing
187
23i-k
THE
10. Surrounded
monarch
robed regally which
three
by
23j. Use
distinguished guests
ascended
the throne in
the
the climax of
after the
it follows the
and
after the year the month and day.
when
Use
Jr. and
before
commas
Sr. and
a
ceremony of the most
to
go
and
abbreviations
James Norman, Ph.D.,
of
name
of
name
the month
or
Peoria, Illinois.
after the abbreviations of academic
and
state
a
fore city,and be-
a
it follows
Johnleft on July8, 1959, to 23k.
one
the
of the country. history
before and
commas
country when
or
hundred
lasted fourteen minutes
importantdaysin
COMMA
Frank
degrees.
Hale, M.D.,
the
are
authors of the book.
GeorgeMadison, Jr.,is the
of the
owner
EXERCISE
18
sentences, your paper, write the following where they are needed. Most of the commas
On commas
be those called for in Section be needed
for other
February12
1. On
cabin
Ohio
will
commas
uses.
1809
Abraham
Lincoln
County Kentucky. testified that on May 9
FridayApril10
was
born
in
a
log
1943
he
in Athens
was
1868
the birth date of
was
a
great
George Arliss.
actor
studied
writer
10 1933
5. On
some
will
business.
on
3. Good
4. The
but 23i-j,
placing
in Hardin
Saunders
2. Mr.
to
May
July20
1942
States
Army
from home
30
at
the Sorbonne
September
of
women
Moines
to
jointhe
United
Iowa.
away my father spent his first vacation where he had relatives. in Chestertown Maryland seven
7. Simon
Bolivar the great South American of Caracas Venezuela.
8. Florence
Paris from
1934.
the firstgroup showed up at Des
6. At the age of
ISS
building.
famous Nightingale
patriotwas
for her works
in
a
native
nursingand
COMMA
THE
reform hospital
in
from
name
9. It
in
was
that town.
12 interested 11.
Wilkes 12.
in the Denver
of
Lincoln
shot
was
by John
actor. Shakespearean
a
Ontario Martin years ago in Windsor steelworker bade his wife good-byand went to a
night fifteen
One
a
lodgemeeting.He Elizabeth educate 14.
Abraham
1865
Booth
Banner
13.
Post
began. ThursdayMarch
me.
April 12
On
Revolution
that the American
April1775
advertisement
10. Your
took her
and Italy
in Florence
born
was
Henry who
Benson
women
started
lived
City. January9 was Carrington
231. Use
a
the
pioneersin visited HastingsNebraska school with
door
next
again.
seen
of the
one
to
15. On
never
was
1834
to
him
his cousin
a
to
10
1908.
Henderson
Boulevard
Massachusetts
in Boston
May
on
Pauline
Linwood
on
movement
book
Kansas
by John
published. to
comma
contrasted
separate
coordinate
elements.
My He
23m.
John,not Henry, but wildly. forcefully,
is
name
struck
Use
a
after the
comma
close in Dear
salutation
and
mentary compli-
friendlyletter.
a
Harold,
Sincerely yours. Note: a
in
The
business a
23n.
colon
is
used generally
letter and
may
after the salutation in
also be used
after the salutation
letter. friendly Use
introduced
a
before
comma
by
{See Sections
Morgan
a
verb
25b said
I" the sentence
such
and
a
not
said,exclaimed, thought.
as
27a.)
proudly,"I
does
direct quotation that is
am
a
Texan."
end with the
a quotation,
comma
189
^"""J^
COMMA
THE
requiredbefore the closingquotationmarks unless the quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation of the sentence itself calls for some point or the structure other mark of punctuation. (See Section 27f ) is
.
stranger said,"This
The
"Did He
23o.
Use
you hear me?" he asked. wrote, "I shall expect you he mightexpect, I had
expression from
23p. which
the rest of
commas
mounted. and distrail,"
intention
of
separate
an
no
going. absolute
sentence.
a
havingrisen, Ferris floated the sailboat. the lighthouse. he saw island,the foghavinglifted,
the
Use
a
before
comma
introduces
a
new
final
a
phrase
clause
or
idea.
for everything grateful you have for your kindness duringmy especially
am
EXERCISE
On
our
ever five o'clock";but what-
at
to
commas
of
tide
On
I
or
comma
a
The
is the end
for me, illness. done
19
placing paragraph, your paper, rewrite the following in where each comma they are needed. Number
sequence. At the end of the and beside each number write comma
indicated
by
list the paragraph, the
for the
reason
numbers use
of the
that number.
of our ment long ago some reportedthe developnewspapers all thoughtof the great of jet-propelled automobiles and we developmentthat has taken placesince the firsthorseless carriage. to think of a life without cars now Althoughit seems impossible those carriage days very well. our grandparentsremember Grandpa climbed into his buggy took the reins in his hand gave The first old Dobbin a gentleslapand set off to see his girl. Not
horseless
carriagewas
built
Massachusetts Springfield 190
by
Charles
in 1892.
It
was
and
the
Frank
Duryea
Duryeas also
in
who
COMMA
THE
the firstroad automobile
won
race
held in the United
ever
States.
photographalbum and said "If you want to see somethingreally amusing look at the clothes worn by those earlydrivers." Long loose coats biggoggles used by the men. The ladies not to be and visored caps were outdone added to this costume longveils which tied their hats With a speedof seven miles an hour the cars caused on securely. The
a
other
day Jane came
great wind
a
to
with
me
cloud of dust and
a
wild excitement.
EXERCISE
the directions in Exercise
Follow
television has
Since
less
reads
20
accordingto is
average person
become a
It may
raisingchickens establish
mental who
to
of
far-from-modern
sharingthe
widelyknows
broaden
one's
own
FoUow
farm
ideas of
what
fun it is
outlook
approachedthe
to
grow
or
problemsof the struggle to
the
factions of the greatestsatisfrom readingis the
to
challenging intellectually. meet
stream
19. his heart
summoned
Instead
Anyone
great men.
began to thump.
all his resolution gave up however kick in the ribs and attemptedto dash briskly across He
perience. ex-
21
the directions in Exercise
Ichabod
for vicarious
in distant lands
EXERCISE
As
chance
a
business that pays. However one that the average man obtain can
has read
ideas
us
a
stimulation
person then the
report. If this is true great experiencethat could be his.
be adventure a
average
recent
missinga
on
popularthe
so
the first placereadingoffers
In
19.
his horse the
a
bridge.
of
side startingforward the perverse old animal ran broadagainstthe fence. Ichabod whose fears increased with the
all in It was lustily. vain. His steed started it is true but it was onlyto plungeto the bestowed both whip and oppositeside of the road. Ichabod now heel upon the ribs of Old Gunpowder who dashed forward and snorting. he stoppedas suddenlyas he In a moment sniffling had begun. In the dark shadow beheld of the grove Ichabod somethinghuge black and towering.As he looked he realized
delayjerkedthe
reins
and
kicked
the horse
191
"
THE
with horror that the
greaterwhen
the shoulders
on
headless;but his horror
was figure
should
before the rider
carried
was
which
that the head
he observed
SEMICOLON
have
the
on
still
was
rested
pommel
of
his saddle.
Adaptedfrom
"
The
Legend of SleepyHollow by WashingtonIrving
EXERCISE
Follow A
the directions in Exercise
There
theywere a
later
moment
corner.
19.
throngof peoplecame
a
could
have
not
been
fewer
dancinglike five thousand of
storm
mere
22
red
coarse
than
five hundred
woolen
coarser
mad
rose
another those
ghastlyapparitiongone square some retreated clutched them. They advanced
among spun round down
were
in
the
of them
pairsuntil many linked
rest
hand
in
and
rags but
they filled the
as
the
At first theywere
demons.
and
caps
pouring round
at
one
dropped.While
hand
round
raving
and
all spun terrible as this
could have been half so No fight together. fallen sport a healthypastime dance. It was so a emphatically of angering the blood bewildering the changed into a means and steeling the heart. This was the Carmagnole. senses Adapted from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens "
24.
The
semicolon
is
THE a
SEMICOLON
stronger mark
a signifies greater break between chiefly parts of a
It
comma.
It is used
of
punctuationthan
between sentence
sentence
the
that have
parts.
equal
rank. 24a.
Use
a
semicolon
joinedby for,or). not
a
independent clauses coordinatingconjunction{and, but, nor, to
separate
Please close the window; I entertain
my
friends
tap dancing. 192
the
room
is cold.
by playingthe piano; Ellen
does
24b-c
SEMICOLON
THE
24b.
Use
a
semicolon
separate independent clauses
to
connected
so,
over, by a conjunctiveadverb (fiowever, morenevertheless,consequently,therefore,thus, then, likewise). yet, otherwise,still,
They
oppositecharacters;yet they remained
of
were
friends for many We regret that we
have the
however, we Note:
Do
not
years. have sold all of the blouses in blue;
use
a
conjunctiveadverb.
semicolon Be
in pink. style
same
sure
every time that you see a independent first that you have two
clauses.
John,however, has has
failed
semicolon
no
to
because does
expression and
(This sentence
do the work. however
not
is
parenthetical two complete
a
connect
thoughts.) 24c.
Use
semicolon
a
to
separate independent clauses
joinedby a coordinatingconjunctionif the long or contain commas. When
scorpionstung the man, he felt a sharppain his foot;but since there was he thought no swelling,
that he had
been
not
injured.
Roberta,a very good friend of mine, camp with her; but because three years in succession,I am
Caution:
clause and clause and
Wrong:
in the
same
Whenever
been
me
to
to
camp
to
go
for
undecided.
dependent inappears betv^^een an dependentclause or an independent
a
phrase.A
a
I have
wants
semicolon
Usuallyno
are
are
the
in
which
clauses
semicolon
form
joinsonly those things
structurally.
I hear from
one
of the old crowd; memories
rush to my mind. (The firstclause is a dependentclause. It would not express a completethoughtif used alone.
The
second
express
a
clause is
an
independentclause.
if used completethought
It would
alone. ) 193
"^y
Right:Whenever to
I hear from
mind.
my
doeskin
sent
you
me
is
the beautiful; especially
me
is
the beautiful,especially
gloves.
Right:Everythingthat you sent white doeskin gloves. 24d.
Use
semicolon
a
like for
rush
of the crowd, memories
one
(See Section 23b.)
that Wrong: Everything white
SEMICOLON
THE
before
explanatory expressions
examplef namely.
The
government has given to
veterans
considerations; special
some
trade training, and namely,college training, insurance.
24e.
semicolon
A
members
of
a
if any
series
the field came
Down
used
is sometimes
of them
three
EXERCISE
of the
Some
others
your not
for painful
1. It is
of it
wretched.
a
is correct, do
sentence
C beside its number. recall the story I
prefernever
to
think
again.
2. When
I arrived at the doctor's office I
of history 3. I can't
but
to
me
and
correctly punctuated; the latter,using rewrite Write they are required. If
correction.
it,but write
rewrite
4. Mr.
On
for each
reason
white
majorettes in
muddy
competent in-
are
your paper, semicolons where
and
commas
commas.
23
sentences follovs^ing
not.
are
contain
drum
the team,
spangledskirts;and
the
separate
somewhat newly organized,
the
band;
to
my
imagine what he
Howells at
5. Heat
lifethen I
was
born
the age of
two
was
I
on
May
30
he moved
expandssolids;cold
heard
never
1903 to
contracts
asked
into the main
ushered
wants;
was
to
office.
of him
in Richmond
Long
Beach
givethe before.
Virginia California.
them.
residents for has many advantagesto ofi^ernew examplegood schools an excellent shoppingcenter and low
6. Our
town
taxes.
7. Guests
194
at
the
wedding
included
Mr.
and
Mrs.
Jerome
SEMICOLON
THE
York
New
and
Smith
8. Mrs.
Ohio
of Columbus
Woodward
Ellen
Miss
is interested
Walter
Mr.
of Auburn
Bums
of
Gary Indiana. of our some purchasing
Ames in
stainless
however, she thinks our pricesare too high. products; bit strange to you in fact a Things back home will seem in the old town has changed. everything steel
9.
10.
Mr.
that Benito
noticed
Mayer
average Indian child to school.
therefore
servant
alert than
the
send
the
decided
he
to
24
EXERCISE
Follow
more
was
the directions in Exercise
23.
my letter in year I have my last opportunityto win be wearing the basketball and if all goes well I shall soon emblem of the school.
1. This
2. If any fault in store
our
we
has caused
service
our
anxious
are
to
correct
longabsence
your it for
want
we
from to
you
be
satisfied. entirely 3. It
was
time
4.
her firsttransatlantic voyage she had ever the ocean. seen
Johnsonhated examining him
5. I
was
be
on
all kinds of
I had
sure
nevertheless
questionedand
were
Boswell
of
7.
Farming
to
try.
received
from
Henry Lowell,
manager proprietorof the
Market
for and
10.
everywhereone
be
to
the chief
could
see
chief librarian
occupation of the section,
fields plantedwith
corn
wheat
potatoes.
approachedthat the men inconceivable strike and it seemed would that they would strike againstthe government after seizure of the plant. On our side of the street the lawns are neat and the hedges
8. No
9.
seemed
eternally
was
winning the scholarship
Ralph Summers Four Comers Pharmacy and Lillian Moore of the Chestnut Grove Library. Sunrise
the first
was
subjects.
chance
no
I determined
6. Contributions
of the
to
in fact it
one
thoughtuntil
the deadline
the other side the lawns
trim
on
cans
stand
in front of the
Jane Winters
invited
me
have
gates. a party she
to
ash
tall weeds
and
is
give for
going
to
195
THE
and
Mary Lou; she included
when
she heard
that you
1. For
master
him
and
to
2. When
continued
to
scold the
to
worshipthe master to sneer at disciple
love him.
the
started
game the week
success
23.
Bos well continued
twenty years the
be in town,
25
the directions in Exercise
and
would
in the invitation.
you
EXERCISE
Follow
SEMICOLON
before
not
was
what
spectatorswondered
Leroy had
who
had
been
the field and
on
happened to
neighborhoodwhere I lived there were or playgrounds, nursery schools where children for
movies,
no
could
empty lots
were
go for used
play.
4. It will in the future with
and
room
5. The
not
board
his
adjustmentin
6.
and
great
all of the
him.
3. In the
recreation; therefore,the streets
a
be at
salaryis
Schultz to provideMr. possible the buildingconsequently some necessary.
by anyone that needs it however the laboratory for employees are responsible keepingit in good condition. there trouble with the chickens but since the Not only farm with the far from modern Hilda had to struggle the plumbingand the heatingsystem. stove Boswell was attracted to Johnson;he made it his very much equipment
is available for
use
was
was
7.
business to
watch
the great the remarkable
to
remember
8. Salt lowers to melt
9. I at
at
the a
temperature below the
because
being reordered as
soon
the
as
current
however new
be
said. that is it
water
degrees. to impossible
ice
causes
32
model
is out
I assured
model
discover his habits and
thingshe
freezing point of
explainedthat it would once
to
man
the
is delivered
fill the
of stock and
is not
that
customer we
order
will make
just the
shipment. 10. There
is to be
June 11,
to
196
to
meeting with
consider the
Welfare; and appear
a
show
the
budgetof
City Council the
the funds
are
Monday,
Department of Public
of this group representatives
why
on
necessary.
are
planningto
25ci-c
COLON
THE
25. The
colon
is used
25a.
Use
Please send 1 White
1 Beach
have
We
robes #228, medium
notified the
purpose of our the new branch
Note:
Do
to
not
following people:Mr. James Richard
a
threefold:
tripwas
to factory,
enjoy a short use
Stout, Dr.
gomery, Mont-
Watkins,
Ezra
Slocum.
Martin
The
and
size
umbrella,red and black, #426
Captain Mrs.
list.
a
by express the following: bathingsuit #427, size 14
beach
Red
planations, series, exlists,
quotations.
colon to introduce
a
2
introduce
to chiefly
formal
or
COLON
THE
visit
site for
a
prospectivecustomers,
in the mountains.
vacation
colon after
select
to
are
when
were
or
simple
a
series follows. The
kinds of
be found
dogs to
at
the kennels
are
terriers,
bulls,and collies. 25b. a
Use
formal
a
colon
E.
Lee
an
formal
statement
Use
colon
a
reputedto have said: "Duty in the English language."
is
sublimest word
by
a
or
quotation.
Robert
25c.
introduce
to
after
a
explanatory clause These
two
beautiful
thingshe
or
is followed
expression.
admired:
an
honest
and
man
of money,
and
the
planis
the
returns
this: it will are
cost
to likely
a
be
great deal small for
years.
Everythingwas in good shape for the meeting: of placed, pads and pencils ready,and a pitcher at
a
woman.
to My objection
many
which
statement
is the
the head
chairs water
of the table. 197
'mff
25cl. Use
THE
colon after the formal
a
salutation of
COLON
a
ness busi-
letter. Dear
Henderson:
Mr.
colon to separate hour and In writing time, the act from the scene title of a book from the subtitle, the 25e.
Use
minute
a
the biblical
of
figures play, the following
a
verse
chapter.
7:35 Hamlet
1:2
A CollegeTextbook of Geology: Principles Mark
6:10
Caution: such
1. When
onlya
is followed
as
Austria, and 2. The
words
by
a
short illustration, ally usu-
a
is necessary.
comma
has visited many
He
by
countries,such
France.
namely, viz.,i.e.,that
semicolon
Switzerland, Italy,
as
is
unless the material
usuallypreceded is following very are
long. have
We
studied five parts of speech; namely,nouns, adverbs. and verbs,adjectives, EXERCISE
the
Write
Give
the
26
followingsentences
semicolons, and
commas,
reason
for each
nouns, pro-
on
your
where
colons
paper.
they
are
Place needed.
correction.
1. Above 2. He 3. The
else he hated one thinghypocrisy. everything could barelyread the sign "Danger,Explosives." the world Germany Italy from all over playerscame
Japan 4. Howard
Russia
had
China
and
littlemoney
way. 5. The lecturer said that 198
we
Canada.
therefore he had
must
do three
to
walk
all the
thingsbalance
the
COLON
THE
back
budget,go
he would
6.
father
My 3
not
guarantee
thoughtthat
I nevertheless,
16
9.
the
see
10.
11.
immediate
an
the minister
of prosperity.
return
to John referring
was
that he
certain
was
ever raise tari"Fshow-
Luke
meant
9
10.
drink plentyof milk living eat good-sizedquantitiesof fresh, green vegetablestake exercise in the open air sleepat least every day,preferably eighthours every night. that A football team be littlebetter than its signal-caller can is to dependsupon the playsit uses. say, its success There are three thingsthat I wish to do before I die go to Beach of Waikiki invitingwaters Europe bathe in the warm,
7. This is his program
8.
goldstandard, and
the
on
for healtMul
Taj Mahal. Chase
Stuart
the
most
He
has
very
the milk
of human
kindness
substitute is soft
obvious a
"For
wrote
once
soap." he cannot leg consequently,
sore
the
make
trip. 12. The
letter began "Dear last letter
your been
13.
14.
The
had
notice
should
to
great
a
17. There
is
this however,
used
He
then
15
10
extent
put
answer
I have
on
one
one
Street,Broad astound
off rattling
the
and JulietIV
Please
wipe
The
on
at
least
coat
trait
two
look like
your
source
of flat
paint,
collegedepends to concentrate. namely,the ability in
success
the
street
in
names
Street, and
Street,Bank
his friends
coats
of varnish.
about nothingvery original to
be
must lights
sharp."
experiencethat
Romeo
to
it "All
ring to
give that chair
Main
town
ominous
an
then you should 16. It has been our
20.
to
occupied that I have not had time to give my the thoughtit deserved." answer At 12 15 last nightour telephonerang loudlybut when I answered it, nobody replied.
15. You
19.
promptly than
more
I intended
so
at extinguished
18.
President Smith
so
our
on.
by quoting somethingand
for it, such
as
Macbeth
I
2,
or
1.
feet
our carefully,
pigsty. Johns Hopkins Universityhas
front hall is
beginning
a
six divisions
Collegeof 199
COLON
THE
and
Arts
School, School
Medical
which My itinerary, morning, is certain
21.
it will take
When
22.
he
his head
back
troubled
times
and
one
began
ahead
but adjustments, 23.
the travel agent this thingfor me, if nothingelse
in Europe. important art galleries of the university threw speak,the president
to
rose
do
lege, Col-
McCoy
from
I obtained to
Health, and
of Public
all the
to
me
School,
Collegefor Engineers,Graduate
Sciences,
"Ladies
and
gentlemen,in
shall be called upon
we
there is
to principle of speech."
one
make
to
which
the
many must
we
it is freedom clingtenaciously In our modern, complicated society,students must do three of all information before thingstheymust ask for the source they believe it they must learn to recognize bad reasoning they must send to their lawmaking bodies only well qualified
representatives. The
24.
but
train
when
definite 25.
scheduled
was
we
left the
create
in
30, there
his address
purpose
at
6
45,
still no
was
of
"The
school
trade
trained puttingpractically
other things, to exists,among jobsthe university and expand the sciences that providethe jobs."
27
EXERCISE
paper, write these sentences, semicolons where they should
your
colons,and 1. These
are
the words
great empire and 2. I should to to
8
Milwaukee
into
men
On
at
in
of its arrival.
said
exists for the admirable
arrive
station
of the time
news
Isaiah Bowman
Dr.
to
like
to
Burke
be. fine
a
statesman
go ill together." this motion that we appoint
"A
littleminds make
studythe
the Board
of Edmund
placingcommas,
whole
question and
a
mittee com-
report the findings
of Directors.
3. When
she gave the girl advice Mrs. Martin quotedthis very appropriateline "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may." 4. Edmund Burke of handling the to force as a means objected colonies for these four it
impairs the
using it. 200
reasons
objectand
it is uncertain
England has had
it is no
temporary
experiencein
pointwhich
5. One is
you
plurals
and
possessives
apostrophe:
THE
is this Walt
will all concede
Whitman
in American of the greatestfigures poetry. framework of the bill is as follows the commission
one
6. The
of
consist
a
chairman
and
four members
will the
appointedby
of the Senate. to the approval subject 8:50 him a telegramwhich said "Meet We sent Pacific train from Spokane." President
7.
questionswhich
8. The
these
are
shall
we
plan the improvements and shall this elected? committee be appointed or the evidence of the lie Scientists do not on relyentirely detector for an obvious reason all peopleare not frightened by a third degree. The train stoppedbetween white fields ahead the snow two have
9.
10.
had
a
committee
to
buried the tracks.
26.
The
apostropheis and
nouns
POSSESSIVES
APOSTROPHE:
THE
AND
of
decide
must
we
Northern
PLURALS
used
indicate
to
of pronouns
like
the
possessivecase
anybody,someone,
one,
everybody. Carl's book Someone's
26a.
hat
was
left in the locker
apostrophe and singularnouns.
Use
of all
lost.
was
an
s
to
form
room.
the
possessive
boy's,dog's,doctor's, lady's,James's,Dickens's, Jones's
Mr.
Note: 1. The
before the s if the word is apostrophecomes singular. 2. Singularnouns ending normallyin s may omit the second s. The apostrophewill then be placedafter the s which
is
part of the
noun.
James'ch: James's(But
not
Jame's) 201
26b-cl Keats'
or
Dickens'
Keats's
(But
Dickens's
or
If the addition add
APOSTROPHE:
THE
of
an
s
POSSESSIVES
AND
PLURALS
Keat's) (But not Dickens) not
in pronunciation, difficulty
causes
only the apostrophe. princess' Aristophanes',
26b. of
Use
apostrophe alone ending in s.
an
pluralnouns
after this
form
formed
pluralsare
Most
to
by adding -5. Section 39d. )
(See
s.
the possessive
Place
the apostrophe
friends' boys',dogs',doctors',soldiers',
that end
Nouns
The plurals.
in
A
the
must singular
of these
possessiveform
after the final The
in the
s
pluralsdo possessive.
has
nouns
for the
-es an
trophe apos-
s.
burned
house Joneses'
few
add
end
not
last
in
s.
night.
These
add
must
to
s
form
men's, women's, children's, people's 26c.
When
two
the
or
more
sign of the
people possess possessive is added
thing
a
to
the
gether, to-
last
v/ord. I'llmeet
Henderson, Second
We
went
Levy
at
you
Brown's
and
store.
Company'sbranch
Sellers,and
ofiice is
on
Avenue. into
Ed
and
John'sroom
to
see
their school
pennants. 26d.
Add
the
apostrophe to phrase.
somebody else'sbook my mother-in-law's house sister-in-law (Singular) 202
the last member
of
a
pound com-
APOSTROPHE:
THE
AND
POSSESSIVES
sister-in-law'shouse
26e-h
PLXmALS
(Singular possessive)
sisters-in-law
(Plural)I have three sisters-in-law. sisters-in-law's (Pluralpossessive) all sisters-in-law's dispositions are
My
26e.
apostrophe with ownership is indicated. Use
and Sally's
Use
an
of
omission
Roger'ssisters
apostrophe in a
are
when
noun
Helen's dates for the dance
Albert's and
26f.
each
an
ful. cheer-
brightand
rate sepa-
both very tall.
are
blondes.
contractions
indicate
to
the
letter.
don't
(do not) can't (cannot) haven't (have not) shan't (shallnot)
Althoughthe II in shall and the is used. shan't,onlyone apostrophe
Note: in
o
in not
are
omitted
26g. Use an apostrophe and s to form the pluralof letter,figure,or word considered as a word. There
theme
Your He
Note:
wrote
r's in my
two
are
has
before
Wrong:
a
words
used
in
this way
are
) of
a
noun
or
pronoun
is used
gerund.
I do not
Be
34c.
possessivecase
Right:I do Wrong: Has Right:Has Note:
too
and Letters, figures,
The
name.
end's. many three 2's on the paper.
italicized. (See Section 26h.
a
of
Johnplayingfootball. of John's playing football. not approve Father agreedto you studyingGerman? German? Father agreedto your studying approve
careful
to
between distinguish
the
gerund and 203
THE
possessives
apostrophe:
plurals
and
Although they look exactlyalike, the parparticiple. ticiple is used whereas the gerund as is used as an adjective, noun. (See Section 3g.)
the
a
I
of saw; do not
letter.
John'swriting without (Writingis the objectof like and is
I
26i.
(Correct.John is the object merelymodifies John.) writing,a participle,
John writinga
saw
like
careful to
Be
apostrophe only when
the
use
knowledge. my therefore a gerund.) it is
needed. in formal English, indicating living onlynouns Usually, thingsare used in the possessivecase. Some organizations composed of livingpeople may be considered possessive.
1.
the
Correct:
the
company'splan streets city's
Informal: the desk's top Correct: the top of the desk of time expressions be possessive.
2. Some
may A
3. Be
week's
pay, breadth, for
a
month's
some
rest,
idiomatic
today'spaper,
sions expres-
hair's
a
sake goodness'
that the word
sure
and
is
completedbefore
the
phe apostro-
is used.
Wrong:
Charle's
4. Be
careful
Mr. Jone's car hat, Mr. Hopkin'snew finger, Mr. Jones's (or Jones') Right:Charles's (or Charles')finger, Mr. Hopkins's(or Hopkins')new car hat,,
endinga Wrong:
not
to
use
an
before apostrophe
after
s
verb. He
Right:He 5. Never
lives' near lives use
near
the
us. us.
to apostrophe
(See Section 14.) objective plural. 204
or
form
the nominative
or
apostrophe:
THE
The
Smiths'
The
have just come Jones's
The
present was
Wrong:
Right:The
Smiths
present
were
from
at
the party. home.
the Raiders'.
The
present at the party. home. Joneseshave justcome
The
present
were
was
be
6. In contractions
where
plurals
and
possessives
letter has been
a
from
the Raiders.
sure
to
exactly put the apostrophe
omitted.
Wrong: do'nt, have'nt,whos' Right:don't,haven't,who's Who's
Note:
means
"who
book
is this?
is." The
is
possessive pronoun
whose. Whose Who's
7. Do
at
not
use
the door? an
apostrophewith
ending in
pronouns
-selves.
or -self
Oneself, themselves used to is never apostrophe personal pronouns (hers,yours,
8. The
of
case
The Do
not
dog wagged confuse the
form ours,
the
possessive his,its,theirs ) .
its tail. (Possessive)
form possessive
its with the contraction
it's(itis). It's a beautiful
day. EXERCISE
28
in the contain errors followingsentences and the possessive of apostrophes On your paper case. use where they are these sentences, addingapostrophes rewrite words in which needed, correcting apostropheshave been used incorrectly, or making any other necessary change. for making each change.If a sentence Write your reason is
Most
of the
correct, do
not
rewrite
it,but write
C
beside
its number.
205
THE
1. After Bobs
apostrophe:
part
in
the
possessives
play was
and
he
over,
plurals
in collapsed
the
room. dressing
2. I like the book
3. In music
because
the authors
appreciationclass
styleis clear
learned
we
about
and
lating. stimu-
cians musi-
various
lives. 4.
Any
educated
the
opinionon
persons
would
matter
be worth
considering. 5. Anne
Hathaway was
6. Dickens 7.
James
8. We
books
are
wife. Shakespeare's class, very popularin our
brother Allen is
all like Frances
our
clerk.
new
singing.
9. It's nobody's business what
I do with
10. Is that hat yours or hers? 11. My sister-in-laws house has
justbeen
12. The 13.
The
14. The
have
desks stenographers
money.
my
sold.
all been
painted. embroidered princessclothes were beautifully. firemens struggle the building heroic to save was
but
futile. 15. All requests for tickets For
17.
My respect for my home training. Arrangements were mothers'
19.
church
made
Pinemans
and
her brother
20.
One
of the Tibetan
21.
The
Bermans'
Adantic
23.
to
the
womens
mittee. com-
it'sbeliefs is
and
the food
have
to
a
result of my
preparedby
the
group.
Sue
22.
sent
pityssake, do something.
16.
18.
be
must
parents
went
staved
to
with
Bismarck
last week, and
Sue
us.
radio. draggedaway the plane's at their niece to spend the weekend
natives
invited
City.
ThanksgivingDay we have the two boys high schools. My parents finally gave in and On
the annual
said I could
game
get my
between
drivers
license. 24.
The
considered neighbor's of interest
25. The been 206
day'send came workingfor
Dunstan
ten
spiteful person,
capable in-
persons welfare. quicklythat I couldnt believe I had
in another so
a
hours.
THE
apostrophe:
possessives
plurals
and
29
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
28.
1. In the
2.
theater,the womens Shakespearean by young boys. Pepys diarygivesan excellent pictureof
played
partswere
the time's in whicli
he lived. 3. Ellen combs
the
she
day,but
fur every
cats
clipsits
never
claws. 4. Who's
house
is this?
with mud. white gloveswere spattered policemens matics in matheOne in history and two years work years work are necessary for graduation. the ideas This years Press is a real students paper, reflecting and thoughtsof the student body. There is no record of that oflRcer havingbeen assigned to the duty mentioned.
5. The 6.
7.
8.
9. Mother 10.
The
not
to
hospital. Bright's
Dr.
decision
citizens
call
to
buyersstrike. government should
being sacrificed When
Fifteen years to handle our
15. The
to
fur
it'sinfluence
use
to
was
quarrel. robbed last night, the her
and
coat
two
clients investments from
came
by the Burtons. Somebodys coat has
man
thieves took
sisters watches.
experiencein bankingmakes
flowers which
prevent the
local
a
Janes house
her mothers 14.
Charlotte.
James writingto
next are headquarters to hear of the surprised
were
12. The
13.
of
approve
nurses'
11. We a
does
with
it
for possible
us
skill.
Hazlitt and
Paine's
store
were
sent
16.
17. At
Mr.
Carltons
been
left
on
I suggestion,
am
the Clarks
porch. sendingyou samplesof
materials for childrens dresses. 18.
I cannot
19.
We
had
Conner and
21.
The
Rivers
Doris
Chambers
to help you. refusing orchestra,and the girlsfavors
school seals.
were
20.
understand
and
Evans
the goods on business,including
all the companys sold for was fixtures, United Automobile Companys annual
stockholders
dividend
hand
$130,000.
report shows
a
of 4 percent, 207
"
22.
mail there yesterdays Office Supply Company.
23.
A
In
ladies purse and
Benton
24.
with
a
was
dress
order from
an
of
monogram
Kings store
J. M. T
two
s
was
Hawkins
lost in
Friday.
on
sister-in-laws wedding dress
My
MABKS
QUOTATION
from
came
the
new
womens
departmentat Hughes departmentstore.
25. There
have
Houston
been
in the papers
a
football franchise
gettinga
articles about
great many in
the
All-American
Conference.
27.
27a.
Quotation
the
at
end
MARKS
QUOTATION marks
of the
are
used
at
words
exact
the
which
beginning and a
person
says
(direct quotations).
Right:Scott said, "I am going home." Right:Scott said that he was going home. Scott said "that he
Wrong: The
and
second
quotation.The the sentence;
was
third
exact
contain
sentences
words
which
Scott
an
used
are
indirect not
in
quotationmarks are necessary. If The first word in a direct quotation is capitalized. the quotationis introduced by an expressionsuch as he must said,a comma precedethe opening quotationmarks. Martin
If the
therefore
going home."
no
said,"It looks like rain." does
end with the
a comma quotation, is requiredbefore the closing quotationmarks, unless the of the quotationcalls for some of the sentence structure or other mark of punctuation. (See Section 27f )
sentence
not
.
Martin
said,"It looks like rain,"but
Lana
with disagreed
him.
If the marks
onlyat 208
quotationconsists
do not
the
introduce
each
beginningand
of several sentences, sentence.
end of
an
Use
unbroken
quotation quotationmarks quotation.
^imW
MARKS
QUOTATION
PerhapsI go downtown. change the arrangements.I'lllet you know in
said,"I have
She
could few
a
Oliver
promisedto
minutes." Wendell
Autocrat of the says in The is a "This business of conversation
Holmes
Breakfast Table: serious
There
matter.
thoughtsdo If there is
should but
paragraph used
are
27c.
not
be
used
dialogue,every separate paragraph. "It
never
must
the
at
cessively ex-
includes
eral sev-
of poetry, quotation of each beginning
of each
of the last
In
"I've
stanzas
the end
at
the end
at
run
several
or
are
some
long quotation which
a
paragraphs marks
not
espritwho
ers They are the talkpeople. may be called jerkyminds. Their in the natural order of sequence."
what
that have
of
men
are
to exhausting
27b.
m9^W^
paragraph. They paragraph only. of
change
speaker requiresa
gone to a better dance," said Jessie. have been great fun," answered Ida. "Who
took
you?" "I
went
with we
27d.
Ed, and all went
Paul
Sallyand to
Saunders'
for
wards joinedus. Aftera hamburger."
If the
quotation is broken by an expression like he said, Mary answered, this expression must be not included in the quotation marks. go,"he said,"be sure to let me know." afraid that I can't "I am "No," Andrew objected, solution." that you have found the right "If you
If
a
quotationbroken
composed period,an end of each
of
than
more
exclamation
by
expressionlike
an
be
sentence,
one
point,or
a
he
said is
to
sure
questionmark
agree
a
use
the
at
sentence.
"It's raininghard," Harold
picnicin
the rain. Do
you
said. "There want
to
is
no
fun
on
a
go home?"
209
"^P quotation mside another single quotation marks.
27e. in
QUOTATION
quotation is enclosed
A
"When
I
her telephoned
last night," said
again and again,'Don't worry. 27f. Commas
and
Gary,"she
I won't let you
placed inside
periodsare
MARKS
colons
and
the
told
me "
down.'
closing
placed exclamation points are ing quotation marks, accord-
quotation marks; semicolons outside; question marks and
are
placed inside or outside the to the meaning of the sentence. heard
We
heard
a
so
"Don't
for me," and
wait
then
we
sudden
cry. "Don't said, worry."
Andrew The
Phyllis say,
postman said,"I
depressedthat
This is what
Jim
receive
never
shared
we
when
meant
any
mail";he looked
with him. postcards said,"Bringeverything
our
he
shall need":
food, feed for the horses, bedrolls, cookingutensils,and warm clothing. He asked, "Who has my knife?" (The question mark is we
part of the quotation.) Did
Nancy really say, "I won't go"? (The questionmark is not part of the quotation.)
Rob is
How
cried,"There
in
point is
not
quotation marks nontechnical writfng. Use
This is A
Note:
to likely
a
common
Use
(The exclamation
part of the quotation.) amazed I was to hear her say, "You
exclamation
27g.
hat!"
goes my
be unfamiliar
(The
part of the quotation.)
to
"watered" heavily problemin home
quotationmarks
have won"!
point
enclose
technical terms
issue of stock.
aquariumsis "greenwater."
onlyif the
term
is
one
which
is
your reader. For example,do not enclose in quotation marks the names of parts of an automobile engine;though they are technical terms, they are
familiar 210
to most
to
people.
MARKS
QUOTATION
27h.
In formal
words
which The
quotationmarks
writing use
suggest
different level of usage.
a
opinion is prevailing
the Board
The
of Directors
that President
Slade
that their decision
conducted
symphony was
enclose
to
by a
was
informed eyed." "cock-
"stuflFedshirt."
Caution:
always go in pairs.Be careful to beginningand the end of a quotation. quotationmarks to indicate humor.
Quotation marks
1.
both 2. Do
not
the use
dicate in-
quotation marks to enclose titlesof magazine short poems. short stories, and (See Section articles,
27i.
Use
34a.) "The
Bug," a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, is the earlyclassics of detective fiction. "To a Skylark"? read Shelley's ever poem
Gold of
one
Have
you
EXERCISE
30
the followingdialogue, adding paper, write quotationmarks and other punctuation where necessary, On
and
your
new beginning
paragraphswhen
required:
longtalk last nightsaid BettyLou. He thinks that we should go steady, hard to but my mother is definitely deal with. Parents can be such problemssympathizedJacqueline. mother agine Imme My alwaysinsists upon calling Jacqueline. It's onlywith my own friends, giving a girlsuch a name. understand who that I can be called Jackie. be It would me, did you tell romantic to go steadywith Ralph.What definitely Ralph and
him?
What
I had
a
could
I tell him?
My
mother's
same
old line. Girls
should
know
cetera.
Jackiesippedher
behave
she said. If you went steadywith Ralph you'dalways a boy good date for every dance. If you don't go steady,
have can
a
a
number
alwaysmake
a
of
boys.I'm
lemonade.
date with
someone
et young to go steady, It'sterrificthe way parents too
else.
Betty Lou
sighed. 211
I Oh
ACHIEVEMENT
well, there's nothingI
friend of hers
do.
can
ON
TESTS
My
mother
PUNCTUATION
even
invited
some
ested bringher son for dinner so that I'd get interin somebody besides Ralph. I didn't like him at all. Hi, into the drug store; Sonny, she called as a blond youth came what's on your mind? Parents answered the boy,joiningthe two trouble. girls. They give a guy more to
28. ACHIEVEMENT
TESTS
Achievement
28a.
Test
I
ON
on
PUNCTUATION
semicolons,
commas,
co*
Ions, apostrophes, quotation marks. On
the
followingsentences, placing If any punctuathey are required. tion used, make any necessary incorrectly
paper, write punctuationmarks where your
marks
have
been
Write
corrections.
your
sentence
requiresno
C beside
its number.
1. When 2. The
for each
reason
correction, do
the lecturer arrived sales volume
at
rewrite
the hall
8 30
was
If
a
it;but write
filled.
consequently declining its advertising appropriation. and conservac ourteous tive friendly
of the company
the management increased 3. A business letter should be
not
correction.
was
in statement.
4. If businessmen can
improve
5. The
interested really
are
it in many
speakersmanner
in their
government
they
ways.
pleasingbut
was
his enunciation
was
poor. 6. When
Joan arrived
we
were
in the midst
of great preparations
for my
7.
fiftiethwedding anniversary. grandparents the commissioner Accordingto reports made by R. T. McClintook of publicroads the proposedhighway will greatly aid trafiicbetween Easton Maryland and Charleston South Carolina.
pleasedto notifyyou that in accordance with vour have opened a charge account request of February 10 we
8. We
are
for you. 9. Dont
when
212
get excited said Jane, Mother she
comes
to
see
you.
will
bring the
books
ACHIEVEMENT
10.
TESTS
Williamson
Martin
Wendover the 11.
Its
PUNCTUATION
ON
of Mr.
son
Road
and Mrs.
Delaware
Dover
scholarships. that the club likely
will
for
selected
was
into its
move
Williamson
Peter
918
of
one
quarters next
new
month. thing policemenswhistles I thoughtthat somedreadful had happened. of the characters' was presentedwith great care,
12. When
13.
Each a
14.
I heard
the
result the novel
was
very
was originof this quarrel
15.
16.
17. In
cant
we
get your
can
the
Jim
had
felt
quite smart
Dr.
Martin
Ellen 20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
going to
use
ours.
his father's
when
for
worked
men
for the
car
occasion,
and
Buick. helpedme into the new of the societysent letters of president
Baum
I
he
Hubert
Enders
Dr.
Mark
Candell
and
vitation in-
Dr.
Harrington. and
and
womens
Company
childrens
new
store
has
a
sale of
clothes.
Ralph has no regardfor other peoplesproperty for instance last nighthe put his feet up on sofa. Mrs. Simpsons new Gustavus is often called the father of Adolphus of Sweden modern field artillery he standardized the calibers because of his guns brought into existence lightercarriages and placedpowder and projectile together. The
captain gave
the sailors 24.
unless
said David
Sam
long hours in faced the people. prisonsconstantly
debtors
Dr.
the game father is
century
Randolph, Brown mens
My
car.
borrowed
to
to
go
nineteenth
factories and
19.
taxation.
this
afraid
Im
you
18.
avowed
periodthe first organizedresistance began and number of employeeslookingfor a solution of their problems joinedlabor unions.
During a
striking.
the publicand indisputable
fact is clear and
One
as
Along the
to
for everyone the sails.
orders
lower
to
go below
and
told
paradepeoplelined the streets filled the windows and added silhouette of oflRce buildings a new the rooftops. to The proposedbridge,which will cost $1,397,000, will be valuable
to
route
many
of the
businessmen. 213
ACHIEVEMENT
28b.
Achievement
Test
II
TESTS
on
ON
PUNCTUATION
semicolons, colons,
commas,
apostrophes, quotation marks. Follow 1. I 2.
3.
the directions
given for
Achievement
Test
I.
about
Ralph going to college. residents Fredleysstore will be glad to grant credit to new who want exclusive tailoring, In Walter Reeds men experiment with yellowfever some and sterile rooms others sleptin a were put in perfectly victims clothing. placethat contained yellow-fever not
am
4. The
sure
groups claimed that if price controls would increase goodswould pour production
pressure
were
leased re-
into the
priceswould control themselves. 5. In the final vote, twenty boys expresseda willingness to method; five turned down the plan;and three try the new markets
voted
and
for it with
amendment.
an
approacheda small lonelycountry road we were
6. As
we
full of uncultivated
were
7. Waterview
will
Avenue
plans,for Totem
desolate
farm
attracted and
cotton
playan
by
a
the fields which
tobacco.
important part
will be connected
Street
the side of
on
to
in the
Waterview
city's by
bridge2,300 feet long. When the bullybeat up one of Hanks friends a short skinny fellow who limped Hank rushed to the rescue. has taughtus the difference A in critical thinking course fact and opinion truth and propaganda and good between a
8.
9.
bad
and 10.
11.
of information.
sources
they failed to realize the of war it was until the not engines consequently power that these weapons time of Alexander were developed. In the morning of one had a of our last days at camp we As
as practical
the Greeks
dress rehearsal which could 12.
I want room
13.
not
The
to
stay up late find
in the
medical and
eyes 214
nose
was
out
at
were
given for the young
night.
if there is any
chance
dormitory. clinics occupiedthe consisted
throat and
of ears.
children who
rooms
for
second
of
Jack gettinga
pensary floor of the dis-
treatingdiseases of the
ACHIEVEMENT
TESTS
PUNCTUATION
ON
work in laboratories and months years of secret limited commercial operationthis powerfuldevice was
of
14. After
at
last 15.
ready for the public. has My practical experience in selling
Green
and
of the Dalton 16.
Infant
Hoskins
Department Company.
Motor
obtained
been and
the
in
in
offices
for art shared my fellow art majors who zest my who liked to spend their free time with the paintsand
Among and
brushes
I found
the kind
of
I companionship
had
longed
for since
earlychildhood. eighto'clock Marion
17. At
best clothes and
our
18.
the
21. A at
me
Marian
sale of
womens
Prestons
While and
for his
continued the
found
were
this
three-year-old
time.
same
joy the child rushed into the John has given me a littlewhite
and
wrote.
and
clothes
misses
nearlycaused
yesterday. and straightforward in mind
store
Settle she
was
of
worst
by
thingswhich
Dr.
Phelpswho
the
nurses
at
her husband
offenses
a
but pettishness
worried
of the
action
of
man
sense
after his death
her friends.
graduationexercises
of the month some
schools in their eagerness for progress much emphasison medication and methods. the
and
riot
impertinentjokeslittle
were
will retire at the end
their
a
noblemen.
natures
short fits of
lies and
she did many
one
restrained
was
firmness her
white
24.
Forest
lost since
Bozo
Simple clear bold Colonel
23.
dog
shoutingUncle rabbit. May I keep it? I am sendingyou a sampleof Chinese brocade from Nortons shop and should greatlyappreciateHelen tryingto match it for
22.
his
National
Hvingroom 20.
in
the theater.
disappearedat
excitement
got dressed
we cheerfully
and
Lynn
search
sister Estelle who
Filled with
to
the Coconine
but
morning 19.
went
Five-year-old Tommy
Thursdayin
said
nurses are
said
to
ing train-
placingtoo
Remember
that
person is your firstconcern. 25. Please follow these directions for typing the paper Double-spacethe lines. care
Use Write
a
patientas
a
1/2-inch left-hand all headingsin
margin.
capitals. 215
29a-b PERIOD
29. THE
29a.
PERIOD
THE
Use
tive completedeclara-
the end of every
periodat
a
sentence. It
was
cold, dismal day.
a
Althoughhis
health
poor, he
was
decided
to
leave the
sanatorium.
go ahead home.
with your
You
proposedtrip;I
shall remain
at
Note: 1. Do of
as completeunits fragments stand for completeexpressions. they obviously
not
sentence
punctuate
thought unless (See Section 55.) "I
Correct:
want
"All
go with
to
you."
right."
"When
do
you
leave?"
"Tomorrow." Incorrect:
fast
Walking as At
2. Periods
marks
(See
Section
before you Leave the house
Use
used
are
Look
29b.
30a.
envelope postmarkwas
awake.
are
mildlyimperativesentences; after vigorously imperative
)
once!
at
a
James Smith, Esq.,was The
few
leap.
periodafter
a
when
also used after
are
exclamation sentences.
earlyhour
an
he could.
as
standard
director of the
addressed
was
abbreviation,
to
Paul
enterprise.
Travin, M.D.;
the
London.
(b. 1875; d. 1937) 10; bbl.;n.b.;qt.;p.m.
Henry Jones,D.D. Dec.
Note: 1. Abbreviations
agenciesand 216
some
of
the
names
international
of
some
government
organizations are
generally
EXCLAMATION
if the lettersform periods, especially be pronouncedas a word. can
that UNESCO
Iceland
and
member
with the ordinal numbers
1st,2nd, and
so
the
command,
phrase
when
they
on.
POINTS
exclamation
emphasis, or
AND
MARKS
QUESTION Use
original
period.
a
30. EXCLAMATION
30a.
twelve
abbreviation of the Latin
without
it is written
written
bination com-
of NATO.
nations
periodis used
3. No
a
4, 1946.
the
among
were
Althoughpercent is an
per centum,
November
beingon
into
came
Norway
are
30ci-c
MARKS
QUESTION
without
written
2.
AND
POINTS
point
to
surprise,
express
strong emotion.
Help!Help! What! How
30b.
Are
luckywe
Use
certain?
you
to
are
have
question mark
a
such
good weather! end
the
at
of every
direct
question. Do
you
Why Caution:
are
Do
the whole
know really so
you not
use
eager
the
to
go
story? Island?
to Sea
questionmark
after
an
indirect
question. I
Wrong:
was
Right:I 30c.
Use
express
asked
whether
asked whether
was
I wanted
to to
question mark enclosed doubt or uncertainty. shipsshown
Swallow, and
in
Richardson Do
not
was
overuse
in this paintingare
the
go? go.
a
The
Caution:
I wanted
parenthesesto the Washington,
the
LadijClinton {?).
born
in
the
1900
(?)
in Selma.
questionmark
for this purpose. 217
31a-b If it is
THE
for impossible
needed, you may
lazy excuse questionmark as
use
you to find the the questionmark.
for
not
a
to
express
31. THE
Careless
writers
a
When
Wrong:
we
dark
the
use
dash
that the
colon.
reached
home,
the
style.
makes
a
substitute for
a
as
house
opened the door and
we
"
not
it
use
sensational
a
the dash
use
a
a semicolon, or period,
Do
not
result,they sprinkle friendly
a
dashes. Never
letters with
makes
think
sometimes
As chatty,informal style.
do
But
DASH
of the dash
frequentuse
Too
information
exact
doing research. ironyor humor.
DASH
completely
was
his
Jo-Jowagging
saw
tail.
Right:When
reached
we
dark. We
home,
opened the
door
the
house
and
saw
completely
was
his
Jo-Jowagging
tail.
31a.
Use
dash
a
Here
is
indicate
to
fuller
a
break
a
or
shift of
thought.
explanationbut perhapsyou
not
are
"
interested. is the
He
despicablebut
most
"
I should
not
say any
more.
Do
Note:
we
Omit
can
"
the
we
periodwhen
Well, if that
is how
the
Use
dash
I
am
or
dash.
a
"
to
parentheticalmatter
ends with
statement
a
the trustees?
to
you feel
George began,"May 31b.
such action
propose
"
I ask
ofF
set to
" "
secure
sharply distinguished emphasis or suspense.
I repeat unalterably opposed unalterably, "
"
to
this
suggestion. She
was
aware
"
she
must
have
known
hopeless. I should pleased delighted,
that the proposal
"
was
I
was
"
excellent report.
218
say
"
to
hear
your
^S IC^^d
DASH
THE
material set oflFby dashes parenthetical requires an exclamation point or question mark, such punctuationshould precedethe second dash. the
When
Note:
If I should miss the train
"
forbid!
heaven
I'lltelephone
"
you.
31c.
the dash
Use
indicate the omission
to
of words
or
letters. General The Note:
B
was
"
Civil War
The
dash
an
excellent soldier.
fought1861-1865.
was
used with numbers
is
a
short dash.
3 Id. The
dash
separate
long appositiveexpressions from
a
may
be
used
instead
of the
to
comma
the rest of
sentence.
All
the
hounds
dogs
in
town
lined up
"
"
dalmatians, dachshunds, deer
for the animal
EXERCISE
parade.
31
sentences, your paper, rewrite the following dashes where they are required:
placing
On
1. Col.
from
John Hudson
Kansas, you know
foughtin
France
in 1942.
2. When
I looked
4.
5.
6.
my
heart misses
a
beat
even
now
at
the
huge beast before me! You are shall I say?too matter-of-fact to do such too how a hotheaded thing. From 1922 to 1925 perhapsit was 1921 1925 the man made of the cityof Los Angeles. a canvass As I was walkingalongWaverly Place but before that I should mention the sightI saw Street on Twenty-first He was who wore hat and a topcoat a straw a a largeman I assure very odd sight, you. very memory
3.
up
7. The
food
was
I
saw
a
excellent,but the boarders
certain no, I am that reasonably positive this if you will onlygive it a fair trial.
8. I
am
you
will like
219
THE
AND
HYPHEN
EXERCISE
SYLLABIFICATION
32
the followingsentences, placing your paper, rewrite exclamation periods, points,and questionmarks where they On
required:
are
1. The
letter was
addressed
follows: "Milton
as
Johnson,M
D,
Barton, Nev" feverish you
2. How
Shall I call Dr. 3. Ouch 4.
5. 6.
Watch
Are
seem
Jones You
where
you certain be ill
must
right
going
are
you
all
are
you
reason" asked Adam leavingAny particular Please stop that You know crying onlymakes you feel worse asked He John if he would go John emphaticallysaid, is he
"Why
"Never" 7. Are 8.
quite certain that he holds the degreeof
you
Fiftypercent, of
the
the others all left on 9. Isn't it
10.
Bob but
is stillnot
will work
The
and
hyphen
is
It indicates
more
at
year
quite
HYPHEN
Use
both
born
the
Universityof Minnesota,
try
or
AND
were
a
mark
that two
he whether, after college, to
hyphen
to
earn
degree of
a
D
D
S
SYLLABIFICATION of
words
for correct, clear
a
20;
Browne
a
of tion. punctuaword two or parts of one mechanical device which than spelling
writing.It
from the dash, which distinguished is the act or method Syllabification syllables. 32a.
Dec
Mrs
certain
The hyphen is belongtogether. is necessary
holidayson
22
for his father
32. THE
the
D
11, 1908 his fourth
is in
he
Dec
strange that Dr
December
on
boys left for
M
should
be
sharply
longer. words of dividing
is
join the parts
of
a
into
compound
word. The
use
Do greatly. a
220
of
a
hyphen
in
not
attempt
to
standard
joiningcompound learn the
dictionary.
numerous
words
varies
sult rules; con-
SYLLABIFICATION
AND
HYPHEN
THE
Hyphens
used: generally
are
1. Between
two
or
words
more
modifying a
substantive
a well-bred singleadjective: person; a neveradverbs incident. But when ending in -lij to-be-forgotten the hyphen is not used: highly in such expressions, occur seasoned food. (Do not mistake adjectives ending in -lij for adverbs. Write a tune, a manly-looki7ig lively-sounding boy.) numerals the parts of compound 2. Between (from ) fifty-two; eighty-four. twenty-one to ninety-nine
and
used
as
a
:
a
denominator
and
the numerator
3. Between
of
a
fraction:
four-fifths majority. the
4. Between
parts of certain
verbs: actor-manager; dress. to dry-clean a and
a
verbs, adcompound nouns, well-nighhopelesstask;
between the short mark (period, carefully Distinguish and dot) generallyused by dictionaries to divide syllables the longer mark (hyphen) used to link two words. (See Note:
37. )
Section
32b.
Use
broken
hyphen
a
of
the end
at
The
indicate
to
a
word
line.
a
ramblingold house, better if it
the division of
it is true, would
ably look consider-
freshlypainted.
were
Note: 1. Do
avoid
the
word
a
at
the end
of
a
line if you
can
doing so.
2. Place at
divide
not
the
hyphen at the beginningof the second. divide
of the first line, never
Such words as syllable. though,ground,death, grace, quick,asked, purse, through, and breadth cannot be divided. Write the completeword on 3. Never
the first line, or word
over
to
a
word
end
leave
the next
a
of
blank
one
space
and
carry the whole
line. 221
"
Consult
determine
dictionaryto your of words. It is easier syllabification 4.
than
learn
to
the
Prefixes and
Compound Two
suffixes may words
consonants
are are
the
correct
authority
an
rules for
various
followingsuggestionsmay
consult
to
BRACKETS
AND
PABENTHESES
be be
The
dividingwords. however: helpful, written separately.
divided
between
their main
parts.
usuallydivided. EXERCISE
33
which of the determine the aid of your dictionary, words are following compounds and should be written with 1. With
hyphens:notebook,
mother inlaiv,understand,
tight, airlaborsaving, bathroom, foregoing, selfstarter, hangeron,blowout, quietspoken,hardworking, thirtynine, crazyquilt. onstage, words: 2. Syllabify the following symphony,revolt,delicious, radiation, carefully, torpedo,chemical, heighten,throughout, grounded.
33. PARENTHESES Do
confuse
not
used
BRACKETS
AND
brackets
off inserted
[] and parentheses ( ) Brackets .
merely incidental to the context, especially made comments by other than the author of the text. Such interpolasomeone tions be or corrections, comments, explanations. may are
to
Brackets
set
are
used
to
set
matter
33a. which
own
extraneous
or
apart the writer's additions
are quotedmaterial;parentheses
author's
as
used
to
enclose the
to
original
words.
material parenthesesto enclose parenthetical only remotely connected with the context.
Use is
This
punctuation (I am
convinced
it is
should important)
be If
Note:
studied. carefully theymust you find any hollyberries (surely some. now), pleasebringme
In
such
constructions
the
the thought.Thus merely amplifies 222
be
merous nu-
material parenthetical writers prefer many
dashes
be used changeably, interThe marks parentheses. may are more commonly used althoughparentheses material takes the form of a complete parenthetical
to
when
BRACKETS
AND
PARENTHESES
the
sentence.
33b.
parentheses to
Use
enclose
references
direc*
and
tions.
Agrarianism(see
parentheses to
Use
ensure
the
was
topicdiscussed.
next
enclose
figuresrepeated
to
accuracy. He
thirty(30)
were
Students
Note:
often have
be followed
must
claims for
damages.
idea that
an
by numerals.
legal documents,
in
except
dollars ($10.00) for the shoes.
paid ten
There
out
I)
illogical comparisons. (See ChapterX.)
Avoid
33c.
Book
This is
words
or
number
a a
written
mistaken
notion;
figuresalone
are
sufficient. 33d.
Do
not
use
writing. Erase
or
wish
to delete.
33e.
Use
brackets
passage
quoted
a
"In 1865
"The
he
parentheses to cancel parts of draw lines through the words enclose
to
from
material
your you
interpolatedin
else.
someone
[Lincoln] was
a
candidate
for the
can Republi-
nomination." vice-presidential youth of today [1775] are an unrulylot."
EXERCISE
34
the followingsentences, placing paper, write brackets wherever or parentheses theyare required: On
1. It
your
in December
was
became 2. The
I think it
was
December
that Mrs.
Glass
ill.
measurements
of the lot 90
by
60 feet
were
considered
small. 223
"
3. The
ITALICS
old ogre
mean
he
is all of that made
the child cry
bitterly. 4. "The
magazine 1878
by
first publishedin the nineteenth
was
Lee
and
known
Jonesnow
as
Jonesand
tury cen-
Bush-
wick." 5. This
article by
him?
remember
James Hayes you
has been
widelyquoted. 6. Plain Sense
publishedin
was
the nineteenth
century 1836
Englishfirm. Totalitarianism see Chapter10 was eagerlydiscussed last meeting of the Philosophy Club. by
7.
an
8. This
the
book of
I referred to
one
earlier is
an
at
the
excellent
ample ex-
thought. sixteenth-century
34. ITALICS
in
Alaterial
that would
be
typedor
handwritten
papers.
italicized in
printis
underlined
italics
of to indicate the names (underlining) ships,trains,and planes and the titles of magazines, and musical books, plays, long poems, newspapers, compositions. 34a.
Use
From
the
of library
the
Queen Elizabeth he borrowed
York copy of Life, The New Roosevelt and Hopkins.
Times, and
a
Sherwood's
Note: 1. Do
of
not
italicizethe
name
of
unless the name newspaper title. part of the newspaper's a
The of The 2. Do Correct:
224
not
The
San
Francisco
Chronicle
cityused with the title of the cityis actually a
a
(Name
of
cityis
not
part
title.) New
York
omit Rime
an
Times
(Name of cityis part of title.)
article which
of the Ancient
forms part of the title. Mariner.
-c
ITALICS
3. Do
add
not
article to
an
a
titlei" none
in the
appears
work. original
Victory, by JosephConrad.
Correct:
34b.
foreignwords
italics(underlining) to indicate
Use
made has phrases unless continued usage words or phrases part of the Englishlanguage.
these
or
an enfant terrible. really extinct. dodo bird {Didus ineptus) is now had arroz dinner we con a polio, Spanishdish
Henry The For
was
chicken
34c. or
and
rice.
italics (underlining) to refer to
Use
number
of
spoken
You
must
of
word, letter,
such.
as
the
note
a
difference
between
whether
and
weather. like Ts. exactly Form your 7's and 9's carefully. miscellaneous on the test. I misspelled i's look
Your
35
EXERCISE
of each of the following your paper, write the number Beside each number, write correctly sentences. any word On
or
words
from
that
which
indicate italics
or
marks.
the
Include
1. Noel
Coward's
should
5. Mr.
to
placedwithin quotation
be
playThe
Astonished
on
the Nieuw
Heart
has been
Amsterdam
received
Ethel
sat
readingGeneral Clay'sDecision in Germany. the dean mentioned of Humor lecture on Psychology
article called National in The
4. The
be underlined
deck
3. In his an
should
punctuation.
with great enthusiasm. 2. AU the way to Europe on
which
sentence
San
is interested in
is to be
au
which
peared ap-
Mercury.
Chronicle
Francisco
Samuelson
chief aim
American
Differences in Humor,
good newspaper. that happens.His everything
is
a
courant.
225
35ci-b
ABBREVIATIONS
dot an i in your themes? 6. Don't you ever 7. We enjoyedreadingMelville's novel entitled 8.
Henry
9. The
has written
train
story called The
a
traveled
we
Dick.
Vandal.
Seattle
from
on
Moby
the
was
Olympian
Hiawatha. 10. Robert
Frost
The
the poem
wrote
of the Hired
Death
Man.
35. ABBREVIATIONS
Avoid
35a.
who
I asked
Incorrect:
His
in formal
abbreviations
most
prof,of
the
N.J.lies across
the lit.class
R. from
the Hudson
Correct:
Mrs.
Scott lives
Incorrect:
Last
wk. I
to
went
see
a
N.Y.
Street.
Primrose
on
was.
aft.
Wed.
train arrives
writing.
dr. in the
bldg.at Valley"
First.
Note:
tions writingit is best to use abbreviato avoid sparingly, giving the impressionthat your in informal
Even
letter or
theme
In formal
worth
is not
do writing,
not
your time or trouble. notes abbreviations except in footuse
and
do not use the amperbibliographies. Especially, sand (" ) the abbreviation symbolfor and. ever; howCertain very common abbreviations are permissible, ,
Mr., Mrs., Dr., Ph.D.
with
used
proper
are
names
correct.
Incorrect:
The
Rev.
Correct:
The
Reverend
Incorrect: Correct:
35b. A
with
Do
Is the Mrs.
an
is
as
at
home.
Brown
was
not
home.
at
here? here?
contractions a
to apostrophe
contractions are
use
contraction
Dr.
Anderson
Is Mrs.
not
not
was
form
in formal
of abbreviation:
indicate the omission
writing. a
of
word a
written
letter.Such
won't, don't,cant, shouldn't, and
wasn't
out of placein formal writing. usually used In reportingdialogue, contractions are correctly
226
to
3tf"a-b
NUMBERS
words convey the exact of contractions and use of
of the other
making your reports of
avoid
Do not speaker. to colloquiahsms
conversation
the
the
extent
artificialor
seem
forced. Periods
Note:
used with contractions
not
are
EXERCISE
with nicknames.
or
36
sentences, your paper, write the following all errors of abbreviations: in the use On
1. The
sts.
run
a
and
in N. Y
w
2. The
kingof Eng. from 1485 followed by Henry VIII.
3. The
he
Pres. didn't make
the
swimming
5. Last 6. The
vacation
to
agent asked
Mrs
see
to
refused
was
run
to
"
n
s.
Henry VII; he
was
Feb
because
two
months.
let him
try
out
for
Wilson.
the Rev.
see
said that he would
7. He
to 1509
aves.
team.
I went
mo
" the
speechesin Jan or in Fla duringthose
said that the dr. had
4. Tom.
8. I
takinga
was
any
C,
correcting
arrive at
regret that I shan't be able
Henry
Oilman.
eighta.m.
Mon.
on
accept your kind invit. of
to
Jan.10. 9. Ga. 10. The
lies justacross dr also
the Savannah
R. from
prof,at
the univ.
as
serves
a
S C. town.
across
36. NUMBERS
36a.
Use
words
to
than
two
words
are
Ten;
represent
numerals
when
no
more
required.
four hundred; eightthousand; thirty-six;
three million;
one-third
Bettyis eighteen years 36b. words
Use are
old.
figuresfor numerals required.
$9.25
1,689
208
when
more
than
two
165 227
36c-cl Note:
with
NUMBERS
Figuresare always used with the word the percent signexcept at the beginningof
used Usually figures are telephone numbers, chapters of 36c.
of numbers
in the
same
'percent a
or
sentence.
dates, street and book, and groups
in a
passage.
Avenue; Parkhurst 1963; Chapter6, 9, and 15; Track 4; Annex 12
June 14, 1856; The
36d.
150
dimensions
Do
are
begin a
not
ValleyView
4 feet
by 9
feet.
with
sentence
4-
a
numeral.
boys are playingtennis. Right:Thirtyboys are playingtennis.
Wrong:
30
Caution: 1. Do
where
not
a
great accuracy
2. Use
number
parenthetical figures except
in
is desired.
(See
33c.
Section
)
off figures in groups of three except and 2,365,189; telephonenumbers:
to set
commas
and
dates
in
repeat
street
365,107. 3. Do
with
not
street
Correct:
use
st, nd,
rd, th after days of the month
numbers.
May 16, 1911; February18; EXERCISE
On
all
your
errors
words
or
23
10 West
Street
37
sentences, correcting paper, write the following of numbers in in the use in figures or expressed
:
1. He
says that the last time
he
the witness
saw
was
on
ruary Feb-
4th, 1959. is Hemlock number 4,315. telephone 11 players football team. constitute a There are in the school,but only500 women
2. His 3. 4.
least 5. The
one
Blacks have
Street.
228
thousand
five hundred moved
to
a
new
there
are
at
men.
home
at
8,634 Avondale
NUMBERS
four-six nine
Oregon 7. 2100
at
were
men
telephonenumber
work
on
the club had
of five years it had 63; and membership of 134. 10.
the
projectwhen
the last check
on
its first year
9. In
changed to
was
six two.
April2nd, 1959. failed the three girls 4 boys and for only% of the studied diligently made
was
8.
sixteenth his
March
6. On
now,
March
has
received
onlytwenty-two
they had
because
term.
eleven
members;
at
the end
after 10 years it has
1959, he received first,
On
test
a
check
dollars and
a
total
for $50, but he cents fifty
since
that time. 11.
If I lived
blocks from
only4
school,I would
never
be late
either. 12. Additional
discussions of this
three, seven, 13. 3 14.
are players
more
It is hard for
15. When
and
I and
was
me
to
topic may
thirteen of the
all we
same
in
ters chap-
book.
need.
believe that
sick last winter
be found
my
Marjorieis only17 years old. temperature
rose
to
one
dred hun-
five degrees.
229
The Word
Are
of the words
sure
you
all written when
happen
by
four you use? The following high school seniors, show what careful
not
are
you
the
about
words
amples, excan
you
select. Esmond
Henry
activities engaged in literary
as
alihi
an
for his love for Beatrix. the
They glancedacross entire
I
for
my
can
The
writers
trouble
with
the
one
me.
follow
of the words.
The
and has
alihi. The not
clause.
subordinate introductory
first student
enhance, and glancesound this way. The that he can use
an
precedingsentences
of the word
of enhance
use
to
must
coma
meaning
enhance
glance. to receive gift delighted your lovely that colors The scarf has such lovely birthday. it. It was lovelyof you to hardlywait to wear in
scene
give it A
tryingto
and surprised
was
I
beach
were
does
to
his
not
having the
know
in his
is mistaken
second
listened
all
sentence.
Glanced,
when silly
broughttogetherin third student seems to know only one word him, and to describe somethingthat pleases
the fourth expects unconsciousness to result from the subordinate clause. These students all need work a
use
of
with
words. The such much 230
sections following errors
will
helpyou
speakingand writing.You helpfrom your dictionary.
in your
additional
of this book
own
to can
avoid
get
OF
USE
DICTIONARY
THE
OF
37. USE To
effectively you need to have books. One is a good handbook
words
reference
two or
use
DICTIONARY
THE
and
communication,
the other is
you have not alreadydone well acquainted with your
so,
a
now
hand
at
of
reliable
at
least
composition
If dictionary.
is the time
to
become
It will tell you these dictionary. pronunciation, thingsabout a word: spelling, part(s)of speech, forms labifi syl(tense,plural, comparative,superlative), and antonyms. A meaning, origin,synonyms, good dictionaryalso shows levels of usage, indicating dialect. whether word is slang, or obsolete, colloquial, a
37a.
Choose
good dictionary.
a
be careful, for not choosinga dictionary you must is reliable. Some pocket dictionaries,for every dictionary example,are so small that they can be used onlyas limited guidesto spellingand pronunciation.Others, though of good size, may have been so hurriedlyand carelessly producedthat theyare of littlevalue. which When be sure that it is one you select a dictionary, Before making a final trust. you and your teachers can decision about which one should ask the to use or buy, you : following questions In
this
1. Has
been recently dictionary publishedor recently
revised? 2. What
the
are
of the peoplewho qualifications
compiled
and edited it? have a good reputation? publisher 100,000 entries)? large(approximately sufficiently the
3. Does
4. Is it Three
comparablein good dictionaries,
The
American
New
size and
(Random CollegeDictionary
price,are
House, Inc.,
York)
Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary(G. Mass.) Company, Springfield, New
"
C.
Merriam
231
USE
Webster's
World
New
OF
DICTIONARY
THE
World
Dictionary(The
ing Publish-
Company, Cleveland)
Largerdictionaries
than those listed above
providemuch
completelist of words, but to carry they are very expensiveand difficultor impossible International New around. Webster's Dictionary, The Shorter Oxford Dictionary(2 volumes). Funk " Wagnalls' Standard New Dictionary,and the twenty-volumeNew plete English(Oxford) Dictionaryare four such largeand comdictionaries. These can usuallybe referred to in and
information
more
a
more
classrooms. libraries, offices, or
37b.
how
Learn
to
use
dictionary.
a
differ somewhat
Dictionaries
in their
from your dictionary it follows. First, clear idea of the method
material;therefore,to gainthe you turn
should have
the table of
to
and over
a
material
contents
to
most
see
the editors have
tion kinds of informa-
what
included.
Second, look
the introductory sections, and preface,
the
material you
systems of presenting
what
at
the back
information
can
of the book.
be
will
help you understand how will contain Your dictionary
These
found
in the
to
it.
use
many
the
mentary supple-
will show
and dictionary with which
words
you
do
not words, you come upon try to guess the sounds of the letters. The pronunciation chart in the front of the dictionary the key at the bottom or
unfamiHar.
are
of each
page
that certain Each
useful you
will show, with
examples,the
as
will find
much
various
sounds
letters have.
of your dictionary contains well as valuable information.
languagein 232
these
page
New how
When
portionsof a Collegiate Dictionarygives an on
page
235
of
can dictionary general.
your
tell you
a
vast
The
amount
of
reproduction
page
from
ster's Web-
example of just about
words
and
OF
USE
DICTIONARY
THE
what
Learn
37c.
information
a
will good dictionary
supply. merely to look up the peopleconsult a dictionary ever, or spelling, pronunciation, meaning of certain words. HowMost
realizes that he will
the student who
in the future studies each
words
want
to
use
these
word
he looks up. In the and effort.
longrun, such studysaves both time The following in Webster's entry*for the word rescue New Collegiate Dictionaryshows the kinds of information a for most of the words it defines, good dictionary provides (-kud); res'cu-ing (-ku-Tng). [OF. fr. re- + escorre to move, to shake shake, fr. L. excutere 1. To free from out.] any violence,danger, or evil. confinement, 2. Law. To take forcibly from the custody of the law. 3. To regain, A rescuing;deliverance from restraint, violence, by force. n. or recover, goods from danger; also.Law, forcible removal of a person or or res'cu-er the custody of the law. n. (res'ku-er), to free from Syn. -Eescue, deliver,redeem, ransom, reclaim, save mean danger of death, destruction,or evil. Rescue implies release from imminent danger by prompt vigorous action; deliver,release of a peror son (usually) from confinement, temptation, slavery,etc.; redeem, release from bondage from penalties by giving what is demanded; or release of one enslaved or kidnaped by paying the amount a rapsora, demanded by his captor or owner; reclaim, a bringing back to a former of someone state or condition something abandoned or or debased; in existence or in a rescue, deliverance,etc., and a continuance save, usefulness.
res'cue
(reslcQ),v.t.; RES'CUED
rescourre,
"
" "
Vocabularyentry The
entry word
usuallygiven in
this kind
printedin
word,
root
is
of type when especially
are
bold-faced
different forms
these
new
black
of the
type within the
same
same
another
are
example:reputed,which is is an which adverb, appear reputedly,
part of speech.For and
forms
type. Also
an
in
adjective, heavy
entry.
Spelling The
entry word, given in bold-faced
type, indicates the
has two or more of a word. When a word spelling tionary form is usuallygiven first.A dicthe preferred spellings, in the following will also helpwith spelling cases: correct
*
Webster's New CollegiateDictionary, copyBy permission. From right Co., 1949, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959 by G. " C. Merriam
publishersof the Merriam-Webster
Dictionaries.
233
1.
Vocabulary Entry The
word
Run-on
closelyassociated
bold-faced
3.
printed
in
bold-faced
ore
hyphenation
type. When
the meaning
with the entry
the meaning
of the entry
word
of the
word, the
run-on
printed be
can
is not
run-on
meaning of a word usually labeled by
in
inferred
defined.
is stated in its definition. Different
of numbers
means
or
meanings
letters.
Pronunciation
pronunciation of the entry word is shown by marks, diacritical marks, and phoneticrespelling. of
5.
Part
6.
Origin
7.
Principal Parts
8.
Usage
accent
Labels
in which
slang and
as
word
a
Example
Contexts
10.
Synonym
Study
11.
Miscellaneous
show colloq.(colloquial)
meaning
or
9.
include
people, places,and
Subject
occurs.
about
providing information
entries
portant im-
events.
Labels
Technical the field
or
such
meaning
scientific meanings branch
or
Geographic Labels
the level of usage
Information
dictionaries
Most
of
means
Label
Speech
Labels such
13.
shown.
are
also
are
The
12.
Spelling,
type.
Definition The
4.
is
Entry
Words
from
defined
and syllabicdivision, capitalization,
accent,
2.
be
to
of
knowledge
are
to
usuallylabeled which
according to
they belong.
Labels as
Brif. (British) or
chieflyU.S. tell where
a
word
or
is used.
(opposite ) reprinted by permission. From Collegiate Dictionary, copyright 1949, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959 by G. " C. Merriam Co., publishersof the MerriamDictionary
Webster's Webster
234
column
New
Dictionaries.
past part, of geai. [L. gestieulatus, tik^Q-lat) tlc^P-latej(jesfr. gesticulus mimic gestiiiOi diwii %l pattm*
ges-
v.
.
gesticulate,
lo
iicuurri
a
npoakinB. ' ges-tic^U-la^tiTa w.r" "tic^u-la^tor (-latter), Art nf irpgtif-iiiatiTig or ma.kini 1 representing passion,or enforcing argu im
gfitura,] To iniho gootUFOOi
when
odpj
Ti
adj. Brit.,-ter-Tj, laitU^nf(jes-t!k^u.ld"to^rT or, esp. by, belongme
to,
(jE3"huiB)4 7tJ [L. ffesfto
"
a
senting Repre-
geslidUiatlflfl.
resemDling,
or
managing, fr. ffer ere
to
bear,man-
^Tniffpmantj rnnriiirt
Archaic.
oestumX gesjttra mode of action,fr.L. gerere, :2. A niotion oi posture. Oba. 1. Carriage; ^ct." ,_^SXJl idea or a passion,or to enforce an intended to express or limbs Dody tions assertion,or opinion. 3. The use of moemphasize an argument, 4. [Influenced by of expression. of the limbs or body as a mode uJ [ML. i;-tj)r),ti behave,
_.
,,
_.
or
geate.'i Something done or diplomacy.
F.
make V. i. To er), n. Ge-sund'heit as
:et (get).
when ";;. t.t
gestures
a
gesture; gesticulate.
past
got
(got)
a
courtesy, formality,
ges'tur-er (-t5r-
"
health;
(To your)
[G.] n. Cge-z66nt'hTt), drinking,or after
of
way
a
"
tation, salu-
sneeze.
"
Archaic
"past 'part.\ Dial. GAT"(gat);
,
pres. part, get^ting.j [OW. _(got''n); (esp. in U. S.) got'ten 1. Tu Luiiie iuto pusi.6stiiuu ut. tu ubtdin, amuiie; I'toJOTve. Vf.lyi..'] as hunting, process, Hence, in idiomatic uses: a To reach by some To resounding, etc.; as, to get a fine stag; to get boUijinii h Colloq. To thrcA tn hit;Strike; cfntpnrf Slangi rpi-iff. pgi" m^ntho J^ nf; d Procure jg by ftlthing; as, let me as, the blow got him in the mouth, with, as by telephone. hat, fi To p^t-ahligh communication get my To obtain the mastery Si-ipoi'f irh''''''^' n over; as: a To overColloq] as)a bad lidbiLyws one at last, b To capture; as, the police master; puzzle; as, this problem gets me; also,to C To baffle; got thethief. also,to irritate, d To pen; trap; hence, to bring to retribution; annoy; put out or kill;as, to get the murderer, e In certain sports, to retire, have and had: Pleonas4. With a catch. (a play.fr)PHI ,bymaking be obliged to; as, he has not to Hn it, 5. a To cause JJcaiUiC'oZZog.,jto b To cause to be iffT be removed; as, to get him Sj^Sy. U T6 get ready: prepare; to move or 7. To betake; him to go. U:!,lu get diailfil-. t". lo induce; as, to get of animals. 8. To begetj now as, let us get us away. reflexivebi; If nr itirtlfinj-n. a state, condiarrive atj or bring "n V. i. 1. To 2. To make acto get free.| tion,or pooition;go, to get to be ffiondajl
GOT,
or
ag
-i
8
or
by
said merely
or
_
I
"
"
"
"
I
quisition;tn nrnfilSyn. _Q"t, obtain,procure,
to mean acquire, ^aic, win, earn secure, not or may of. general term, may into possession Get, a very of an end the attainment obtain suggests imply effort or initiative; for effort in obtaining something sought for or hoped for; procure, tained oneself or another; secure, difficulty in obtaining and fixing that obtion, addiin one's possession or under one's control;acauire stresses already possessed; gain to something as by inevitable result, adds to obtain the implications of struggle and, usually,of material ties value in the thing obtained; win adds to gain the implication of qualithat favor;earn impliesa correspondence between or circumstances the effort and what one gets by effort, i come
"
get
"
"
alteaa
of.
Volloq.
lo
surpass.
1. An offspring (of an animal); breed. 3. In certain games, o' War's get. of Man of a shot that ordinarily would a return n.
get'-at'-a-ble (get'at'd-b'l)adj. Possible or known; approachable;accessible.
to
as
2. Begetting; as, colts ball, lawn tennis and handfor the opponent score
got, reached,attained,
be
,
get^a-way'(get'd-waO,n. going,
6eth'Seni'a"ne fr
The
act
n. (geth.sSm'd-ne),
nrt^ft s^igmfl.nirm)
ArRm
"
scene 4 of Jerusalem,
of the
nilprpgg] agony
and
[Gr. Gethsemane, Gethsemanei, I hp pn'^|/^cnra H,h Tt ,jnfg,j^t
arrest
of
Ami uln^itiui ucLabiuu uf KieaL, suffering. Cf. Calvary, 3.
"lim
cap.] "
gnt^tpr(gpfpr),n a
starting,
fact of getting away,
or
etc.
vacuum
tube
1
Onp
wlm
gptg
"".I g;^/.
"
to remove
n. get'np' (gSt'iip'),
traces
2.
Jesua
"
cbp.
ja
{.numettmes
ufental or spiritual, substance placed in
of free
Colloq. (General composition
or
structure:
make-up. avens. [L.,herb bennet.] ge'oiu (je'iim), n. bauble. A showy trifle; n. gew'gaw (gu'go), ioy(g5))"rfy. Seoti Conoidorabloitolarabloi =
"
erably;very; pretty. Scot. geyOies,gayOies (ga'laal^du.
aUo i,V".ilBrit\ ecy'aey (aI'j"i,
"
"
adj"2haay. arfiil Scoti 0}nsid'
*
Fairlywell;very much. ga'zer,ge'-,usually gS'- tn sense
21,
235
USE
OF
DICTIONARY
THE
1. The
forms its are pluralsof nouns given if the noun other way than by adding s or es. pluralin some The comparative and superlative degreesof adjectives and adverbs are given when adding er or est changesthe of the root word, (happy happier) spelling The past tense, past participle, and present participle of verbs are given if there is an unusual change. spelling Compound words spelledwith a hyphen, as one word,
2.
"
3.
4.
or
words
two
as
are
indicated.
so
Capitalization Most
good dictionaries will tell you whether a word is If an entry word is written with a capiusuallycapitalized. tal that word should always be capitalized letter, ample, (for exsuch a word will have one African).Occasionally or stance, more meanings which require a small letter. For inin Webster's New Collegiate Dictionarythe third meaning of Afghan reads as follows: 3.
[not cap]A kind of worsted
word a Similarly, letter may
have
that is
blanket
or
usuallywritten
wrap.
with
in which
a
small
it is
capitalized Your then add "(cap.)" "(often dictionary may cap.)" or "(sometimes cap.)"to these particular meanings. either in their Proper names (people,places) appear section alphabetical positionwithin the text or in a special sections
or
names
you
are
one
or
meanings
more
Where these proper dictionary. dictionary given depends upon the particular
at
the back of the
use.
Syllabification Most
dictionaries
use
a
dot
to
in the separate syllables
vocabularyentry; some replacethe dot with an accent when is to be stressed. If you look a particular syllable the entry for divided into two at
236
rescue
on
page
of syllables,
233, you which
will
see
mark back
that it is
the first is accented
OF
USE
DICTIONARY
THE
the second
and
follow
the
unaccented. method
same
all dictionaries do
Since
of
not
it is separatingsyllables,
portant im-
the
in your dictionary notes introductory what system is beingused. to see is importantfor two Knowing how a word is syllabified the word, and it shows It helpsyou to pronounce reasons. divide a word if it is too long to be you where you can
read
to
in full at the end
written
of
line.
a
Pronunciation
word
pronounceddepends upon two things: where the accent the letters are sounded. is placedand how Your dictionary has in its opening pages a chart showingthe sounds of the various letters and the markingsused to indicate those sounds. (See Section 38 for a completediscussion of this topic.) when As with spelling, two or more pronunciationsof a word used, the more are commonly used pronunciationis ently words are generallygiven first.When pronounceddifferHow
a
in
the localities,
various
labeled usually a
is
show
where
pronunciationis
labeled
to
this indicates that the word
variant
pronunciationsare from. If,for
they are
British
as
spokenin
is
ple, exam-
ChieflyBritish, this way in England.
or
Part(s) of speech
"partof speech"(noun, verb, adverb, etc.)is given.After the word rescue, for adjective, that it is a transitive example,we find v.t.,which means For
almost
every entry the
verb. Farther
down
that it
can
in the
also be
entry used
is the label n., which
as
abbreviation, the part-of-speech meanings are usuallygiven,and Whenever of
a
certain
you
are
abbreviation, you
table dictionary's
in
a
Followingeach particular meaning or noun.
the
correct
doubt
about
can
cates indi-
plained. usage is exthe meaning
quicklycheck
it in your
of abbreviations. 237
OF
USE
Principal parts of When
a
If you
are
DICTIONARY
verbs
in some irregular way, dictionaries spell and often the present out the past tense, the past participle, immediatelyafter the part of speechabbreviation. participle If there are alternative forms, these are given also. Our example, rescue, gives the past tense, rescued, and the present participle, rescuing.The "entry"word itself is the with When, as (or the present infinitive). present tense the past tense and the past participle have the same rescue, form, this form is spelledout only once.
past
verb
THE
about
unsure
and
tense
is
whether
with past participle
verb
certain
a
the usual
will tell you. endings, your dictionary of certain regular verbs are also given.
The
forms
its
-d, -ed, or
-t
principal parts
Origin
a
and where will tell you how Frequentlyyour dictionary word into being.It may have arisen through association came with
the
was
have
name
been
the of
of
name
a
such
person,
seventeenth-century hangman; or it may from an ancestral or foreignlanguage.
a
derived
Old
English,Latin, Greek, German, and the heaviest contributors, though many have also played a role in forming our vocabulary. The historyof the originof a word within brackets near the beginningor at entry. In the word
from
came
of or
the
derrick,which
as
of
case
the Old
prefixre-
shake). Escorre
was
rescue,
French and
word
escorre
derived
we
from
French
have
other current
the end are
(meaning Latin
(meaning "to shake out"). This information abbreviated. For example, in the entry mentioned stands
simply means 238
for "Old "from."
French"
and
L. stands
of
a
tionary dic-
told that the
rescourre,
cutere
OF.
languages English
usuallyplaced
is
the
been
a
bination com-
to
move
word
ex-
is often
above,
for "Latin"; fr.
USE
DICTIONAKY
THE
OF
Meanings Words
have
at
if not
least one,
of the
more,
following
meaning, a traditional meaning, a figurative meaning. meaning, a special meaning, or a new It is a good idea to learn the order in which meanings for words that is, whether the are given in your dictionary; meanings are arrangedin order from oldest to newest, from
meanings:
historical
a
from
generalto specialized. the significance of numbers It is also important to know (1, definitions. 2, 3) and letters (a, b, c) precedingvarious This information titled can usuallybe found in the section en"ExplanatoryNotes." Whenever you look up the meaning of a word, read throughthe entire entry and then select the definition which fits most where come closelyinto the context you have most
to
common
most
rare,
or
the word.
across
that
hyphenated and phrasesthat have an idiomatic, specialized, or figurative meaning are in some dictionaries entered separately in the regularalphabetical word. Most in others they are listing; put under the main Words
dictionaries
foreignwords Level The does
(s) of mere
are
have and
now
added
abbreviations
common
the main
phrasesto
body
and
of their texts.
usage
fact that you find that it is in mean
a
word
listed in the
dictionary
of its good use or that some specialmeanings are appropriatein current English.The tionary boy who proudly pointed to ain't on a page of his dicand said "The word is in the dictionary, it must so hadn't read far enough to see the word be right" how was labeled. Farther along in the entry appear the words: used in dialect or illiterate speech." now will help you to judge the acceptability Your dictionary of a word in various situations by the absence or presence not
"
"
of
a
"restrictive label." Some
words
have
no
labels, and 239
USE
Others have their
use
without
OF
DICTIONARY
THE
labels
as
a
applyingonly to certain meanings or certain part of speech.All words that labels of any sort formal English.Words
restrictive
appropriatein
to are
be considered may labeled colloquial
in informal speech or writing,but usuallyacceptable in formal writing. not All dictionary labels are guidesto the special appropriateness of word be put into four usage; generallythey can categories: are
1.
which Geographical, a
country where These
When
a
4.
240
or
a
country
or
a
particular meaning
labels tell whether
the
is
is used
word
of
section mon. com-
marily pri-
such
word
is in current
3.
word
a
places as England,Australia, Scotland, the United States. They may also indicate special or regionssuch as New England,the South, the Southwest, the West. Since Englishis the native or language of so prising people in various parts of the world, it is not surmany that geographical labels are necessary. which of its meanings, tellswhether one Time, a word, or is no longerused; is disappearingfrom use; or is still solesce used but has a quaint form or meaning. Obsolete, oband archaic are three possible"time" labels. in
2.
a
indicates
has
no
such
label attached
to
it,the word
use.
which indicates that a word of its meanone ings or Subject, department of knowledge. belongsto a specialized Examples of this kind of label are Geom. (geometry), and Med. (medicine),Mus. (music), Naut. (nautical), Photog.(photography). tells whether word Cultural, which or a a specialuse of it is substandard or acceptableas informal English. and Slangare three Dial, (dialect), Colloq.(colloquial), such labels. If no "cultural" label is given in the entry, the word and its various meanings are usuallysuitable for both formal and informal writingand speaking.
OF
USE
DICTIONARY
THE
authorityto decide exactly editors can how and where a word may be used, dictionary onlyuse their best judgment in recordinginformation about cover words. You should not be surprised, therefore, if you disthat dictionaries sometimes disagreeabout the labels they attach to certain words or meanings. Such differences of opinion usuallyarise over labels that indicate levels of Note:
there
Since
is
no
one
usage. For
further
Sections 41, 42, 44, 45, and
see
Synonyms
and
are
often
come
at
the end
back
at
the
redeem, all
dozen
usage
46.
antonyms
Synonyms (words
are
the different levels of word
study of
that have
included and
are
entry for
ransom,
the
or
same
similar
ings) mean-
entries; they usually dictionary precededby Syn. If you will look
in
rescue,
reclaim, and
you save,
will
with
that
deliver, their definitions,
note
Though, as in this case, half synonyms. have similar basic definitions,each one may
given as words
a
different shade of meaning. By giving expresses a slightly not a only helps you to dictionary you lists of synonyms, understand better the word but also enables you to itself, choose
a
word
which
may
come
closer
to
expressinga
is idea, concept, or feeling. particular Finding synonyms so important that entire volumes have been compiledto Webster's of these are help speakersand writers; some Dictionary of Synonijms, Crabb's English Synonyms, and Roget'sInternational Thesaurus of EnglishWords. Antonyms (words that have opposite meanings ) can also be found in the entries for certain words in the dictionary. ster's For example,when silent in Webyou look up the word New CollegiateDictionary, you find that talkative is given as of words which an are antonym. This listing oppositein meaning will often helpyou to understand more the word clearly you are looking up.
241
"
Other In
PRONUNCIATION
information addition
about
information
to
dictionaries include such
words
useful material
as
as
words,
notes
on
most
famous
and states, populaof countries tions peopleand places, capitals of cities,locations of colleges, tables of weightsand marks, and picturesto illustrate measures, proofreader's words.
certain
38.
Words
mispronouncedbecause of failure to give the or syllable
are
the proper sound. 38a.
PRONUNCIATION
Watch
the
and respelling
the
give you
placed over
to
accent
letters the proper
diacritical marks.
to respelled phonetically acceptedpronunciation.Usuallymarks are
words dictionaries,
In most
failure
the vowels
called diacritical marks. with respelling
are
indicate the
to
These
are
followingexample
of
there good dictionary
is
the
Notice
sound.
diacritical marks.
hay'rack' (liE'rak') a
pronouncedlike a is pronouncedlike
is
a
At the bottom a key usually
marks
over
or
the letters. For
ebb
equal
if
ice
are
marked. similarly an
a
a
in mat.
marked
of
a
words
written
with
these
example: dare
able
words
a
of each page list of common
act
These
in mate.
art
of letters pronunciation If the word that you are examining contains a, the letter will be pronouncedlike the a
guideto
the
in act.
If the letter is 242
not
at explained
the bottom
of the dic-
PRONUNCIATiaN
tionarypage, consult the full key the
sections introductory
38b.
Watch
In
your indicated
accent
is followed
has
should
by {'').
a
marks.
two
that syllables
be accented
accent light
in'tellec'tual
more
mark
your
stressed will be
words
are
accented, the syllable
than the other lightly ( ) or by a double accent '
chor'eog'rapher EXERCISE
The
in
or
mis'chief
If the word which
cover
dictionary.
the syllable to be dictionary, by a heavy accent mark (').
mod'el
mark
of the
the inside
on
in this list are
Bes"sara'bia
1
often
Consult mispronounced.
for the correct Then dictionary pronunciation. tice practhe words. them Use in conversation. saying your own
243
SPELLING
EXERCISE
If you
have
2
largereadingvocabulary, you
a
stand under-
may
words
that you do not know how to pronounce. of the words in the following lists are familiar to
many Which
all the words in the list and check youryou? Pronounce self the the in by lookingup dictionary. pronunciations given the correct pronunciation Learn of any word that you have mispronounced.Learn the meaning of any unfamiliar word in the list.When the correct meaning and proyou know nunciatio
of all these in
conversation,
so
words, try to
that
theywill
use
them
all become
in sentences
parts of your
speakingvocabulary. acumen
comparable
amenable
condolence
audacious
conversant
incomparable indisputable inexplicable
autopsy
debris
intricacy
bourgeois
decorum
sonorous
chastisement
formidable
inveigle irreparable
chiropodist
irrevocable
syringe
clandestine
grievous grimace
lamentable
ultimatum
combatant
incognito
lingerie
verbatim
EXERCISE
patronize quay
reptile reputable subtle
3
eign followingforthat are in common use today? Consult your of each word. for the acceptedpronunciation dictionary Are
you words
sure
gratin
au
bona
fide
bon
voyage
pronunciationof
of the
boudoir chaise
the
finis
longue
coiffure
per
diem
pizza
ravioli table d'hote tete
a
tete
39. SPELLING
of carelessness. Although is a matter spelling of all words the spelling not by possibleto master of rules,a few simplerules will help a great deal.
Most it is means
244
poor
SPELLING
39a.
Pronounce
1. Do
not
add
words vowels
correctly. in
pronouncing such
and you will similar, athletics, 2. Do
not
omit
in
consonants
words
as
astrous, dis-
them. misspell
not
pronouncing such
words
as
and government and you will not misspell them, library words omit in pronouncing such Do not as syllables spell and you will not misminiature, sophomore, accidentally,
3.
them. words that contain carefully {p)neumonia,g{h)ost. {p)sychology,
silent letters:
4. Examine
EXERCISE
These
words
often
are
Choose
pair and
the
4
because misspelled correct
form
in
they are
each
pronounce mis-
numbered
Check your paper, with its number. another list of the words that you your choices and make misspell. Keep the list for study,addingto it other words write
that you
it
on
in misspell (See Section 39c.)
your
written
work
or
correspondence.
1.
accidentally accidently,
16.
goverment, government
2.
artharitis arthritis,
17.
grievious,grievous
3. asparagus, asparagrass athletics 4. atheletics,
18.
heighth,height
19.
hinderance, hindrance
5.
attackded, attacked
20.
hunerd, hundred
6.
basicly, basically boundary,boundry
21.
incidentally, incidently
7.
canidate, candidate 9. children,childern
8.
interduce, introduce 23. mischievious, mischievous 22.
24.
modern, modren
congratulations, congradulations
25.
prespiration, perspiiation
26.
pernounce,
11.
cruel, crule
27.
quanity,quantity
12.
disasterous disasti'ous,
28.
realisticly, realistically
13.
drasticly, drastically emotionly emotionally, Februarj', Febuary
29.
recognize,reconize
30.
sarcasticly, sarcastically satirically, satiricly
10.
14. 15.
31.
pronounce
245
SPELLING
32.
sophmore, sophomore
34.
33.
strickly, strictly
35, temperment,
39b.
See
Poor
the words
should especially, spellers,
pay
most
mistakes
that look alike the
your
sentences
of words. When
and
meaning
Divide
or
5
class into
3.
seven
groups. Let
the correct illustrating Group 2 may take the
the groups
have
accept, except
2. access,
because
peopleconfuse words somewhat alike. Use a dictionary to learn pronunciationof the followingwords. are
by readingthe 1.
made
attention particular ualizing frequenterror in vis-
for another.
EXERCISE
Some
temperament
use.
you
of words. The the appearance words is mistakingone
to
suprise surprise,
excess
addition, edition
advise, advice 5. affect,eflFect
4.
use
next
1 write group of the first ten pairs ten
pairs,and
finished their work, check
sentences
so
the
aloud. 21.
cite, site, sight
22.
cloth, clothe
23.
coarse,
24.
comma,
course coma
25. conscious, conscience
6.
aisle,isle
26.
corps, corpse
7.
allusion,illusion
27.
costumes,
8.
ally,alley
28.
9.
altar,alter
counsel, council 29. descent, decent
10.
anecdote, antidote
30.
dessert,desert
11.
angle,angel
31.
12.
bath, bathe
32.
diary,dairy dual, duel'
customs
berth, birth 14. break, brake
33.
eligible, illegible
34.
eliminate,illuminate
15. breath, breathe
35.
formally, formerly
bridal, bridle
36.
17.
capital, capitol
37.
grate, great hoarse, horse
18.
censor,
19.
choose, chose
39.
hoping,hopping huge, Hugh
20.
chord, cord
40.
idle, idol
13.
16.
246
censure
38.
on. sults re-
SPELLING
56.
later,latter 42. led, lead
quiet,quite 57. rain, reign,rein
41.
43.
lessen, lesson
58.
44.
lose, loose
59.
rapped,wrapped respectively respectfully,
45.
mist, midst
60.
scene,
46.
moral, morale
61.
shone, shown
47.
nauseous,
62.
sole, soul
48.
passed,past
63.
stationary, stationery
49.
peace,
piece
64.
steel,steal
50.
persecute, prosecute
65.
surely, surly
51.
personal, personnel precede,proceed proscribe prescribe, principle principal, prodigy, protege
66.
tenants,
67.
thrown, throne
52. 53. 54. 55.
nauseated
track, tract 69. trial,trail 70.
weather, whether
the word
that is
requiredby
the renthese pathe meaning of the
your paper, write the number beside it write the word that you
On
sentence.
and
did not
(accept, except)the
from
of each have
tence sen-
chosen.
invitation.
dark tall,
3. I do not 4.
6
of tlie following sentences, choose
In each
2. A
tenets
68.
EXERCISE
1. We
seen
(woman, women) entered the room. know (whether,weather) I can go to the game.
Many people were
prosecuted)for (persecuted,
beliefs in the sixteenth century, 5. Sylviais such a (quite, quiet)girlthat
we
never
their
learn
ligious re-
to
her.
know 6. Do
you
understand
the
theorem
about
right (angles,
angels)? (coma, comma) to separate the items in a series. Jack is much taller (then,than) I am. I was so (scared,scarred) that I ran out of the house. Have (clothes, cloths)for Easter? you boughtany new How did you (loose,lose) your money?
7. Use 8. 9. 10. 11.
a
12. The
of my 13. The
man
standingon
the
porchis
the
(principle, principal)
school.
(sole,soul) on
Bob's shoe is
an
inch thick. 247
SPELLING
14.
The
(wrapped,rapped) in arrangedthe Hne, Hazel was
present was
15. When
we
silver paper.
(proceed,precede)
to
me.
16.
Please
Ellen for
excuse
(nauseous,nauseated) all 17.
doing her
not
last
homework.
will
Company,
be known
now
felt
evening. Hecht
called David business, (formally, formerly)
The
She
as
Hecht
ufacturing Man-
Brothers,
Inc. 18.
he 19.
(dairy, diary)that tells of the London. (led,lead) in seventeenth-centiiry personnel)manager asked me to come (personal,
Samuel
The
Pepys
his ofiBce for 20.
The
Keep
a
be shown
your
life
to
interview.
an
picture (censor,censure) refused
motion
pictureto 39c.
wrote
to
permit the
in the state.
listof
own
words. mls$||"elled
tion spellsimplyby paying close attenof words which to the appearance they see in their but almost everybodyhas trouble with a few words reading, that are difficultfor him. You save time by keepinga record effort and making a special of the words that you misspell
Most
to
peoplelearn
them.
learn
students, but trouble
to
Your
there
many
to
list will differ from are
some
common
people.Exercises
the lists of other words
that
7, 8, and 9 contain
give some
of these words.
EXERCISE
These to
write
the words
are
simplewords
these words which
you
from
7
Be frequentlymisspelled.
dictation. Put
misspell.
in your
own
able list
SPELLING
249
SPELLING
EXERCISE
The
followingwords
Write
words
more
difficultthan
those in Exercise
students' papers. many from the words dictation. Add list of to your own For rules to help you with any that you misspell.
7 and
see spelling,
have
are
8
been
Section
in misspelled
39d-j.
SPELLING
restaurant
serviceable
sandwich
simile
scarcity
transferred
unnecessary valiant
schedule
spaghetti specialty
unanimous
vehicle
scheme
specimen
unconscious
sympathizes
undesirable
vengeance volume
sergeant
temporarily tendency
EXERCISE
of these
Some
See speller.
how
will
words
9
give trouble
of them
many
undoubtedly
you
to
even
a
good
spell.
can
abhorrence
conspicuous
imminent
absorbing
contemptuous
accustom
deteriorate
acknowledge aeronautics
diphtheria dirigible discipline
preference incredulous prevalent intentionallyproffered intercede promenade
aggravate
acquaintance
pneumonia
impetuosity
irrelevant
recede
dissatisfied
legitimate
recommendation
analogous
dissipate
leisure
reconciliation
apparent arrangement
distinction
liquefy
representative
ecstasy
mercenary
rescind
artillery
exhilarate
mimicking
reservoir
auctioneer
exorbitant
momentous
rheumatism
authoritative
extraordinarynotoriety
auxiliary
facilitate
barbarous
Suillotine
battalion
harass
sacrificing parliament sacrilegious particularly saxophone pasteurization soliloquy specifically perceive perceptible tyrannically occurrence
hesitancy coincidence hypnosis colloquial hypocrisy comparativelyilliterate carburetor
concede
imitation
conferred
immigration
39cl.
the
perseverance
vacuum
pervade picnicking
vaudeville visible
Spellingof plurals. pluralsof singular.
1. The to
ridiculous
desks
most
dogs
nouns
boys
are
formed
by adding -s
chairs 251
SPELLING
ending in ch, x,
2. Nouns
sh, s
z,
add
-es
to
form
the
plural. boss,bosses taxes
tax,
of singular
the
i and
topaz,topazes
z,
sh, s form the third person
in this
fixes
passes
add
-es
to
the
a
change
consonant
sky,skies families family, memories
memory,
Notice
person
singular, present by a consonant.
same
tense, of verbs
ending in
marry,
studies study,
hurries hurry, justify, justifies
ending in
y preceded
marries
try,tries worry, worries
of the third
the formation
change in
Note:
4. Words
fizzes
pinches
y precededby form the plural.
baby,babies lady,ladies dairies dairy,
fashion.
same
ending in
3. Nouns to
glasses glass,
present tense
pushes
y
church,churches
ending in ch, x,
Verbs
Note:
sash,sashes
ay, ey, oy
add
merely -5
for the
plural. valley, valleys donkey,donkeys 5. Musical
precededby
a
journey,journeys attorney,attorneys
terms
ending in
vowel
add
-s
studio,studios radio,radios 6. Most -es
252
for the
for the
and
ending in
nouns
o
plural.
soprano, sopranos
piano,pianos
endingin plural. nouns
o
o
precededby
a
consonant
potato,potatoes
hero, heroes
mosquito,mosquitoes
Negro,Negroes
add
SPELLING
7.
others
Many
nouns
endingin
but endingin / add -s for the plural, / or fe have plurals endingin ves.
chief,chiefs dwarf, dwarfs
wife, wives wharf, wharves
reef,reefs belief,beliefs
lives life, loaf,loaves
Believes is
Note:
has religion
Each
Compound
word
verb.
believes that he is
Howard
8.
a
of the
its
own
right.
beliefs.
usuallyadd compound.
nouns
brother-in-law,brothers-in-law commander in chief,commanders maid
of honor, maids
-s
to
the
most
tant impor-
in chief
of honor
court-martial,courts-martial man-of-war, men-of-war 9. Some
words
retain
foreign plurals.
the foreign foreignwords have two acceptedplurals, In the following the list, pluraland an Englishplural. foreignpluralform is given firstfor each word: A
few
SINGULAR
PLURAL
memorandum
memoranda, memorandums
curriculum index
curricula,curriculums indices,indexes
radius
radii,radiuses 253
SPELLING
10. Some
words
have
the
same
form
in both
and singular
plural. deer
sheep
grouse
EXERCISE
On
your paper, write words:
moose
10
tlie plural form
of each
of the following
weird. leisure, seize, neither, Exceptionsoften misspelled: 254
SPELLING
39f. Final
e.
ing endingin silent e usuallydrop the e before addwith a vowel suffixbeginning (-ing,-able,-ance, -ous )
Words a
.
resemble
resemblance
believe
believable believing, interfering advisable advising, hoping desirous desiring,
interfere advise
hope desire
caring arguing,arguable amazing
care
argue amaze
keep the e before a suffix beginningwith -ful, -merit, -ness). {-lij,
Such
words
consonant
pale,paleness sincere,sincerely
care,
a
careful amazement
amaze,
state, statement
Note:
dyeing, argument, truly, Exceptionsoften misspelled: canoeing.
a suffix ge drop the e onlywhen with e or i is added. This rule is easy to remember beginning that the spelling if you keep in mind reflects the pronunciatio
Words
that end
Before
in
ce
or
and
i, the letter
pronounced like and the letter g like /'(with a few exceptions, such as s but before a, o, and u the c is pronounced like k tiger); and the g has the "hard" sound as in go. Therefore, to keep tage), the "soft" sound of these letters (as in peace and advanhave to keep the e after c or g before adding we any suffix beginningwith a, o, or u. e
notice, noticeable peace,
peaceable
outrage,outrageous
c
is
change,changeable courage, courageous
advantage, advantageous
bridge, bridgeable 255
SPELLING
other words
Like before
a
ending in with suffix beginning
a
words
keep the
e
consonant.
strange,strangeness
arrange, arrangement resourceful resource, Note:
e, these
large, largely
judgment and acknowledgment(preferred
Exceptionsare
spellings). EXERCISE
On
Then
your from
the paper, write form each word
11
words as
many
in
the
followinglist.
other words
as
you
by adding suffixes {-ed,-ing,-ous, -able,-ihle,-ness, words beside the words Write these new -ance, -ment, -ly). from which they are formed. can
Words
endingin
y
suffix
change y precededby a consonant beginningwith i. Be sure except one
to
i before
any
to
keepthe
y if the suffix -ingis added.
happy,happiness study, studying steadiness steady, 256
worry, worried try,tried
worry,
ready,readied
ready,readying
worrying
mercy, merciful
SPELLING
39h.
Words
There
is
in -ibie
ending
or
-able.
that will tell you how -able. If you are not sure
simplerule
no
words
ending in -ible or is correct, look the spelling
word
EXERCISE
Then spelling.
correct
that you
ones
put
on
a
dictionary.
followingwords, substituting Consult a dictionary for the listthe spelling your personal
miss.
accept
convert
access
depend
incomprehens-
mov
adjust
desir
incred
not
admiss
destruct
"
"
allow avail
maccess
"
"
"
advis
"
"
"
commend compar
"
"
compat
inexcus
plaus
discern
inexpress
precept"
infall
permiss
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
insepar
sens
elig"
intang
excit
invis
suscept tang
"
"
"
"
excus
"
"
digest
dur
"
"
"
notice
divis
"
manage"
"
indispens
"
"
"
combust
which
12
your paper write the -ible or -able for the dashes. On
in
up
spell
to
"
"
"
"
"
irrefut
unbear
"
comprehens
feas
irresist
valu
conceiv
flex"
liv"
vis
lov
vulner
"
"
contempt 39i.
a
1. The
last 2. The
"
imagin
"
Double
Double with
"
before
consonant
the final
vowel
"
consonant
if both
word
has
word
ends
of the
only one syllable. in
a
"
"
"
"
"
suffix.
before
a
suflBx which
followingconditions or syllable
singleconsonant
begins
exist:
is accented
on
the
precededby
a
singlevowel. ship (One syllable ending in a singleconsonant, vowel, i) shipped, shipping, precededby a single with does not vowel.) begin shipment(SuflBx
p,
,
257
SPELLING
with the accent on the final one), compel (Two syllables compelling compelled, with first accented), quarreled, quarrel(Two syllables quarreling the final one. Do with accent confront (Two syllables on not double final consonant t, because it is not preceded by a vowel.) confronted, confronting
a
few
A
Note:
silent
preceded by
consonant
the
words
words, mostlyadoptedfrom
consonant
thoughthe
accent
is not
falls
on
crochet,crocheted
EXERCISE
Write
on
-ing,-ment time
258
you
French, end
singlevowel.
a
before
doubled the last
a
In
in
such
sulBx,even
syllable.
ricochet, ricocheting
13
this list.Then add -ed, your paper the words in each word the whole Write where possible.
add
a
suffix.
GROWTH
VOCABULAEY
39j.Words
ending
in
-ally.
add -lyalone ending in c do not usually adverb. They add -ally.
Words an
Note:
Watch
also
to
form
and incidentally. accidentally
GROWTH
40. VOCABULARY
simplylearningnew Vocabularygrowth does not mean words. It means also discarding worn-out expressions, using words accurately, learningto suit the expressionto the audience and the occasion. It means makinglanguagework portant, that it says exactly what you want it to say. It is imso then, to consider how you can develop a useful vocabularyand use it wisely. 40a. No
needs
for
Simple words listof words of
a
growing vocabulary.
supplied by
peoplewho
wish
a
book
can
understand
meet
all of the
better what
they read or hear. Make personallist composed of your own and words which you find in your readingor your Hstening which will be valuable to you. Use new words frequently for several days in order to fix them in your memory. Althoughnothingcan take the placeof a personallist, words it is sometimes to examine common some interesting whether to see they are a part of your vocabulary. to
EXERCISE
Do
you
know
the
meaning
14
of the words
italicized in the
Consult your dictionary for the words following paragraph? that are not clear to you. Be preparedto explain their meaning in the paragraph. An
eminent
scholar,known
for his
eccentricity, complained 259
40b
VOCABULARY
he had
that recently and
had
been
received
number
a
the
approachedon
GROWTH
of anonymous
by
letters
ungainlycreature who made the stiange grimaces and gestures while threatening learned man. the letters beFor a time the scholar had ignored cause tions peopleof refinement do not write anonymous communicastreet
an
pay any attention to them; but the notes that he was frequently annoyedby their insolence and or
to
magistratewho
was
little sleuthing as
scholar and
the
discover
to
try
at
no
had
men
When
this
Words
man
from
at
do
to
with the
a
the
notes
first seemed
no
libel suit,he
a
more
was
mail.
anonymous
magazines^
bipartisan policyis? foreign campaign, speaksof a gubernatorial a
happening? tried for
The
man
The
italicized words
was
in newspapers. regularly success
and
in the
A
had
he done?
precedingsentences
democratic
the words
Learn
newspapers
What perjury.
government
literate citizens,peoplewho
upon
going on.
that
used
are
appear
depends
know
what
in frequently
the
magazines. EXERCISE
15
On in everydayreading. appear regularly the words in the first list.Then write write
words
your
paper oppositeeach
the second
word
column
Example: 1. arbitration
260
with
and
newspapers
you know what When the paper
These
evidence
threatened
was
Do
is
the
the scholar received
and frightened,
for its
scholar liked
in working displaygenuine acuteness another decided to accuse they finally fellow known in the village thrope. misana as
problem;but uncouth an neighbor,
is
material. A
to
the
what
the
so
decided
He
avocation.
an
conclusions. Because
made
40b.
neighborof
a
malicious
agreed to work theyexamined pecuniary gain.Together
obscure, the out
of such
writer
came
3
of the group that defines it.
the number
of words
in
VOCABULARY
40c
GROWTH
another
1. arbitration
workingwith
2. collaboration
make
3. facilitate
and a dispute settling by discussing
easier
coming
to
agreement
an
agrarian 5. reciprocity
mutual
6. deteriorate
havingto
7. dilemma
dishonest, cheating
4.
exchange
become
worse
do with farm
the
8.
strategy
8.
to belonging
9.
prejudice
9.
compensation by for
between
amphibious
10. contact
11.
contemporary
11. skillful
12.
reparations
12.
10.
time
same
defeated
a
damage after a
matters
nation
war
persons
or
groups
workingtogether management better of an opponent
13. liaison
13.
14. autonomous
14.
15.
water
preconceived opinion
EXERCISE
Choose and
a
from words interesting your definition for each. Arrange words
lists as
in two
classmates 40c.
can
Business
manage
in
match
Exercise
15 and
each
are
word
to
know
business
some
your
terms
in order
his afiFairs.
17
some
and
common
its
words
meaning
as
1. disbursements
1.
2.
2. to
commodity
3. allocate
whether
see
them.
EXERCISE
Here
newspaper and definitions
words.
Everybodyneeds to
16
fifteen
write
get the
self-governing, independent diflficult situation a or embarrassing capableof working on both land and
15. fraudulent
to
an
that will be useful. Match
you
did in Exercise
addition
to
a
15.
will
reduce, diminish
3. decrease
in value
throughuse 261
40cl
VOCABULARY
4. codicil
make
4. to
GROWTH
for expense
payment
or
loss 5. curtail
5.
of money
sum
in
a
corporation subtracted from
6. amount
6. amortization
shareholders
paidto
prompt payment
a
other
or
bill for
special
reason
7. the
7. assets
8.
depreciation
a
of
sum
is short
money 8.
which
by
amount
pledgedfor payment security
of
a
loan articleof trade
9. dividend
9.
10. discount
10.
property
11. reimburse
11.
company paidbefore material is sent
12. deficit
12. to set
13.
prepaid
14. invoice
an
cash
or
apart for
possessed by
a
special purpose
a
bill
itemized
13.
an
14.
gradualpayment
of
a
debt before
the due date 15.
15. collateral
40d.
Foreign words
Long
ago, the Romans non gustibus
De
about
The
the Cado
est
everyday had
a
paid out use.
littleproverbthat said:
(There is no disputing disputandiim.
tastes.)
French Chacun
But
in
amounts
say: a
gout. (Everyoneto his
son
with Spaniards, loco
a
su
tema.
their
own
sense
(Everymadman
taste.)
own
of to
humor, say:
his
own
sion.) obses-
languagehas been enriched by adoptingfrom other like these. Many terms used in everylanguagesexpressions day from Latin, French, Spanish, man. are Italian,or Gerliving Our
262
VOCABULARY
GROWTH
EXERCISE
Write
abbreviations
or
the
correct
of the
containingeach
sentence
a
18
and
then
read
the
If you pronunciation.
have
words following
sentence
with
aloud
trouble,consult your
dictionary.
19
EXERCISE
These Exercise
foreignwords 18. Follow
are
more
difficultthan the words
the directions in Exercise
18.
crepe suzette de corps esprit
noblesse
agent provocateur
fait accompli
al fresco
habeas
peseta piecede
antipasto
junta
ad infinitum ad
au
nauseam
carte
blanche
mare
coup
d'etat
milieu
40e.
Medical
should
It is often
order
to
resistance
savoir vivre
nostrum
summa
cum
laude
verbatim
terms.
If your doctor has happened to What
grata
savoir faire
d'hotel
maitre
courant
oblige non
persona
corpus
in
tells you
that you
have
what laryngitis,
you?
do if you need to know a necessary you
understand
what
your
a
tonsillectomy?
few
doctor
medical
terms
in
tells you. 263
40f-g
VOCABULARY
EXERCISE
Explainthe meaning
40f. Musical
20
of the
words: following
terms.
you read your program reportof a musical event? Can
at
a
EXERCISE
What
do
GROWTH
these
terms
mean?
concert
or
the newspaper
21
them
Pronounce
correctly.
40g. Scientific termSt, Scientific terms
and magazine articles appear in newspaper Can dealingwith scientific subjects. you understand
such
terms?
The
meet
unfamiliar
their
meaning
exercise following
scientific terms
may
in your
help you. As reading,find
you to
out
add
the
words
using these words. Read aloud, pronouncingthe words correctly.
the
sentences
your
and
pronunciationand
personalvocabularylist. EXERCISE
Write
264
sentences
22
VOCABULARY
40h.
words.
Art
Here
are
art
your
40h-i
GROWTH
few
a
words
teacher wHl
used in discussions of
help you
increase
to
art.
Perhaps
the hst.
caricature
chiaroscuro
etching
pastel
ceramics
cubism
impressionism
symmetry
40i.
Literaryterms.
The
you may need if you are literature. Do you know
words which are following about going to talk intelligently their meanings?
40j. Words How
for the ambitious.
good
is your
of the words
many
vocabulary?Test it by seeing ho\\^ in the following exercises you know. EXERCISE
23
your paper, write the words in the firstcolumn. Then of the definition placeoppositeeach word the number On
which own
you think suits that word. Write these words. in which you use
1. abscond
1. able to
2. adamant
2.
3.
adroitly
run
5. ameliorate
5.
7.
6.
7.
away
8. harsh sound
9.
9.
10.
cacophony
a
to
avoid
in
8. assiduous
bilingual
well equally
legalprocess application unyielding able to speaktwo languages cleverly
3. to
4. constant
antipathy apothegm
both hands
of your
improve
4. ambidextrous
6.
use
sentences
short,pithysaying
10. dislike
265
40
VOCABULARY
24
EXERCISE
Follow
2.
23.
the directions in Exercise
1. denouement
calumny
1.
GROWTH
possess something expressionof praise
great desire
2. formal
to
3. commensurate
3. abominable
4.
4.
foolish
5. concatenation
5.
consistingof similar parts or
cupidity
6.
onlya short time lasting equalor proportionatein
6.
complicity
7. cynosure
7.
or
8. 9.
discrepancy edifying
10. elucidate
8. 9. 10.
ments ele-
measure
extent
in wrongdoing partnership state of beinglinked together of a plotor of the final outcome
a
complicated situation 11.
encomium
somethingthat stronglyattracts
11.
attention
12.
deviation,variance
13. execrable
13.
and improving instructing
14. facihtate
14. slander
15. fallacious
15.
16. fatuous
16.
12.
ephemeral
beliefs religious contrary to the acceptedform grand affectedly a
person
17.
ghetto
17. make
18.
grandiose
18.
a
who
clear which
placein
requiredto 19. make
19. heretic 20.
homogeneous
live
easy
25
the directions in Exercise
1. imminent
Jews have been
unsound logically
20.
EXERCISE
Follow
has
1. out
of
23.
keeping,not
character 2. 3. 4.
incognito incongruous ingenuous
5. innocuous
266
2.
by nature essentially,
3.
innocent artless,
4. mournful 5.
a
hater
of mankind
harmonious
in
VOCABULARY
40
GROWTH
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
26
23.
267
41-42
PROVINCIALISMS
41. PROVINCIALISMS
When
only learn with
work
you
must
not
that interfere
ones
speechand writing.
effective
accurate,
usage is that words
formal
requirement of
merely sectional,use. A provincialism, stood or localism,is a word or phraseused and underin only a particular section or regionof the country.
must
be
Such
words
in
national,not
have that
assume
himself
has
the United
difficult
are
speakermay to
words, but discard old
new
fundamental
A
developa vocabulary, you
to
they are
known
them
because
accept them
to
come
detect
to
as
writer
a
or
reputableand
understood nationally
since
from
parts of
childhood.
Some
he
rich in colorful localisms especially which add flavor to speech but which be immediately not may Such localisms are in other areas. intelligible propriat apbut should in informal writingand conversation usuallybe avoided in formal writing. Examples:chunk and chuck for throw; tote for carry; tote (noun) for load; poke for bog or sack; fatback for bacon; bunk into for bump States
into; reckon for
to gully;
are
for think
home
or
for at
suppose; choose for wish; draw home; loco for crazy.
EXERCISE
Make
a
list of localisms heard
Then decide vicinity. your formal writing. 42.
Dictionaries
mark
which
ones
should
conversational informal not
be
avoided
words
expressionwhich
st\'leof
in
as
is
ing. writingand speak-
appropriatein
judgment of the editors speech than in writing or more 268
or neighborhood
in your
COLLOQUIALISMS
is a colloquialism in an easy, permissible are Colloquialisms speaking.
A
in the
27
formal
writingor
colloquial (Colloq.)when in common they are more appropriateto informal
IDIOMS
than
to
formal
editors differ in the interpretations
discourse. Since
of their
the findings,
label
colloquial apply may kinds of words. All contractions, for example,may to many whereas be considered some colloquialisms, "respectable" in informal other kinds should be guarded againsteven writing. of colloquialisms The test for the use is appropriateness. rule to enable you to There is no exact test or objective when be used. Certainly determine it colloquialisms may is better to employ them than to avoid them and make your artificialand awkward. But in formal, wellwritingseem planned writingthey should be avoided unless they are used to achieve some effect. Consult stylistic deliberately the dictionary whether word is considered to determine a colloquial. Examples of colloquialisms: ad
flop
alongside of backer) angel(financial
(a person lost or dead) gumption
auto
in back
brass tacks
goner
(facts)
phone
cute
show
don't
take
fizzle
of
(to faU)
up a
try at
try and won't
flabbergast
43. IDIOMS Idioms
forms
are
of
expressionpeculiarto
idioms
language. because they a
but defy grammaticalanalysis; sanctioned by current looked upon as are usage, they are Idioms correct. used make correctly speech and writing vigorousand picturesque. Althoughidioms often cannot be analyzedgrammatically,
Many
the
careful writer
changethem a
statement
not
therefore
assume
that he
can
he
will contain A good dictionary pleases. idiomatic usage following words which need
as
of
will
269
IDIOMS
such
Many idioms explanation. A few examplesof idioms
involve the
helpbut complyto die with
talk
helptalking with compl)' cannot
die of
(a disease)
different from
doubt if
doubt whether, doubt
graduated(highschool)
graduatedfrom
identical to
identical with
listen at
listen to
loud
at
home for (to await)
wait
on
Certain
words
different
combine
with
different
meanings.
Examples: proposal plan
{to a
on
a
with
a
person
'to
somethingsimilar with something dissimilar
compare
for a principle contend
""
differ
with
a
with
a
person againstan obstacle person
else from something about
or
over
a
question
desired for something
impatient
with
someone
else
of restraint at
270
(highschool)
planto go providedthat
home
wait
that
aloud
planon going providingthat to
tions. preposi-
UDIOMATIC
different than
out
of
follow:
UNIDIOMATIC
cannot
use
someone's
conduct
to prepositions
press ex-
IDIOMS
(forsomethingdone "!with
rewarded
a
gift
Iby a person
regardto (not in regardsto)
In
The to
Mr.
Blank, Rischler Company
beginthe
work
Southern
diflFerswith
agreedto
January1.
on
This The
Hudson
Rhine When
for its I
was
Hudson
has
River
are
details.
in many
been
we
to
the
it with
the
compared
beauty. the
on
and
often
thinks that
He
you.
readyfor expansion. plan differs from the firstone
not
suggestion
our
Rhine, I compared
concluded
that it has
nothingthe
Hudson
lacks except castles. Note: at
In casual
the end
of
a
it English,
is all
rightto
Sometimes
sentence.
use
it is
a
preposition
acceptableeven
in formal
in certain idiomatic English,especially sions expresthe verb becomes in which is retained when a preposition passive,with the objectof the prepositionas its subject.
Active:
We
Such
Passive: Active: Passive:
When make
a
thingis not laughed
Someone He
sure
think of such
cannot
hated
to
a you use that it is
Right:What
are
be
at
to
be
him.
laughedat.
prepositionat not
you
an
of
a
sentence,
preposition.
writingwith?
are
you
going to?
Right:Where
are
you
going? EXERCISE
On
the end
unnecessary
Where
Wrong:
thing. thoughtof. a
28
of each of the following paper, write the number Beside the number, write sentences. the preposition your
that should
be
if you dictionary
suppliedfor that sentence. have difficulty.
Consult
your
271
IDIOMS
that he will accede
1. This letter means 2. I doubt
I
go with you. hat is similar
can
3. The
color of your is not identical
4. The
to
that of your
glovesbut
it.
did not agree manager the filing system. that
your request.
my
ing suggestionfor improv-
6. This
salaryhas been increased, Hilda is her relatives. independent suitcase differs that one onlyin lengtli.
7. Mrs.
Robbins
5. Now
8. Do
9.
her
think the
you
home
will be
tonight? The new familynext
this afternoon.
will
snowstorm
prevent him
is very different
door
pletely com-
coming the
that
one
lived there before. on a small living salary. capable doing such a thing.
reconciled
10.
Jack is
11.
I didn't think him
12.
Jane is
now
her appearance.
careless
too
EXERCISE
On
your
sentences
kind of
a
did you
car
3. When
following
didn't
planon
have
we
if
6. I doubt
to
you
home
to
Jane has
caused
all the trouble.
parents graduatedhigh school, education
our
different than it is
not
the
bu)'?
help but think that
2. I can't
5. If
of
:
1. What
4. We
each correctly
write
paper,
29
7. I differ from
on
will
very
now.
going
wait
was
the shore
to
him
much
early. shall we longer, so
get any help from
be late.
Ellen, because
she is
often.
George about holdinga
new
club election
right
now.
8. I cannot
help but
listen when
you
practiceyour part
out
loud. 9. I 10.
thoughtall alongthat
I doubt one.
272
if you
can
ever
Bill
was
find
a
planningon going with jacketidentical to your
us.
old
IMPROPRIETIES
44. VULGARISMS
Vulgarisms(alsocalled "barbarisms" and "substandard" and phrasesnot ac"illiterateexpressions") words or are cepted in either colloquial formal language.Since they or used by uneducated are speakers,such expressionsare always to be avoided in writingunless you put them into the dialogueof people you are cated. uneduas characterizing The following words and phrases should be guarded against: hadn't
couldn't ought,mistakened, this here, anywheres, of, hisself, being as, concertize, vacationize, stilland
all,coronated 45. IMPROPRIETIES
recognizedEnglishwords which are misused in function or meaning. The word that constitutes which causes it is its misuse an improprietyis acceptable; are Improprieties
an
in diction.
error
improprietiesin grammatical
Avoid
45a.
function.
be transferred from one part of speechto may another,but the careful writer will not employ such a word word
A
in
its
function
new
unless
it is sanctioned
in Examplesof improprieties
Verbs misused eats,
an
as
by good
use.
function:
nouns: a think,a fix,
invite,a
combine
bination" (meaning"com-
) Nouns
misused
as
verbs:
to suicide suspicion,
to
misused Adjectives
as
adverbs:
real pretty,sure misused as Prepositions like for Avoid:
We I
as,
served
some pleased,
tall
conjunctions:
except for unless eats.
that suspicioned
the
planwould
fail. 273
SLANG
Use:
I
45b.
served food.
We
that suspected
Avoid
the
planwould
of words
" -
improprietiesin meaning.
in meaning improprieties
Most
fail.
similar in form.
groups
are
caused
are
by
example,words
For
the misuse in
the following
misused: frequently
accept,except effect affect,
formally, formerly
all ready,already
ingenious, ingenuous
all together, altogether
irritate, aggravate
illusion allusion,
avenge, revenge
later,latter liable, likely
complement,compliment
noted, notorious
council,counsel
party,person
uninterested disinterested,
principal, principle respectfully, respectively
healthful,healthy
elude, allude
stationary, stationery
expect,suspect farther,further
than, then EXERCISE
1. Use
in correctly
listed in Section
each
of the groups of words
45b.
in a sentence: followingwords correctly continual,creditable, practicable, apt, continuous,
2. Use
each
sentences
30
of the
vocation, consul,can, may,
conscious, conscience.
46. SLANG
kind of vulgarism. particular Formerly the term was applied to the cant of gypsies,beggars,and class of society. thieves,or to the jargon of any particular Now slangis defined as languagewhich consists of widely playing current terms havinga forced or fantastic meaning, or dis-
Slang is
a
ful, very colorful and forcebut it is often used with such crudeness that it may offend peoplewho careful of their choice of words and are It is eccentricity.
cause
274
the person
who
uses
sometimes
it to
be
considered
vulgar.
TRITENESS
these
Note
typical slangexpressions:
with it,bang-up, to get pinched, a bum what, spuds,take the count, so steer, to put it across, put on the dog, have a heart, a lemon, going some,
grub,to get away
cut attaboy,
ice, fall for it,hard-boiled, get the
no
goods
him, talk throughyour hat, goofy,wacky, off his nut, squawk,dead pan, crab, let it ride,you said it,to get hep, on
rat
a
race,
on
the beam,
cockeyed,good
sourpuss, "to die" or (meaning
egg,
"to kill"),that's for mike, croak the birds,heap (car),egghead,square, drag
47. TRITENESS How
have
times
many
you
behalf of the team,
On
Anderson
This is
heard
the
I should
this small token of
following speech?
like to present
appreciation.
our
speech.The firsttime that but the person who was uses acceptable; that he is lazyor unwilling to think clearly Trite
trite
a
are expressions
often. Avoid Here notice
them.
are
some
other
many
or speeches,
Make
that expressions
injury
all the luck in the world
bitter end
all work
bolt
play
no
lines
of receipt house
as
bigas
as
luck would
at
a
at
an
a
have it
loss for words
earlydate
your earliestconvenience be that as it may be there with bells on at
shows
now
for himself. been
used
too
in conversations.
biggerand
in
it
ing. languagefresh and interestwill probably to avoid. You expressions trite expressions in your reading, in public
add insult to
are
used, it
was
your
better half
alongthese
it
have
abreast of the times
and
Mr.
to
of the blue
out
brown
better
as
a
berry(or a nut)
buddinggenius busyas a bee by and large by leapsand bounds captainof industry center
of attraction
checkered
career
vine clinging
275
TRITENESS
cold
as
ironyof fate
ice
conspicuousby his absence
last but
deadlyearnest
level best
deem
it
and
honor
an
a
lege privi-
least
not
the world
makes
live in
placeto
the eye method in his madness
deepestgratitude depthsof despair do
to justice
doomed
meets
milestone
dinner
a
needs
disappointment
to
each and every esteem
it
on
the rule
exceptionproves
the
none
of
out
fair sex
a
the road
the bud for
worse
clear
wear
sky
festive occasion
proudpossessor moment psychological
few and far between
red
lucre filthy
ripeold age
firstand foremost
shot heard around
fools rush in
take this opportunity
goes without
good time
the
saying had
was
as
the weaker
by all
the
green with envy heartfelt thanks
time
a
marches
to
make
too
in this day and
words
The
age to
avoid trite ideas
giftwas
what exactly
as
on
good thingsmust
come
EXERCISE
Criticize the
a
longstoryshort
fullfor
utterance
failto express
well
as
trite
expressions:
I wanted.
I'llthink of you every time I Do not hesitate to call on me.
All
wear
of my life tired but happy
bear
careful
sex
for
worse
ignoranceis bliss
Be
the world
time
all-time low
hungryas
rose
good life
great open spaces
hit an
a
of life
introduction
no
nippedin
great honor
a
better
a
to
wear
an
it.
end.
31
Which Englishin the followingsentences. would be acceptable Which in casual English? expressions are
276
trite?
TRITENESS
1.
Everybodyhad a didn't show up?
2. I'd
have
never
ball
the
at
How picniclast night.
if each and every
won
come
of you hadn't
one
you
helped
me.
that suspicioned
3. I
another guy. last but 4. Now,
you
weren't
least,we're happy
not
when
coming
I
Joan with
saw
present the Nairobi
to
Trio.
5. Well,
keep in
touch.
32
EXERCISE
the directions in Exercise
Follow
I reach
1. When
cityand
go
to
a
ripeold
the wide
2. If this inflation
age, I
spaces. you will be
the
from
get away
open
keeps on,
I've worked
to
want
you reach that ripeold age. that pricesare 3. It's certainly true bounds.
31.
like
a
dog and
when
out
by leapsand nothingto show for
going have
and
down
up
it.
4. 5.
I think it'swacky to worry in large, but trouble often comes Maybe you'reright, sky;and I think we should be preparedfor and
By
EXERCISE
speech.Then following speaker.Try to make it free of
a
Avoid expressions.
trite
from
the audience This
a
of
a
age. clear
rainy day.
write
an
introduction
trite ideas
well
as
as
background tracingthe speaker's
that he is about
morning we
seniors
are
to
address.
in school for the last time.
Soon
shall be
we
honor needs
speak
it an the shipof life into the future. I deem sailing and a privilege to present to you as our speaker,one who that Dr. Edward introduction. It is fitting should Benson no to
us
should like of
out
high school to the present. Select only the details that show valuable or why his speechshould be interesting
will to
day and
33
Criticize the
of
this
a
on
this occasion.
to offer him
our
Before
I
present him
to
you,
for takingtime deepestgratitude
I
out
busyday to joinus. 277
JARGON 48.
JARGON
think that theyvriilimprove writers inexperienced their writingby using long words, elaborate expressions, or technical words understood of a speonlyby the member cial the best writingis simtrade or profession. ple, Actually, Some
direct,clear. Instead of "No," the "The
writer
of
jargonsays,
is in the
negative." Government omists pamphlets and letters and reports of econand engineers could often be improved by the of jargon.Recentlyan economist who wished omission to tell Congressthat part of the farm problem is that there answer
too
are
"The
many hard
surplusof
farmers core
human
said:
of the United
States farm
effort committed
to
problem is farming." CLEAR
JARGON
his tasks with
Pursue
Unfavorable Enter
conditions
into the state
Business
avoid
of
people are such expressions
attached
great diligence
hereto, in
matrimony
often as
of
users
alongthe
connection
Work
WRITING
hard
Bad
weather
Get
married
jargon.They
line
the
should
of,with regardto,
with, enclosed
herewith
pleasefind.(See Section 95. ) the Art of Sir Arthur On in his book Quiller-Couch, Writing,says the jargoneermakes use of "vague,woolly, abstract nouns rather than concrete ones." Quiller-Couch probablyhad in mind words like case, instance, character, nature, condition, persuasion, degree,quality, personality, asset, thing, state, and factor. discusses is Another trick of jargonwhich Quiller-Couch to repeat a word variation,"an unwillingness once "elegant often practiceelegant it has been used. Sportswriters iation. varTo avoid repeatingthe word writers some football, oval. Similarly, such writers resort to pigskinor strain to nicknames in order to avoid repeating invent descriptive 278
JARGON
the the
they are writingabout. Joe Louis, known "The as heavyweight champion, was
of the person
name
former
Bomber"
Brown
"The
and
sounds
variation
at afiFected;
to repeat preferable
It is
Often, of
necessary. used.
a
course,
a
or
best elegant
At
it sounds
worst
word
a
name
absurd. often
as
personalpronoun
EXERCISE
On
Menace."
Detroit
as
be
can
34
sentences, improving your paper, rewrite the following Substitute other words for the wording. jargon.
1. The
man's 2. In
in his
greatest factor in
estate
the
3. Ruth
judgedas
was
reached
present, the
not
of
a
of their offense
nature
different character.
of baseball's greatest assets. He possessed and thousands of human unusual degree, beings
one
to ability
an
in the environs
rival the
ever
that he had
was
healthyphysicalcondition.
of those
case
will be
a
success
of New
City thoughtthat
York
great Bambino.
the Bronx things, a long periodof
Behemoth
the
by
But
entered
no
could
one
very
state declining
a
of
nature
over
of the years. Later the fickle fans were Joe DiMaggio, persuasionthat,with regardto baseball ability, the former former
San
Francisco
home-run
5. He
to was
of the
stature
same
as
the
king.
4. In this instance, his asset
star, was
in the affirmative
answer
was
a
distinct
business.
our
type of student who
serious
a
wished
major
to
in
the field of 6.
chemistry. Illumination is required before to be extinguished is closed for the night. EXERCISE
On
your
rewrite
paper,
Dear In
Mrs.
35
this business
English.(See straightforward
this building
Section
letter in
simple,
95.)
Jenkins:
replyto
your
letter of
January 10
with
regardto
mer-
279
AND
CONCRETE
along the line of slipcovers, we samples of three types of materials.
chandise
advise that and
we
of the
are
re
the
as
your
opinion per your
WORDS
herewith enclosing
are
should
We
be in your district that he will be able
will representative
our
slipcovers Thankingyou for
you
SPECIFIC
like on
to
to
day, Monassist
request.
inquiry,we
beg to
remain
Veiy trulyyours, J. A.
49. CONCRETE
SPECIFIC
WORDS
meaning (denotation)and a suggested T he denotation or impliedmeaning (connotation). be word fatheris male parent; the connotation may
Words
of the
AND
Henderson
have
an
exact
playmate of my boyhood,the person who always allowed good advice,the stingyfellowwho never gave me pending me enough spendingmoney, or many other meanings, dereads upon the experienceof the individual who hears the word. In addition to their special connotations or for different people,words also have connotations that are understood by nearlyeverybody.For example,both cabin and hovel are appliedto a small, rudelybuilt house; but
the kind
cabin may suggest vacations at the seashore or in the mountains, whereas hovel always impliespoverty and dilapidation. Some
words
fragranceand
are
richer in connotative for
values than others;
specific ideas than smell or odor. If you are writingvigorousprose that seeks some rich in in imagination,words response connotation will help.If, however, you are port writinga reof a committee experiment, activityor a laboratory the tone should be more then concerned You are objective. with clarity, rather than effect. Concrete words, however, are important in any kind of writing. 280
aroma,
instance, suggest
more
SPECIFIC
AND
CONCRETE
49a.
rather specific
Use
Walk There
WORDS
is are
generalwords.
than
definite
generalword. It gives no ways of saying walk: many a
picture.
hobble, stumble, stagger, glide,creep,
strut,
scurry,
stroll,march words. specific these words way of walking, generalword walk. These
Note:
are
Do
use
do
if you
use
more
wish
not
to
call attention
EXERCISE
the specific words Identify house
complain
laugh freighter
nag
to
the word
the way
a
(verb)
delay
36 in the
of the words
each
list. following
boat
dawdle
guffaw g^^P (verb)
slouch drink
(verb) (verb)
37
EXERCISE
For
for walk
a
walking.
is
person
are
word like stumble specific Walk what you mean. is precisely
not
unless that is to
they show a special than the descriptive
Because
in the
write list, following
three
words. specific
Example: opening "
window, crevice, peephole
shoes
said
car
went
EXERCISE
On
which
one
of the
you
use
The A
Final House
Enter
The
beverage 38
followingtopics,v^ite words: specific
Touchdown on
the Shore
the Ghost Beach
food
go old
A
Blind
a
paragraphin
Date
An
Old-fashioned
My
First Date
Garden
Party 281
il^^^l^Mi^^^lj^ 49b.
words
Use
that express words
between Distinguish related and
or
"fine"
make
sure
whose are
you
meaning
your
meanings
using the
whiting
exactly. similar
are
that says
one
often help you Your dictionary can you mean. these distinctions. If the word is you have in mind
what exactly make not
exactlythe
word
list of synonyms
a
you with
meaning expressedby another word you
under
need, your dictionary may of explanation
an
each
which
such
a
shade
of
refer you to list is given.In this way or
one;
the
offer
it may
learn, for example,that an automobile mechanic tools,a farmer uses implements,and a surgeon uses
can
uses
instrmnents.
EXERCISE is the difference in
What of the
39
meaning
of the words
in each
followinggroups? debate, discuss distaste dislike,disgust, feature,characteristic, peculiarity color,hue, tinge,shade argue,
50. "FINE"
"Fine"
writingis writingthat
Avoid
50a. The
use
writingis
Use
Short is
a
the
of
direct,simplewords
mentioned
in Section
to
gain effectiveness
48. Avoid
in
artificiality, pre-
affectation.
short words.
words
story of United
usuallyclearer plumber who once
are a
States
acid "The replied: 282
is affected.
"fine" writing.
dentiousness, and 50b.
WRITING
government
than wrote
that he
long ones. to
had
There
agency of found hydrochloric an
good for cleaningout pipes. A of hydrochloric acid efficiency
bureaucrat is
indispu-
WRITING
FINE
table,but the
with metallic residue is incompatible
corrosive
permanence." The plumber respondedthat he was delightedto know that the agency agreedwith him. After a further exchange he what wrote of letters,the government official finally should have written the firsttime: "Don't use hydrochloric acid. It eats the inside out of pipes." Too many longwords will make a piece of writingseem heavy or pedantic.A series of long words will also tend the smooth, even flow of a sentence. to interrupt Compare the effect of the following sentences: Long
words:
his indebtedness,he liquidating
After
possessionof sufficient funds commercial enterprise. Short
words:
After to
This used.
does A
paying his debts, he
set
not
writer
up
a
a
stillhad
a
small
enough money
small business.
be long words should never mature stylewill,of course, use he will generally them only to use
long words; but meanings express particular
many
exist. There
establish
that
mean
with
to
stillin
was
for which
shorter words
may
short words, for
press example,to exthe exact or epilogue, meanings of jurisdiction, pendicit apthe and But meal; following: repast compare retire and and letter;ratiocinate and go to bed; epistle sequies think;pulchritudeand beauty;comestibles and food; oband funeral. In these expressions, the simplewords what the writer wishes to say and express quite clearly
not
are
no
in better taste.
are
50c. Too
modifiers
Use
intelligently.
or adjectives
adverbs
make
done. overstyleseem Notice the overuse of modifiers in the following excerpt from the description of a wedding:
many
As
she
down swept gracefully
a
the flower-bordered
aisle 283
WEITING
FINE
freshly paintedchurch, the bride smiled and kindlyinto the eyes of her handsome, graciously
of the old,
stalwart husband.
50d.
careful in using
Be
bit of Latin
A
foreignexpressions.
French
or
sometimes
impressive,
seems
be tempted to sprinkle writer inexperienced may tatious Actuallythey are ostenwritingwith foreignphrases.
and
the
his
and
should
when
be
there is
avoided
except
in the very
few
stances in-
Businessmen Englishequivalent. talk about per diem sometimes a they mean pay when by. day'spay, or they ship thingsvia when they mean Other peopletalk of a faux pas when a mistake. theymean no
EXERCISE
Rewrite
this
40
paragraph in simplelanguage:
Yesterdayat high noon youngest daughterof Mr.
Sinclair,the lovely Gustav Ober Sinclair,was given in classmate, Mr. Spencer Horcollege Miss
Adrienne
marriage to her handsome ston-Palmer. The exquisite,radiant
bride
begowned in familylace of the white kid, spotless was
with old shimmeringwhite satin adorned Her utmost hands, envelopedin delicacy. bore a white prayer book, symbol of purity,from which showered lilies of the valley. bride moved As the lovely ward tofragile the sanctum followed closely sanctorum, she was by three stunning attendants wearing pale orchid organdy.The tender strains of the wedding march were presentedby the talented Eric Feld. organist,
EXERCISE
41
The
letter of eighty-three words following clear,simplelanguage in thirtywords.
in
that number
to
Dear We order
284
you
can
in your
come
can
be written
See
how
close
revision.
Sir: are
in
receiptof
for five television
your sets
favor and
of the tenth
wish
to
instant
advise that
in
re
according
Sid
WORDINESS
records your Express.In as much
to
order
our
would
end, we has
been
not
shippedon Oct. 19 via Railway checked on this order was carefully wait for three days.If the material
was
the
as
ask you
to
in that
received
the card attached hereto and
time,
give us
ask that you due notice.
would
we
use
51. WORDINESS is the Wordiness, or redundancy,
of
use
words
more
than
needed.
are
To
be
effective, writing should
This possible.
does
not
that essential words
can
be
that it
mean
economical
as
be
must
as
sketchyor
be omitted.
Wrong: Shippedorder today.
Right:We 51a.
Do I
shippedyour not
more
use
regret that you
order
today.
words
than
not
were
are
necessary.
suppliedwith
the necessary
information
requestedby you in order to of traveling safest means to reach
of the
assure
you
Cimarron.
(Verbose; 28 words) I
regret that you did the safest 15
Be
Better:
Redundant: Better:
of
means
receive
information
Cimarron. reaching
concerning (Economical;
words)
careful
Redundant:
not
not
He He
to
say the
same
thingtwice.
operates a large800-acre farm. operates an 800-acre farm.
The
bonds
were
burned
The
bonds
were
burned.
The
bonds
were
reduced
WORDY
and
reduced
to
to ashes. BETTER
repeat again
repeat
importantessentials
essentials
in
number
blue in color
many blue
combined
combined
many
ashes.
together
285
51b
51b. do
Do
not
not
say
use
for example, prepositions;
unnecessary
meet
for meet,
with
up
fall off of for
or
fall off.
EXERCISE
the
On
your paper, rewrite words: unnecessary 1.
Maybe
the story wrong. misinterpreted an was adjacent neighborto the Lukes. wished
Esmonds
4. I do
sentences, omitting following
I
2. Gabriel 3. The
42
wish
not
to
restore
which
one
James II
is square
back
the throne.
to
shape;I
in
want
one
oval in form. 5. The
of the corridor terminates
end
at
small door, green
a
in color.
this
6. In
resources
day
age any girlwith the necessary financial keep her hair neat and attractive in appearance.
and
can
7. After his death 8.
Althoughwe who
he received the award
were
felt close;and
so
other in future years 9. It is your 10. The is
286
true undeniably
decided
we
to
number, there
desire to to
that
once
company
you and
express oneself is all
to
were
few
with correspond
a
studyin mitigated.
start
to
universal
people. a completemonopoly in
had
a
of
us
each
come.
troubles will be lessened
common
11. The
in
many
posthumously.
earnest,
craving which that
territory,
51
WORDINESS
but there
climatic conditions which
unfavorable
were
vented pre-
the
12.
from resuming production again. factory there are of those culprits, not In the case people many who would judge them solelyand completelyresponsible for their cruel,thoughtless, and heinous misdeeds. should
I think that the check my opinion, the bank.
13. In to
14. Each
15. In
of you must every one in this day and age.
learn to
and
departmentstore in there are alwaysa number a
16. I refuse to be involved
town
our
of
and
L
Stieets,
novelties.
new
in his
bility responsi-
assume
Tenth
on
returned
be
plansin
shape,or
any way,
form. with compliance
17. In
your request,we all the pamphletsthat
separate cover with agriculture. wish
18. We
to
that because
state
which
order
you sent, your herebyreturned.
we
check
EXERCISE
On
your
are
sendingyou
we
have
are
under
in connection
unable
to
in the amount
fillyour of $50 is
43
paper, reworite these
in
sentences
clear,concise
Enghsh. 1.
Through the than
more
the Honor 3. The
we
sad misfortune
a
to
desire
for you if you don't make
Roll.
pioneers struggled throughthe
the necessities 4. Our
made
we are advertising,
afford.
can
it will be
2. I know
of
medium
modern
which
of
trains
with
winter
they needed. todayhave made
not
even
great improvements
for the comfort
of the passengers. should like to take this opportunity to
5. We on
6.
the
My
congratulate you
splendidjob.
check
in
the
for the purpose
amount
of
of $75
was
sent
completingpayments
you on
my
in
January
television
set.
7. Each
game
and every one of you is invited to which will beginat 1:30 p.m. on
come
to
the football
Saturdayafternoon. 287
51
WORDINESS
will find it
is enclosed; you charga-plate
8. Your
will
if you
those
9. For
it when
use
venience great con-
a
shopping. be
believing ignoranceto
inborn
an
vestigati in-
trait,an
of facts proves them wrong. which encircle my 10. During the course of events everyday able to make contributions to the activities I am activities, of the 11. The
community.
program
has the aid of
and reputable distinguished and preof the causes explanation vention
to impart an physician
a
of disease. 12. The
the
of
cost
the Civic
above
and
proceedsover
scenery will go
and
costumes
of the show
the expenses to
and
the treasury of
Opera Company.
happy to comply with your request for a petroleum for use in your classroom. relative to the oil industry display We are gladto report that your order has been forwarded retail dealer whose to our shop is near you in Kingsville.
13. I
14.
am
15. We
must
Rule
at
report
apple has
this time
been
that
discontinued
disease that attacks this 16. Dear We
with utmost
Mr.
varietyof
our
because
of
an
trollable uncon-
varietyof appletree.
Norris:
are
sorry order
your
inform you that we unable to comply are for ten hats with 3-inch brims. It is our
to
pleasureto tell you that this model has by the York hat, which is the productof
research
Golden
and
which
we
are
sure
will
give
our
been
placed re-
extensive customers
every satisfaction.
EXERCISE
The
44
are following wordy.Rewrite paragraphs
unnecessary
words.
Some
sentences
may
them,
ting omit-
plete requirecom-
rewriting. I
The be
a
grantingof home forward
step
have and population
288
rule
in the art
to
and
in our municipalities
state
will
of government. Municipalities the last decade of in terms
science
rapidlyin grown industries. Therefore
the
act
of
beinggranted
EUPHONY
the
of making their privilege
charters
own
laws estabhshing
plicabl apbetter government. There is no rhyme nor reason to a system that allows a state legislature to spend its time making small decisions for the government and to
their needs
is conducive
to
the establishment
of laws for each
when
could handle
these
towns
and
their
own
in the state every town afFairs adequately.
II
has become
Tension
life as
have
the Four
much
as
part of the American
a
way
of
feel it is necessary and imperativeto keep up with the Joneses,and as a result we and times set high goalswhich to attain are impossible many hold. Not
Freedoms.
we
beset by we are goals, tising of anxiety and failure. Through the medium of adverfeelings and the systems of installment buying we led to desire are more goodsand satisfactions for a higherstandard of living. is often This standard of living than we times more can many reasonably expect to achieve. As a result we developdiscontent to
and
beingable
Today
to
these
attain
nervousness.
52. EUPHONY
Euphony is pleasantsound. Good words carefully and arrange them so is euphonious. sentence 52a.
Avoid I
repetitionof the
hope that
same
you will like the
writers
choose
that the sound
their of the
sound.
prizeand that
it is the
right
size.
When
Mr.
money
Edwards had
been
recovered, he discovered stolen.
careful of words particularly endingin make sion. Several of them used together a sentence heavy. Note:
Be
After
that his
the principal explanation, Jack's gave
the
tion
or
sound
problem
careful consideration. 289
9lZl9"C
EUPHONY
different forms
Avoid
52b. Weak:
The
book
is covered
Better:
The
book
has
Weak:
He
Better:
He
a
of the
with
a
green
think his
would would
consider
the
your paper, rewrite
act
be generous.
to
his
act
generous.
45
EXERCISE
On
cover.
cover.
green
thoughteveryone thoughteveryone
word.
same
sentences, avoiding following
faulty repetition: 1. The
heightof
2. The
room
has
the desk is three feet not
as
much
as
room
high.
my
former
room
had.
placedthe box in another place. Slowlythe Indian edged toward the edge of the river. I do mind havingyou read my mind. Tommy received a birthday present from everyone present. The man in front of the bakeryexplained that he loafing had come to buy a loaf of bread. He was likable kind of man, a alwayskind to children and interested in his fellow man. really
3. She 4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
had
the track
9. At 10. If
meet
I met
my
old friend Marshall.
business has
good publicrelations, peoplenot onlywant to do business with it but will enjoy doingbusiness with it and will not only continue it but will to do business with a
recommend
Avoid
52c.
it to their friends.
alliteration and
Alliteration is the the
same
attracts
rhyme.
of several words
beginningwith sound. It is often used in advertising because it be avoided in good attention, but it should usually use
prose. He
/oughtfor foreignnations EXERCISE
Rewrite 1. The 2.
290
The
these
balmy sun
sentences
winds
rode
to
blew
highin
a
in
/our wars.
46
make
them
sound
warmly over the bay. brightblue sky.
better.
53ci-c
LANGUAGE
FIGURATIVE
to learn. highschool I developeda yearning The service built morale intelligence by sendingreports concerningsupport by the home front. Why should I care if you cut your hair? In a blind furyhe flew into tlie fray.
3. In 4.
5. 6.
such
7. Scenes
these
as
8. I'm sorry that I to
be
best
are
sunset.
at
seen
late for the date, but fate
was
justseemed
againstme. the
9. When
consumed
resumed, we
meetings were
quantities
of refreshments. 10.
Misconceptionsbased
unscientific tradition have
on
of misinformation
in the dissemination
Figuresof speech helpto effective if theyare not are mixed.
discussed 53a. are
are
Section
in
simile
writingvivid,but they
make
forced and
many 53a-f are
strained
or
if
they
of speech,but those figures the most important. among
is the
comparison of two images which but which are alike in at least different, essentially A
respect. The words
one
to
There
nutrition.
LANGUAGE
53. FIGURATIVE
are
about
resulted
as,
if,like
as
are
used
to
point
the resemblance. He
Smoke
53b.
A
like
eats
horse.
a
hung
over
metaphor
is
Money is My cousin
the
crime
that
not
The A
is
a
great umbrella.
cat.
stage.
a
committee investigation
Personification are
a
of all evil.
Madeline
for mice
53c.
citylike
suggested comparison.
a
root
All the world's The
the
and
find the
was
told
to
ing stop look-
breedingplace.
gives human
qualitiesto objects
living.
wind
howled.
moon smiling
looked
down
on
the lovers. 291
53d.
Hyperbole I
is
I've told you
that
what
times
to
do.
and sparingly
be used
is the
Metonymy
MISUSED
grief.
thousand
a
Hyperboleshould 53e.
OFTEN
exaggeration.
from
insane
was
EXPRESSIONS
AND
WORDS
of
use
word
one
cautiously.
very
for another
it suggests. The
(Water in the ketde boils.) good table. (Good food) boils.
ketde
She
sets
a
figuresof speech,when overdone, makes a styleflorid. It is important that the figuresbe fresh and that were effective have become once original. Many figures The
of
use
trite. Avoid
these.
53f.
mixed
Avoid
who
Students
figures. for striving
are
effect sometimes
metaphors;that is,theystart a comparison and finish it with different from the first. entirely similes
or
The
road
to
to
that the
is
success
By milkingthe
laysthe
a, before an
ABOUT, means
292
a
a
throughit.
swim
must
man
road; then
it is
with
strewn
a
river.)
absurd.)
sentence
should
An
and
dry,we are going to kill the goose makes goldeneggs. (Mixingthe figures
OF
EXPRESSIONS AN.
another
ing by makcomparison
cow
54. GLOSSARY
A,
sentence
straight, narrow,
the ambitious
rocks, but
(The way
is
success
a
their
mix
WORDS
OFTEN
be
word
used
AND MISUSED
before
initial vowel
an
beginningwith
a
consonant
sound;
sound:
adult, a problem AROUND.
Ahout
"alongthe
mcans
circumference
around "approximately"; of"
or
"on
all sides of."
EXPRESSIONS
AND
WORDS
I live about
a
mile from
around
I walked
MISUSED
OFTEN
school.
the block.
Accept mcans "to verb) means
"to
EXCEPT.
ACCEPT,
used
as
a
He
The
receive"; except (when
exclude."
acceptedthe nomination. from the assignmentthose teacher excepted
students
preparingreports.
Colloquialabbreviation for advertisement. In formal as ad, exam, phone, writing,avoid such colloquialisms and prof. "to adjustto new conditions"; ADOPT. Adapt mcaus ADAPT, "to take as your own." adoptmeans
AD.
could not be adaptedto today's needs. building The Romans and ideas from the adoptedmany customs nations theyhad conquered. The
old
give advice."
"To
ADVISE.
Use
that advise is used
(Note
as
for inform sparingly a
verb, and advice
or
tell.
is used
as
)
a noun.
Poor:
beg
We
Better:
to
advise
that
will representative
our
Kansas
City next
week.
We
happy to
tell you that
are
in Kansas
City next
our
be
in
will be representative
week.
either (a) Affcctis alwaysa verb; it means "to influence or producea changein" or (b ) "to put on or be a noun assume." Effectcan verb. As a noun it a or EFFECT.
AFFECT,
"a result
means
about
or
The
ALL
to
or
outcome"; as
a
verb it means
"to
bring
accomplish."
sightof
He
a affects
No
one
so
much
British
him deeply. affected suffering accent.
could foresee the
The
doctor
READY,
ALREADY.
a effected
All
effectsof this decision.
miraculous
cure.
ready (two words)
means
"every293
EXPRESSIONS
AND
WORDS
OFTEN
MISUSED
ready";already thing(or everyone ) ready"or "completely means "previously." I
in that box
looked
have
We
all readyto
was
After
for school.
start
delay,the
some
already.
horses
all
were
ready to
run.
to mean fightis Overworked "very word. well." Alright is not an acceptable "when All togethermcaiis all ALL ALTOGETHER. TOGETHER, counted" or "everybody(or everything) in one are place means (or at one time)"; altogether "wholly." ALL
There
were
That
is
an
eightof us all together. different problem. altogether
between objects;
two
refers
He
distributed the
He
divided
That
is the road
be
cannot
between
thingmatters;
or
number
Fort is
in
the fi\e winners.
Jack and Joe. Worth
uscd
Dallas.
and
with
quantitiesthat
where
cases
is used
than
more
onlytwo.
to
between
AmouTit
counted
the relation of
prizesamong
the reward
NUMBER.
AMOUNT,
shows
Amoug
BETWEEN.
AMONG,
All
ALRIGHT.
RIGHT,
with
only the size that can quantities
of
a
be
counted.
AND
A
surprisingamount
A
record
ETC.
number
Redundant.
meaning
"and
so
should ANY
PLACE,
instead
EVERY
of
of
fell this
snow
peopleattended
spring.
the first home
Etc. is the abbreviation
forth."
(In
usuallybe
PLACE,
NO
formal
avoided.
PLACE,
SOME
for
et
game.
cetera,
writing,such ) PLACE.
breviati ab-
Faulty.UsC
anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere. Never use anywheres or somewheres. Bcsidc is a prepositionmeaning "by the BESIDES. BESIDE, adverb side of"; besides is both a prepositionand an "in addition." meaning "moreover,""except," 294
WORDS
EXPRESSIONS
AND
Correct:
Jane
sits beside
Who
is
me.
going besides Harold?
"to come Bring means take the speakeror hstener)"; (from the speaker)." away
Bring Take
the
me
this
want
with
note
to
means
teacher.
your homeroom
hurst. The
Vulgarismsfor
May impliespermissionor Correct:
He
The
teacher says you
distinction between
The
sanction.
good gradesif he
make
can
principal incorrectly
mental. or physical suggcstsability,
Can
MIGHT.
MAY,
know
something(toward "to carry something
parts of burst are burst,burst,burst. Also used for break, broke,broken. CAN,
to
morning paper.
BUSTED.
BUST,
BURSTED,
don't
(Adverb)
TAKE.
BRING,
(Preposition)
boy; besides, I
the
I don't know
him.
MISUSED
OFTEN
leave.
may
and
can
tries.
may
is shown
in
this
sentence:
that you
I doubt
also expresses
May
It may
May
Might a
can,
He
CANNOT
cannot
Correct:
may
and possibility
try.
wish.
today.(Possibility) have a good trip! (Wish)
rain
you
is used
after
a
verb in the present He
but you
said that you says that you HELP
BUT.
A
verb
in the
past tense; may,
after
tense.
might go. may
go.
double
negative {cannot help and
but). I cannot
the story. help believing
I cannot
but believe the story. 295
WORDS
can't
can't
hardly,
Avoid: Correct:
I
consul,
hardlyhear hardlyhear
can
"advice"
you.
verb. Council
A
consul
in
a
"adviser"
or
negative. ^~
represents his government means
MISUSED
you.
COUNCIL.
COUNSEL,
OFTEN
double
A
SCARCELY.
I can't
EXPRESSIONS
AND
as
is
official who
an
foreigncountry. Counsel noun,
a
or
"to advise"
body of peopleservingin or administrative, advisorycapacity." The
"a
means
class secretarywrote about
counsel
His
a
legal,
the Italian consul for information
to
Italy.
is worthless
the situation. The
a
as
because
he
doesn't understand
(Advice)
The
appointedthe defendant's counsel. (Adviser) vised) lawyercounseled againstanswering questions.(Ad-
The
student
state
council is
debatingthe advantagesand
of the honor
Avoid:
We
can
Better:
We
can
system.
Overworked
CONTACTED.
CONTACT,
contact
Mr.
f pet
in touch
business
Myers
with "1 ^
continuous
j Continuul
These
"without
means
,
y Mr.
1 reach
CONTINUOUS.
continual
terms.
tomorrow.
^7
CONTINUAL,
advantag dis-
a
Mvers ^
tomorrow.
often"; "repeated
means
stop."
interruptions prevent
from
me
doingmy
homework. The
onlysound pounding of
CREDIBLE,
hear you can the surf.
creditable
nightis
Credible
CREDULOUS.
CREDITABLE,
at
the continuous
means
credulous "praiseworthy";
means
able"; "believmeans
"gullible." Correct:
The
story is
You
have
Only a 296
not
made
credible. a
creditable eflEort.
very credulous
person
would
believe that story.
WORDS
EXPRESSIONS
AND
Device
DEVISE.
DEVICE,
OFTEN
"a
of
apparatus"or verb meaning "to This
think out,
take years
there before you new." something
Madame
a
"to
means
create
telephone,
"well known
for
some
"well known"
means
unfavorable
way.
famous explorer.
criminal
7iotorious
the
Notorious
an
Byrd was
somethingthat
radium.
means
achievement."
Admiral
a
America,
Bell invented
in also,but generally
The
Invent along."
Famous
NOTORIOUS.
"to find
means
came
Graham
Alexander
is
invent."
plan,or
discovered
Curie
plan."Devise
or
your heatingbills. devise a better system,
discovered
Columbus
admirable
to
machine, a piece
"a
cut
Discover
INVENT.
meaning
noun
trick,scheme,
was
FAMOUS,
a
device will
new
It may DISCOVER,
is
MISUSED
he
capturedjustas
was
ing leav-
was
the country. Do
FEMALE.
Crude:
not
as
use
a
What
kind
of
female
Polite: What
kind
of
girlis
FEWER,
Fcwer
LESS.
it is used amount
is used
girl.
or
she?
with
pluralnouns. it is used degree; people attended
Fewer
woman
is she?
that things
with
or
for
synonym
Less
with
be
can
is used
counted;
to
indicate
nouns. singular
today'sgame
than
yesterday's
game. I have
FOLKS.
FORMER,
less money
for Colloquial LATTER.
Latter Grant
and
this year than
relatives
Former
people. "the firstof the
means
"the second
means
Hayes
former served
or
were
two
last year.
both
of the
two
two
tioned." men-
mentioned."
RepublicanPresidents.
terms; the latter served
The
one,
297
WORDS
Good
WELL.
GOOD,
as
be
it modifies usuallyan adjective;
I
When
adverb.
an or adjective it alwaysrefers adjective,
may
an
MISUSED
a
noun.
pie is good.
This
Well
IS
OFTEN
EXPRESSIONS
AND
an
it is used
health.
to
well. (Adjective) feeling
am
This
doesn't work
mower
I did the GR.\DUATE
well
assignment as
it used
as
(Adverb)
to.
I could.
as
form.
Incorrcct
SCHOOL.
HIGH
well
as
from Say "graduate
highschool." health."
Healthymeans good health." The
climate
The
nurse
He
said
I
has certainly
humans To
"beingin good
the mountains
in
healthful.
a
"characteristic of
means
man";
"compassionate."
or
is human.
err
They
ing "show-
or
healthy. perfectly healthyappetite.
"kind"
means
is
health"
was
Humati
HUMANE.
HUMAN,
"promoting good
Healthful mcaus
HEALTtiY.
HEALTHFUL,
too
were
to
enjoy the bullfight.
ifin Conditional sentences;
Usc
IF, WHETHER.
humane
whether
use
in
or implied). statingalternatives (expressed
Correct:
If he
is
in, I
I don't know
IMPLY,
INFER.
whether
inferis
To
circumstances, a
meaning
Correct:
The
not
to
mean
or
call
he is
to
him.
on
draw
ten
a
evidence.
years old conclusion To
twelve.
or
from
implyis
to
ments, state-
suggest
stated. explicitly
detective
of the fingerinferredfrom the position prints
that the
man
who
had
fired the shot
was
left-
handed. What
story. 298
you
have
justsaid impliesthat
you
doubt
my
WORDS
IN,
EXPRESSIONS
AND
MISUSED
Verbs
movement indicating followed by into.
INTO.
When
he walked
In is used She
to
the
into
and
into
placeare
a
he found
room,
within
indicate motion
paced up
a
us
erally gen-
ready.
place.
in the classroom.
down
"talented, inventive, Ingeniousmeans "naive." Ingenuous means
INGENUOUS.
INGENIOUS,
resourceful."
George
INSIDE
OFTEN
ingenious;I'm
is
he'll find
sure
a
solution.
No
one
to be ingenuous. expects diplomats
OF,
OFF
OF,
outside
be used
can
is
by themselves
Inside,off, supcrfluous. as prepositions.
inside the house.
It'swarm
John has
fallen
I'm forbidden
when
However,
Of
OF.
OUTSIDE
offthe
to
by
a
again.
go outside the house.
inside
often followed
horse
or
outside is used
as
a
noun,
it is
prepositional phrasebeginningwith
of.
paintedonlythe
I
the inside of the spent the morning cleaning Incorrcct
IRREGARDLESS.
LET,
Leuve
LEAVE.
"Let me
outside of the house.
I
alone"
form. Use
means
"I wish
means
regardless.
"to go
means
alone"
me
car.
to
away."Let means "Stop annoying me." be here by myself."
"to permit." "Leave
Liable
impliesexposure to something means or or likely "expected disadvantageous; unpleasant "inclined,disposed," "fit, suitable," probable"; apt means or "quickto learn."
LIABLE,
LIKELY,
APT.
The
motorist
is liable for damages. responsible
It is
to likely
rain.
She made He
is
an
an
apt remark.
apt pupil. 299
WORDS
and
Apt
careful
EXPRESSIONS
AND
OFTEN
MISUSED
often used interchangeably; are however, likely between their meanings. writers distinguish
adverb meaning "perhaps" is an or Mtti/be May be is a verb form. "possibly." MAY
MAYBE,
BE.
Maybe I won't George may be Almost
ALMOST.
MOST,
is used
as
number"
or
or
number"
to
form
a
noun
as
an
the
sold almost
I believe that 7nost
This is the
Nutiseous
felt
"sick
I have
Correct:
not
in
except used
to or
should
legaland
refer
to
one
A
a
a
party of young
lodge.
ing caus"disgusting,
at
the stomach."
odor.
nauseous
not
the
more
nearly. job.
exact
expression.
and, group language,should not be telephonic
Party impliesa
person. Individual
singleperson. It is be used only when of the person
oneness
300
Use
INDIVIDUAL.
PERSON,
PARTY,
heard.
morning. all morning.
nearlyfinished
Greatlyoverused.
O.K.
ever
all
nauseous
Usc Colloquial.
NEAR.
honest.
mcaus
means
Right:I have felt nauseated Right:The chemical gave off NOWHERE
sold.
all of the tickets.
peopleare
nausea"; nauseated I have
been
ridiculous story I have
most
NAUSEATED.
Wrong:
an
"nearlyall";it is used as an adverb only adverb. or superlative degreeof an adjective 18e. )
have
NAUSEOUS,
adverb
Most meaning "nearly." meaning "the greatest quantity or in quantity adjective meaning "greatest is
of the tickets have
Most
president.
or
(See Section We
go after all. class next our
as
not
a
synonym
you want distinct from
peoplewere
refers
on
to a
to
a
ular partic-
for person; it emphasize the
group.
their way
to
the ski
EXPRESSIONS
AND
WORDS
The
bridgewas of onlyone
The
person
at
with
the
relations of the
group.
Persecute
PROSECUTE.
suffer,to hunt down."
weight
time.
a
is studyingthe sociology
individual
to
that it could bear the
weakened
so
class in
PERSECUTE,
MISUSED
OFTEN
means
Prosecute
"to annoy, to cause "to carry out means
a
legalaction against." the persecuted
Nero
The
threatened
company
A
PLENTY.
As
noun.
be avoided Incorrect:
Precede
"to go A
speechor writing.
plentyangry. dairyhas plentyof
PROCEED.
means
milk.
before";proceed
"to go
means
continue."
or
precedesb
in the
alphabet.
the latecomers
When
plentyshould adjective,
or
was
The
PRECEDE,
prosecuteall trespassers.
to
adverb
an
in formal
He
Correct:
Christians.
seated,the speakerproceeded
were
with his lecture.
money" or
"chief executive
"chief"
means
"a PROPOSITION.
used Principal
PRINCIPLE,
PRINCIPAL,
"main."
or
of
a
as
a
is
noun
school" and
is used Principle
as
as
adjective ing mean-
noun
a
mcans Respcctfully "each means manner"; respectively given."
The
letter was a
SAME,
"in
RESPECTIVELY.
are
SUCH.
a
spectful re-
in the order
yours," signed"Respectfully
business letter the salutation and
close
SAID,
an
of
"sum
governingrule or truth." Business jargonfor "proposal."
RESPECTFULLY,
In
a
followed
Same
by
and
a
colon and
such
are
the a
complimentary comma,
tively. respec-
Said adjectives.
is
a
verb. 301
WORDS
AND
EXPRESSIONS
OFTEN
Objectionable: Althoughthe said plan was not to adopt same.
feasible,I decided
it,that,or this instead of said,same,
Use
is a Suspicion
SUSPICION.
Do
noun.
not
MISUSED
use
such.
or
it when
mean
you
suspect, a verb. that he was suspicioned suspectedthat he was
Incorrect:
I
Correct:
I
Correct:
I had
WAIT
when
used
on
to
the thief.
strong suspicionthat he
a
Wait
ON.
the thief.
"to attend, to
means
I waited
on
him
Correct:
I waited
an
hour
for
an
hour
for him
1. I wouldn't
except
the
invite to
most
see
nightdances. I couldn't help but for
sentences, using following
her party unless she not
gized. apolo-
go without
healthyto
anybody you
feel worried
know
when
at
the
those
Friday
sent principle
me.
5. You
didn't say you that you did.
6. There
7.
came.
hat.
3. You're liable to
4.
an
came.
47
folks stillbelieve that it is
2. Some a
rewrite
your paper, diction.
before he
before he
EXERCISE
good
serve";it is a localism
"wait for."
mean
Incorrect:
On
the thief.
was
him, suspicioned
five
but
your
couplesbeside Frances and there were twelve of us altogether. I can't hardlybelieve that Mr. Thompson never were
ferred in-
manner
me,
so
that
graduated
high school, 8.
Any individual who be persecuted.
9. Please and
302
advise
how
soon
me
you
damages or whether
defaces school property will
you have the machine will be able to shipsame.
in
stock
AND
EXPRESSIONS
10. These
continuous
WORDS
I felt so
MISUSED
while interruptions effect my
beginningto
are
11.
OFTEN
work home-
doingmy
am
grades.
thoughtI would
that I
nauseous
I
most
out
pass
any
minute.
12.
He
in the house
ran
swimming,
and
his mother
asked
but she said it
nowhere
was
discover
I wish
14.
gettingthe tops oflFof glassjars. Henry wasn't feeling very good this morning,
someone
he will be I
time
know
if
to
with
in connection
interested
are
you
to
2. In the
3.
sea
of ruthless
tion proposi-
in my
sentences, correcting following
spiteof the favorable factors in the negative. answer
1. In
in your
one competition,
I shall have
case,
can
climb
to
success
onlyby seizingthe goldenflower of opportunity, with the degree ot his guilt, In connection I am persuasion that
we
not
are
and
fvJlyconversant
be
may
48
the
your paper, rewrite the errors in diction:
but
for
marketingyour product.
EXERCISE
On
device
for the rehearsal.
in alright
anxious
am
reallygood
a
go
enough.
warm
near
13.
15.
would
leave him
to
certain
as
acquaintedwith
to
whether
of the we
are
all the facts of the
case.
4.
The to
attention president's
cope
5. Before
with
6.
situation
any giving the
box of crackers
glassof
arrested
by Mr. might arise.
that milk
to
Blaine's
the littlelass,I
ability
placeda
before her.
fellow classmates
My
was
average
in
heighta heightof sixty-
eightinches. 7. In
these respects,laboratory sciences
are
of
a
notoriously
trying nature. 8. With
bated
breath
humanitygo 9. As a
soon
weak
10. Those
as
I
to
enough room
watched
that miserable
specimen of
his doom.
saw
that sleek roadster in the
coming
moment
who
we
take
rooms
in which
showroom,
I felt
on.
in to
this house house
will have
more
than
their appurtenances. 303
AND
WORDS
11. The
sheer force of his
12. In
13.
with
connection
OFTEN
her
other
I should
traits
The
good but right,
land in back
unused
benefits
camp hold
toe
a
her
mention
empty,
an
cant va-
of the house.
from
receives
one
laziness has
excess
MISUSED
personahty beggarsdescription.
which is of a very high order. pulchritude, With regardto gardeningfacilities, there is
pieceof 14.
EXPRESSIONS
all perfectly
are
the minds
on
of
most
campers. 15. Ellen is the sort of
girlwith
whom
likes
one
to
have
a
date
with. 16. There
were
of
many
us
who
thoughtthat
he
was
an
tionally excep-
unique person. 17.
of voters, perhaps more goodly number than sinning,wrought havoc by stayingaway
A
in
sinned
from
against the
18. Please refer back
to
the minutes
of the last
meeting, where
anglealongthe lines which you will find a new been corresponding with each other about.
EXERCISE
The
we
49
your paper, rev^rite the
in correct, formal
sentences
English, 1. We
have
of the sandwiches. every one be in the dorm then? et
2. Will
you
3. The
poor
4. He
student let
never
5. She
was
an
alwaysgets it he knew
on
about
earthly angle,but
in the neck.
it.
of gone if I had worked walked up to the alter and
They
8. What
do
you reckon had a bad case
9. Dick
10. Please
proceedme
11.
She took
12.
I
13.
He
never
had
on
when
would to
he
meant
of the
into
the
without
one
6. I could
304
have
contain propriet imfollowingsentences provincialisms, colloquialisms, ing. vulgarisms, slang,and misspell-
On
7.
polls
droves.
by
on
wings.
Saturday.
got married. that?
jitters. room.
I told her of the accident.
have
accompany
it. suspicioned dumb a bunny
to
the dance.
WORDS
14.
EXPRESSIONS
AND
The
latch is broken go of
15. Leave 16.
He
17.
Why
at
me
OFTEN
MISUSED
off the
gait.
once,
but peacefulordinarily,
was
did you fall for that? you will have to work
18. Now
his choler
sometimes
rose.
hard.
extra
50
EXERCISE
examples of triteness, "fine" writing, wordiness, faulty repetition, jargon,mixed figures, each and lack of euphony.On your paper, rewrite close as sentence, keeping as possibleto the intended meaning. The
sentences following
1. Rod
decided
like 2. At
wolf
a
contain
seize the bit in his teeth and
to
down
come
the fold.
on
the institution
his presence,
of
he
was
which he favored with higherlearning ualism. proud of his rugged individjustly
spendingmuch time preparing to leave, and after decided to proceedon our journey. we many fond good-bys, liked the succulent bivalve,he picked Althoughhe ordinarily fashion and of the delectable morsels in a gingerly up one
3. After
4.
devoured 5. Not
it with
all widow
6.
in Sitting
7. A
with
steam
lovinghands
serious
funds 11. We
followed
to view
prone
by himself,he repeatedher
the
had
we
name
In
this
by dance of
storm
edifice
erected.
worn
the crowded
falter on
destroyedthe
soon
on
financial from
too
school sashes
ahead!
let your hand
10. After
are
apprehension,
again.
the riot of color
9. Full not
alone
room
Sweetlyscented to
lot with
alarm.
all raging conflagration
which 8.
his
again and
over
regardtheir
left with small children
are
with
status
smile.
wry
women
but those who their
a
the fair
added
sex
floor.
controversy,you
must
the
plow. he attemptedto misapproreverses, priate
the bank. line speaker's
of
reasoningto
a
very great
extent.
12.
Our
warriors gridiron
were
tendered
a
banquet at
the
con-
305
AND
WORDS
elusion of their vietorious
EXPRESSIONS
after the
and
season,
OFTEN
spoke a few well-chosen repast each gladiator 13.
The is
14.
somethingof
When of
of the outside
nature
added
an
words.
attraction. to
be
he replied in the position,
a
sumptuous
readingin Englishcomposition
if he wished
asked
MISUSED
the
of recipient
our
offer
affirmative.
that your valued order will receive prompt attention, along the lines which you suggested. that I was 16. At the groaningtable I forgot supposedto have 15. We
a
17.
He
beg to
delicate and was
reached 18. I may to
19.
20.
306
state
get
birdlike
appetite.
caughtin the immutable the goalof his ambition. have
gone
a
littletoo
my chest. those present were
wheels
far,but I
was
of fate and
never
simplyimpelled
it off
onlya paltryfew who voiced the sentiments of the players themselves. All nature seemed engaging, but the sightof the crimson mountain orb settingbehind the lofty ture feaa was delightful which beggarsall description. Among
included
The Sentence
Do
you
write
rambles; it a
words
ten
uses
is awkward
job;it As
gobbledygook?This in
the reader result,
before he knows
what
is
where
five would
and
structure
do
it three
or
better
a
unpleasantin
examine
must
type of writingthat
a
sound.
four times
longago the Air Force sent to all its employees a littlepamphletcalled Gobbledygook Plain Talk? In the pamphletthere are or quotations from an article on annual leave and from other military all written in gobbledygook. Then the author begs notices for clear,simplesentences. But the clear sentence is important forces. It is vital in business. not onlyto the military Not
it means.
"
It is effective in
the
club
problemsof writing good under
three heads:
and
in
social life. The
your
sentences
be
may
considered
(Sections 55-58),Clearness Effectiveness (Sections68-72).
Correctness
(Sections59-67),and
55. PERIOD
FAULT of words
that expresses a complete and put a thought.Do not write a part of a sentence periodat the end. Such punctuationis known as the period A
is
sentence
a
group
fault. Wrong:
To
a
work.
tiapper, a fur Also the
coat
means
hours
joy and thrillknown
Right:To
a
trapper,
a
fur
coat
means
backbreaking
onlyto
(The words
beginningwith also do thought. They are only part of
of
not a
hours
the hunter.
make
a
plete com-
sentence.) of
backbreaking 307
PERIOD
work; but
it
means
also the
joy and thrillknown
FAULT
only
to the hunter.
Wrong:
began to find value in the sport.A value follows the trail. who chiefly appreciated by the man with a value form an appositive, (The words beginning not a completethought.They are part of a sentence, After
a
not
whole
a
time,
I
sentence.)
Right:After a time, I began to find value in the sport,a value who follows the trail. chiefly by the man appreciated ing Wrong: The hunter sees the beautyof the morning sun. Throwa ning path of lightacross the lake. (The words beginwith phrase,not a throwingform a participial completethought.They are only part of a sentence.) ing Right:The hunter sees the beautyof the morning sun throwthe lake. a path of lightacross in the falland Wrong: The hunter loves lifeoutdoors. Especially do not winter. (The words beginningwith especially ginning beform a completethought. Be careful of expressions with or for example.They should especially often be joinedto the preceding clause.) in the fall and Right:The hunter loves life outdoors, especially winter.
Don't
Caution:
letter. Your
relax because
you deserves correspondent
are
writinga friendly
the courtesy of careful
work.
Wrong:
Was
Right:I
was
happy to hear of your promotion. (No subject) happy to hear of your promotion.
which incompletesentences and fragmentarysentences sentences are permissible, elliptical used for stylistic effect. In elliptical sentences, the completethought is implied Note:
but
not
There
are
kinds of
two
stated. "Did
you
buy
it?"
"Yes." "For how "Five
308
much?"
dollars."
COMMA
FAULT
eflFectsby using special but only people for stylistic eflPect, fragmentarysentences skilled in the use of languagecan sentence use fragments of sentence Poor use fragmentsgives the effect of safely. High school students, unless they are illiteracy. very talented writers, should avoid the fragment. Skilled writers
obtain
sometimes
EXERCISE
1
the your paper, rewrite the periodfault. To correct
On
will have 1. The
to
guess what
room
sentences, following of these
some
the writer
had
sentences
you
in mind.
of which
filledwith flowers. Some
was
ing correct-
were
very
expensive. 2. She
of
put
home
at sitting
3. The
was airship
could
5. First of
at
to
the movies.
Instead
its
hangar.So
that curious
tors specta-
not
and
billed you
which all,the training
told many all funny.
jokesat
and
9.
dancingon the While Julius was
July1, required.
is
Mainly the clothes. interesting. the party. Some of which were not
in fishing
Swimming
for
and
new
8.
10.
into
put
Everythingwas
7. He
went
worrying.
damage it. shippedyour order
4. Have
6.
her best clothes and
on
boardwalk
the
in
ocean
the
daytime and
night. he received several academic in college, of these beinga scholarship. honors. One in oflBcial uniforms of both governments attending Dignitaries medals.
and
56. Do
not
them.
Wrong:
two
COMMA
FAULT
sentences
punctuation is that
Sentences run-on
write
Such
at
are
with known
only a as
separatedonly by
between
comma
the commas
fault.
comma are
called
sentences.
I
hope that
it sounds
you
can
get the house that you spokeabout,
great. 309
COMMA
Wrong:
I have
have
we
good news
some
three
won
for you about the matches. straight
of these groups of words thoughtswith onlya comma
Each
is not
strong enough mark
a
Use thoughts.
Right:I hope that Right:I
have
be combined
1. Use I
a
in
a
two
two
A
plete com-
comma
complete
get the house that you spokeabout.
for you about the three straight matches.
sentence.
one
out
bowlingteam.
Here
are
run-on
sentences
three ways
may of ing mak-
of them:
semicolon.
hope that
a
between
these related, closely
are
it sounds
2. Use
them.
good news won
sentence
one
can
you
some
If the ideas
of
team,
great.
have
We
composed
between use
bowhng
periodinstead.
a
It sounds
to
is
FAULT
you
can
get the house
that you
spokeabout;
great.
coordinating conjunction(and, but, for,or) and
comma.
I
hope that
you
for it sounds 3. Subordinate Because
method
you
that you
spokeabout,
idea.
the house
hope that The
one
get the house great. can
can
that you
get
spoke about
sounds
great, I
it.
that you choose depends upon the If both of the ideas are to make.
emphasis that you wish equally emphatic,you may use a period,semicolon, or coordinating The two ideas will then stand out with equal conjunction. The use of a subordinating strength. conjunctionmakes one idea dependentupon the other. In order to make your style and vivid,you must attention to the interesting give some impressionthat you wish to make and the type of sentence that will fitthat impression. 310
COMMA
FAULT
Note:
careful particularly
Be
if the
clauses
two
joined
are
nevertheless, by a conjunctiveadverb {however, moreover, If these words join thus,then,so, yet, otherwise). therefore, two junctive independentideas, a semicolon must precedethe conadverb. (See Section 24b.) Wrong:
did not
You
receive
credit.
no
did not
Right:You
receive
credit.
no
2
paper, rewrite these run-on papers. Choose for each sentence
from
sentences
your
dent stu-
the form
that in your
of you
invite
it best.
opinionsuits 1. Thank
will
completeyour work; consequently you
EXERCISE
On
will
completeyour work, consequently you
you
very
much,
it
sweet
was
to
to
me
party.
your
2. This is my own fault,if I had done I should not have to go to summer 3. Some
shopsare
using Lucite
boxes
their tops are transparent. 4. You will have to give the chair
at
in the
my work school. for
of jewelry, display
a
least
winter,
two
of white
coats
paint,otherwise the dark color of the old paint will show. 5. In
South
some
for sociably
business 6. He
was
cannot
7. Do
at least
countries
a
businessman
fifteen minutes, then he
can
talk
must
introduce
a
matter.
his former
dependablein employ him. not
this weekend
come
missed
American
the
8. Ten
drivers
9. The
next
to
see
us
evenings we pleasant started in the
thingto
work
on
race
in
therefore position,
our
used
home,
new
to
spend with
Whigs,and
New
have you.
onlyeightfinished.
is the motor
of the car, this is
the part of the work that runs into money. 10. There were three political partiesin Burke's
Tories, Old
we
we
day,theywere
Whigs. 311
FUSED
SENTENCES
57. FUSED Do
write
not
them.
Such
I" the
two
two
questionsor
two
both
are
56 may
Section
however,
Sometimes,
combines
fused sentences.
in this way
in suggested
correctingthem.
punctuationbetween
no
as
combined
sentences
Then
known
are
the methods
writer
with
sentences
sentences
SENTENCES
be used
in
inexperienced
an
questionand
a
ments, state-
ment. state-
a
is to end only way to correct the sentence of the completeideas with a period, one a questionmark, exclamation or an point.Be very sure that you have two completeideas before you use this method of correction.
Wrong:
the
What
kind of
yearbookare
going
you
to
have
will it be
anythinglike ours? Right:What kind of yearbookare you going to have? Will anythinglike ours? Wrong: He is a great lacrosse playerdon't you think so? Don't you think so? Right:He is a great lacrosse player. EXERCISE
On
your
paper,
3
the
rewrite
periods, questionmarks,
it be
or
followingsentences, using exclamation pointswhere they
needed:
are
2.
the
going so soon I'llwalk to the candidates Criticizing gets you
1. Are
you
3. Turn
out
4. Have
you
the
lights they will sister is
every day. 5. On SaturdayI skirts would
affected much
been
I guess your
see
saw
glad,for movie
a
EXERCISE
nowhere that
by
the
we
are
water
she won't
about the Old
fashionable
become
with you. you should
corner
have
vote.
here.
shortageif so, to
South
take
a
I wish
bath
hoop
again. 4
paper, rewi-ite these sentences, correctingthe fault,or the fused-sentence fault. periodfault,the comma On
(See 312
your
Sections
55-57.)
SENTENCES
FUSED
1. Was 2.
the team. hear that you made there had hved long ago when
gladto
Suppose
we
justthink what Mexico, the
3. In
the maid 4. When
be
remembered
7. When
8.
house.
seeingJune
you. the Grand
enjoying the beauty of
and
took
we
were
to
Only
one
not oflF,
a
signaledwhen thingwill make
be
lie detector
emotional 10.
First
does
12.
The
permits each 13.
There
us.
destination,we
our
work
detect
together. lies,it merely records
the
then thoroughly,
sugar
because particularly
it goes
stir in
well
so
suit.
Charter.
Atlantic
knew
before
jump from the plane. ingness projectsuccessful. The will-
to
interesting part
most
spread out
our
and
the butter
new
my
Venice
the music
of the victim.
the eggs and milk. 11. I like all the ties. One with
Listeningto
to
not
excitement
cream
again, she asked
Randall
Canal.
man
of all the members 9. The
They
to
drifted down
6. We
suited them.
pieceof ground that
a
much
enjoyedvery
to
never
beautiful ranch
a
missing.
goes shoppingin the market, the cleaning, and the shopping. the laundry, mistress
theyfound
built 5. I
does
be
should
we
radios
no
were
of the book
the part Especially
nation
to
choose
its
has in
to
with
do
which
the
the Charter
go\'emment.
own
a my neighborand great deal of fun in gardening, I always ha\"e friendly arguments about whose crops are
is
better. 14. At the age of nine, I was Theater. A drama
enrolled in The
that teaches free
group
15. When
the great day came, I was the play,in fact I thought that I
16.
All
quiet,then the
was
hand
and
17. There
18.
There dark
19.
At a
a
another
hair and
Garrison
not
anxious
too
going
was
the
to
mental Experi-
expression. to
be
in
be sick.
glassbooth
raised
his
the air. the
When
crew.
all of
a
shot burst into die air.
cannon
was
dark
in
on dropped it,we were tense a feeling among
was
sudden
man
Children's
girlin
big black
Boulevard
night,and
the
we
whom
he
eyes. didn't
street
interested,she had
was
see
lighton
the
it policeman,
the
comer
was
was
out.
313
"
MISUSE
week
memorable
20.
Last
21.
communications my new wish I could I surely is
22.
was
Last
like David
the crops
When
are
DEPENDENT
CLAUSES
for me,
occasion
purchased
I
receiver. in "ham"
get you interested
hobby. fascinating Saturdaynightthe
a
other. One 23.
a
OF
and
lined up like Goliath.
teams
two one
great percent is overhead.
againsteach
all of the money
sold, not
Such
as
radio, it
is
a profit,
labor,repairsto
charges. freight In the Shakespearean theater,the poor peoplestood ground.While the rich sat in boxes on the side
chinery, ma-
and
24.
the
on
of the
theater.
point,let'sgo back
25. To
prove mv started Ford
a
few
idea revolutionary
his
years. When
of
Henry
producingcars
in
great numbers.
58.
MISUSE
DEPENDENT
OF
CLAUSES
ject; simplesentences beginningwith the subbut as a person's dependent stylematures, he uses clauses to show the relationship of one idea to another, and he varies the structure of sentences in order to give strength of and rhythm to his writing. A knowledgeof the proper use dependent clauses is necessary for the development of a mature style. A
58a.
child writes
Do
not
Adverbial often used
Wrong:
Right:I
adverbial
clause
as
a
beginningwith when clauses. as noun incorrectly where
the weather
forecaster
clause.
noun
where
and
clauses
I read was
an
use
said
a
are
snowstorm
coming.
read
that the weather
forecaster
said
a
snowstorm
was
coming.
Wrong:
The
it had
Right:The run
314
why
reason inin
reason
out
of
out
of
the automobile
stoppedwas
because
gasoline.
why the automobile gasoline.
stoppedwas
that it had
MISUSE
OF
58b.
DEPENDENT
Do
not
CLAUSES
use
adverbial
an
where
is Wrong: Plagiarism
pass it oflFas
Wrong:
as
Right:Anemia red
58c.
Do
of Is
or
is
of another
and
the work
of another
and
passing
the blood
is deficient in red
illness in which
an
there is
corpuscles. of deficiency
a
corpuscles.
not
use
independentclause
an
the
as
subject
was.
Faulty:There
much
is too
That
Better:
noun.
own.
is when
Anemia
a
own.
your
one's
placeof
the work
take
you
is copying Right:Plagiarism
it off
clause in
there is
homework
much
too
brother's main
is my
homework
plaint. com-
is my
brother's main
much
homework.
complaint.
complainsbecause
He
there is
5
EXERCISE
On
these your paper, rewrite of dependentclauses:
misuse
1. I
the paper
in
see
where
too
correctingthe
sentences,
the weather
has been
unusually
cold this winter. 2. The
train
left by
3. In the game
time daylight
did
5. The
the
a
to
he failed the
why
was
not
the grass
cut
was
course.
because
its
where
a
man
to
swears
tell the tiuth and
then
lie.
7. Because
boughta new suit a My father was lawyerwas
9. His
playertries
it.
did
mower
the
it.
dull.
were
Perjuryis tells
8.
concentrate
reason
blades 6.
not
I missed
of baseball,a strike is when
hit the ball but misses 4. He
why
is
I
definition
of freedom
the eye. is where you
is
why
the
she thinks I have
reason
is when
you
why can
money.
I studied
law.
look any
man
in squarely
10. His
home
can
alwayshave
a
good
time.
315
USING
59. USING
ONLY
order
coherence.
important in
treated in Section in it
are
Wrong:
13. A
related closely 1. Bill Erie
was
a
High
of obtaining ways deal with methods of making of pronouns, which is clear sentence, has been
the
has
sentence
and contribute
basketball
unitywhen all ideas to a single impression.
playerand
he is
a
graduateof
School.
2. Vaslav
was Nijinsky
world
ever
has
unity and
reference
study of
any
have
must
with
deal
62-67
coherent. Clear
sentence
SENTENCE
IDEAS
sentence
59-61
Sections
A
IN
SENTENCE
clear, a
unity.Sections
sentence a
be
to
IDEAS
RELATED
A
IN In
RELATED
ONLY
of the greatestdancers the he was in a mental hospital
one
known, and
for many
years. hope that you
3. I
June to
to
me
next
summer
and
be
unity can
subordinate clear
improvedform Improved: 1.
of Sentence
Bill is
obtained
idea
was
a
star
however,
Sometimes,
that the
1.
graduateof Erie High School, where basketball player.
a
tell
me.
by making one to the other and using a connectinglink the ideas. See the relationship between
Sometimes
makes
write
will visit
the
ideas
are
so
he
related completelyun-
of them can establish onlya completeseparation they should be in another paragraph. unity.Occasionally 2 and Sentence 3: See the improvedforms of Sentence that
Improved:2.
Vaslav
the world a
mental
the world
Improved:3.
I
has
ever
his
to
one
known.
for hospital
hope that
tell June
316
was Nijinsky
many
of the greatest dancers he was in Unfortunately years and
could
not
show
art.
you will visit me
write
to
me.
next
summer.
Please
SENTENCES
RAMBLING
6
EXERCISE
sentences your paper, rewrite the following they are unified. If the ideas in any sentence related,omit one of them.
On
1. We was
believe that founded
2. The
3. I made
93
the movies 4. Last
5.
My
Post
favorite among
is my
weekly
in Philadelphia. published last history test, and I decided of studying.
it is
in the
instead
I went Saturday,
school
it
years ago.
SaturdayEvening
magazines, and
be
cannot
club is the best in the school, and
our
ten
that
so
on
to
go
I lost my
firstblind date, and
my
to
ring.
sister wants
be
to
and she florist,
a
onlytwelve
years
his brother, who
took
is
old. 6. He
is
much
a
better dancer
than
lessons for several years and works in a grocery eminent 7. Woodrow Wilson was an statesman, and prominent chin. 8.
People in
North
Carolina
store.
he had
like hot breads, and
the
a
largest
cityis Charlotte. 9. The
10.
father of the
having studied familywas a physician, Medical the third at Jefferson Collegein Philadelphia, city in the United States. largest He is a very clever person, his sister havingstudied in Paris
for several years.
SENTENCES
60. RAMBLING
Avoid
which
ramblingsentences
introduce
too
many
details.
Rambling:Beethoven,
who
of music,
he
cook, and
the
was
became
son
of
deaf
of the great
one a
court
ters mas-
and
musician
composed some
but thirty-two, magnificent symphonies.
Beethoven, one
of the great
a
Revised:
is considered
the he
son
of
became
a
musician
court
deaf
masters
and
a
of music, cook.
was
Although
he composed thirty-two, symphonies. magnificent at
he
at
some
317
CHOPPY
7
EXERCISE
On
followingselection
the
paper, rewrite
your
SENTENCES
in unified
sentences: a Nijinskywas great seemed to defy gravity,and
dancer.
1.
his mother, who he
which
3. One in
a
dance
a
of several ballet
Later
over
he danced
companies,in
with
his wife,
Students
who
sometimes
become
afraid
they write however,
his debut
which
tries. coun-
York
in New
of
thousands
Hungarian
rose
performed.4. and
to
came
actress, and
his
dancer.
a
SENTENCES
been
go
joinany
to
all
part of the repertoire
a
now
princess,
to
taught not to write rambling the opposite extreme. They
ideas in
one
sentence.
As
a
result,
thoughtas a separate unit. This procedure, tences destroyunity as thoroughlyas rambling senhow the in choppy sentences, you cannot see
can
related.
are
ment. They have had bad treatIn our neighborhood,some people whitewash will keep intrunks. They think that whitewash sects
Choppy: Many the
trees
away.
die
each
year.
doctors
Tree
the bark.
In
some
will damage say that whitewash laws against there are states
blossomingtrees stripping a
few
people evade
themselves. the woods. of the
tree
a
the
like
dogwood. Every spring to They want please thoughtfor the beauty of
law.
They have no about tion the destrucThey are unconcerned tree. They break off largebranches. Then
dies.
Their
peopleof pleasure. 318
a
each
do, for ideas
have
a
is also
and
Rome
61. CHOPPY
sentences
slave in love with
a
the stage as the great dancer Pavlova in Paris with the famous
England in 1948 daughterlives in
leaps
probablyinherited from in Scheherezade, in dancer, especially
of his greatestsuccesses was called Specterof the Rose,
petalsfloated
tremendous
applaudedby throngsof peoplein
be
to
His
his grace,
the part of
danced
him
caused
was
2.
selfishness
deprivesmany
other
INCOMPLETENESS
EXERCISE
On 61
your
by making
idea
choppy paragraphin Section of one show the relationship
the
revise
paper,
8
that
sentences
another.
to
EXERCISE
On
rewrite
paper,
your
9
followingselection
the
in
fied uni-
sentences: 1. We
bombarded
are
don't know in which
to
and
what
to
test
what
on
all sides have
believe. 3. We we
hear
by propaganda.2. We been taughta few ways
the radio
on
who
know
or
in the
read
paper, news-
the
speakeror writer 4. Some he knows about his subject. is and what peopletry to make emotions. 5. They do not think clearly act by stirring us our done. themselves. 6. They expect to make us do what theywant for acting.8. Some 7. They don't give us logical reasons people and no question present onlyone side of the questiondiscussed, has onlyone side;so we suspect those peopleof beingprejudiced do not put too much faith in what they say because if and we honest, they would tell the whole story,not simply they were part of
a
it is
important to
it. 9. It is
important also
to
know
what
methods
gatherhis facts because made and the conclusions are carelessly investigations speakeror not
used
writer
valid. 10. In
a
sometimes
to
democratic
country, it
is
a
drawn
are
important for people
think.
to
62. INCOMPLETENESS To
words he
be coherent, a are
wants
clear 62a.
to
omitted
sentence
when
be
must
the writer
understands
say that he thinks he the reader.
Be
to
sure
Doubtful: The
to lawn
Correct:
The
lawn
Correct:
The
lawn
include is mowed
complete.Sometimes
has
all necessary and
made
so
well what
his
meaning
verbs.
the
hedges trimmed. and the hedges are is mowed, trimmed. and the fence repaired. is mowed 319
"*"
the
verb auxiliary
The
Note:
another
when
it is in
If expressedin the sentence. is grammatically pressed. necessary, it should be exbe understood before repaired in the above
form Is
be understood
can
that has been
form
same
INCOMPLETENESS
can
sentence.
He
has
never
done
any work
and
Improved:He
has
never
done
any work
and
Doubtful:
Note:
If the verb be
verb, it must Doubtful: She
Include
needed
We
needed
built hour
hour
an
Doubtful:
I
typist.(Two
a
and
ositions. prep-
which
persons)
could
go
ninety miles
pleasedmany people. automobile which could go ninety miles an and which pleasedmany people.
neither interested
am
by everybody.
and
built
Improved:He
main
(One person) typist.
automobile
an
a
by everybody.
articles,pronouns,
clerk and
a
liked
auxiliary liked was
clerk and
a
as
times.
girland
necessary
We
an
fine
a
will do any.
never
and auxiliary
an
girland
verb
was
Doubtful:He
fine
a
main
62b.
as
both expressed
was
Improved:She
be is used
to
will.
never
nor
concerned
about
fare. his wel-
(Interestedabout his welfare?)
Improved:I
neither interested in his welfare
am
about
62c.
writing,do
of the subordinate
objectof
Informal:1
concerned
it.
In formal
be the
nor
know
clause the verb
not
omit
that if the
at might seem preceding.
the President of the United
subject first glance to
States must
be
an
the writer seems by birth. (At first glance, acquaintedwith the President.) personally
American to
Formal:
be
I know
be See Section 320
an
that the President American
by
67 for omission
of the United
States must
birth.
of words
in
a
comparison.
INCOMPLETENESS
62d.
Be
sense
or
Do
to
sure
idea
every
essential
with
begina sentence it,to another finishing not
and
structure
one
have
soon
the
to
structure
before shift,
structure.
automobile, unless you take good
will
the
to
of the sentence.
structure
clear: An
Not
express
of it,you verb to complete
care
repairit. (There is no begun with automobile.)
unless Improved:An automobile will soon have to be repaired good care is given to it. Not clear: With these eleven men workingtogetheras a team is the
Improved:With
season.
as workingtogether
men
successful
a
successful
our
these eleven
had
we
for
reason
a
team,
season. or
these
Because
team,
62e. so,
we
formal
In
had
eleven a
worked
men
successful
togetheras
a
season.
writing, complete the thought after
such, those.
Informal: I Formal:
I
was
so
bored.
was
so
bored
Informal: He Formal:
He
that I left the
is
one
of those eccentric
is
one
of those eccentric
EXERCISE
Complete the sense by addingthe necessary not
10
of each words
of the or
sentences following
by rewritingthe
sentence.
spokento Judithabout
your decision,nor will I. I spent for repairs, I could have bought a
2. All the money new
philosophers. who prefer philosophers
be alone.
to
1. I have
party.
car.
3. The
secretaryand
treasurer
both
were
so
excited
by
the
election. 4.
It
was
a
nightthat
if
one
wore
a
sweater
and
skirt,she
could feel comfortable. 5. He
was
such
a
man pleasant
and
so
admired. universally 321
WORD
6. The
soldier asked
would
us
pleasetell him
we
ORDER
the road
to
Washington. 7. When
she
went
the mail had
the mailbox, she found
to
not
yet arrived. 8.
think
class would 9. I shall to
10.
Betty
could
who
Anybody
get 100
he
alwaysbe
was
that
on
test, the history
genius.
a
and appreciative of grateful
so
whole
his kindness
me.
worried
would
heatingsystem
have
we
of the
with
the
ORDER
63. WORD
you have learned beginningto build a mature
trouble
house.
new
When
much
so
to
use
modifiers
properly, you
are
the modifier is
Sometimes style.
adverb, but often in a mature or style singleadjective it is a phraseor a clause. If these modifiers are not placed will lack the word which near they modify,the sentence Sometimes misplaced modifiers make a sentence clarity. sound absurd, as you can see from the following examples. a
Vague:
I
that you received for your emergency
hope
he
(Was
Vague:
that you information
Thank 31
at
you at
tripfrom the
state
essary nec-
police.
the
policethe
received
from
necessary
for your emergency trip. December to the party on
invitingme
state
o'clock in your club cellar. (What time is it is ten o'clock in the club house when
ten
my cellar?)
cellar
for
you
it at
Improved:Thank
information
escaping from jail?)
Improved:I hope road
the road
ten
me inviting
o'clock
on
to
the
December
party in your club 31.
ing days of Leeuwenhoek, anyone who was workwith science was thoughtto be "cracked" by the placed, public.(Because the phraseby the publicis mishas a ridiculous meaning.) the sentence ing Improved:In the days of Leeuwenhoek, anyone who was workwith science was thoughtby the publicto be
Vague:
In the
for
"cracked." 322
WORD
ORDER
63a.
Do
misplacewords
not
such
only,hardly,and
as
even.
Vague:
Improved:I Vague:
onlywant
I
want
to
to
few
a
say
words.
few
onlya
say
words.
the guarantee repair of the motor, Since
on we
the only covers to replacethe
radio
your
unable
are
case.
the
Improved: Since of the
guarantee on
only,we
motor
We
were
even
Improved:We
were
victorious
Vague:
your radio unable to are
victorious
even
the
covers
repair
replacethe
case.
in
our
game
ern. againstSouth-
in
our
game
againstSouth-
em.
63b.
Place
the words
Vague:
phrasesand clauses which they modify. lived with
Stewart
a
as
close
friend whom
as
he
possibleto tiusted in
a
small
phrase) apaiiment. (Misplacedprepositional Improved: Stewart lived in a small apartment with a friend whom
Vague:
It
he trusted. to send you great pleasure
givesme
a
little souvenir
which I hope you compliments, clause) finduseful.(Misplacedadjective Improved: It gives me great pleasureto send you with complimentsa littlesouvenir, which I hope you with
my
will
mv
will
finduseful. 63c. A
Avoid
squintingmodifiers.
modifier
either of
two
Vague:
is said to
be
parts of
sentence.
Students
a
who
their studies.
cut
squintingwhen
it may
refer
to
classes
(This could
students Improved:Frequently,
who
fall behind in frequently either of two things.) mean cut
classes fall behind
in
classes fall behind
in
their work.
Improved: Students
who
cut frequently
their work. 323
WORD
EXERCISE
On
1. We
onlysupplytwo
can
2. In
eflFortto
an
made
of
5. He
by
preparedfor
shoes I had
by
11. We
13. Your
15.
head
my
entire
tion vaca-
his head
on
you
blocks
two
to
the
drug
comfortable
most
be
built in
country which
our
will
magazine about
a
a
forest fire.
huge baskets brightflowers.
carried
on
their heads
coat
how
know
to
what
arrange
you
have
to
say in
replyto
previousletters
our
has
not
been
received
the advertising
side show,
settled himself behind his desk and manager the boys how his fortune after lunch. he had made new
Most
be 18. We
have
cars
have
May
distributed cotton.
above
the windshield, which
on
told
can
shade
about inquired
in your
15.
In order that the
of
visors
sun
the eyes. the shirts in stock that you
adjustedto
letter of
324
be
concerning the $48.95 that stillremains unpaid. One nightSilas fell into a mysterioussleepduringa prayer mistaken for death. meeting which was The clown was wearing a brightblue and yellowsign on
16. The
19.
store.
sentences.
his back
17.
held
for my sister with a fur lining. house that we liked very much last week. write a good report of an experimentin physics
cannot
clear
the
filled with
a
unless
on
sun.
bought a
saw
12. You
14.
will
the
were
Mother
basket
tripby putting the
of the dancers
which
a balancing
car
the
story in
a
9. Some
hat
a
on.
houses
8. I read
10.
boy was
drives his
heated
put
nurse
ordered.
you
stone.
a
even
7. New
the
which
Company duringthe Boys'Department.
small native
down
me,
of the items
for the Sewell
in the
6. I
amuse
followingsentences, placing
towel.
a
3. I worked
4. A
11
the
your paper, rewrite modifiers correctly.
ORDER
jobmay
be done
this floor in which
eflSciently, largebins are are placeddifferent kinds
ORDER
WORD
20.
The
manufacturer
sent
to
only use
the four
party
Saturday,two
can
peltswhich
you
patch others.
21.
I sent
22.
She told
invitations us
to
a
at nine
to come
on
o'clock,and
at ten
weeks
ago. she rescinded
the invitation. three letters in this filewhich
23.
There
24.
refused the information sorry that you were requestedby a member of our company. I
are
poorlywritten.
are
am
25. A
the
is alwayson representative
show
groundswho
that you
will
gladly
the cottages.
12
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
1. I believe that I could fillthe
11.
job that
you
offer
competently
and 2.
3.
eflBciently. the night of the blizzard, our On representativewas swamped by inquiriesfrom the members for assistance. This morning I saw whose the man car sideswipedyours in front of the bank.
4. I'm
sure
with
share the
you
the rightcollege problem of finding
me.
5. Several
weeks
I ordered
ago
five records
from
your
pany com-
costing $20.70. 6. Thank
you
for
returningthe
tire
for purchasedrecently
our
examination.
of your first of each month
7. A
statement
account
you on the purchasesfor the ceding pre-
will be mailed
covering your
to
month. 8. The
factories in such
9. You
will
no
our
as
doubt
manufacture
town
and airplanes want
to
mail
articles of great importance electronic equipment. us
your check
promptlyfor
$135. 10.
11.
12.
damage was found at the time of the inspection, which could be repaired immediately. have onlyplayedtwo Since the Clippers games, it is hard to tell whether theyhave a good team. You should not keep a dog that is used to a steam-heated apartment in a doghouse. Only minor
325
WORD
13. The
pioneer familyowned
with 14.
She
door
a saw
and
15. Please let
16.
her mind
up
of
cave
which
departmentstore
a
buy.
to
whether
know
me
a really
was
oxen.
dress in the window
a
she has made
soon
bony
two
which
house
a
ORDER
come
can
you
to
the party
as
possible.
as
I should
like
thank
to
you
for the
giftwith birthday
all
my
heart. 17. We
the
understand
opened
the box
disappointment you found
and
the
felt when
that you
camera
you
had
been
waiting for broken. 18.
In
those
The
periodwas
had
broken
their 20.
The
called the Puritan
Era
the Church
of
from
away
said: "Thanks
newspaper
donations
the refreshments
and
which
are
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
wanted
the group included four
new
of history editor
who
helpedto
girlscouts."
13
11.
art, a number
afford
all those who
to
of artists
are
excluded
neglect. excellent reproductions of paintingsby The book contains of the reader. artists to the great delight many of the freight The growth of the railroads diverted most from the rivers on which the steamboat men depended. panied Jane'sabsence from school was the result of a cold accomby a fever the day before yesterday. with an estabWe lished cannot stress the advantageof traveling firm too forcibly. Driver-education classes are beingtaughtin high school in which
7. More
no
can
to
any student may enroll. animals of the than a hundred
the attendants
went
residents. 326
to
people
some
England who
extended
the directions in Exercise
1. In this
whom
lated regu-
devotion
as
because
to
EXERCISE
Follow
which
and purified. simplified religion
generously gave serve
established
were
the pattern of the people's lives such and love of personal freedom.
home 19.
ideals
days certain
on
cityzoo strike,roaming the
escapedwhen streets
and
rifying ter-
CONSTRUCTIONS
SPLIT
shows that there studyof these figures 000 peoplein this state that use chewing gum. Tests have been developedfor some jobsthat are which an individual of the possibilities of success careful
8. A
9.
have
10. We
made for
enclosed
this man's
and files,
our
activities in
shall
we
7,500,-
indicative
may have. the checks you
tracingof the signatureon
a
are
about
a warning publish
bulletin.
our
EXERCISE
14
the following excerpt from a paper, rewrite travel itinerary. Place the modifiers in the positionsthat On
make
your
the
1. Cars 9
will call at the hotels indicated when
2. At
A.M.
clear.
sentences
propelled by
the firststop, the party will embark in a "canoa" the natives of the vicinity with longpoles, for a the canals. 3. Then
picturesquetripon
palacebuilt
about
bookingat
1530
in
by
Cortes
will
you
which
is
the famous
see
the
now
seat
of the
local government. 4. You are requestedneither to touch sit in the old chairs. 5. The nor shopperwill find either
to
pleasehimself
6. Each
resident
hundred
dollars' worth
of the
United
of
should about
this
not
which
verb
phrase.
Awkward:
is entitled to
States
ease.
bringfive
duty home.
be
are
be made
necessary to separatethese parts.In be followed. rules can
Avoid
home, with
closelyrelated grammatically No strict rule carelessly separated.
can principle
64a.
at
CONSTRUCTIONS
sentence
a
the folks
of articles free of
64. SPLIT Parts
or
thing anything some-
a
sometimes
however, general,
separationof
unnecessary
After he made
because
it is
these
the parts of
decision,he would,
no
matter
a
what
the consequences might be, stick to his point. Improved:After he made a decision,he would stick to his point, no
matter
what
the consequences
might be. 327
"4b-d Awkward:
SPLIT
This
CONSTRUCTIONS
has, although you would
tree
think
not
so,
been
here for
thirty years. Improved:Althoughyou would not here for thirty years. 64b.
Avoid
separation of subject and object,prepositionand object.
and
He,
in
Improved:In
Keep parts of
a
smoother
make
an
or
and
use
both
books
and
the
infinitive.It split spHtinfinitive makes a
emphatic sentence,
more
awkward
he threw
defend
constructions
some
and
infinitive together.
an
Many good writers that in
books
the floor.
on
newspapers
is true
both
the Hoor.
on
sweepingmotion,
one
threw
sweeping motion,
one
newspapers
64c.
has been
tree
unnecessary
verb, verb Awkward:
think so, this
Clearness and
sentence.
but
it may
naturalness
often must
be the test.
Permissible: After
had
caughta beautiful rainbow trout, we home to proudlydisplay went our prize.(Proudly the sentence makes to to display or display proudly we
stifiF.) The Unnecessary:
radio
told the audience
announcer
applaudwhen
Improved:The radio announcer when vigorously 64d.
Keep coordinate
Awkward:
Althoughhe was
ranked
ously vigor-
he raised his hand. told the audience
to
applaud
he raised his hand.
sentence
was
to
a
among
elements
together.
he never good tennis player, the first ten, althoughhe
practiced daily. Right:Althoughhe was a good tennis playerand practiced the first ranked h e was daily, never among ten.
328
MODIFIERS
DANGLING
15
EXERCISE
these sentences,
Rewrite 1.
of
had, instead Shirley
constructions: avoidingsplit of the
doingher job,keptlookingout
window. 2. When
the
was
boughta farm, after he
Vincent
over,
had
home.
come
3. In
war
1937
added
we
both
designedto,
a
in
carefully top story which was styleand material,follow the original new
structure.
4. When
he, instead
Perkins
5. One
buildinga house, built
a
barn,
Mrs.
rebelled. in the group
man
life on
of
told,when
he
Corsica,
saw
a
story of
that island.
65. DANGLING modifier is
MODIFIERS
danglingwhen
attached to clearly the word which it refers. Many of these dangling to modifiers appear at the beginning of a sentence. They may be phrasesbeginning with the present participle (arriving the campus), the past participle late,walking across hausted (exovercome by the trip, by his trouble ) or the perfect (having missed his train, having been paid); participle theymay be phrasesthat contain a gerund (aftercopying my schedule,in examining the plans); theymay beginwith infinitive (to give better service,to finish the fob) Logian cally, should be attached the of the clause to they subject A
it is not
,
.
that follows. 65a.
Avoid
dangling participial phrases.(See
Section
6.)
Dangling:Opening the door, the me
at
once.
the odor did
(The not
odor of strong perfume struck subjectof the clause is odor, but
open
Right:Opening the door, I subjectof the clause with the word logically
the
door.)
smelled is
strong perfume. (The
7; the
which
it
phraseis
connected
modifies.) 329
DANGLING
As
struck to
the door, the
opened
I
at
me
odor
MODIFIERS
of strong
(The dangUng phraseis
once.
perfume changed
clause.)
a
after the days work,
Dangling:Exhausted
it
difficult for
was
ciple. Betty to enjoy the evening. (Phrase with past parti)
Right:Exhausted difficultto
found
was
afterthe day'swork, Betty
exhausted
it difficult to
Dangling:Sung by
enjoy the evening.
thoughtthat
good contralto,we
a
Right:Sung by a good contralto,the 65b.
the music
beautiful.
sounded
to
it
enjoy the evening.
she
Because
found
day's work, Betty
after the
beautiful
sounded
music
us.
Avoid
dangling gerund phrases.(See
Dangling:On Right:On
Section
examining the goods,they were
found
examining the goods,we
them
When
the
found
to
be defective.
defective. found
examined, they were
goods were
6.)
to
be defective. When
examined
we
the
Dangling:After convincingMr.
found
goods,we of my
Pressman
them
fective. de-
he hired ability,
me.
Right:After convincing Mr. hired by him. After
I had
he hired
convinced
Mr.
no
Pressman
I was ability,
ability,
of my
me.
EXERCISE
On
of my
Pressman
16
sentences any of the following your paper, rewrite correctly that contain If a sentence contains danglingphrases.
write
errors,
beside
C
the
sentence
number
on
your
paper. 1. After me
2.
330
parents for
nagging my
learn
to
two
months, theyagreedto let
drive.
Arrivinglate
at
in night,all the lights
the house
were
out.
MODIFIERS
DANGLING
pulleddown the sails. planswith care, the one presented
3.
Seeinga
4.
5.
Having examined all the by the Benders Company seemed Being Saturdaymorning, the bus
6.
Hoping
coming, we
storm
to
best.
crowded.
was
Isabel
her awkwardness,
overcome
went
ing danc-
to
school. 7. 8.
9.
the dark road, the driver did not see me. Walking across bad investments, his life Having lost his fortune in some seemed ruined. completely Handled clever propagandist could make a carefully, great use
10.
of television.
After
beingtold
announced 11.
to take
my breakfast in the
morning bath, the clanging trays
hospital.
Looking inland, the first thingthat
saw
we
church
a
was
tower.
12.
for
Reserved
we high dignitaries,
could
not
the
occupy
seats.
13.
14.
of
Instead
return our a on investment, it is costing realizing the department. to run us money cards accordingto the new our By filing system, another
clerk will have 15. Before to
16.
to
bed
clothes arising, for scorpions.
going to
be examined
Established Pembroke
be hired. and
upon
1890, the
in
inn
Pressingthe button, the
18.
Respectedby everybodywho for governor
candidate
20.
21.
defense
line.
Having
been
called
went
knows
After
by
the
up
to
him,
the tenth floor. shall have
we
by
Albert
very
in
as
Mr.
chairman
named
interested
helpedme 23.
elevator
forcingall constitution was a new legislature, Repelledby our army, the enemy
Being
owned
Jameson Harkness. opposition groups to vv'ithdraw from
After
was
22.
alwaysbeen
shoes had
family.
17.
19.
has
and
the
drafted. withdrew
to
form
of the committee,
a
a
new
meeting
Delton.
aviation, my
course
in
physicshas
much.
seeing the circus, there
was
alwayspink lemonade
for
the children. 24.
the factoryon By locating
the third floor and
the
repair 331
65c-cl
DANGLING
departmenton
the second
be
customers.
given to
our
with power, their leader.
25.
Drunk
Avoid
65c.
Wrong:
dangling
avoid
infinitive phrases.
made
in
car
good condition,it was
greased
Right:In order to keep the car in good condition,we greased every 1,000 miles. Avoid
An
verb
both have
with while
Wrong:
been
stolen
be
was
1
clothes
Wrong:
the
or subject gin clauses beMany elliptical
in
a
river
near
by a tramp. (The swimming. swimming
was
were
stolen
farm, my
our
clothes
italicizedexpression means
In this sentence
the clothes
seem
by
a
in
a
river
near
our
farm, my
by a tramp.
in
swimming
clothes stolen When
which
swimming.)
Right:While Right:While
from
one
omitted.
swimming
while I to
it
when.
or
While were
had
dangling elliptical expressions.
is elliptical expression or
an
1,000 miles.
every
65d.
ment adjust-
the condenser.
keepthe
In order to
curb
peopleto
scrappingsuch expensivematerial,we
adjustmentin Wrong:
the
can
in the condenser.
made
was
Right:To
for impossible
was
convenience
scrappingsuch expensivematerial,an
avoid
To
it
floor,greater
MODIFIERS
a
river
near
our
farm, I had
my
tramp.
stilla small child,his first appearance
the stage. Right:When stilla small child,he made
was
made
on
his firstappearance
on
the stage,
17
EXERCISE
On
containing your paper, rewrite correctly any sentences clauses. danglinginfinitive phrasesor danglingelliptical If
a
sentence
your paper. 332
contains
no
error,
write
C beside its number
on
MODIFIERS
DANGLING
1. While 2. 3. 4.
eatinghis lunch
day,land
sighted. While mentioned. was frequently walkinghome, her name When startled,the animal will fight fiercely. of the company, with the president In order to communicate sent. a cablegram was
5. Unless desirable,we 6. While
get
a
7. While
one
do
was
listapartments.
not
to a friend one talking day,he summer job. Elaine studyingbookkeeping,
told
where
me
oflFered a
was
I could
job with
Crandon, Wells and Company. 8. To
serve
customers
our
service has been 9. When
promptly,a
more
information
set
up. years old, his uncle
ten
new
died
and
left him
small
a
fortune. 10. As to
Note:
employeeof
an
Club,
we
expect you
follow the rules.
The
word
due in formal
Some adjective.
an
the Illinois Motor
due
to
as
preposition.
a
illness was
His Adjective: He Preposition:
writers
Englishis usuallyconsidered pression today,however, use the ex-
due
ill due
was
to
overeating. overeating. to
Caution: 1. Final
make
modifiers beginningwith participial
awkward
Awkward:
We
constructions.
just introduced
have
making everything easy Improved:Because can
2.
The
find
now
He
a
a
to
introduced
awkward
filing system,
new
a
filing system, we easily.
new
(noun
at
thus
find.
more everything
construction
often
if it contains Awkward:
have
we
absolute
is participle)
thus often
and
or
pronoun the beginningof
a
tence sen-
see
Mr.
pronoun.
beinga good salesman, we
sent
him
to
sent
him
Eckels.
Improved:Because Mr.
he is
a
good salesman, we
to
see
Eckels. 333
DANGLING
3. The
participle beingshould not be should it be used as a conjunction.
nor
Wrong: Being that it is a clear day,we Wrong: Being it's a clear day. .
Right:Since
it is
clear
a
lived
Wrong: Being we
day.
followed
go for
can
.
hike.
a
.
shore all summer,
at the
by that;
.
.
.
MODIFIERS
I could
practice
swimming every day.
Right:Because When
we
lived
at
the shore all
verbal is used
summer.
.
.
.
specifya generalaction, it is not considered a danglingmodifier: Generallyspeaking, and considering everything, judgingfrom past experiences, similar expressions often used without beingattached to are noun. any specific Note:
a
to
EXERCISE
On
your paper, rewrite modifiers. If the sentence 1.
Passingthe stadium,
18
is correct,
the
containingdangling
sentences
any
its number.
put C beside
placelooked
as
if
a
football game
in progress.
were
2. When
walkingthe dog,he
muzzled
be
should
or
kept on
a
leash. 3.
Coming of
4.
from
interests
to
will
5.
Upon
6.
it was laundry, Knowing the
collegeand change.
gaining
9.
clear that excellent
great when
because
theyhad
back
came
shrunk
knowledge,my the
decidedly.
reputationof your linn, my
the suit shrank
from
surprise
in the
cleaning process. tor cooling system, your radia-
addingantifreeze to your should be completely drained. While searching througha pileof stage props the other day, found. were strange objects many ings Looking throughthe window of the Waldorf at the tall buildof New
country. 334
further
examining the shirts which
7. Before
8.
held up
was
accident.
an
By going
was
the dressmaker's,the bus
York
made
me
think of the
of strength
our
MODIFIERS
DANGLING
10. The
other
served 11.
12.
cookies and
some
cream.
summoned,
15. 16.
Having
startingout,
that the
19. While
school
art
While
of road
is well worth
lem prob-
beliefs are
how
was
conditions of
take my
to
made.
was
borrowed
tell
customers
our
the difference in
21.
I told your
lookingthrougha magazine slogancaughtmy eye. tricky clerk that while
the information 22. When
from
price.
the adults
driven
needed
was
in this
not
in
a
in
doctor's office,a
a
of the A.A.A.,
member
an
emergency. walls of the tires the side condition, may
damaged.
Born to
to
us.
20.
be
of these
transportation, my
expensive,many
model
new
at
check
a
stillchildren, our
around
without
before been
more Althoughslightly us
late for him
too
was
duringmy first year girlto the movies. 17. Before
was
help, worked his mind slowly. his breath came rapidly. struggle, it
spokento, Exhausted by the never
drink
break.
14. When
24.
ice
making a purchaseat a drug store, a soft on spilled my coat. If used for pulling plows and wagons, the nerves
13. When
23.
French
unusual
an
While
fine horses would
18.
friends, the hostess
some night while visiting
be
into a
a
famous
medical
his family
father wanted
George
doctor.
Sulfanilamide
remained
unknown
until its powers
were
covered dis-
while
25.
doingresearch on dogs. By employingprivatedetectives for policework at sporting and using policewomen as traffic officers, events a large number of policemenwould be available for crime detection.
EXERCISE
On
your paper, rewrite danglingmodifiers. If a beside its number 1. After
on
19
correctly any sentence
sentences
contains
no
containing
error, write
C
your paper.
the ship, the leaving
firstthingthat
we
noticed
was
the
strange birds. 335
MODIFIERS
DANGLING
work, I feel that I am making beinginteresting contribution to publichealth. a While walkinginto the quiet ofiBce to apply for a job,my shoes began to squeak.
2. In addition to
3.
4. Skilled in all kinds to
get
5. When
to
progress, it was
necessary
production. ceaselessly searchingthe
12.
Looking
14.
15.
16.
17.
to
go
and newspapers found an finally
sistance gettingas-
apartment.
back
work, years of newspaper the most stimulating. decidedly
on
my
my
a
last
being a beautifully designedcar, a businessman with a small business can cut his delivery expenses in half. of our By teachingan understanding government, it will be to developwise voters. possible we Being that the strike has interfered with production, Besides
cannot
13.
firstmotion.
for the company
several agents, we while looking at the newspaper,
assignment was
11.
easy for him
my eyes fell on in Alaska. that told of business opportunities
day
page
10.
was
job. making a golfstroke,the backswingis the
from
9.
it
mass
7. After
8. One
work,
a
6. In order into
of executive
fillyour
order
until March.
Lookingat random throughthe many planssubmitted, there of commerce. offered by the chamber is a splendidone He being one of our best customers, I should not want to him. disappoint Overcome problems,his health failed by his numerous rapidly. Acting on the advice of Mr. Sellers,Henry'sreport was presentedto the board of directors. hard for him to Having grown up in the business, it was leave. all the
18.
Before
19.
having checked each item against the order, it packed in cartons and shipped. She beingour best stenographer, we gave her an increase salary. with great care, being sure not Eveiythingwas measured
20.
21.
necessary utensils should be placedwithin reach. After
make
336
startingto cook,
the smallest mistake.
and ingredients
is
in
to
MIXED
AND
22.
He
We
'^'^'"
CONSTRUCTIONS
^w
kinds of business,thus many business of his own.
to
a manage beheve that by
funds larger appropriating
for education,
the
in the would improve instruction legislature the tops on Huge lights play like searchlights heads scamperingto their places.
24.
66. MIXED
the
of
people's
agree with the other parts if the meaning of the sentence is to be
sentence
logical way
some
schools.
CONSTRUCTIONS
ILLOGICAL
AND
Every part of in
helping
in experienced
was
him 23.
ILLOGICAL
must
clear. 66a.
Be
that
sure
to
Vague:
the
subjectmakes
in its relationship
sense
the verbs.
The
first case
of
back
smallpoxdates
thousand
than
more
the birth of Christ and
years before unchecked until
a
has
lacks (This sentence recently. has of smallpox because it says that the firstcase logic until recently.) gone unchecked than a Improved:The first case of smallpoxdates back more thousand years before the birth of Christ,but only has the disease been checked. recently Vague: The time will be eighto'clock at my home and will be gone
informal.
Improved:The party
will be
at
home
my
at
eighto'clock
and
will be informal.
66b.
Every verb
Vague:
With more
a
must
have
clear-cut
a
familyto support
makes
subject. his decision all the
important.
to support makes Improved:His havinga family
66c.
the
more
Adjust
the
his decision all
important. form
of
an
indirect
quotation
to
the
rest of the sentence.
Awkward:
The
Improved:The
boy asked us would boy asked us if we
we
give him would
a
liftto Easton.
give him
a
lift to
Easton.
337
^^^
66d.
Avoid
AND
MIXED
mixed
ILLOGICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
constructions.
Despite of what you say, I think you are spiteof is confused with despite.) Improved:In spite of what you say, I think you Mixed:
{In
wrong.
are
wrong.
or
you say, I think you
Despitewhat Avoid
66e.
Awkward:
double
are
wrong.
negatives.
I can't
hardlysee you. Improved:I can hardlysee you. Awkward: He hasn't scarcely any money. Improved:He has scarcely any money. EXERCISE
On
your
them 1.
Seeingyoungsters running throughthe loose shirts has become
The his
wanted
book
I
was
tells the story of
a
dungarees
sight. and
new
excitingperiod.
in China.
ever
lost his money
who
man
and
struggle againstpoverty. hair is blond, and
5. Her
littlenose 6. I
to know
a
in
streets
familiar
a
literature was Eighteenth-century
3. Eleanor 4.
followingsentences, making
logical: and
2.
the
rewrite
paper,
20
and
don't really
a
her eyes dimpledchin. how
know
your house. 7. During the strike the
to
a
are
clear gray with
express the wonderful
a
time
cute
I had
at
hundred 8. The
and
men
chairman
his
inability class
9. For
orders
read to
policeforce
a
attend
to
day the boys wear
one
prevent violence.
letter from but
reinforced with
was
the mayor,
"offer the
who
class my
blue suits and
white
regretted tions." congratulacarnations
in their buttonholes.
10.
I think the be
11.
338
a
game
most
job next interesting
to
a
forest ranger would
warden.
whether By conquering something, of pride. skill, givesone a feeling
it be
an
opponent
or
a
"7a-b
COMPAEISONS
12. The
peoplein
theydid in to It surprised us assumed frequently cities as
13.
14. Tomorrow
15. With
is
democracyno longerconsist of the daysof Greek democracy. find that Napoleon is the person ill. by the mentally
modern
a
sister'sengagement
my
size of increasing
cars
small
most
party.
is another
why
reason
have
we
parkingproblems.
67. COMPARISONS to make logical ability comparisonsis often important in achieving The rules that follow will in writing. clarity or comparisons. help you to avoid making confusing misleading
The
67a.
Compare only thingsof
Unlike Illogical:
a
similar nature.
the food here is very places, poor. (Food is comparedto seaside places.) does not serve this one Improved:Unlike most seaside places, very good food. In the new more school,the teachers were Illogical: friendly most
seaside
than my old school. Improved:The teachers in the
school
new
were
more
friendly
than those in the old school. I like Kipling's Illogical: poetry better than Improved:1 like Kipling's poetry better than
67b.
Avoid
object or class
or
includingwithin the term being compared,
group.
Use
offier or
T. S. Eliot. S. Eliot's.
T.
class
or
group
the
if it is part of the else to exclude the object
being compared. Wrong:
Sanderson's have read
Animal
Treasure
(Since recently.
books that I have read, I
is better than
Animal
am
Treasure
sayingthat
any book I of the is one
it is better than
itself.)
Right:Sanderson's
Animal
book that I have read
Treasure
is better than
any
other
recently. 339
^*'
67c.
COMPARISONS
all,not
Use
with the
any,
Wrong: Biologyis the
most
Right:Biologyis the
most
67d.
another
of any of enjoyable of all my enjoyable
the elements
Complete
of
my
courses.
courses.
comparison before
one
is introduced.
Awkward:
Colonel
is
Benton
oflBcer in infantry
Improved: Colonel our
Ralph is as Improved:Ralph is as Be
Vague:
clever
I missed her
Florence
Improved: I
if not Stanley,
as
Stanley. clever.
more
is clear.
(More than I missed than Florence missed her?) than Florence.
more
her
clever than
more
comparison
more
or
missed
army. of the finest infantry oflBcersin
one
clever if not
that every
sure
if not the finest, finest,
the finest.
if not
army,
of the
one
our
is
Benton
Awkward:
67e.
superlativedegree.
than Florence
more
did.
or
her
I missed
than I missed
more
21
EXERCISE
On
your paper, rewrite
Florence.
these sentences,
making the
parisons com-
logical: than City is larger
1. Salt Lake 2.
3. Unlike 4.
postersare
6. The
number
10.
340
team
in
Richmond
cannot
than any posters in the prettier
of hotel
the convention
Crop
most
town.
baseball
5. Our
8. Flowers
successful,if not the
most
compare
York, the peopleenjoy watchingit.
New
7. Marianne
Utah.
hotels,the radio receptionis powerful.
most
Although the with
9.
of the
StanleyMoore is one successful,lawyerin
cityin
any
from
to
love her
any
nurse
could
offer
for
better than her mother.
are
favorable than last year. I think that he is funnier than
us
city.
fresher than any floristin in all parts of the country have been
Kirkwood
conditions
that Boston
than larger
was
learned
rooms
contest.
anybody I've
ever
seen.
town. more
COMPARISONS
11.
I
about
that the Prisoners' Aid Association
tell you
happy to
am
periodof its history. enter
to
any in 12. The food of
in the
group
a
our
merchant
world, but
any country. settlerknew 13. The early 14. Edith
as
great usefulness is
seamen our
the Indians.
no
22
lack coherence sentences following of principles in Sections explained
of the
Many
of violations
these sections. If
number
3.
than planting
any marine higherthan
better than any fruit. desire to learn to playgolf. interest nor
EXERCISE
2.
are
greaterthan
likes oranges
15. I have
1.
good as
operatingcosts about
more
as
or
is
on
sentence
a
Then
on
your
needs
no
correction, write
paper,
as
a
result
62-67.
view Re-
the
tences. sen-
rewrite
C beside its
your paper.
Walking down the hall,my eye was attracted by a painting. The principal interested in getting asked us were summer we jobs. Jim told me that one day last week he stayedin school until 5:30.
4. Walter used
5. Her our
6. The
differed from
Reed's work
peopleinstead
of animals
antique furniture is
more
for his
11.
12. 13.
experiments.
beautiful than any furniture in
of all is Benjamin Franklin. autobiography with the presents you bringinto a hospital
best
fish bowl
care.
at first glance.
onlysaw small fish swimming in a be Not of news would being able to read, his only source throughthe radio and television. took a sleeping tablet which her relax The woman made in hot milk. completely, Every week the boys would have races to see whose boat the fastest in a nearbyquarry. was The game beingFridaynight, had to leave Fridaynoon. we In early England,the actors were the monks who performed
8. I
10.
he
community.
7. Choose
9.
other scientists because
in the church
but
later grew
into
privateenterprise. 341
PARALLEL
14.
While
the
livingin
STRUCTURE
hospitable atmosphereof
serene,
Haven, Connecticut, the minor
arts
and
social graces
New were
cultivated. 15. Preston
SproU is the
engineerin 16.
asked Mrs.
We
the church
good
as
Hunter
would
18.
Edmund
Burke
The
date
sent
out.
she
serve
the committee
on
squirrel coming home
a
saw
22.
from
the
people in
China
like all
were
alien people. among and the invitations for the
spend years
has been
Lansdale,
Mr.
for
greater than any other English
me
set
result of
studyingfor many able to speakfive languages. A person who budgetshis allowance toward the
21.
electrical
any
day.
experienceswith
doctors who
I
to
seems
of his
statesman
20.
better than
supper.
Sallysaid,"Oh, Mother, school today."
His
not
city.
17.
19.
if
as
a
has money. Recalled to office by
wedding
years,
was
of the
end
month 23.
for Mr.
Hammond
an
to
emergency rearrange
situation,it was
necessary all his business completely
affairs. there
epidemicof plague in London,
24.
After
25.
though a few cases appear in the records up to 1679, and in 1703. finally disappeared You are so hazy that 1 can't understand anythingvery well
1666
that you
was
no
say.
STRUCTURE
68. PARALLEL Sentences Some
may
of the
discussed
in
be unified and
that principles Sections
68-72.
clear and
make See
yet be ineffective.
effective also Section
sentences
51
on
are
vs^ordi-
ness.
Parallel
structure
like ideas." Sentences in
an
often 342
means
do
the not
use
of "like construction
always have
structure, absolutely parallel and force. givesclarity
but such
for
to
be
an
arrangement
arranged
STRUCTURE
PARALLEL
68a.
Use
the
structure
same
both
on
sides of
nating coordi-
a
conjunction {and, but, or). reportersthat she hkes sioimming and to drive. (Here the conjunctionand to joins a gerund,swimming, and an infinitive, drive. )
The Ineffective:
movie
actress
told the
Improved: The
movie
actress
told the reporters that she likes
(Or driving.
and
swimming I had Ineffective: and
the rugs taken up in for coolness in summer.
drive) order to clean the floor (Infinitive phraseand to
and
swim
to
phrase) prepositional Improved: I
had
and
the rugs taken up in order to clean the floor the house cool in summer. to make (Infinitive
phraseand We Ineffective:
then
infinitivephrase)
decided tell you
subordinate
Improved: We
and and is
a
all the
and
that
could
we
(Infinitive phraseand
news.
clause)
decided
telephoneyou
to
and
tell you
all the
(Two infinitives)
news.
68b.
telephoneyou
to
careful not to joina relative clause particularly an independent clause by and, but, or. Do not use which, but which, and who, but who, unless there clause. preceding "which" clause or "who" Be
Ineffective: Jessieis gets her has Improved: Jessie
a
person
own a
of
strong will and
who
always
way.
strong will and alwaysgets her
own
way.
or
has such Jessie own
a
strong will that she alwaysgets her
way. or
has person who alwaysgets her own way.
Jessieis 68c.
a
Keep the members
She Ineffective:
Improved:
is
of
a
tall,slender,and
a
series
a
strong will and in the
same
who
struction. con-
girlof great beauty.
She is tall, slender,and very beautiful. 343
"*y
PARALLEL
He Ineffective:
took
Improved: He
took
68d.
the
Keep
As
a a
job as clerk,salesman,and mixing sodas. job as clerk,salesman, and soda mixer,
members
result of its
a
STRUCTUEE
of
study,the
a
list in the
same
struction. con-
the
recommended
committee
following: move
2. To
employ an
3. To
arrange should
4. We
The
fourth item
therefore
filing ment. depart-
read:
the
structure
same
women.
both
on
involvingneither part of speechthat follows
structure
a
or), the should
clerk for the
desks in one room. typists' providea loungefor women.
providea loungefor
4. To
In
additional
the firstfloor.
in the
It should
Use
to
and is precedinglistis a sentence with the infinitivephrases of the other parallel
not
three items.
68e.
the storage room
1. To
same
follow
.
.
.
sides of
a
relative. cor-
(either neither (either)
nor
.
.
.
(or).
nor
completed her English nor
her
Improved: She had completed neither her English nor Spanish. Faulty:He is either lazyor he doesn't feelwell. Improved: He is either lazyor ill.
her
had
Faulty:She
neither
Spanish. .
EXERCISE
23
the followingsentences, paper, rewrite where it is required: structure parallel On
your
1. Dolores 2. Harold
344
has is
using
and how to type. filing, bookkeeping, of genuine ability. honest, and a man intelligent, studied
PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
familydecided to rent a cottage at the beach and that Sallyand I could use it for a month. I do not know capablethan you or who I anybody more feel is better qualified for the job. We the lamps at a lower priceor that suggest either selling them to the factory. you return he should go to college Harris tried to decide whether to or
3. The
4.
5.
6.
his father's business.
enter
7. I shall
the good alwaysremember that rides,the swims, and especially a
8. A
you
you
taughtme
the
me,
gave to
handle
surfboard. successful salesman
9. We
has the
qualities: ness, pleasantfollowing be helpful. properly, and that to shipthe order at once
be courteous, dress regret being unable
ask you to be patient. I'm sorry that I haven't written
we
10.
times
must
I have
been
busyin
very
to
you
school and
for
some
doingmy
time, but
homework
at
night. 11.
To
want
get
it
12. The
13.
14.
a
weekend. spoila girl's housewife is alwaysbusy,for
and
not
being able
to
can
she
must
do the dishes and
and cooking. buy the food as well as sweeping, dusting, In departmentstores there are jobsin buying departments, stock merchandising, adjustmentmanagers, management, window and dressers. bookkeepers, and In Shakespeare's names day people with well-known who had the would send servants to plenty of money
theater
to
15. Mexican
The
seats
save
and territory a
into
lands.
unknown
new
outlets for
education
teaches
our
students
Driver
19.
by obeyingtraffic laws, never alwaysto watch signals. Use your horn to signalother or
as
a
courteous
overhead, or
we
product.
18.
pass
because
desert thrilling experiences crossing
many
question of either reducingour
find
must
for their brilliance and
durable.
travelers had
17. It is
for them. famous
opalsare
they are 16.
dress for the dance
new
to
cars
to
become
exceed
better drivers
speed limits,and
that you
are
about
to
warning to pedestrians. 345
PARALLEL
20.
The
soldiers
two
from discharged dishonorably
ordered
were
STRUCTURE
the army and to forfeit all pay and allowances. 21. Jay's father spent fifteen days teaching him to the hand 22.
Since
be
A
Mr.
able
merchandise
our
very well, he will the materials handled by us
you
will be
and
government a
of
car,
will be usable in your business. by the Mexican song festival has been organized
Sunday
as
fundamentals
discuss with
to
which
and 23.
and the signals, Emory knows
park a driving.
presentedin ChapultepecPark
treat for the strollersand
to
the glorify
folk songs of the
country. 24.
"Ham"
radio
services
in
operators
always ready
are
of disaster and when
case
normal
give their
to
communications
fail. 25.
Too
peoplego
many find a
husband,
dav "/hen
theymust
to
to
collegefor football,to
for the purpose go to work.
or
Follovi^the directions in Exercise
2. The
artist is
a
puttingofiFthe
of
evil
23.
and history, algebra, of
man
fun,
24
EXERCISE
1. At school I studied
have
how
to cook.
genuine talent and who
has had
cellent ex-
training.
art
3. In his
4.
5.
hungry, youth,Dickens saw peoplepoverty-stricken, and theywere afraid of debtors' prisons. We boughta new ventilator for the kitchen to take away the odors of cooking and for greatercomfort for my mother. The lyric playedpoetically passages of the symphony were
and 6.
7.
with
sensitivity.
school People leaving to
from
counselors.
continue
moved
Tess
her appearance 8. Our
you
not
346
and
to a a
new
with
current our
regretnot notified
have
she became
still
careful advice
careless about
sloppyworker.
sales,and
our
you an
new
assist products,
opportunity will be given
advertising. beingable to fillyour
sooner.
their families and
should
town,
will show representative
to examine
9. We
helpsupport
their education
wish
When
to
order and
that you
were
STRUCTURE
PARALLEL
10.
When
for
I asked
told your representative of member not a
highway information, I
of the emergency
that I
and
was
the A.A.A. 11.
At
the method
school
our
involves
of instruction
readinglong assignments,and
for carefully
review
to
lectures, the
tests.
12.
Statistics show
that
need
the
to raise
or
often work
13. Women
15.
standard living outside the home
because
of the
of financial
family.
with
no
damage
serious
their children's welfare, or how happiness, their homes are kept. The modern mother child training, studies budgeting, and how to prepare carefully balanced meals. You will find enclosed an illustrated booklet explaining the of
art
and spin fishing
We
which
directions
contains
of your reel. improve the cafeteria
for
the
care
proper 16.
work
women
their husbands'
to
14.
most
can
less by doing several things:
should leave the tables clean, chairs, we replacing hanginghats on racks. described the growth habits government publication
noise, and 17.
The of
18.
19.
poison ivy,how to recognizeit,and how to combat it. The picturestaken from the air are for the indispensable conditions and to improve city planning. study of existing Employees with ideas are invited to the meetings so that
they can and 20.
22.
the
week, training
methods policy,
and how 21.
present during the discussion
of their get helpin the presentation
to
During store
be
to write
of
the
of their ideas
materials.
were salespeople selling, proper business
taught
new
manners,
sales checks.
merchandise, meeting peoplefrom various walks of Selling life,and an opportunityto test my knowledge of sales real challenge in my a new psychologywere job. The report recommended the following: 1. Calling in all 3% bonds 2. We should build a new plantin Milwaukee of fai-m machinery 3. To close out the manufacture 4. To
23. Our
new
to retain
increase
the sales force
the result of cutlery, it will not sharpness,
years of research,is
stain,and
it cannot
guaranteed rust.
347
^"
24.
The
POINT
handle
new
2. Safe to
these
if hands
,
cramping of fingers for responsible
improvements:
housingprojectshave
low-income
2. Three
of
3.
Employment
4.
Repairingpoor
loses its
A sentence
been
structed con-
schools
new
director of traflBc
new
streets
in downtown
69. POINT
69a.
has been
says his administration
mayor
1. Five
contains
wet
are
use
3. Prevents
25. The
VIEW
givesthese advantages:
shppingeven
1. No
OF
OF
area
VIEW
and strength
confuses
the reader if it
shifts in construction.
Avoid Weak:
shifts in tense.
unnecessary Dick
ran
to quickly
the water.
into
the end
{Ran
is
of the beach
and
jumps
is
present
past tense; jumps
)
tense.
Dick Im.proved:
ran
the end of the beach
to quickly
and
jumped
into the water.
69b.
Avoid Weak:
shifts in
unnecessary The
subject.
and garbageis collected,
then the
converts citij
it into fertilizer.
Improved:The
city collects the garbage and
converts
it into
fertilizer.
Improved:The garbageis collected by the city. 69c.
Avoid Weak:
careless I learned
stock
was
voice; was
Improved:I learned
converted
into fertilizer
shifts in voice.
how
to
accommodate
customers,
(Learned keptdusted and orderly. ) keptis passive. how
to
accommodate
the stock dusted and
348
and
customers
orderly.
and
and
the
is active
to
keep
POINT
VIEW
OF
69cl. Avoid Weak:
unnecessary Make
Improved:Make Avoid
69e. The and
your
antecedents
then you
decision and
to
Weak:
shifts in person
the
a
(See
Section
Improved:If
one
On
your paper, rewrite shifts in construction:
the
sentences, following
fell in love with Lancelot, but he not
marry
the
will
that
her.
junior high school, the students babies; but in the senior high school,we
3. First mix
will
ing correct-
tellsher finally
the
some
the third
25
EXERCISE
he could
error
enough in high school,you trouble with college no subjects. studies hard enough in high school,he trouble with college no subjects.
have
assume
12.) This
studies hard
one
have
2. In
number.
or
shift in pronoun reference and general principlethat pronouns
agree in person.
If
stick to
then stick to it.
when the writer shifts from frequently the inappropriate second person you.
most
1. Elaine
ought to
imperative;ought is indicative.)
here also involves
violates
person
is
unnecessary
error
occurs
decision,and
your
{Make
it.
shifts in mood.
responsibility. then carefully; ingredients
treated
were
like
expectedto
are
the pan
should
be
greased. 4. Not
and
only did worked
I go to school in the on
weekends, but time
EXERCISE
of the
Some
such 1,
My
sentences
shifts in the
incorrect
sentences
in the tenses
was
found
at
night,
for athletics.
26
followingselection
of verbs. On
your
contain
paper,
write re-
correctly.
firstvisit to the circus,ten 2. I loved
daytime,studied
the smell of
perience. exthrilling roastingpeanuts, the sightof
years ago,
was
a
349
"
COORDINATION
AND
SUBORDINATION
pink and orange lemonade, the crackling popcorn, excited that want to see and the funny old clown. 3. I was I so and the roaringlions,the clumsyelephants, at once, everything almost human. 4. the trained seals that acted as if they were have weighed at least five Then there is the fat lady,who must who looks as if one could push him hundred, or the thin man, with a littlefinger. 5. The freaks were a pitiful over really sight, the delicious
who was the image but I gaze in admiration at the strong man, of Atlas. 6. And now I want food, hot dogs,lemonade, peanuts. 7.
Somehow,
at
bought them
I
the circus in
afternoon, there is
a
the circus in order to
grounds.10. keep everyone
keep my spirits up
The in
when
much
better than when
top off that perfect
8. To
the Ferris wheel.
on
are
so
store.
corner
ride
gay that all troubles
so
to
the
they taste
9.
Everyone was
the minute walks into one forgotten band keepsplayinga cheerytune gay mood, but the circus tents
a
have
band
are
near.
is necessary
SUBORDINATION
AND
70. COORDINATION
no
tendencyto joinall clauses cause with and or but. As a result,their writingis ineffective beshow the proper relationship between it does not if theywere all statements of ideas. Ideas are presented as ideas are the in any thinking, some equal value. Actually, the result of others;some of others;some exist only are cause of cause, result,or ifothers exist. Showing this relationship condition is called subordination. It is importantto put in coordinate structure onlythose ideas which are really equal. Other ideas should be subordinated of the by means conjunction. appropriatesubordinating writers Inexperienced
70a.
Avoid
too
frequent
(See Sections Immature:
a
59
George bought a
of
use
and new
60.) automobile, and
and there was wheeling, Improved:George bought a new wheelingand a radio. Immature:
The ate
350
meals in camp them, I'llnever
junctions. coordinating con-
were
know.
a
it had
free
had
free
radio.
automobile
which
dreadful,and how
anybody
AND
COORDINATION
meals
Improved:The
70b. Do
Select the not
Weak:
the
timberland
but Weak:
The we
at
team
by
connective.
was
not
of 35-0.
Remember
to
(Here
is
a
lost. Use
was
a
clause
faced, and
we
the as (Use consequently semicolon
a
use
joinedby
are
and
inaccurate use
what
of the best that
one
score
a
clauses
Do
lost.
was
saved and
was
rescued, and
were
connective.)
Severn
70c. Avoid
them.
except seven $30,000,000
what
between
lost
that I don't
is needed.
contrast
valued
the
as
dreadful
so
conjunctioncarefully.
inhabitants
contrast
were
camp
anybody ate
and ii a
use
All
in
how
know
^T ^#l9^Cl
SUBORDINATION
when
dependent in-
two
conjunctiveadverb.)
a
false coordination.
dependen coordinating conjunctionto join an inand a dependentclause. (See Section
68b.) Inaccurate:
The
nurse
was
trained,but who
Improved:The
nurse
was
was
Avoid
too
was
was
well
and
was
well
failure.
a
subordinate
many
and
failure.
a
pleasantperson
a
trained,but she 70d.
pleasantperson
a
clauses
in
one
sentence.
Confused:
We
talked who
town
told
in
that
us
he received
snowstorm, road
by phone with
conditions
members
Improved:Our
which
the time
at so
many that since he
the office,they could
information
the
not
recent
ing inquiriesconcernwas
all be
the
onlyman
handled
and
given to
was
only. snowstorm
about inquiries
onlyman
of your
peoplewanted
in your representative
recent
in your representative
our
in the
town
told
us
that the
his office a great many road conditions. Because he was the
broughtto
he office,
of members inquiries
was
to obliged
answer
the
only. 351
Tl
EMPHASIS
THROUGH
POSITION
AND
ARRANGEMENT
27
EXERCISE
your paper, rewrite the effective by sentences more
Make the following paragraph. dination using coordination and suborand by using conjunctions that show accurately the relationship between the ideas. Make any changesin wording that you think will help to express the ideas that are now If necessary, joinsentences logically. separate. On
Wolfgang Mozart
1.
much
his father
was
him
on
to
eager a
have
him
he
when
today;but
of the
tour
and has contributed
great musician
a
the artistic life of
to
took
was
succeed
was
as
a
a
small
of Europe, and capitals started
received great acclaim. 2. He onlyseven years old; so the
tour
and
here
when
he
he was
intellectuals praised him
and
court
this
on
boy,
musician
his first opera when he was 3. Althoughhe wrote only highly. he when thirteen. 4. However, he to Italy was twelve, he went honored by the Pope and packed the opera house in this was accompaniedby country. 5. On most of these journeys,he was
his father and who had
and
who not
trouble with
a
the
musician.
6. He
returned
and no archbishop, placescommissioned
new
to
burg Salz-
definite
him to althoughmany music for them. 7. Wolfgang later fell in love with a girl did the daughterof a musician; and his father,who was offered him
jobwas write
also
was
him
want
to
keep him away 9. problems. many and chamber
He
the
THROUGH
AND
all sentences
learn to
wishes
judgethe to
to
young
Paris in order musician
operas,
had
symphonies,
music.
71. EMPHASIS
Not
him
sent
8. The girl. composed matchless
from
to
this time,
at
marry
have
POSITION
ARRANGEMENT are
tone
stand
meant
to
be
of his work out
A writer must emphatic. and emphasizewhat he
in the mind
of the reader. If he
casual, dealingwith material that should give a chatty, in or dreamy effect,emphasisis unimportant.For strength attention to rules for emphasisis writing,however, some is
necessary. 352
71a.
words
Place at the ideas to
or
^
ARRANGEMENT
POSITION,
THROUGH
EMPHASIS
end
beginning or the be emphasized. word
af
iCi^^ a
sentence
the
beginning words and a word not at the end. These are necessarily follows the usual subject-verbemphasizedif the sentence or emphasisa word, phrase, complement order. For special be taken out of its usual positionand placed clause may end of the sentence. at the beginning or Every
sentence,
o"
has
course,
a
at
in this weather. not going skating Unemphatic:You are certainly in this weather. Emphatic:Certainly you are not goingskating not going skating. In this weather you are certainly stead Unemphatic:Peoplein England drive on the left-hand side inof on the right-hand side. the right-hand Better: Instead of driving on side,people in Englanddrive on the left.
71b.
Repeat words
be stressed.
of repetition
Occasional
will
words
not, however, make
Do Section
to
a
emphasizetheir
habit of
portance. im-
(See repetition.
51.) Give:
when peopleare hungry.Give sympathy money in time to participate when suffers. Give a man
Give
the aflFairsof your community. Give to helpthe ideal of peace.
used is frequently Repetition Do
in business
your
whole
self
v^riting.
comfort? Buy at Oakleigh. Do you want refined neighbors? Buy at Oakleigh.Do
you
want
you
want
beauty?Buy at Oakleigh.Oakleighwill satisfy every need of discriminating people. 71c.
Use
the active voice
for
emphasis.
The party was enjoyedby allof Acceptable: Stronger:All of us enjoyedthe party.
us.
353
71cl-e 71 d.
EMPHASIS
THROUGH
periodicsentences
Use
ARRANGEMENT
POSITION,
occasionally.
the meaning is not is one in which sentence periodic completeduntil the end. The type of sentence which could end at one or more placesbefore the actual end of the A
is called
sentence
Periodic: Because
It is
line of traffic. right important to keep in the rightline of is very complicated. citydriving
formal
tone
to
type of
of either
28
EXERCISE
the
On
your paper, rewrite making them periodic: 1. Florence red
tape when
loose following
of faced problems Nightingale she tried
to
sentences,
oflBcialetiquette and
improve conditions
for the wounded
completingjobs that should have been done in days if she had not been obliged to follow an elaborate set of rules. 3. Finally she took things into her and hands own ignored the time-consuming rules. 4. The wounded made clean and comfortable were onlyafter great effort 5. She is called the founder of the nursing by this brave woman. because of the great work that she did in the Crimean profession soldiers
at
Scutari.
2. She
sirable. de-
givesa distinctly
sentences periodic writing.
the
traflBcbecause
is not
sentence
of
Frequent use
portant is im-
the
keep in
frequentuse
Too
sentence.
it city drivingis very complicated, to
Loose:
loose
a
was
months
War.
71
e.
Use
balanced
sentences
occasionally.
several parts are of similar lengthand structure. This type of sentence is particularly of making contrast effective. useful as a means A
balanced
sentence
is
one
Judithis fat;Marilynis Honesty recommends that I remain
in which
thin.
that I
speak;self-interestdemands
silent.
breeds fear,but roughness breeds Severity
354
hate.
VARIETY
SENTENCE
OF
71ff-72
STRUCTURE
EXERCISE
On
1. travel
5.
on
the
travel by airplane by automobile in the city living in the country living "
"
3. academic 4.
based
paper, write a balanced sentence in each of the following pairs:
your
contrast
2.
29
course
commercial
"
or
technical
beautyof the sea beautyof the flower garden vegetable garden
course
mountains
"
"
71 f.
in the order
Arrange ideas
of their importance.
Buildingup to a climax is effective if the device is used valuable in speeches. It is especially onlyoccasionally. I call upon
you
to
give your money,
for peace. That man has lost his money, his honor.
ruined his home,
EXERCISE
On
your paper, rewrite climactic order: 1. The
your time, your lives,
destroyed
30
each of the
sentences following
in
organizationis dishonest,incompetent,and out-of-date.
found that the wounded soldiers had Nightingale littlecare, that the hospitals filledwith a dreadful stench, were and that the floors were filthy.
2. Florence
3. She asked 4. She
for
medical cleanliness,
appealedto
the Minister
care,
of War
and
ventilation.
himself,to doctors,to
nurses.
for humanitythat the great has been her accomplishment attention, adoration, simplepeoplehave given her memory
5. So
honor. 72. VARIETY Sentences structure.
A
and the form
OF
SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
be effective if
in theyare monotonous the word order, good writer varies the length, of his sentences of the to the mood according cannot
pieceof writing. 355
VARIETY
I
72a.
Vary
The
beginnings of
the
to
write
sentences.
is to
following examplesshow Notice
sentences.
that there in each
first sentence
beginswith
second 1.
STRUCTURE
be very dull.
The
The
SENTENCE
with begineach sentence in this style paragraphwritten entirely
easiest
way but a the subject, would
OF
Begin
Sentence
in each
sentences
the
beginning pair.
the subject;
subordinating conjunction. subject: a
up an easy life of wealth she decided to become a nurse.
Nightingale gave
when position Sentence
two
pairbeginswith
with
with beginning
Florence
of
other construction.
some
sentences
some
are
different ways
and
with subordinating beginning conjunction:
When
she decided gave up
to
become
a
nurse,
Florence
easy lifeof wealth and
an
gale Nightin-
position.
with a prepositional sentences phrase. Beginsome Sentence beginningwith subject:
2.
in those
Women on
Sentence
simplehousehold
on
Begin
Sentence
time
tasks.
with prepositional beginning phrase:
In those
3.
expectedto spend their
days were
some
days,women simplehousehold sentences
beginningwith
expectedto spend their
were
time
tasks.
with
phrase. participial stibject: a
her point only after struggling, won Nightingale for years. working,and planning
Miss
Sentence
beginningwith participial phrase:
worked, and plannedfor years. Having struggled, her point. won Nightingale 356
Miss
4.
Begin some
Sentence
It 2ll9""C
STRUCTURE
SENTENCE
OF
VARIETY
with
sentences
an
infinitive.
with subject: beginning
She
found
it necessary
opinionin
order
to
fighther familyand pubhc
to
her work.
on
carry
with infinitive: beginning
Sentence To
her work, she had
on
carry
to
and fighther family
publicopinion. This is a device adjective. overworked in some magazines.Use it sparingly. with subject: Sentence beginning 5.
Begin some
Florence
an
a vigorous Nightingale, woman,
in many
visited hospitals
countries.
with adjective: beginning
Sentence
determined, Florence
Vigorous and in hospitals
72b.
with
sentences
Avoid
Monotonous:
many
countries.
of f/iere is, ihere are,
frequentuse In
visited Nightingale
of the coastal towns, there
some
conditions. There
mud
are
it is.
tive very primihuts shaded only are
there is a sick-looking palms.When breeze, clouds of dust blow throughthe streets. of the coastal towns, very primitiveconditions Improved:In some exist. Mud huts, shaded only by a few sick-looking palms,are covered with clouds of
by
a
few
dust whenever
72c.
Use
some
Simplesentences:
a
breeze blows.
relative clauses
Miss
Sauers
Paris. She
has is
a
in the
middle
justreturned from
of
a
tences. sen-
tripto
fashion expert for the Bentz
Company. Combined:
Miss Bentz
Sauers, who
is
a
fashionexpert for the
Company, has justreturned
from Paris. 357
72cl-ff 72cl. Use
VARIETY
occasional
an
That
of the
some
clause.
noun
costumes
SENTENCE
OF
STRUCTURE
(See Section
overloaded
were
7.)
with decoration
her surprised
very much. he able to sell these costumes
TJiat she would United States
72e.
Use
(See Section All the
the end
phrase at
of
sentence.
a
23o.) men
of the small South
the boat, their
meet
the
doubtful.
was
absolute
an
in
American
town
to
came
behind dogs and pigs following
them. The natives
dived
gleamingin 72f. Vary the
from the littleboats,their brown
the
sun.
length and
Any type of sentence of writingmonotonous.
bodies
used
of sentences.
form
makes a frequently piece of simple, Use a variety compound, (See Section 8.) complex,compound-complex sentences. and some balanced Use loose, some tences. sensome periodic, too
(See Section 71.) EXERCISE
31
paragraphto make your paper, rewrite the following it eflFective. structure, choosingthe types Vary the sentence of sentences that will suit the mood of the material. If it is On
connectinglinks,do necessary to add some details may be rearranged. There
primitiveconditions
are
in
of Venezuela.
These
from
or
a
The
order of
of the coastal
some
They are unbelievable. sophisticated citylike Caracas
so.
a
towns
are
towns
not
far
commercial bustling
of these cities there is not a tree port like La Guaira. In some fronds at the except the tall palm.It has onlya few sick-looking top. Dust blows in clouds whenever there is a breeze. There are houses.
one-room or
pink or
dirt is
358
not
They are lavender. They
even
made
have
leveled off. The
of mud.
They are
paintedblue
the onlydirt floors. Sometimes walls have simplybeen thrown
VARIETY
a
hammock.
heat
A
is
hammock
is
is httle furniture.
Singermen
must
chairs. The
tables, no
stillsells his
have
also
house bed.
a
Children
machine.
are
clothes. The
few
has The
Singer sewing
a
great salesmen. There
be
people wear
sewing
Every than
comfortable
more
houses
great. Most
very machine. The
man
STRUCTURE
roughground.There
over
up
SENTENCE
OF
no
Singer
often naked
are
until
theyare eightor nine years old. Their diets are poor. They run throughthe dustystreets. Scrawny dogs,pigs,and chickens huts. in the mud playwith the children. They all live together EXERCISE
Follow One
the directions in Exercise
of the
Samuel
was
32
most
important writers of the eighteenth century
Johnson.He
of the books
31.
the
was
of
son
bookseller. He
a
read
in his father's
shop.He was desperately poor he went He to college. was somebody very proud.Once felt sorry for Samuel and pair of shoes at the placeda new spurnedthe gift. Many thingsthat he poor boy'sdoor. Samuel did were dictator a literary strange,but he became practically of London. the author of a He is remembered as todaychiefly and the founder of the famous dictionary LiteraryClub. Significan and in art, literature, men were politics, economics members and of the club. They dined heartily talked. The brilliance of Johnson's conversation is recorded in one of the in English.It is The Life of Samuel greatest biographies member of the club. Johnson by James Boswell. Boswell was a many when
David
Garrick, a great actor, Edmund Burke, Oliver Goldsmith, an important writer, were the
club.
The
influence of literary London knew its opinion of speedily respectedits opinion.It is said that
these
whole
day.
edition
of
a
book
to
sell in
one
EXERCISE
Follow A set
very up
the directions in Exercise
the a
quarters.The
animals
club
new
great statesman, also members of great. All
was
book. men
All London
could
cause
a
33
31.
thinghas happenedin exciting
winter
a
are
our
town.
A
circus
being trained
has
here for 359
"
the show
in the
show.
The
She
is
The spring.
TESTS
circus
owners
ON
saw
SENTENCE
THE
chance
a
make
to
and put some of their animals on a television money owner's granddaughter television with them. was on
extra
some
ACHIEVEMENT
She
elephanttrainer.
an
elephanttrainer
the world.
in
show.
said
is
be
to
the
youngest
the television
Many peoplesaw
interested in the
They became placewhere the animals are the winter trained. They rushed to quarters to watch. The circus peopledecided to chargea small fee for seats. The circus is making friends,and we are havinga great time. many
73. ACHIEVEMENT ON
The
If you
the
discussed in the material on principles Sections 55-72. Then very carefully
the
is easy
do well,take the
Achievement
73a.
SENTENCE
THE
only with
first test
Review
TESTS
and
deals
sentence.
take the
I.
need
sentences your paper, rewrite any of the following the sentences revision. Make correct, clear,and
tive.
After
On
each
it. A
Some
to
you
then write
tell
why briefly
need more may be right. If you
sentence
sentences
seems
and
sentence,
may
test.
difficulttest that follows.
more
Test
portant im-
most
the
correct, write
one
find
number
efiFec-
have
you
than
that
rected cor-
correction.
that
sentence
a
of the
sentence
beside the number.
C
Example: Sentence:
1. After me
Correction:
to
fat
1. After
man
introduced 2. I could
not
receivingfirst aid, I the camp
master
believe that I
chief of the Indian
rushed
was
to
a
pital hos-
then he
announcements
of ceremonies. was
fur collar at the age of sixteen. 3. Do remind to show me you the
360
oflBcialsrushed
oflBcials.Danglingmodifier.
the commercial
made the
camp
hospital.
a
by 1. The
firstaid, the receiving
when village
to
have
a
coat
picturethat you
come
with
I took
to Boston.
a
real
of the
ACHIEVEMENT
4.
TESTS
SENTENCE
THE
book, in history
cities the
Accordingto
my
situation
very bad. So that many
bread
was
some
employment
peoplehad
to
stand in
lines.
5. Some
6.
ON
do
for the purpose of learning college to or prepare for a profession. For the sake of simplifying of our accovints the handling and to keep our records up to date, we should appreciateprompt students
not
go
to
payment. 7. It
the
generalopinionthat the new appointment of influential people to the in its work not participate actively.
8.
was
cousin's
My
I have 9. At
gone to. o'clock work
seven
with
ice
there is 10.
I
engagement
a
who
board
start
we
half hours
could
party
any
the molds filling of steadywork,
fifteen-minute break.
the driver of
was
and
permittedthe
better than
was
and begins,
after two
cream
a
party
law
lighttank.
a
of the
One
that
ten
were
to the front. immediately I have learned by experience to try to avoid serious arguments with good friends. Because it is very ruin to a easy friendship by arguing. Even though the old lady behaves in a peculiar way does sent
11.
12.
not
13.
We
prove she is crazy. cleaned the house and
while the other tasks 14.
people gave
Some
Nothinghurt
During
the
but also
our
18. The
their freedom
colors
to
gain
a
little
degree of
the worry of making decisions. except the nightbefore the operationI had
me
for help many calling
the cries and 17.
up
a
back.
pains in my 16. After
were
in
be free from
To protection.
15.
hung the curtains, and completed.
went
to rescue
holidayswe
times,
coast
some
guardsheard
the children. entertained
not
only our
relatives
friends. are
wine, navy, blue, and
red. Sizes nine
through
fourteen. 19.
Besides
20.
The
we bookkeeping, studying
on light
the table is much
learned business
than brighter
the
tion. organiza-
lighton
my
desk. 361
21.
Being embarrassed became
22.
at
ON
TESTS
ACHIEVEMENT
unusual
SENTENCE
THE
situation,her face
such
an
were
calm reflected in the still,
red.
The
first rays
of dawn
and
shone
the
on
barren rolling,
hills which
grass with occasional groves of
dry,burnt
with together
oak which,
the
lake
supportedonly pine or blackjack
weather-beaten
rocks, gave
a
strange appearance. 23. 24.
25.
than any placein the community. larger Edith, althoughshe was frightened, managed to terribly to the telephone. run there is no record In examining our correspondence carefully,
Doris's house
is
of your letter.
73b.
Achievement
Follow 1. The
IL
the directions for Test
2. In my
I. I seemed
railroad terrified me,
tripin the funicular
to
be
mid-air.
in flying
of
Test
have
job I
learned
to
sell and
with many
work
kinds
people.
3. I agree
drive with Walter
to
alone
return
4. Instead
of
wasting
by
to Maine
and
then that I should
train.
campaigns, bazaars, tag days,and which
drives
often did
other energy-
produceeven
not
minimum
funds for welfare work. 5. While
moving to the next the quietnessof the zoo.
6. The
manager theyshould
warned
house 8. Of
of
of cages,
a
loud
employeesto be he expected them
on
to
bark
broke
time, that be
regular
work.
at
made
Being
new
obey orders,and
in attendance
7.
the
group
gluedplywood,the
is less than
a
standard
frame
life of
a
prefabricated
house.
the
for parole, not were prisonerseligible sixty-three recommended because they were bad risks,no jobswaiting for
them,
9. When
10.
there
see.
Stanford's
course
he reads
enoughparoleofficers. zone pylon at night,the safety
not
were
approachingthe
difficultto
what 362
or
in clear
and
to
will helphim thinking make decisions. logical
to
was
evaluate
TESTS
ACHIEVEMENT
11.
ON
SENTENCE
THE
Passingthe stadium, the
crowd
reminds
us
of
football
day. understanding
a
purpose of the club is to promote better between the faculty and the students and for
12. The
of the
improvement
and building
campus. of income consist of the
of
owner following:
13.
His
14.
market, and for the past four years he has vegetable been manager of a producedepartment. Althoughit was a beautiful morning with the sun shining of optimism. I left the house with a feeling brightly, that the factory could not The salesman told Mrs. Banks
sources
a
small
15.
make
the
pair of
shoes
that she
buyinganother type? asked me to secure principal
would
wanted
and
for Dr.
Brown
she
consider 16.
The State
17. Mrs. whole
Department of Carter
was
once
Education a
the books
on
and
the
this list.
great singerand applaudedby the
country. better than Eva.
18.
I like Helen
19.
popularof any boys in his class. We not a approachedthe citywith great interest,it was small citywith narrow had expected, but a streets, as we largecitywith toweringskyscrapers. Althoughman has been able to invent such destructive forces the atomic bomb, he has also found some as new drugswhich instruments that help greatly are very eflFectiveand some
20.
21.
Leon
is the most
like the rheostat,which
in wartime man
22.
which
Recendy
24.
locate
a
bullet in
a
be located in the usual way. I read where plastic got its start in surgery really cannot
the Franco-Prussian 23.
can
War.
school for dogs,we think that special Irish setter is the best-behaved our dog in the neighborhood. The building of the hospital calls for the remodeling program of the operatingsuite,expandedkitchen and dining room and beds with between them. more services, arranged space trained Carefully
25. The
furniture
for preparation
was
at
a
dusted
and
the
ornaments
washed
the party to be given tomorrow and will celebrate the fiftiethwedding anniversary of my
in
which
parents. grand-
363
The
Paragraph
good paragraphis not a vague, haphazardjumbleof ideas written justas theycome to the writer's mind. It is an that develop orderlyarrangement of a number of sentences writers complain that a singleidea. Some inexperienced their creative qualityis destroyed if they are requiredto have a sense of order. Actually, successful writers always and revise many times. In popular plantheir work carefully where emphasis magazines,newspapers, or business letters, is placedon rapidreading, the paragraphis sometimes very but writingfor rather than a development; short,a statement these fields is highlyspecialized other and differs in many ways besides paragraphlengthfrom the type of general writingthat we are learning. A
74. TOPIC The
first requirement of
should
have
definite
a
nothingwhich
does
words, it should wish
SENTENCE
make.
to
that
are
good paragraph is
point to
make
contribute
unity.Think
to
should
that
point.In other pointthat you
of the
one
listthe ideas that you will use to develop which tells the reader clearly what sentence
made
some
paragraphis called a topicsentence. from student papers : topicsentences in
a
bigfamilyis fun. The Soph Hop was
364
include
and
A
Our
that it
Then
point.A pointwill be These
have
not
a
cityhas
a
great success.
justbuilt a
civic theater.
74a-b
SENTENCE
TOPIC
74a.
Use
topic sentence unity. a
as
aid in gaining paragraph
an
Write if you plancarefully. writingwill gain clarity each large in a clear statement pointthat you wish to make. for a be the topicsentence Each of these statements can will serve These topicsentences as guidesfor paragraph. Your
the selection of material Test
each
sentence
to
whether
see
Remove
which
developit.
74b.
not
the
from
topicsentence. does
in the
paragraph. it really developsthe paragraphany material
be included
to
Vary the positionof the topic sentence.
if your firstpieces probablyhave greatersuccess the constructed writinguse a topicsentence of carefully as As you gainexperience, firstsentence in each paragraph. you will
You
may have
other
use
for positions
the
completecontrol of your merelykeep the topicsentence
When
topicsentence.
thinking, you
may mind and
in your
you
sometimes not
press ex-
it at all.
1. The
as paragraph,
A
in the
firewarden
and patrol, that area,
except
reasons
to
work
see
that
has
he has
just can't go obvious
of placedat the beginning selection: following
is often
topicsentence
to
the woods
into
of
slashes,unheralded of
men
from
walkingin
around
and
course
the lakes in
a
has
builds
one
and
Then safety.
camp if there
an a
to
area
firewithin
grounds.You anywhere,for is a lumbering
to show manage up in the often enough to deter ghost-like,
smokingin the
no
state-designated camp
at
operationgoing on, he has the
hard. He
a
to
the woods.
of
a
week
This involves
and lots of
kicker boat. If
a
a
lot
patrolling
forest fire starts in
his
he has to organizethe fighters, and if it'sin territory, he has to go over else'sterritory, there and help. someone He has to cooperate with the game warden in seeingthat the game laws are observed,although this is a naturally
365
TOPIC
SENTENCE
call on the game reciprocal arrangement, and he can for help whenever he needs it. If someone warden gets both have the with ever whatto search, lost,they join along around the countryside. talent they can scrape up
Took
We
From
"
the Woods,
to
by 2. The as
topicsentence shown
in the
Louise
placedwithin follovdng paragraph: be
may
Dickinson
the
Rich
paragraph,
Zurabeg,an Ossetian,who had been in the steerage,too. But Zurabeg was no horn greenAmerican time. Zurabegwas an coming for the first citizen with papers to prove it,and a friend of Gospadin first to America Buffalo Bill besides. This Zurabeg came the
On
I met platform
outer
twenty years before boss
cook
as
a
the road
on
rider,and later he
trick show
with
the
Gospadin
BuflFalo Bill.
he had saved whenever years, Zurabeg, home to find a wife but so far with went
Every few money,
was
enough no
"
luck.
AnythingCan Happen, by George and Helen Papashvily From
"
3. The
topicsentence
may
be used
at
the
beginningand
at
when wishes a writer paragraph.Sometimes his point very strong, he uses to make a topicsentence to begina paragraphand says the same thingin stronger selection is from Sportswords at the end. The following manlike Automobile Driving,publishedby the American the end
of
a
Association. any power which is placedin his hands discloses justwhat kind of person he is and the degreeto How
which
one
uses
he has grown
up.
Any
office, prominence, or political man
look
more
foolish and
a
power a
fine
wise
whether
"
man
car
"
makes
of money, a
look wiser.
foolish What
be mild enough to deceive pedestrians may people,but when we get behind the wheel of a many powerfulcar, every personalqualitywe have, good or and easily observable. Power in bad, becomes magnified we
do
as
your hands 366
shows
up the real You!
SENTENCE
TOPIC
4. The
topic sentence
which
be
may
follows,no
the
In implied.
stated, but
is
topic sentence
paragraph one
is
clearlysuggested. Of those who reasons, in many
leave. Some drafted.
of
drop out
this is often
these ple peodo well in college before theyhave to
and cases
leave
because
leave
Many
for
tragicbecause
reasons "personal"
realization that
"How
From
"
the basis of
as
ideas which
1.
Every "
2.
My
3. A J
4.
".
would
you
I have
y and
many
could
a
8. In
are
an
i "' 1
improve
i
by
advantages j our
student
a
gomg o
family. ,
fc"
steady. /
drivers.
of any kind, nothing can investigation
any
use
government.
sentences
which
fulness. replacecare-
2
following paragraphswritten by your paper, write the topicsentence write
his .
KO
The
Then
often
"1
^
EXERCISE
On
students
pleasant relationship.
very
understood
familyof back-seat is good business. Integrity
6. We
to
which
r disadvantages are
not
privacy.
some
.
rr.!
There
is college
your paper, write a listof the to developthe topicsentence.
use
.^V needs "
marriage,
"
On paragraph.
teen-ager is seldom
5. We
7.
a
are
1
topicsentences
some
few
Stayin College," by Robert U. Jameson
EXERCISE are
health. A
of poor
familymixups or justthe the placefor them.
Here
leave for financial
some college,
should
theydestroythe unity.Sometimes do not seem related to be closely
students lack of each not
unity.
paragraph.
be included
the ideas in because
a
cause be-
graph para-
the writer 367
TOPIC
has
shown
not
would
the
A new relationship.
paragraphunified. paragraphsby writinga Rockne
1. Knute
If you new
paragraphcould correct
can
any do
topicsentence,
make
of these
so.
builder,not justa football
a man really
was
which
topicsentence
take in all of the details in the
the
SENTENCE
Althoughhe started his education in Chicago,he went to high school in South Bend, Indiana. After he was graduated from high school, he went to Notre reer Dame, where his great cahe frequently started. Always friendly toward his players, the men where would at his home arrangedlittle gatherings discuss good sportsmanship and good football. He was always and swearing and taughthis men to againstsmoking,drinking, dislike these activities. One day while flyingto California,his lost. was planecrashed; and one of our greatAmericans coach.
2. A
of the
musician, musicians
jobstomorrow. seldom
save
if he is
even
today whether
uncertain
are
Althoughmost any
Most famous, has littlesecurity.
of them
because
money
well
are
they will have paid,they can
travel from
they must
town
to
heavy expense. The leader of an orchestra makes much than the players more do, but he has to work much harder for his money. but if his He has a great many responsibilities, town
under
orchestra is
a
success
his
name
will become
there is
of beautyand alwaysa feeling peoplehappy. The life of a musician are
many 3. Some
a
may
famous.
sense
be
In music,
of
making other rough,but there
compensations. educators
They point to
have the
classics in literature. For
said that the comics
stripsthat teach a
time,
I
dren. good for chilof the or one history
remember,
are
Silas Marner
and
both in comic but of course of the King were Idylls they strips, and the beautyof style lost comwas were pletely. greatly simplified, These educators speak also of the developmentof the imagination.Yet both the motion picturesand a good book would be more ing. excitmore valuable, for they are more stirring, When, finally, they talk of the good habits that can be In most of developedthroughthe comics, I disagreeentirely. the comics that I have seen, peopleare involved in crime or in comic adventure. I do not know some one stupid,impossible stripthat has anythingto do with good habits. Many children 368
^T ^PCl""l9
SUBSTANCE
OF
read
wild, ridiculous thingsbecause
their parents read if the children developa surprised
these
them.
PARAGRAPH
A
Then
the parents are taste for crime. There are similar arguments about television programs children. on
75. SUBSTANCE
OF
the effect of
PARAGRAPH
A
to the paragraphmay have details which stick rigidly and yet be very dull. The details that make topicsentence chosen. the substance of the paragraph should be carefully
A
75a.
Try to avoid statingthe obvious.
Your
idea
writingis
communicate
attempt to
an
fact
some
or
well person. If the fact or idea is already known to your readers,there is no pointin communicating it. A student recently the following He was wrote paragraph. to
another
which
a newspaper discussing
he read
regularly.
The
has several kinds of headlines. Among newspaper them the main are headingsand the subheads. The headlines
main
Such
information
added
nothingto
is
found
are
common
his readers'
at
the top of the page.
The student knowledge. experienceby what he
has has
communicated.
75b.
Choose
details. interesting
writers Inexperienced
detail involved
in
a
think
story or
that in the
Choose
or only the interesting developthem fully.
Dull: When
buy the
These
a
state
discussion of
an
important details.
every idea. Then
the store, a salesgirl approachedus. I helpyou?" she said. I told her that I wanted to entered
we
"May
they must
coat.
Since
and
went
details are
not
store
the writer
she had to
nothingthat
another
I
liked,we
left
one.
but by usinghis observation, interesting, mighthave written an amusing or entertain369
"
OF
METHODS
PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
shoppingtrip.Colorful details describing and the goods would have been more the store, the people, interesting. of
ing account
Dull: After
a
a
very
excitingday,we
set
for home.
out
On
the
Then sang some songs, and Leo told a few jokes. off in reached my house, and the bus driver let me we front of my door. we
way
These
are on
75c.
dull details. How
might the
writer
have
proved im-
them?
Develop
ideas.
paragraphis usuallynot simply a statement. It is a Neither hazy generalizations mere nor development. tion repetiAfter of the central thoughtbuilds good paragraphs. you have phrasedthe topicsentence, draw upon your own A
experienceand the experienceof others as revealed Make magazines,books, and conversation. Then observation, curiosity. imagination, your own the idea stated in the topicsentence. 76. METHODS
OF
in
papers, news-
of
use
discuss
PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
Paragraphs may be developed in depending upon the subjectmatter mood
of the
material,and
number
a
to
be
of ways, the presented,
the e"Fect that the writer
wishes
Using a varietyof methods to developa number of paragraphsis often desirable. Sometimes whole paraa graph will be developedby one other at method; times, the several methods of Some writer may in one use paragraph. the most methods idea are of developing common an plained exobtain.
to
in this section.
76a.
Develop
In the
paragraph by
details.
paragraphthat follows,the topic sentence
first sentence. 370
a
After
the
writer
has
said
is the
that there
was
METHODS
76b-c
DEVELOPMENT
PARAGRAPH
OF
she prein the [life-saving] course, sents ceremony consisted. details to show of what that ceremony
considerable
There
quite a littleceremony
was
part of the named
and Folgil,
Miss
course.
timekeeperand
as
armed
connected
with this
luckycreature
some
with
stop watch,
a
deep water. The dressed in high,laced tennis shoes,longstockings, pupil, heavy bloomers, and a middy blouse, then stood poised "Go!" the timekeeper at the end of the boat. When yelled the
rowed
victim prospective
the future boon while
to
out
mankind
dived
holdingher breath under
to
the
into
and,
water
the surface,unlaced
her
shoes and never
had
down to her bathing suit. Miss Folgil stripped what connection, if any, this curious rite explained
with "
76b.
Develop a paragraph by
The the
savinghiiman lives. From My Sister Eileen,by
Ruth
definition.
following paragraphis developedby
topicsentence,
the writer
of snobbishness. The
rest
states
of the
McKenney
that there
definition. In are
defines paragraph
two
kinds
these
two
kinds of snobbishness. There who
are
has had those who
two a
kinds of snobbishness. That
man
and looks down opportunities
good many lack them
of the
by aU. The other recognized kind of snobbishness is rarely understood, yet it is real. It is that of the self-made man who glories in his success in overcoming difiiculties and admires greatly peoplewho have achieved the things he considers of importance. This I Remember, by Eleanor Roosevelt From on
is
"
76c. In
Develop a paragraph by example this
the paragraph,
historians and scholars. As tellsof
an
incident in the
or
illustration.
in discussing integrity an exampleof what he means, he lifeof Sir Walter Raleigh. writer
is
Their pattern of delusion (believing rumor) is so brilhant that even the most objective historians and scholars, 371
OF
METHODS
attemptingto
the
record
which
which the
of integrity
the Tower
tigations, inves-
own
themselves
tling hypnotizedby starconclusions happened and revealing
never
were
DEVELOPMENT
totals of their
sum
find frequently events
PARAGRAPH
All
drawn.
never
few
too
have
had
who, imprisonedin Raleigh,
Sir Walter
of London,
was
writingthe
the World
when,
writingof
his
part of his
second
terrupte day, his work was inby the noise of a fightin the courtyardbelow his cell. Through the barred windows, Raleighcarefully watched each detail of the incident. The following day visited by a friend who he was had been in the brawl. the entire event, Raleighdiscovered And, upon discussing that his own version of the fight incorrect throughwas out. that he was unable to present an accurate Realizing of one littleincident.Sir Walter Raleighabandoned account
Historyof
the
disgust, destroyedthe "
76d.
The
Develop
a
Historyof manuscript.
Affairsof Dame
From
one
the World
and,
in
by David Jacobson
Rumor,
paragraph by comparison
contrast.
or
the paragraphis developedby contrasting following
control of infection v^ith that in World
During men
of
who
the wounded
among War
World
in
World
War
I
II.
War
sustained
I,
more
abdominal
but infection infection;
was
than
three-fourths of the
wounds almost
died
as
a
result
absent completely
few attack. There a were followingthe Pearl Harbor where limbs had actually been hit amputations required, tions. but none because of infecby shell or bomb fragments, 47 percent Yet during1914-1918 at one hospital caused of the amputations were by infections of gas
gangrene
alone.
In
December,
1941, wounds
healed
Even quicklyand cleanly. though their injurieswould undoubtedlyhave been fatal in an earlier period,the and were anxious recovered rapidly and able men soon to jointhe fight once more. Our World, by James Stokley From Science Remakes "
372
METHODS
76e.
OF
DEVELOPMENT
PARAGRAPH
Develop
several
paragraph by
a
methods
bined. com-
troduces infollowingparagraph,the second sentence an example to explainwhat has been stated in the This example is composed of two parts that topicsentence.
the
In
establish
The
contrast.
a
last two
advantageof
Another
contain
sentences
lightis
fluorescent
details.
that, when
and since the be kept at low intensity, necessary, it can ultraviolet that excites it is invisible,the total amount of
lightis
also very low. For
theater,you
have
to
want
may
instance, in
motion
a
ture pic-
sign giving,possibly,
a
If the sign is printedin instructions. emergency be illuminated,and the usual way, the whole card must
great deal of lightis reflected from
a
the Continental
But
has
thus
background.
in Corporation, Lithographic
introduced
a
be
paintedcan
the
land, Cleve-
line of fluorescent inks. A
sign
enough ultra violet
with
flooded
so
that the lettersshine with sufiicientbrightness to be read; but
other
no
lightis
blackouts, as
has been
signs,too,
even
or
a
Such
seen.
guideline
Remakes
Science
From
book.
discusses
the American
follow. three unified method
Europeans
are
of methods. method
struck
of the
or
Clyde Kluckhohn of his
Some
one
In the
methods
by
tences topic sen-
topic sentences,
Develop each paragraphs.
paper, indicate which each paragraph. 1. All
Professor
three of these
combination
or
the middle
down
phosphorus. World, by James Stokley
character.
Using
England.Road
in
3
for Man,
Mirror
is useful for
Our
EXERCISE
In his
method
demonstrated
road, might be paintedwith "
a
American
write
by a different margin of your
you
have
used in
attitudes toward
women.
2. Even
the us
most
bitter critics of the United
material
States have
ceded con-
generosity. 373
ORDER
have
3. Americans
been
IDEAS
OF
shy about expressingtheir deepest
convictions.
4. Countless
a
as
5.
Gripingis
are
7. Americans
are
9. In
impressedby quality.
American typically
devoted
trait.
underdog. devices or gadgets.
interested in
friends tend
thusiasm en-
the
to
be casual and
to
America, havinga good
time
is
transitory. important part of life.
an
love bigness.
10. Americans
77. ORDER When
been
characteristic American
a
6. Americans
8. American
have
observers
European
IDEAS
OF
the vv^riter has selected his
ideas,excludingthose
that will
destroyunity,and has decided on his method of development,his next problem is the arrangement of those ideas in some acceptableorder. Such an arrangement will aid the coherence of the paragraph. What the arrangement should be dependsupon the material itself and the effect which the writer wishes to produce. There is no standard rule. However, there is one essential of order: it requires progress,
forward
a
of
movement
the disorder in the
Notice
1. A 2.
hot rod
By this
and
a
we
called
that it has
mean
special body. 3.
stock parts from 90 to 100 miles
paragraphwhich
also be
can
Most
standard
hour
an
sort.
some
custom-made
custom-made
a
hot rods
model and
a
follows:
get 20
4. or
engine
built around
are
cars.
car.
They
do
can
miles
more
on
of the parts from which 5. Most gallonof gasoline. they are made are as old as fifteen or twenty years. 6. The car which holds the speed record can go 189 miles hour. 7. "Soupingup" the engine for high speed is an the most important step in making a hot rod. 8. The is torn motor down, and the block is adjustedfor an a
easier
flow
which
may
of fuel
to
the combustion
chamber.
appear on future automobiles developedby hot rodders. 10. If the car
for
374
the ordinarydriving,
motor
is
are
9. Ideas
being
now
is to
be
adjustedto get
used 140
ORDER
OF
IDEAS
miles
hour; but if the
an
horsepoweris original do
cars
rate, and
of
a
in
out
wear
stock
well
work
not
almost
doubled.
student
11.
The
latter
speeds,burn gas at a high one-tenth of the mileageexpected at
low
engine.
4
EXERCISE
The
racing,the
for
is used
car
precedingparagraphdid not order. The paragraph deals with arrange his ideas in logical three points:1. details of building hot rods (sentences1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8); 2. speed (sentences4, 6, 10, 11); 3. outlook for the future (sentence 9 ) On your paper, rewrite the paragraph, togetherin a logical putting related statements be necessary to changethe wording sequence. It will probably who
the
wrote
.
in
sentences.
some
5
EXERCISE
As
the
related ideas 4, group together
did in Exercise
you
followingparagraphwritten by a the unity,omit to destroy seems people consider
1. Some
that America
has made
jazz the
modem
to
a
caughtthe
cornetist secret
river
on
of
formed Five."
a
8.
band
contribution original 2.
music.
Jazz is
have
to
come
clarinet while
a
on
said would
musicians
a
quite playedthe tune. 4. Europeans never 5. playingjazz. The earlyjazz playersperformed
and boats, at privateparties,
people,Louis
most
tence sen-
it.
one
Orleans. 3. Some originatedin New togetherand improvise countermelodies
pianistor
student. If any
in
Armstrong is
which
the
true
he called "Louis
peopletried
Althoughmany
in taverns.
king of jazz.7.
Armstrong to
6. To
imitate
and
His
him, there
He Hot was
only one Louis Armstrong.9. In the earlydays of jazz,people delta region. thoughtof it onlyas a productof the Mississippi 10.
Soon
When upon,
it
but
it attracted was
taken
to
peopleliked
the
Europe, it to
of serious
attention
dance
to
was
its
musicians.
11.
looked down frequently rhythm. fascinating
375
ORDER
EXERCISE
of the
1. One
most
5.
features of eighteenth-century interesting
the coffee houses. 2. The
London
was
for
3. only.
men
6
the directions in Exercise
Follow
placeswere
their coffee and
drank
Men
IDEAS
OF
clubs really
talked. 4. If
a
man
interested in
about politics, he could find a Tory talking coflFeehouse or a Whig coffee house; if he preferred tions conversafind on fashions,society literature, gossip,he could easily the appropriategroup of peopleinterested in similar topics. 5. Some of the women their to the coffee house because objected was
husbands
often away from home. 6. Out of these coffee interest in clever conversation. 7. Soon society
were
so
houses grew an and literature were coffee house, a
this
by
In
the
man
disliked the coffee house
women
8. development.
could read, write, or paint to amuse self. himhad their own coffee houses even gleeclubs. 10,
9. Some
The
affected
because
women
could
not
too well entertained in were go out alone, and their husbands the coffee house to take them out. 11. A few of the coffee houses
had
gamblingand
auction
12. The
rooms.
alehouse
liked keepersdis-
the coffee house. 13. business. 14. of amusement,
They now found that theywere losing this eighteenth-century It is said that through place and novels, Englanddevelopedessays, poetry.
7
EXERCISE
Follow
the directions in Exercise
1. Personal
I college
had
wherever
she
habits
be
can
2. One disturbing. year at alwaysleft her facial tissues
very
who
roommate
a
5.
happenedto be when she used them. 3. Bits of them Httered the dressing on table,decorated paper with lipstick she had the desk, and even appearedon the bed. 4. Apparently never
heard
of
a
clothes. 6. Because
wastebasket. 5. She
careless about
her
alwaystoo tired or in too great a dresses were thrown over hurryto hang them in the cupboard, left in little chair back or droppedon the bed. 7. They were a lack of considcrathe floor.8. Then, with a complete on piles 376
she
was
was
ORDER
OF
tion, she
IDEAS
playedthe
often found
it
distracted my
powder. 11. a
fine mist
radio whenever
10. She
furniture
Our
of
powder the
was
to
meet
each
me
dressingtable. 12. When
clean
to
it, and
on
that
time
she
I
put
ready to
was
borrow
my
spiteof
13. In
jokes
or
and lipstick
stains alwayshad lipstick
rose
9. I
room.
jazzy music
careless about
go out for the evening,she alwayswanted because hers were too wrinkled to wear.
untidiness,she
in the
was
impossibleto studybecause attention.
somethingon
she
clothes all this
of keepher methods ing very clean, but even offensive to me. she had a free 14. Whenever
was
were
she would moment, stringthem up across
wash the
blouse
a
or
handkerchiefs
some
and
into came dry so that I never the room without seeingwash or havingwet clothes strike me in the face. 15. She was for noise. 16. She said she a great girl
felt lonesome
if there
of music
from
was
sound
no
Don't
room.
room
at
ground back-
17. A
humming,
own
filled the
EXERCISE
the
in
the radio, her
of conversation
stream
to
room
or
a
stant con-
all times.
8
letter carelessly. friendly Courtesyto ycur friend requiressome thought before you write and some attention of good writing.The to the generalprinciples letter shows haste and carelessness which are a following write
a
discourteous
response to the kindness of a friend. On your rewrite the letter,putting related ideas together,
paper,
combiningsentences, Dear I
much
and
usingconnectinglinks.
Laura, never as
thoughtI
could
I did. After weeks
enjoy a
weekend
in the heat
in
of the
the country
city,I
was
as
glad
the animals. to watch to feel the country air. It was interesting I will miss gathering the eggs. It was nice of you to ask Mike to take me to the barn dance. We surelyhad a wonderful time. I loved
dog'stiucks are very your dog and your horse. The I could ride him amusing, and your horse is so gentlethat even rU never friends. forgetthe swimming party and your pleasant Thank visit. you for a perfect 377
78a-b
DEVICES
TRANSITIONAL
DEVICES
78. TRANSITIONAL
orderlyarrangement of details will help to make the is the clarity paragraphclear. Another method of obtaining Our of transitional, own use or connective, expressions. familiar to us that we are so processes of thought are likelyto forgetthat our readers do not understand the show them what between ideas unless we our relationship that relationship is. An
78a.
transitional expressions within the sentence, ful sentences, and between paragraphs. Be care-
Use
between to
add
To
To
To To
the appropriate expressions.
use
another a addition, moreover, way, second method, besides, also ideas: but, yet, nevertheless,however, still, in ideas: in
some
contrast
the other hand
contrast, otherwise,on ideas: like,similar
compare show purpose: show
To
result: therefore,as
show
To
Notice sentences
the
in order to, for this
time:
use
reason
thus result,consequently,
a
then, a littlelater,immediately, meantime, afterwards,in those days,earlier
of transitional
the
in expressions
:
There
are "
today,for instance, small predominantly
"
of the firstworld
eve
12,000 than
Progress,however,
is
cators steel fabri-
more
there
at
were
the
war. "
onlyanother word SaturdayReview
Peter
Drucker
for civilization.
"
78b.
following
of Literature
Repeat key words.
Notice
the
of key words, repetition
which
have
been
in the followino; sentences: italicized, We
Americans
good 378
books
are are
victims
of the
perniciousnotion
of beyond the comprehension
the
that aver-
DEVICES
TBANSITIONAL
age mind. But millions of average minds them in ages past.
have
Milton
"
78c.
adjectivesthis
demonstrative
Use
he, she, they,it to refer
pronouns
to
Mayer
tfiaf,and
and
preceding
in
nouns
hended compre-
sentences.
have
transitions
been
farmer
A
used to make adjectives italicized in the following examples:
demonstrative
and
Pronouns
should
rotation. This
have
thoroughknowledge of
a
knowledgewill
him
save
on
money
crop many
occasions.
forefathers were destructive of our Unfortunately, resources. Thetjmoved througha wealthyland left it ruined
to
rods
Hot
pleasureto This stock
car
in expressions
But
useful in many ways. First, they give their owners because of their fine performance.
few
the
cars
and
power
Coast
taxi
commercial can
move
participate.
to
for economy, vehicle operators have found that
companies
heavier
they have
often
owners
the
keenlyin
for tlieirgreater police, criminal an easier job. a catching their only advantages. not are
valuable
speedmake
West a
hot rod
in which
races
speed
and
following graph: para-
most pleasureis experienced
and
Some
the
are
Then, too, they are power
and
seek stillother fields.
the transitional
Notice
ural nat-
loads
contributed
use
on
them
doubtedly, steep grades.Un-
the efficiency
somethingto
of automobiles.
Notice the italicized sentence
of
paragraph.Here moving from one
the whole idea
to
in the middle sentence
of the
is used
as
ing preceda
means
another. 379
DEVICES
TRAJSrSITIONAL
important 78c!. Transitional expressions oi-e especially between paragraphs.Without these expressions,each
paragraph
separate unit instead of part of
a
seems
a
whole. the
Notice
these
Beebe's of the
1. One
Grande
3. The
scarcityof
that when
or
attas
ants
are
Exercises
was
a
ants,
simple
vegetarians.
correspondto
similar human
gations aggre-
groups.
of the revised
one
5, 6, 7, and to
wanted
nomads.
EXERCISE
Reread
we
of thousands, it
tens
ecitons, are
or
types of
two
life of Rancho
ants.
learned
(ants)or
cutters
aiTny ants,
5. The
in
the wild
find them.
to
The
soon
singlyor
leaf
in
from paragraphs
five successive
unexpected aspects of
Nevertheless, we matter
here) expression (italicized
High Jungle.
the
was
whether
4.
from
topicsentences
William
2.
transitional
show
9
paragraphsthat
8. Have
the relation
you wrote transitional
you used of details? Add
in pressions ex-
transitional
expressionsif they will improve the paragraph.Do not, The result should however, use too many such expressions. be natural,not
forced.
EXERCISE
Select
from
10
these
topics three Write an interesting topic sentence topic.List the pointsthat you wish Write
sentence,
a
transitional
needed. 1.
Family Reunions
2. Blind
380
Dates
for to
one
make
appeal to phase of in each
paragraphfor expressionswhere
unified,coherent
using
which
each
you. each graph. para-
topic
they
are
AND
PROPORTION
3. A 4.
Plastic
New
5. Billboards Great
6. A
7.
Beach
Favorite
My
79ci-b
LENGTH
Highways
on
Actor
Investigations Congressional Jitterbugging
8.
9. Our
Athletic
Prospects
10. False
Advertising Highway Races Advantagesof the Diesel Engine over
11. 12.
79. PROPORTION
There is
AND
the Steam
Locomotive
LENGTH
In generalrule for the lengthof a paragraph. well-written article designed to give information, the a and its paragraphis the developmentof a unit of thought, lengthmay vary from eightyto two hundred words. If the than two hundred words, to run to more developmentseems the paragraph will be a bit heavy;and it mightbe wise to divide it. There must, however, be no arbitrary in slicing
half. The 79a.
no
division should
at
come
Adjustthe lengthof
a
the end
of
paragraph to
an
idea.
the idea and
the purpose. series of
makes heavy reading. Short, long paragraphs the other hand, give the reader the on choppyparagraphs, that the ideas are not developed. Writers for newspapers feeling and magazines often use very short paragraphsto A
make
the ideas stand
out.
However, such
writers
often
are
ideas. Businessmen facts,not developing simplystating short paragraphs in business letters. to use are likely
Adjust the lengthof the paragraph article. its importance in the whole
79b. to
deal
in
proportion
lengthwith unimportant ideas In a five-hundred- word lightly importantthoughts. Do
not
at
also
or
treat
theme, 381
"
^"
MECHANICS
example,do not write See Section introductory. for
82a-c
the division of material into
80a.
for further
THE
merely
is
discussion
of
PARAGRAPH
importantin
are
PAKAGRAPH
paragraphs.
OF
order
and
Neatness
THE
longparagraphthat
a
80. MECHANICS
OF
Indent the first line of every
every paper.
paragraph.
The
first line of every paragraphis indented except in business letters that are written in block form. The paragraph then
80b.
Do
beginsat leave
not
paragraph
is to
the left margin.
part of
begin
Keep the margins to possible. 80c.
each
In
a
line blank
the left and
writing dialogue, use
new
as rightas symmetrical
a
new
paragraph
for
speaker.
new
in the following paragraphing dialogue:
Notice the
hours
For
our finally
we
drove
chauffeur
throughthe pointedout
"That," he said,"is the Great taken
are largequantities again."
"Now my
a
line.
the next
on
unless
that solves
a
beautiful country until the objectof the trip.
Pitch Lake.
When
out, the holes close
problem that
has
even
rightup
puzzledme
all
more life,"said Jane."This is justlike the streets of Baltiwhen grees dethe temperature has been ninety-eight for several
government clear. If
a
days.I alwayswondered
chose hole
that
stuff for in
comes
why
pavements.
the street, it closes
the Now
city it's
rightup
again." "Oh
no,
that will
3S2
"I don't think miss," the guidesaid seriously,
happen on
a
street."
The Whole Theme
Before
you
attempt
to
write
a
theme, you
should
master
the
for a theme is simply techniqueof writinga paragraph; of paragraphs to presenta unified a number carefully joined whole. All of the principles of unityand coherence discussed in the section on the paragraph are importantfor the theme. First,of course, you must choose an interesting topic. 81. CHOICE
OF
TOPIC
Students
frequently complainthat theydo not know what to write about. Usuallytheir lack of ideas is a result of the fact that theyare not observant. Life is filledwith interesting thingsabout which a student could write if he would keep all his senses alert. Every day you see something amusing hear or or alarming. Every day you peopleexpress exciting opinionswith which you do not agree. Then out of your own experiences, you developan attitude toward life.All of these experiences for writing. subjects may be interesting The subject that you choose should be one about which you the topicspresented want to write. For that reason, really here are onlysuggestive. Some of them are too broad for a short theme. They have purposely been expressed in broad, generalterms so that you may choose any phase of the which seems to you. subject interesting 81a.
Use
your
own
thought and experience.
life there is material enough for a everybody's Here are some generaltopicswhich may suggest of your own: or specific thoughts experiences In
novel. to
you
383
81b-c
CHOICE
Moving
to
a
My
new
neighborhood An embarrassing Fightinga bully
of Yom
travel
Christmas
Kippur or The
I learn to read A
neighbor
Observance
moment
experience
TOPIC
ship ideas of friend-
unusual
An
OF
people's
young
group
at
church
My family 81b.
the
Use
experience of others.
and
thought
Talk with your parents and friends about experiences that they have had. Your parents will enjoy telling you of their
youth.Classroom discussions are also an excellent source for material. The following topicsmay suggest subjects
mother's
My
girlhood
Love
seaman
familydoctor
Our
Use
Other
your reactions such subjects the as
magazine articles on candidate
The
for
interest
new
in science
Prizes
384
for
clean
area
community
gardens
Our
town
and
We
build
a
the
arts
civic center
newspaper
following:
in the schools
bosses on elections in political town's largest problem -'s problem of slum clearance plansfor making our citybeautiful
Keeping a
to
are
Effect of
Our
differ
publicoffice
Paritypricesin our Voting as a duty Our
first sight
Dating customs
of material
sources
at
problems.
current
A
in
Sweden
old
An
aunt's education
My
in
and
you
about:
to write
81c.
of
"
CHOICE
81 d.
81d-e
TOPIC
OF
Use
motion
a
play, a
picture,a
magazine article that has interested ideas
presented and
give
book, Discuss
you.
or
a
the
reaction.
your
The
following topicsmay suggest ways of using your of subject for matter as source a readingor theatergoing your themes: children Underprivileged New housing Social Safe The
injustice
driving effect of television on
picturemaking
motion
lie
Figurescan The
novel discusses the basis of
The
play deals with jealousy novelist Thackerayonce said,"There are no people cruel as the young." play shows that a marriagefaces problemsif the
The so
The
husband
happiness
that his wife is
knows
to superior
him.
Young peopleand conformity 81
e.
ideas from
Use
in school.
the literature read
myself Understanding Loneliness eccentric an Understanding person Poe's developmentof mood Changing heroes and heroines
Brutus's mistakes Coincidence
novel
in
plots
Buildingrealisticcharacters Macbeth: Is
Lady
Dickens's
the failure of Macbeth
the
child
a
Choosinga
husband
of the
of the
cause
man
tragedy?
of humor
use
Influence of
Use
ambitious
an
on
a
man's
in supernatural
The
life
Rime
of the Ancient
Mariner
385
Bb^^J
""
81 f. Use
choice
quotation from
a
All the world's If winter
Many
springbe
can
flower is born
sweetness
look
too
and
unseen
its
waste
is far
than
more
live in
to
a
in
not
name.
position
close.
Good
fences make
There
is
The
blush
to
gives its glimpsesonly to those
Heaven to
far behind?
the desert air.
on
live in mankind
To
literature.
stage.
a
comes,
a
topic
of
good neighbors. no properly history; onlybiography. is
race
to
not
the
the
swift, nor
battle to
the
strong, Choose
81 g.
It is
hundred
a
topicwhich
to impossible
can
write
an
be handled
adequately.
effective theme
of three
subjectwhich would requirethree thousand words. It is possible, however, to discuss in a short theme one phaseof a vital topicor to giveone's own reaction to this one phase.A thoroughdiscussion of the topic"Social for example,would Injustice," requirea book or several words
on
books; but your in your
The
Points
at
to
Automobile
American a
short theme
or
reaction
neighborhoodcould
Driving"in a
a
social
it you see short theme.
as injustice
be handled
Association
in
a
has discussed
"Safe
series of five
about
for Drivers
pamphlets,but you can write Errors in Driving Made by Teen-agers Good to Remember or Sportsmanship
the Wheel.
EXERCISE
alert
Be
to
thingsthat happen interesting
few
days.Talk
are
interested. Read
Then themes
write
of
to
other
peopleabout thingsin
books, newspapers,
five titles which two
or
three
you hundred
and your observation,your reading, 386
1
and
think could
in
next
which
they magazines.
be
words, based conversation.
the
used on
for your
OUTLINES
82. OUTLINES theme
No
be
can
a
when haphazardly
pieceof to
A
core
a
thought.
discussion
written
because
a
in order.
Choose
82a.
work.
written
minds
our
we
plan.We all think are tryingto gathermaterials for a Related ideas do not necessarily come without
success
the writer
sometimes
has
not
fails
established
to
make
its
point
in his clearly
own
mind
justwhat pointhe wishes to present.He has a general of the topiche will discuss but has not decided on a notion specific point of view. In the outline that follows,no clear
pointis made. HOUSES
four-room
I. Our A.
Location
B.
Things I 1.
apartment remember
A.
Description
B.
Advantages 1. Room 2. No
IN
in halls
wallpaperin my in New Jersey
house
Our
LIVED
Strangesounds
2. The IL
HAVE
I
to
bedroom
play
noise
3. Garden in.
My parents
and
their dream
house
A.
Location
B.
Description for college My departure
C.
IV. The
row
house
A.
Location
B.
Description
C.
Why
it
was
This outline shows
selected
simplyfour
different houses.
ties them
see
in
II
does the reader nor together; them. ParagraphsI and discussing
Nothing
any basic seem
to
point
suggest 387
OUTLINES
deal with disadvantages that the paper may of apartment for seekinga house, but paragraphsIII Hving and reasons and IV do
pursue this idea. The pointmight be ironical; all his lifethe writer and his parents soughttheir dream i.e., not
house, but justwhen and college
it
found, the student
was
went
off
to
in a row obligedto live in one rented room house. Yet this point is introduced and never incidentally mentioned in paragraphsI and II. Other core possible thoughtsmight be (1 ) effects of the houses on the writer, (2) expandingand contracting(humorous treatment),(3) the family's IV could not approachto an ideal (paragraph be included). If a point of view is selected and materials are arranged around it, the ^vriting will be more and much interesting of the pointof view should be written clearer. A statement
the
at
was
top of the outline. 2
EXERCISE
topicsfrom those chapter(Section81). Write
Choose this
82b.
five
Analyze second
The material
to
see
step
come
making plans is and pointsgo together
in
to
your "Good throughthe topic ideas
388
might come
core
be best. In order
developmentwould ideas that
a
to
earlypart of thoughtfor each.
mafermL
your
which
listed in the
to
to
examine
what
remember
method
the of
all of the
sheet. As you think at the Wheel," these Sportsmanship
mind, use
your
mind:
a
work
OUTLINES
Arrange related
82c.
An
that
ideas
under
of the ideas listed in Section 82b
examination
under theyfall naturally
I. Fouls
ings." appropriate head-
three
shows
topics:
driving(topics1,4,7,8,9) 2,3,6,10) Courtesy in driving(topics Knowledge of the power of a car (topic5)
II. III.
82d.
in
subtopicsunder
Use
headings to develop
main
ideas. I. Fouls
driving
in
Infractions of traflBcregulations
A.
Passingon
2.
Going throughstop lights
3.
Turning corners
Write
82e"
hill
1.
The
without
the outline.
outline following
be wnritten in not
sentences.
to mix
the
GOOD
I. Fouls A.
in
signal
is written
The
topicand
writer
in
should
AT
be
could
also
ever, careful,how-
methods.
sentence
SPORTSMANSHIP
topics.It
THE
WHEEL
driving
Infractions of trafiBc regulations 2.
Passingon hill Going throughstop lights
3.
Turning
1.
without
corners
signal
Taking rightof way Bad behavior on road 4.
B.
C. D.
reckless
1.
Being
2.
Showing
Drivingin Driving in
off
unfit condition unfit
car
*
material for the outhne is based The on Chapter IV of the Sportsmanlike Driving pamphlet "Driver and Pedestrian ResponsiAutomobile Association. bihties,"published by the American
389
OUTLINES
II.
Courtesyin driving of other
Consideration
A.
people
~~-
1. Drivers 2. Pedestrians
of others
Tolerance
B.
drivers
1. Poor 2.
Beginners
3. Show-oflFs C.
Careful
D.
Self-control
III.
Knowledge
of horn
of the power
of
a
B.
Notice
the form
the firstword
1. Write
of
a
good
of each
2. Indent
each 3. Use
some
consistent
ideas
I.
A. 1.
2. a.
b. B. 1. 2.
(1) (2) A. B. C.
390
are
to
scheme be used
outline.
topicwith
headingsso that those of other. See example of form
which
11.
car
of speed to force of impact Knowing relationship of speed to stopping distance Knowing relationship
A.
82f.
use
letter. capital rank are under parallel
in Section
like the to
a
82e.
followingto developother ideas.
show
OUTLINES
4. As
far
keep topicsof equalrank possible,
as
in
parallel
form. Weak:
A.
Consideration
B.
To
5. Do
permit one
not
Weak:
I.
of other
people
of others
Tolerance
B.
people
tolerate others
Consideration
Improved:A.
of other
another. topicto overlap
Historyof jazz
II. The
Dixieland Jazz Band Original
Improved: I. Originof jazz Dixieland Jazz Band II. The Original 6. Avoid
the
following topics:
I. Introduction II.
Body
III. Conclusion
outline
An
topics providesa containingspecific
plan than
outline with
more
these three
general heads. In a short theme, the proportionis destroyedif a whole paragraphis used to introduce the subject or clude conof a paragraph two it.A sentence at the beginning or useful
will
to
serve
82g. Avoid
open
does
an
the whole
using an
topicof
the paper.
organization that
cuts
the topic in
half. I. II. III.
Advantages Disadvantages My
opinion
both I "My opinion" reallyoverlaps organization and II and should be discussed as points are presented. When have been given,there advantagesand disadvantages is nothing to say. This is a very loose type of organizamore tion. In this
391
OUTLINES
Does it
the outline^
Check
82h.
developthe subtopic
each
main
topicunder
which
appears? Does
topicoverlapanother?
any
3
EXERCISE
Rewrite
these outlines
to according
GOING
of
I. Conveniences A.
To
the
STEADY
going steady
sure
2. Chance 3. Less 4. Sense To
82a-h.
boy and girl
1. Date
B.
Section
to
off before friends
show
expense of belonging
parents
1. No
child's friends
about
worry
Opportunityto encourage good standards of going steady Disadvantages 2.
II.
A,
To
of behavior
girlinvolved chance
1. No
boys contacts new establishing know
to
2. Difficulties of
many
if the relationship
is broken
of
3. Loss
much
time
of outside interests
4. Loss To
when
boy
one
B.
girlfriends
parents
boy or girlchosen earlymarriage
1. Possible dislike of 2.
Worry
about
III. Individuals A. B.
Types Types
C.
Reasons
of
peoplewho
who
should
for
variety's I.
392
should
not
go
steady steady go
parentalopposition the
spice
of
My opinion of going steady the spiceof life A. Variety's
life
is
spent with
OUTLINES
B.
2.
II. Defects A.
in
Keeping
Too
Lack
of interest
D.
going steady
in stead v
friends
in meeting new people Difiiculty to get alongwith others Ability Choosinga husband 1. Familiar with one personality
2.
of
Type
III. Controversial A.
things
in others
of valuable
2. Loss
C.
the swirl of
young of and disadvantages
1. Confides
B.
it
fad
1. A
C.
else does
Everyone
wanted
man
parents and
topic among
Parents
are
1. Fun
to
teen-agers
againstit date
several
boys
2. In their B.
day Relationship in 1. Not actually become
2. Can C.
CONFORMIST
THE
I.
My point of
love
serious
view
AND
INDIVIDUALIST
THE
Thinking A.
Conformist 1. Does
not
toward
2. Leans
B.
think
majority
3.
Accepts anything
4.
Adjuststo
group
Individualist 1.
Impressionmeans
nothing
2. Suits himself 3.
IL
Way A.
Logical of life
Conformist 1.
Copy
2. Not
next
dare
3. Counted 4.
person be difi^erent out
of
society
Style 393
OUTLINES
B.
Individualist what
1. Does
-^
Happier contributions
4. More III.
pleases
always successful
2. Not 3.
he
Opinion A.
Conformist 1. Follower
advancement
2. No B.
Individualist 1. Leader
knowledge
2. Seeks
3. Searches
for
and
new
OPTIMISM
I.
pro
Good
points
"
A.
1.
B.
PESSIMISM
con
outlook
Happy
2. Confidence 3.
AND
and
Optimism
better ways
life
on
the future
in
Forgivingattitude
Bad
points
1. Overconfidence
2. Often
disappointed the bad thingsabout see
3. Cannot
C.
Danger of 1. Will
any
person
or
thing any-
extremes
accept somethingon
its
good points and forget
the bad 2. Will
happy II. Pessimism A.
Good
accept advice
not
sad
or
pro and
"
disappointing
2. Promotes Bad
outlook
2. Seldom
C.
394
cautiousness
points
1. Dark
3.
con
points
1. Seldom
B.
when
take
on
chances
Over cautiousness
Danger
of
life
extremes
it
concerns
something
OUTLINES
1. Distrust 2. Constant
III.
worry
Comparison A.
Both
B.
Danger
C.
Optimism is the come by
WHO
SAYS
I. Patterns A.
have in
bad
going to
in either
extremes
but it is the harder to
today past decade
the
Developmentsin
two
one
BETTER?
WERE
culture
our
points
better of the
1920's
THE
in
and
good
devices
1. Atomic 2. Modern
jargon
changes
3. Domestic
progress and discoveries of life in the 1920's
4. Medical II. Patterns A.
Social conditions 1.
Gang
rule
2. Prohibition of
3. Lack III.
justice
Comparisonsor eras A. Similar problemsin both periods 1. Unlawful drinking 2. Hoodlums
B. Other
at
war
in
streets
similarities
1. Dress 2. Dance
IV. Conclusion A. B.
THE
Improper perspectiveby contemporaries Superiorevaluation by posterity NONCONFORMISTS
CONFORMING
I. The A. II. The A.
"crime"
of
nonconformity
of pressure
Areas
of conformity
adolescents
of adolescent
Areas
conformity
III. Conclusion A.
Hope
for the future
395
MANUSCRIPT
4
EXERCISE
outlines for three of the
Write Exercise
topicsthat
for
outlines
Write
selected from
AND
the paper
ENDINGS
of
topics
two
theme
a
look
THEMES
OF
should
attract
attention; that
enough for interesting
reading.Sometimes
continue
to
of each
81a-f.
Section
beginningof
is,make want
listed in
5
phase
some
BEGINNINGS
The
you
1. EXERCISE
83.
FORM
the reader
littleanecdote
a
to a
or
bit of
will help. Effective endings conversation striking the composition. summarize
Beginning:Mark
Twain
peopleand
some gratify
Ending: After
astonish the rest."
I could onlyhope that efforts,
all
my friends
my
This will said,"Always do right.
once
than gratified
were
EXERCISE
the
Write
that you
opening and
a
astonished,
for the themes
closingsentences
outlined in Exercises
teacher may
of
6
4 and
84. MANUSCRIPT Your
more
5.
FORM
directions for prepargive you special ing
manuscript. Neatness
always be required.The
will
following suggestions may help you: the title in the
1. Write
center
of the
top line of the first
all important words. Don't Capitalize articles unless or capitalize prepositions, conjunctions, they are at the beginningor end of a title or consist of of your theme.
page
five
or
more
letters,
2. Write
in ink
or
asked
to read
a
3. Number 396
and
use
paper
arrange
a
No typewriter. written
in
the pages
teacher
should
pencil. in correct
order.
be
REVISION
PROOFREADING
AND
4. Unless
given other instructions,fold
are
you
lengthwiseand
the
on
outside
^vrite
your
the paper
name,
your
class,the date,and the title of the composition. 5. Leave
margin of
a
at least
inch
an
on
the left side of each
page. 6. Do
not
Erase
brackets
use
revised 1. Check
PROOFREADING
AND
should
paper
and
be submitted
ever
until it has been
2. Check 3. Check
grammar.
4. Check
unity,coherence,emphasis.
5. Check
efiFectiveness. 7
EXERCISE
made the
a
theme
order
to
Remember
write
avoid
write
4 a
the
or
on
5. When
second errors
one
of the outlines which
your
you teacher has indicated
in theme, proofreading carefully
which
that the outline is the
follow it. After you
based
for Exercise errors,
fully care-
proofread.
spelling. punctuation.
Write
word.
a
the word.
85. REVISION No
cancel
parenthesesto
or
you
made
plan,and
making the outline,be
sure
in the
the theme to
first one.
should
follow it when
your theme.
397
The Research
Paper The
research paper from two is usually
to six
notes
into
the actual
writingare
theme
a
or
writingof
thousand
words
materials, takingcareful
readingsource these
called
is also sometimes
a
the
research
the latter
unified
whole.
but
paper,
requiresa
the
paper. It
term
longand requires notes, and organizing The problemsof
whether
same
a
write
you
a
short
preparationfor
different and
the
involved
more
and in note taking Skill in the use of the library procedure. is necessary. (See Section 88.) This skill will be valuable, too, when
make
you must report. Before
learn
to
you
find material
in
86. USING In
most libraries,
some
accessible easily
to
perhapssome go
to
you if you 398
some
readingroom.
main
advanced
these
report for your club
begin the work the library. THE
a
on
or
a
ness busi-
long paper,
LIBRARY
of the books
the students. In
it is necessary to store
the
a
are
on
open
shelves
however, largelibraries,
of the books in stacks away from Usuallyonly the librarian and students who
have
special permission
stacks,but the librarian will
them properly. identify
get books for
USING
LIBRARY
THE
86a.
of the card
Use
libraries, every nonfiction book
In most
tells the student be found.
can
5
by
the librarian
or
numbers
These
The
Many
books
name
at one
listed
are
have
alphabetical alphabetically the author's
the top, one with the name of the book at the top, with a subjectclassification at the top. If, then, find books
by a certain author, you All of his books in the card catalogue. name togetherin alphabetical arrangement. If you know want
you his
of
to
book, you
a
look in the
appropriatedrawer
you
references
to
the three types of cards are for the same
Notice
author's book In
an
Before
If slips.
subject. Subjectcards related subjects. cards on page 400. These library book.
top. The
on
The
go
you do
you
Write
some.
the call number
The
other
first card
show
two
the
not name
the card
to
has the
the
same
500-599,
historysection will learn
sections
is the
any, ask the librarian to of the book, the author, and
call slip(a separate slip for each book be used to locate the book. a
with all the
in which
card
see
literature section
a
each
secure catalogue,
slipcan then If the library will notice is small, you shelves. There will probablybe a science
most
the title
for the
by subjectand by title. corner, usuallythe left,of upper
call
give you
you
will be
listed
call number. some
the
at
name
for
a
which
often contain
look
card for it. If you have simplya would like to find information, you
find
can
subjecton
three
inches
labels in
with
one
that
number
shelf the book
filed
are
three cards:
on
a
cards (3 library
which
cards
has
which
on on
are
small drawers
inches) in
arrangement.
and
catalogue.
are
Do frequently.
numbers
with
900-999.
numbers, but you
with
bers num-
numbers
800-899,
It is not
that likely
will
soon
the system of the
the types of books that you hesitate to ask the librarian to
and library
the rules
by
a
learn the
found not
.
the
headingson section
)
which
use
plain ex-
it
operates. 399
USING
LIBRARY
THE
Author
IChase,
card
Stnart, 1888- i of words, by Stuart Chase in collaboration "with Tyler Chase, ilsted.3 New York, Harcourt,Brace
Power
Marian
1I954, 21
SOS p. ^"
"
Includes
cm.
bibliographies.
words
of
Power
Title card UOO
Chase, Stuart, 1888of words,
i Power
C38P
tbv Stuart Chase
T^lerChase.
Sliwian
in collaboration with
York, Harcourt,Brace
[1sted.j New
1954, 21cm.
308 p. Includes
bibliographies.
LANGUAGE
loo C38p
Chase, Stuart, 1888of words, by Stuart Chase in collaboration with Tyler Chase. [1sted.j New York, harfonr1, Tiram I
Power
Marian
1.1954, I a)8 p.
21
Includes
cm.
bibliographies.
2. Language
1. Communication.
"
P90.C5 Library
/^ of
and
langunges.
400
1.
Title.
54^5980
1
[56m'15)
Congress
Subject cord
1. Author 2.
Call number
3.
A
4.
Title
5.
Number
6.
l" the
400
of his birth
of pages Publisher and date
of
headings under
publication which
libraryis large,there
of each
that you
date
bibliographyis included
7. Other
books
and
can
type. Ask find the
room
to
see
the book
will be
the
that you
is listed
for specialrooms chart of the library so need.
USING
LIBRARY
THE
EXERCISE
1
teacher may divide your class into four groups, each for one of the four assignments of which will be responsible Your
that follow.
(a) Find
1.
On
a
what
out
books
by
Mark
Twain
the call number
and
name,
(b) Find out what books by your library, has and list each on a separate card as library
2.
Spanishbooks
or
(a) Copy
call numbers
Examine
(a) three which
your
and
on
baseball your
in
(a), (c)
List
call numbers
of
library.
the titles, names
of
authors,and
in your library, (b) List history has on conservation, (c) library
in the fiction section
in
worthwhile
and interesting particularly
seem
list as
and
reading. index
(a) On
3.
on
of the books
some
for leisure
that
books
names,
in your
index cards
on
of five books
(a) the
in
as
authors' the titles,
cards
five French
brary. li-
identification
or
used
index
your
separate index card, write the titleof each of these
books, the author's
on
in
are
call numbers
names cards, list the titles,
of all books
of authors, and
bankingthat you can find in the in your library, card catalogue (b) List as in (a) five books on clair (c) List as in (a) all the books by Sinbiologyin your library, in Lewis your library. 4. (a) What books has your library On on airplanes? rate sepaon
index cards listtheir titles, names
of authors, and
call
bers, num-
in your library that you (a) five biographies be interesting think would the titles of to read, (c) Here are books that boys enjoy very much; if your library has them, two listthem on cards as in (a) : Conquest of Space,Under the Red
(b)
Sea on
Sun.
travel
books
86b.
as
List
in
as
If these books or
in
science
useful for
a
not
that would
in your interest
find library, your
group
two
and
books listthe
(a).
General
Reference
are
reference
books summary
such of
books.
and atlases are encyclopedias information. They are kepttogether as
401
USING
LIBRARY
THE
of the
and, unlike other books, library ence not be taken out of the library. Among the best refermay books are the Encyclopaedia Britannica,the Encyclopedia A Book Americana, and The World Encyclopedia. full listof reference books may be found in Guide to Reference Books by Constance Winchell. Since a reference book be revised every year, the encyclopedias cannot publish which information. recent yearbooks give more the publication date of It is always important to know any reference book because in a field in which changesare be supplemented or replaced occurring,old information must details. Outstanding recent events, changes, by more and progress in the fields of industry, ture, government, literaand education should be soughtin the yearbooksfor the period. The Statesman's Yearbook, for an example,gives and industries data regardingthe government, population, in
a
section special
of many Yearbook date
Current
volumes
the World
Almanac
nations.
and
of both are
valuable
for up-to-
information. 2
EXERCISE
Make
list of the
a
Consult one library. topicsthat follow. that you use list the main
and
Alexander
the Great
Amatitlan Andrea
del Sarto
Artillery Francis
Bacon
Bavaria
Daniel
Boone
Caveat
emptor
and yearbooksin encyclopedias of them
for information
the
Write
on
your of the
one
of the reference
name
the date of its
pointsmade
Advertising Agricultural machinery
402
the Statesman's
book
In topicform publication.
in the article.
Chemical
warfare
Chess
Homer Horse
Chinese
painting
racing
Naples
Diving apparatus
New
Dresden
Numismatics
Fingerprints
Tibet
Football
Henry
Ford
Mexico
Tolstoy Trade
unions
Benjamin Franklin
Treason
Heredity
Waterloo
LIBRARY
THE
USING
EXERCISE
Refer the
to
in order to be able to
Almanac
answer
questions: following
1. Who
the British
won
five
2. Name
Golf
Open
motion outstanding
Championshipsin
picturesof
1946?
last year. Who
the stars?
were
homes in the United States have radios? many is the population of Rome, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow?
3. How 4. What
5. What
86c.
the World
3
is the
of capital
Reference
books
the
Republicof
Israel?
on
specialsubjects.
such a broad generalreference books must cover ence field, theycan give only very limited information. A referbook in a special field will give many details on more the subject. The following list suggests some helpfulspecial Because
reference books. 1.
Biography: American
Biographies Authors Today and Yesterday Current Biography Dictionaryof American Biography of National Biography(English) Dictionary Living Authors
2.
Who's
Who
Who's
Who
English) (Principally in America
History: Dictionaryof
American
History,New
Scribner's Sons, 1942, 5 vols, and 3. Literature A.
"
L. A.
York, Charles
index,
SpecialIndexes: Index
Firkins' Index Index Granger's
.
.
.
to
General
Literature
of Plays,1800-1926 to
Poetryand
Recitations
403
USING
4. Literature
and
Reference
General
"
LIBRARY
THE
Books, QuotationBooks,
Guides:
^
Baker's
Guide
to
Baker's
Guide
to
the Best
Fiction
Historical Fiction
Bartlett's Familiar
Quotations Literature Cambridge Historyof American Cambridge Historyof EnglishLiterature Oxford Companion
to
American
Oxford Companion
to
EnglishLiterature
Sonnenschein's Stevenson's U.S.
Books
Best
Book
Home
Catalog,with
Literature
of Quotations
Cumulative
Book
Index
5. Music: Grove's
and
of Music Dictionary
Musicians
6. Business: Statistical Abstract
86d.
Indexes
The
most
in
recent
number
newspapers of indexes
current
information
of the most
one
how
to
The end one
use
information and which on
States
on
some
subjects may
articles. There
are
a
any
it
Guide
to
Periodical
Literature
is
useful. When
an index,it is always you use will explain the first few pages, which
the book
Readers'
Guide
and is
what
abbreviations
publishedevery
two
used.
are
weeks.
At
the
of the year, all the material for the year is gatheredin volume. If you wish to see whether has the last month
recent
index
subject, your special you of the Readers' Guide; but if you
last year
year. There 404
pear ap-
possiblefor you to find subjectthat has appearedin
make
produced anythingon what
articles.
newspaper
magazine
Readers'
read
important to
United
and
magazine
to
The periodicals.
of the
are
offered,you consult the volume also volumes
for
use
the most
want
to
see
for the whole
periodslongerthan
a
year.
USING
LIBRARY
THE
useful indexes
Other
Index, Agricultural
the
are
following:
1916-
selected
subjectindex to a agricultural magazines,books, bulletins.
This
Art
is
cumulative
a
Index,
This
is
1929-
author
cumulative
a
and
This
and
dealingwith
bulletins
of the Public
Bulletin
list of
subjectindex
to
zines maga-
the fine arts.
AffairsInformation Service,
1915-
books, subjectindex to current pamphlets,periodicals, government documents, and other material in the fields of economics and publicaffairs. is
Index,
Dramatic
This
cumulative
a
was
an
the
1909-1949
index to articles and
annual
stage and
playersin
illustrations concerning
American
and
British
periodicals. Education This
Index,
is
a
1929-
cumulative
author
and
subjectindex
books, bulletins,and reports in the
entire
to
zines, magafield of
education.
Engineering Index,
1884-
With
changesover the years, this index has been since index to periodicals 1928 a selective subject-author in all but technical engineeringfields. It is publishedannually, libraries receive weekly cards containingthe information eventually publishedin the annual volumes. Facts
This
File, 1940-
on
is
index. the
a
weekly
It includes
digestwith a cumulative in world, national, and foreignnews
of finance and
areas
and and
is
news
economics,
arts
and
cation science, edu-
aries, affairs, religion, politics, military sports,obituother miscellany.
Industrial Arts This
world
Index,
1913-
cumulative
tensive subjectindex to a selected but exlistof business,finance,appliedscience, and technology books, and pamphlets. periodicals, a
405
USING
Index,
Music
This
is
LIBRARY
1949-
index
cumulative
a
THE
to
periodical
music
current
literature. The
York
New
This
is
a
by
cumulative
title. For
by
topicof the
in
refer
might find
articles
to
Guide
of
Conservation
Science
Country
N
55:
that
9
1
Ja
live within
own
means.
49.
the world?
feed
can
F.
Osborn
Atlan.
'48.
Ap
consult the list of
book, you will find that Letter. The
You
following:
challengeto
L
71-6
181:
look
resources
faces
America
the investigate
to
you would topic "Conservation."
the
to
by subjectand author,
resources,
for the
entry similar
an
tance impor-
column.
wish
you
of natural
conservation
of national
events
date, page, and
to
example,if
Readers'
If you
guideto
reference
All these indexes not
Index, 1913-
Times
magazines
Science
article appears
N
L
in Volume
in
the front of the Science
means
News
55, page 9, for January
1, 1949. The
second
pages 71-76 in the
article
written
was
in Volume
181
the Readers'
Guide
to
topicslisted below. Copy the Then ask the librarian to giveyou copiesof
you
406
in
Since
all magazines,you
of articles. Read write
need.
one
topicform
Monthly.It magazine.
Periodical
the
which
entries
Literature
which
the volumes
libraries do may
need
of the articles the main
It is
on
was
4
EXERCISE
Use
Osborn.
F.
of the Atlantic
of this
1948, issue April,
by
to on
not
seem
to
find
usable.
of the zines magahave bound
limit your choice each subjectand
pointspresented.
CHOOSING
TOPIC
THE
87. CHOOSING OF
Choose
87a. You
you like
have
A
most
PAPER
RESEARCH
interests you. that you write
probablydiscovered
interested in what
are
other
are
you
you,
interested in
be
suitable theme
a
better when
Since investigating.
to likely
students, are
might find
vocation, you
TOPIC
THE
topic that
a
PAPER
RESEARCH
A
OF
topicrelated
a
to
you expect to do in the future. You might like to in your chosen field,the prepthe opportunities investigate aration Or perhaps the salary to be expected. or required, the work
one
of these
topicsfor
would
research
interest
you.
making Smog problems
Rain
Effects of television on Television The
reading
ratingsystems
of television in education
use
of the future
Homes
Americans
love statistics
Education
and the comics
policy Propagandaas part of our foreign Motion picturecensorship The changingfamily Book censorship False advertising in industry Women The
war
for men's
minds
athletics college Trick photography Municipalsupport of the arts Commercialized
Financinga Do
The
the
civic theater
largestadiums pay?
commercialization
of
amateur
sports
Sportscar racing Economic
problemsof the
American
theater
Space travel a business Establishing
407
n"^
CHOOSING
TOPIC
THE
OF
A
RESEARCH
PAPER
art make
money? Broadway'simpact on Hollywood Must
Jazz as
expressionof
an
Truth and fiction about
Tin Pan
The
method in Stanislavsky Dangers of popularscience Advice
The
columns
^~~
America
Alley
the theater
in the newspaper
of ballet popularity
new
energy and peace Influence of Hollywood
Atomic
The
art
motion
our
woods
Save
87b.
Choose
picture
topicthat requiresresearch.
a
to you but be too interesting Which too personal to requirean or investigation. topicsv^ould requireresearch?
A
topicmay
be very
test
farm pay do I inherit?
Making a
My
What
Slum
87c.
Limit the
favorite television
X
actors
clearance
the Hollywood meets lengeof television
Learningto appreciatemusic Camp
of these
unusual? Is my family A tripto Washington
conWinning a photography
Activities at
narrow
chal-
topic.
Since your first research papers will contain onlybetween fifteen hundred and two thousand words, it is importantto limit your topicto in this space. Limit and
can
an
area
that
can
be handled
your topicalso to make clear to the
adequately
that you can derstand ungeneralreader. Many one
but psychological topicssound very interesting, be treated only superficially can by peoplewho have not studied medicine or psychology. With topicslike "Therapy for the Psychoneurotic" Needs of the "The Psychological or Child" there is danger of using psychological terms glibly the without really them or of oversimplifying understanding material. An article (not a child's encycloencyclopedia
medical
408
or
TOPIC
THE
CHOOSING
OF
RESEARCH
A
PAPER
of
pedia)will give a generalview you
a
interested and may suggest subdivisions of the general but material should be used obtain this to only area, of the
view
whole
encyclopedia
topic.Because
it is not suitable for actual general, taking.Chapterheadingsof books on your topicwill field. helpyou to limit your subject
material note
also
be very
must
5
EXERCISE
eral paper, write for each of these broad fields sevtopicswhich mightbe handled in two thousand words
your
Science
Modern
Conservation
Plastics
Farming
American
Ballet
Costume
87cl. Choose
Keep have
the
in mind
to
use.
art
education
design
use
(see Section
which you will library on a search finally topicfor a re-
in your
you decide the Readers' Guide
86d)
Hbraryto
and
the
to
card
Periodical
catalogue(Section
be
based
EXERCISE
books, magazines,books,
a
a
examined
a
at
satisfactory
87
or
from
your
own
terests, in-
topicwhich you would like to investigate. of the topicin an encyclopedia and bring
summary class for discussion five
might be
consulted
6
the lists given in Section choose
material
upon
and pamphlets.Unless you have newspapers, least five or six sources, write you cannot research paper.
From
ture Litera-
find available material. Remember
that your research paper should from different sources: reference
to
acie~
libraryhas
your
of the
resources
Before
paper,
86a)
which
topic on
a
:
information.
quote
Read
in which
area
are
broad
On
broad
a
or
in other
six sources
which subtopics
you
think
and used in your paper. 409
SI^{Ci""C
TAKING
88. TAKING
books
Choosing
88a.
NOTES
NOTES
and
articles.
requirethe use of at least five or six references, some including magazine articles.Which ones involve many to choose will,of course, points,but you can Most
term
will
papers
selection when
begin your subjectin
the card
dates may
not
the cards
examine
you
Books catalogue.
with
be useful for the type of
on
your
old
publication that you are subject
investigating. The
author
helpyou book
should
decide whether
will contain
the field. The
in
whether
there is
a
Who's investigated.
he knows
chaptersthat wish
note
to
make
takingthe
88b.
usable.
seem
will
books
at
least
contents.
one
books
ten
Then
for
skim
amination. ex-
the
Graduallythe generalpointthat
will become
Materials
the field.Often
Who
good books of other acceptable a bibliography card in the card catalogue will tell you of five books If a minimum bibliography.
be used, you should select Look at the table of
is to
you
also be
clear,and you
that will contribute
for note
to
can
select for
it.
taking.
ing Many peoplehave found that the most efficientnote takfor a long paper is done on index cards (3 inches by 5 inches),or on largercards. Some people,however, prefer sheets of paper. The importantthingis to use different a card or pieceof paper for each fact recorded. You can then the cards or papers into position that all notes on move so Such a procedurewill simplify one subjectare together. the organization of your paper. 88c.
Organization for
Any projectshould you
can
begin to 410
save
time
taking.
note
have
a
plan.By planningyour work,
and also write
take notes, consider
better paper. Before you what will be required. Since a
NOTES
TAKING
all research papers must the information needed as
proceedwith
you
and footnotes, bibliography producethem should be gathered raphy. your bibliogpaper. First,make
to
the
88cl. Preparation of
a
a
bibliography.
you have selected the books and magazines that material to be used, make a separate bibliography
When contain
card for each Section
88e.
have
Here
one.
is
a
card. (See sample bibliography
92.)
Method
of note
the index
1. Use
pages you 2. Take
taking.
and
table of contents
will find material that
to
on
see
which
be used.
can
by 6-inch index cards with will save a separate card for each topic.(This method much later when time ready to organizeyour you are ) points. Skim the page before writinganything.
3.
notes
on
An
efficient
written
books
the
one
note
and
beginning of quicklydown the
side of 4-
taker
first skims
articles often have each
page
his material.
topicsentences
paragraph.Let pickingup these
your main
eyes
Wellnear move
points. 411
^
TAKING
NOTES
7
EXERCISE
science text to practice or history, geography, skimming.Open the book to a page indicated by your and be preparedto teacher. Skim the page in two minutes hst the main points.
Use
your
4. Record
Before
information
for footnotes.
notes
taken, copy
any
are
of the author, the titleof book page
from
which
the
for your
of the write
the
It is
your
a
not
of time
so
paragraphor
Notes
are
often
idea is
main
Learn
a
cannot
want
to
main
show
be used. Here 412
portant im-
further examination
rightcorner
the note
are
the
of the card,
deals.
erence. copy whole pages from your refthe meaning be full enough to make to
page taken
can
in
also to abbreviate
If your
details
every detail is included. Often be reduced to a sentence two. or
topicor phraseform
so
retained,but modifiers and articles are
read the
name
long that
careful, however.
Be
the
notes.
should
Notes
clear,but
which
These
also for any
In the upper
source.
waste
a
and
the card
magazine article,and
is taken.
note
footnotes
topicwith
5. Condense
or
on
notes
the words
Don't
that appear abbreviate so much
that the omitted.
frequently. that you
later.
subjectis Propaganda Devices, you might how rumors or whisperingcampaigns can is a passage on which you might take some
NOTES
TAKING
The
notes.
notes
taken
on
it
are
on
the
sample card
that
follows the passage. those are Perhapsthe most potent pipe-dreamrumors the yen for financial gain.These morsels, which satisfy whisperedeverywherein the strictest confidence, to be and financial exchanges sure, have sent the stock markets They have set throughoutthe world soaringand diving. crawling mass migrationsin motion. They have sent men in the deserts, about the bottoms of the oceans, searching
scouringthe
and
the
onlyin
:^
6.
Try
to
If you it
copy
to
sure
*
lands
which
for wealth
be found
imaginativestories.
r/y^ .m^JL^"Ui.. ^^^gji^U^JJu
use
your
own
words
in
takingnotes.
that statement striking exactlywith quotationmarks find
note
to
was
a
the
source
and
the page
you wish to quote, around it. Be very on
which
the
ment state-
is found. in your readingand in your distinguish facts and the author's opinion. takingbetween
7. Be careful
The and
on
value
to
of
opinionsdepends on
the information
upon
which
who
they are
expresses
note
them
based; there413
^t
PREPARING
fore, a good paper
THE
tell the reader
should
whose
ideas
beingpresented,
note
^
8
history, geography,or taking. Open your books to a your
Skim
instructor.
used would
it first.Then
your paper
89. PREPARING
THE
notes.
science
text
practice
to
page indicated by your read the sections that will be
On
in your
are
"
EXERCISE
Use
OUTLINE
the
write
that you
notes
take.
Before
the research paper, you should outline for it. (See Section 82 for outline form. )
to beginning an
prepare
the
Because
write
the outline
important than
have
followed
have
a
upper 89a.
deals with
longpaper
the short paper, more
an
These B9b.
a
paper
short paper.
is
even
If you
takingyour notes, you now cards with a topicwritten in the
of
Organize the
notes.
Read
for the research
outline for
largenumber of rightcorner
Choose
details than
more
many
directions for
each.
togetherall of the topicscan be used
Put
OUTLINE
a
central
cards that carry the in the outline.
topic.
same
idea for presentation.
central purpose idea. State this central point in a theme sentence. controlling
or
notes
your
and carefully
to Referring
and
main
theme
on
as constantly you will help to keep you
which
on
you that material. containing 89c. From 414
Select the main the
a
it
the paper will alwayshave notes write
select
topicsin
material
make on
that does
decide. finally
the outline
the not
topic.You
developthe
Discard
the cards
divisions of the central idea. the upper
rightcorner
of your
cards,
WRITING
PAPER
THE
select the
that will
ones
pointsfor
your generaltheme. numerals to form Roman I. Rumors
III.
the
beside
each
beside
all
the skeleton of your outline.
pointsare note
notes
a
to
logicalfashion.
a
single topic.Decide be presented. Write
the order in the letter A
the second
be discussed
point to
the
B
use
under
subtopics.
the finished outline.
Check
that each
1. See
II
the firstpoint to be considered;
on on
on
in
War
fillin the outline skeleton with
I. Now
89e.
ideas
the cards
which
supporting largetopicsopposite
as
Subordinate
Examine
main
Place these
Propaganda Propagandatechniques American propagandain World
11.
89d.
the
bring out
division indicated
by
numeral
Roman
a
developsa single topic that does not overlapthe point made in another division, (See Section 82.) 2. Examine
that
the material under
each
pointsindicated by A, B, C,
If the outline is well of your
numeral
Roman
etc., are
of
made, these letters can
to
see
equalvalue. be the basis
paragraphing.
90. WRITING
THE
PAPER
All the directions for
ble. writinga theme are again applica81-85. ) In the longpaper, however, it is
(See Sections importantto give more
careful attention
that will lead from
one
idea
to
to
transitional
another
and
pressions ex-
keep
the whole in
tied together. Read your notes in the order closely which you have plannedthem so that you will be thoroughly the firstdraft with familiar with the subject. Write
space When
between
the lines in order
to
have
room
for revision.
the material and write you need a footnote,number the footnote at the bottom of the page on which you are
working.(See Section 91.) 415
^F^^CI'^Cl Follow
90a.
WRITING
outline
your
THE
PAPER
carefully.
keep your ideas in order. If, as you write, you wish to change your arrangement make the of details or add some material, changeon your outline first.Then check it to see that your unity has not been destroyed. 90b,
Use
a
will
paragraph system.
A research paper a
plan and
outline is your
Your
is
a
serious
vivid, lively styleis, of
discussion of
course,
a
topic,though
desirable. Do
not
paragraph A paragraphin this type of writingshould by impulse. the developmentof an idea. Writing a topic sentence
be
for each
paragraphwill help to keep
Use
90c.
an
have
the material unified.
paragraph. introductory that in
short paper,
whole
paragraph devoted to an introduction may destroythe proportion.In a long paper, however, an introductory paragraphto give over-all view of the whole topicmay be desirable. an You
90d.
Revise
Read
seen
what
you
a
have
written.
a
(See Section
85.)
the firstdraft
Check unityand coherence carefully. and spelling. Have (Sections 74-80 ) punctuation, you used illustrations to clarify your points?Watch your sentence that there is a varietyof form structure to be sure tion (Secthat 72). Have you used too many simplesentences flat statements with There or are beginningwith the subject are? Combine of the of these to show the relationship some ideas and to avoid monotony in your style. Have you used ,
too
few footnotes? A full page without any footnotes need to be reexamined. notes footYet a great many may each page may that materials need to be on mean
many
or
too
you type the final copy, double space of 1/2 inches. Always read the final copy
If gatheredtogether. and for 416
leave
a
margin
errors. typographical
91ci
FOOTNOTES
MAKING
FOOTNOTES
91. MAKING
The
research paper must read what a number said about a topicand present their ideas
writer of
a
of
people have with some together The
reader
of his
Ideas
he
are
wishes
know
to
value this
For
as
the
reason,
footnote
a
those
to
not
whose
thinkingthey are.
in relation to their
by example,ideas presented same
his reading.
on
all of the ideas sented prethe productof the thinking of the
often valuable
are
that
understands
in the paper
writer, but
based thinking
own
For
source.
an
will not have the journalist offered by an in the field. authority research paper has written carefully a
tell the reader
where
the information
was
obtained. 91a.
Use
a
footnote
give the
to
of information.
source
The
sentences not a productof a student's are following thinking. They contain information which must have been obtained in his reading. The small number perior (calleda sufollows the statements and refers to the same figure) number of the page. Following this number at the bottom
is the
footnote,which
obtained
tells where
the writer
of the paper
the information. have politicians
Because
the theater in America
been interested in the arts, has received no state endowment. not
development,however, has been aided by peoplelike Otto Kahn, who helped the Theater Guild Its artistic
^
over
its initialdifiiculties, and Irene
who
endowed
Sheldon
Company,
the
Cheney,The
and Alice Lewisohn,
NeighborhoodPlayhouse.^ Theatre
(New York: Tudor
Publishing
1939), p. 505.
If you find in your reading a very verbatim, copy it you wish to use reference
and
Footnotes
are
footnote
use
a
not
used
to
that striking expression exactlyas it is in your
tell where
for information
you found it. that is generally
known. 417
91b 91b.
MAKING
Use
standard
a
in its
There
and
be
sistent con-
use.
for footnotes. The
forms
various
are
of footnote
form
FOOTNOTES
StyleSheet
of America
Association
Modern
guage Lan-
lowing: favors the fol-
1. Books:
Book
author:
by one
Tunis, This
John R.
and
Barnes
Henry
Writing Game Company, 1941), p.
by
two
more
or
John Tasker
A.
York:
A.
S.
26.
Mencken, The American
Louis
(New York: Alfred Book
(New
Language,4th
Knopf,Inc., 1936), p.
ed.
168.
authors:
Howard
and
Composers (New
Arthur
Mendel, Our
York: Thomas
rary Contempo-
Y. Crowell
pany, Com-
1941), p. 82. Book
of two
or
more
Douglas S.
volumes: York:
George Washington (New Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948), II, 142.
Book
Freeman,
preparedby an
editor:
Representative English Comedies, Gayley (New York: The Macmillan
ed.
Charles
Mills
Company, 1916),
I, xxiii. Richard York: A
ed.. Great Aldington,
Duell, Sloan
"
French
Romances
Pearce, Inc., 1946), p. 17.
Translation: The
Odyssey,trans. George Herbert (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1929),
Homer,
2. Articles From
a
Palmer p. 46.
stories): (essays,
magazine:
Walter
D.
Edmonds,
"Arrival of the
SaturdayEvening Post, 418
(New
CCX
Lily Dean,"
(May 7, 1938),
5.
The
MAKING
91c
FOOTNOTES
or
Edmonds, "Arrival of the LilyDean," The SaturdayEveningPost,May 7, 1938, p. 5.
Walter
D.
Roger Angell,"A
Walk
in
XIX Washington," Holiday,
(May, 1956), 37. or
"A Roger Angell,
Walk
in
Washington," Holiday,May,
1956, p. 37. "What
to
Do
1956),
69.
About
the Draft?"
Life,XL
(May 14,
or
"What
About
Do
to
the Draft?"
Life,May 14, 1956, p.
69.
From
collection:
a
Katherine ed.
A Studyof the Short Story, Mansfield,"Bliss,"
Henry S. Canby
and
Alfred Dashiell
(New
York:
Henry Holt and Company, Inc.,1935), p. 303. Burges Johnson,"Campus Versus Classroom," Reading for Opinion,ed. Earl Davis and William C. Hummel (New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1952), pp. 79-82. From
a
newspaper:
"Summer's
Children,"The
York
New
June 19,
Times,
1954, p. 14. "The U. S. and
15, 1956, The
Note: second
Notice not
91c. same
Sunday
that when
given,the Use
a
shorter
York
April
Times,
4, p. 8. is to the
dailyedition,the
edition.
the
footnote
New
name
of the author of
beginswith form
article is
an
the titleof the article.
for later footnotes
on
the
the
one
source.
1. Ibid. If
used
Section
The Critics,"
firstreference above the
to
Its
a
footnote refers to the
in the footnote
ibid,
(from
place")may
the
same
source
as
the immediatelypreceding, Latin ibidem meaning "in
tion abbreviathe
same
be used. 419
^^"d
MAKING
First
FOOTNOTES
entry: Sheldon
Theatre, revised edition (New York: Longmans, Green " Co., Inc.,1952), p. 505.
Second
Cheney, The
entry: Ibid.,p. 508.
2.
the firstfull reference
cit. After
Op.
providedthat
to
a
given work,
author is mentioned by the same cated in the paper, succeeding be indireferences may followed by op. cit. (from by the author's last name cited")and the opere citato meaning "in the work
Latin
page
or
pages
other work
no
to
the reference is made.
which
Cheney,op.
cit., p. 508.
3. Short title.Many
writers
now
use
a
references other than the first.The
short titlefor footnote
following example
illustratesthis form:
Cheney,p. 508. If
than
more
name
one
of the book
book must
by the same be repeated in
author is
used, the
footnotes after the
first,
Cheney,The First
Theatre, p. 508.
entry: Clifton
Fadiman,
Monthly,CLXXII
Subsequent entry for
the
"Herman
Melville," The
Atlantic
(October,1943), 88. same
article:
Allowed:
Fadiman, op. cit., p. 90. Preferred:
Fadiman, "Melville," p. 90. 91 d.
Numbering
of footnotes.
number Unless your teacher givesother directions, your with each 1 footnotes consecutively on beginning page. 420
A
MAKING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
92. A
and
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A
listof books, magazines, is an alphabetical bibliography pamphletson a given subject.
92a.
names
author's
name
bibliographycards
the
Arrange last
by
MAKING
authors.
of
Section
(See
given, list the (except the, a, or an) is not
the first word
alphabetically
item
If the
88d.)
accordingto
in the
title. Then
type the list.
Arrange all references (books, magazines,
92b.
in
92c.
Use
list unless
one
consistent
Punctuation
is
a
long bibliography.
punctuation.
varies
is best. Choose
there
phlets) pam-
in
but a simplestyle bibliographies,
the form
that you
w^ish
to
use
and
follow
that form
throughout. shows books and magazines sample bibliography would in a Ust of this length, separated, although separation This
not
be necessary. Bibliography
Books The Life and Times Allen,Hervey.Israfel: York: Rinehart
of Edgar Allan
Company, Inc., 1949. York: New Blasphemies. Augustus.Literary
Foe. New
Boyd,Ernest
"
Harper " Brothers,1927, pp.
163-185.
Magazine Articles
Huxley,Aldous Review
Leonard.
urday in Literature,"Sat"Vulgarity
VII of Literature,
27, 1930), (September
158-159. in It," American Wilson, James Southall. "Devil Was (October,1931), 215-220. Mercury,XXIV
If your instructor that your cards are a
neat
notes
wishes
to
included.
examine Do
not
your notes, be sure copy these to make
to arrangement. Your instructor will want want as you took them, and he will probably
about the method
you used
to
see
the
to know
build your outline from
them. 421
The Precis and the Paraphrase PRECIS
THE
93.
Skill in using it is importantin note summary. takingof any kind. Business and professional peopleoften
A
precisis a
ask their secretaries or
reportson
an
executive
of
not
the material
you
read the whole
to
port re-
some investigated important employeeto write a precisesummary.
an
carefully.
include all of the
precismust as
the time
that has
ask
may
have
read. It
must
importantideas. List include your own opinions
not
reactions.
or
93b.
Use
Reduce
a
does
Read
The these
new
committee
a
he project, 93a.
of articles keep a fileof summaries fields.When developmentsin their special to
the
words.
own
your
importantideas
to
their bare
ing makessentials,
often be substituted for can every word count. A word clause. The precisshould usually be not more than one-
third 93c.
as
longas
Retain
the
the Altering distort the 422
the
original.
plan of
order
meaning
in
the
which
original. details
of the article.
are
presented may
PRECIS
THE
93d. The
condensation
words;
English.
the precisin exact
Write
must
be written
it must
be
not
a
jumbleof
in sentences,
disconnected
preciseEnglish.
in
of transitional careful to jointhe ideas by means especially tween beexpressionsthat show exactlythe relationship
Be
the ideas.
EXERCISE
Write
a
precis of
1
this selection from
Beebe's
William
High Jungle: It is nation
land
advisable and often necessary for an attacked occasionally to sacrifice some unimportant portion of its temporarily
for better concentrated
defense.
This
temporary national
junglewarfare by certain longHeadlong they flee before the onslaughtof a
self-mutilation is reflected in tailed lizards.
swooping
hawk.
slow, and
second
too
before
it would
her delicately this have
Their
for sanctuary may be the clutching talons seize the
have
race
vanished
scales of lifeand
to
But safety.
a
fractional
longtail just balances
nature
death,and for justsuch
crisis
a
as
been
interlaced,proximal developedthe short,loosely tail muscles. Momentarilythere ensues crucial tug of war a between lizard legsand hawk talons. The muscles give way, the hurtles to safetydown the hole, and the hawk finds reptile vantage pickingson the capturedtail. The lizard has this admeager over
brand-new
the human
nation,
tail will sprout
out
in that within
from
American
a
precis of Movies
few
weeks,
a
the old stump.
EXERCISE
Write
a
this passage
2
from
Louis
R.
Reid's
Today:
Unchallengedis Hollywood'stechnical supremacy. In such sound recording, details as photography, set and costume ing, designthe California producerslead the world. Their artistic sity necesprogress is stillhampered by the seeminglyinescapable of making their dominant Of appealto childish intelligence. secondaryimportance is that productionbe based upon a 423
^F^pCI""!^
the
pabafkrase
Upon those occasions when maturity of story and treatment. progressiveand imaginativedirectors break away from trite and childish formulae to make picturesof mature intelligence,
the result,in many instances, has been astonishingly profitable. that Such films have been received with rejoicing portion among of the a
whom
publicto
time-passinghabit So responsiveare
or
escape from realities.
an
the
that
theyhave fallen newly found formulae
West
the
into to
Coast
artisans
of
grievous error
this acclaim
to
copying their
Thus lengths.
tiresome
has
had of films,built upon the themes which adult. So impressedis Hollywoodby what refreshingly succession
sure-fire that varietyand successful genuinely
change of
amusement,
pace, the
a
that you
precisof a selection are now using. 94.
A most
that
a
proved seems
mainstaysof
all
3
from
a
literature textbook
PARAPHRASE
in diflFerentwords. It is paraphraseis a restatement useful in handlingdifficult poetry or prose passages involved thoughtsor technical language. contain
94a.
Read
the passage
reference
Use
words
94b.
THE
come
neglected.
are
EXERCISE
Write
than
somethingmore
movie-goingmeans
Use
and your
books
carefully. to
scure the meanings of ob-
determine
allusions. own
words
to
present
the
essential
ideas in clear,simple English. EXERCISE
Write
a
that
424
4
paraphraseof a selection you are reading.
from
a
literature textbook
for Writing Special Purposes
Do
to you want in another town?
touch
keep in
with
a
friend who
new
hves
some you need a job?Do you want thing repairsmade on your home? Have you purchasedsomewhich proves to be defective? Must you discuss your other and many income with the government? These tax
Do
problems requireletters. 95.
Althoughsome
LETTERS
BUSINESS
business difficultiescan
it is often better to write
have
a
clear record
Manila in
letter because
has been
said.
copy of business communications. folders can be placed in the drawer
carbon
or
of what
a
be solved
a
file and
small,one-section
used
to
by
you
phone, telethen
Always keep a A package of of your
keep an
desk
orderly
arrangement of the business letters that you send and those that you 95a.
receive.
Plan.
Almost
everything is
planned.Letters
are
no
more
exception.The
dictates his letters without to
say and
how
he
can
successful
make
if it has
businessman
first planningwhat his
been who
he
wishes
pointsefiFectiveis
seldom 425
^95l9"C
BUSINESS
LETTERS
the person who spendsat least a few minutes the pointsto be made and considering the language listing
successful
as
as
that will carry his message. A good course ness in busiEnglishor careful readingof a book in this field will be invaluable if you wish your business letters to 95b.
get results.
Appearance.
pleasingimpressionthe it is taken from its envelope. moment Physicalappearance of typing or writing, qualityof paper, neatness ment arrangeof letter parts is almost as important to the total A
good
business letter
creates
a
"
"
effect reflect
as
content.
a
courteous
and
Correctness
attitude toward
attractiveness
in
form
the reader.
white, good-quality, unruled paper, preferably of the standard 8/2- by 11-inch size, althoughthe half-size sheet (8/2x 5%) is acceptable. but neat longif possible, Letters should be typewritten hand, in black or blue-black ink,is permissible. For typing, black ribbon fresh enough to ensure should be a legibility letters should
Business
used. The over
letter must
leave
or
a
be written
be
visible
on
in every
neat
detail. Never
strike
erasure.
good margin on all sides of the paper. If the letter is short,consider carefully the space that it will take and plan the margins accordingly. Leave
95c.
a
Parts.
Heading The
heading includes and
the
the date. In the block with
heading is placed even
least block corner.
writer
dress completemailingadform (see Section 95d), the left-hand margin at
the top of the paper. In the modified form, the heading appears in the upper right-hand
two
inches from
(See adds
spaces below 426
the writer's
Section
only the the
95d.
)
On
date. It is
letterhead
the stationery,
placed at least two line letterhead,either (1 ) in the center of the
LETTERS
BUSINESS
page,
the
with
(2) even
right-hand margin,or (3)
in the
with the left-hand margin. Abbreviations form, even should be avoided, and -st,-nd,-rd,or -th should not follow block
the
day of
the month.
Inside address The
inside address
person to whom you are the left-hand margin.The and
the
contains
the
headingvaries is usually at least three or always precedethe name
and
Honorable
four line spaces. Some titleshould of the person addressed: Mr., not
The
The
Reverend
The
Honorable
abbreviate full
follow these titles.The
the
titles
(not
name
last
titlesReverend
The.
precededby
are
from
the inside address space between with the lengthof the letter but
Professor,Reverend, Honorable.
only) should
of the
address
writing.It usuallyextends
Mrs., Miss, Dr., Professor.Do
name
and
name
Carlton C. Lane Charles
M.
McLaughlin
Salutation The
salutation should
spaces below forms:
two
extend
from
the left-hand
the inside address. The
are following
MEN
Most
margin, rect cor-
WOMEN
formal {to address
the
governor,
mayor,
ambassador, president, high officialof the
church): Formal:
Madam:
Sir:
My Dear
dear Sir: Sir:
My Dear
dear Madam: Madam: 427
BUSINESS
formal:
Less
My
Friendly: To
firm of
a
and To
men
or
men
dear Dr. Hill:
Mr.
Dear
Ned,
Mrs. Holt
Holt:
Dear
Miss
Dear
Nelda,
Gentlemen: Ladies:
women:
firm of
a
My dear
Hill:
Dear
LETTERS
Mesdames:
women:
business
today aims at a correspondence conversational friendly, style.Therefore, the less formal salutation is frequently used. The salutation labeled friendly should be employed onlywith peoplewith whom you have a very informal relationship. Note:
Most
Body of The
the letter
body
of the letter should
have
acteristi followingchar-
the
clearness,correctness, conciseness, courtesy, and character. Avoid
like hackneyed expressions
records to our according acknowledgingyour letter in
are
receiptof
the
following:
party per prox.
attached hereto
pursuant
beg to advise beg to inform by return mail
to referring state (forsay) take pleasure
to
conversation
our
contents
noted
take this opportunity
enclosed
pleasefind
thanking you
in
re
replywish kindlyinform in
Edmonds
our
Mr.
our
records
428
to state
show
in advance
this is
to
under
separate cover
wish
inform you
to say
you claim yours of recent
date
BUSINESS
LETTERS
Complimentary close Place the
to complimentaryclose slightly
middle
of the page, two the body of the letter.
A
truly, Very tnily yours. Yours
rightof
the
complimentaryclose.
Sincerely yours, Cordially yours.
participial phraseslike Hoping for an reply,Thanking you in advance. Avoid
Note:
the
line spaces below the last line of Only the firstword is capitalized.
usuallyfollows
comma
the
early
Signature Sign your
followed
name
in ink. A
name
by
married
her married
woman
signsher
own
name.
Janet Louise Black (Mrs. Henry R. Black) Miss, Mr., with
Incorrect:
Mrs.
is
used
never
as
part of
a
signature.
titles should degreesand professional signature.
Academic used
or
a
not
be
White
Dr.
Samuel
Sue
Ph.D. Jenkins,
should be typed If your letter is typewritten, your name four line spaces below the complimentaryclose and in line this should with it. If you have a particular titleor position, be
placedbelow
Note:
For
used in
a
full discussion of all the various
Business, by Robert Book
ters types of let-
of business, see L.
Letters Effective Shurter,publishedby the
Company.
Form.
Stylesin recent
name.
in the transaction
McGraw-Hill 95d.
your
business
years. Now,
letters have the indented
changed a great deal in heading is seldom used. 429
BUSINESS
The
block
modified
block
form
LETTERS
is the
acceptedone in business writing.In the block form, the margins modern firstline of a pragraphis not indented. Every set. The are line of the letter beginsat the left margin. or
BLOCK
MODIFIED
FORM
1934
Travis
Street
Louisville 8, Kentucky
February3, Lucy Irwin Secretary, Societyof
1959
Miss
375
East
Boone
Commerce
Street
Arlington, Kentucky Dear
Miss
Irwin:
This letter is since all the
left-hand
parts are
an
illustrationof the "modified
plimentary parts of the letter,except the heading,comclose, and signature,begin flush with the
margin. at
block" form,
In
the "full block"
form,
even
these
the left.
The
paragraphsillustrate block form; that is, each sion paragraphbeginsflush with the left-hand margin. Divibetween paragraphsis indicated by double spaces. Within the paragraphsand within each part of the letter, single spacing is used. No
punctuation
marks
are
used
after the
lines in
the
heading,inside address, and signature.Usuallya colon (for formal communication) or a comma (for friendly address with firstname) is used
after the salutation. After
the
a
close,either complimentary
comma
or
no
tion punctua-
is used.
Yours
430
truly,
Wilbur
Johnson
Wilbur
Johnson
LETTERS
BUSINESS
SEMIBLOCK
FORM
516
Tudor
Detroit
22,
November Rinebeck 1224
and
Place,
Michigan, 2, 1959.
Company,
East Denver
Avenue,
Chicago12, Illinois. Gentlemen:
exampleof the "semiblock" form. The heading,complimentaryclose,and signatureare on the rightside of the letter,and the paragraphsare indented. This letter is
an
within the parts the block form is used. The paragraphs indented here, but they could are
But
in
block
form.
In
Indented optional. so
desires,with
fact,blocked
are paragraphs
always
be used, if the writer
paragraphscan any
be
even including type of letter,
the
"full block" form. Closed
punctuationis used here:
commas
at
the end of
each line in the
last,which
headingand the inside address except the has a period.Such punctuation, too, is
for optional,
open
punctuationcould
be used.
Very truly yours,
Rodney R. Rodney R. 95e.
Rhodes Rhodes
Content.
by saying,"I received your letter." The fact that you are answ^eringshows that you have received it. Come the to the point,or use directly ent. opening material to establish rapport with your correspondAvoid business jargon such as the hackneyed expressions listed on page 428 and fillerphrases like to the amount of,for the purpose of. (See Sections 48 and 51.) Be sure Don't
waste
the firstsentence
431
BUSINESS
that your
message
is written
will understand. your terms
business, be with
When
spondent languagethat your correwritingto people not in
careful especially
not
to
use
business
familiar but which might be you are the other person. letters,the paragraphsare shorter than in
which
meaninglessto In
in
LETTERS
business
other forms of prose, but a letter composed of a series many of one-sentence paragraphs givesa choppy effect.The paragraph should be A new is stilla unit of thought. paragraph of the but since conciseness is one subject, aims of business writing,ideas are not developedas fully as theymight be in generalexposition. used
for
a
new
95f. Types of business
letters.
of application
Letter
the stresses, throughout, application desire and ability to be of benefit to the proapplicant's spective the what cant, appliemployer.Always emphasize you, do for the employer,not with your qualifications, can be letter must what the employer can do for you. The and sincere in tone, offering courteous, straightforward, without pleadingor demanding. services cating indiIn the first paragraph,you apply for the position, how you learned of the opening: from a friend, an An
effective letter of
agency,
a
classified advertisement,
etc.
If should follow in the second Qualifications paragraph. tell specifically in the third parayou have had experience, graph of what and how it consisted ployed emlong you were If you have had no actual work at each place. perience, exschool, camp, or church activitythat give some have helped you to meet the public,gain poise or may self-confidence,and acquirevarious necessary skills. The fourth paragraphpresents references. Choose these The counselor at your school or some teacher for carefully. will give you an whom educayou have done good work 432
LETTERS
BUSINESS
tion someone
you
of reference. If you have worked, include the name and is willing to recomwho knows mend your work you. Failure to supplyreferences from placeswhere have
worked
lack of and
indicate
may
in the
success
ployer prospectiveem-
your
Give position.
address, title,
name,
of each reference. If you have of references from the minister
number telephone
worked, character
never
to
your church Close your
or
well-known
some
letter
by requestingan Tell where
convenience.
will
citizen
help.
interview
and
at
when
you
the
ployer's em-
be
may
reached
by telephone. People who have had much often send
a
education special
data sheet with their letter of
ence experi-
or
application.
lications, "Travel," "Pubheadingssuch as "Work experience," ties. etc., theygive a full pictureof all of their actividata sheet is used, the letter of application When a simplypointsup the high lights. Under
814
Tenth
Street,N.W.
Washington16, D.C. May 20, Alfred Preston, Personnel
Mr.
Benton, Ward Sixteenth
410
and
1959
Manager
Company
Street,N.W.
Washington4, D.C. Dear
Mr.
Preston:
advertisement
Your
interested the
WashingtonPost
very much.
me
I should
like
for to
a
tary secre-
applyfor
position.
In
few weeks
a
School, where rate
in the
In my of 60
I shall be
I have
senior
words
the past
Business
Service
Central
High
four years of commercial ing. trainyear I earned an award for typingat the the Honor minute and made Roll for a
receivinga gradeof For
graduatedfrom
had
80
or
more
in all my
subjects.
of the years I have been a member Club at school. This is an organization
two
433
BUSINESS
for the
ditto work
and typing,mimeographing,
that does
LETTERS
departmentsof the school. Since I worked each week, I have club duringtwo studyperiods experience in many kinds of office jobsand
for
various
the some
this
I used
Department did
typed,and
Information
took
I
dictation,
the
character may
and my
following: Smart, Denton's
Department Store,
Street,S.W., Washington,D.C.
H
Hilda
Miss
work
concerningmy
Theodore
Mr.
Here
Store.
filing.
some
from
be obtained
31
and accuracy. Last summer relief typist obtain a position as
experienceto
Denton's
at
have
with neatness
to work
learned
had
Adviser,
Newman,
Service
Business
Club, Central High School,Washington,D.C. Sarah
Miss
Counselor, Central
Burton,
High
School,Washington,D.C. I should
be
gladto
to
you. My reach me
convenient
and
you
for
come
may after 3:30. Tuesday,
interview
an
telephonenumber there
any
at
any
time
CO-4679, afternoon, except
Yours
is
truly,
Mary Henderson Mary Henderson
Order
letter wish
If you a
room
in
letter. Be
to
order
hotel,or
a
sure
to
a
seats
for
a
theatrical
dress, you may
new
give all
information
performance,
write
that will
an
order
help the
what you want: day and date exactly of performance, matinee or evening,price,location (ifyou have a preference); type of room, price,time of your arrival;size of dress, color,material,etc. Enclose a picture from the newspaper if you are orderingfrom an advertisement. to
company
Be to
434
pay.
send you
sure
to
enclose
a
check
or
tell how
you
expect
BUSINESS
LETTERS
311
Patuxent
Street
Crisfield, Maryland October
20, 1959
Brothers
Harmon
Connecticut
and F Street
Avenue
Washington,D.C. Gentlemen: Please send
by parcelpost Mentor. Crisfield
me
in the
2 Colonial
vertised ad-
items following
silver candlesticks, style
$15.90
7.95
@ 1 Colonial
the
5.95
stylesilver platter
$21.85 Sales tax
.44
Total A
money
order
the advertisement
and
Yours
$22.29 are
enclosed.
truly,
Jane Holmes
(Mrs. H.
R.
Holmes)
Inquiries inquiry letters
Most
about be a
the
productsor
written
to
on subject
an
which
wi-itten
are
services of
individual he is
an
request understandable; avoid
Supply any answer
information
a
to
information
obtain
business firm. Some
for information
concerning
authority. Always make your vague and generalquestions.
the reader
may
need
in
close
to
questionsdefinitely. or requests for catalogues, pricelists,
other pared preletter clearly
data may be limited to a one-sentence the desired material. If your letter is identifying a
order
your
Routine
as
may
phrased
.),it question {Will you pleasesend me. with a periodinstead of a questionmark. .
.
should
435
BUSINESS
Nonroutine
detailed
inquiriesrequire more
LETTERS
letters. For
policies example, a letter asking about an organization's must explainthe use to which the information will be put. A request stemming from a personal problem must give a of the problem and an indication of the clear explanation type of help needed. The generalplan for the inquiryletter (usually from two for the inquiry, to four paragraphs ) is as follows: (1 ) reason (2) the inquiry,(3) expressionof appreciation(never a "thank you in advance"). Sometimes material may be included the reader how he will benefit by replying. to show If the inquiry includes several questions,these are more and paragraphedseparately. numbered effective when If the person or firm addressed will eventually no profit, postage should be enclosed. Otherwise, apply this principle: that which of benefit When ask for is only or you to you, enclose a self-addressed stamped envelope. primarily 919
Fowler
Athens
Avenue
12, Indiana
September25, 1959 Secretary-Treasurer Institute of Electrical
American 33 West
38th Street
New
York
Dear
Sir:
As
a
Athens full
Engineers
York
18, New
student
in the
Collegeof
I am University,
membership in
Electrical
interested in
the American
Engineeringat
eventually obtaining
Institute
of Electrical
Engineers. Will you
pleaseanswer
1. Is it
the
for possible
an
following questions: student undergraduate
electrical engineeringto obtain
a
of
bership juniormem-
in the A.I.E.E.?
membership? Is such juniormembership transferable to full membership upon the student's graduation?
2. What 3.
436
is the cost
of such
BUSINESS
LETTERS
4. Does
the
juniormembershipfee
to Electrical subscription
I shall be very
for grateful
include
year's Engineering? a
this information.
Very trulyyours, William
Harbin
William
Harbin
not
of
Request for adjustment A
request for adjustmentis written
your personalanger, but to settle a claim. You cannot hope
to
vent
to
you
desire
persuadethe company if to obtain adjustment
Control your annoyance. sent Precompany. the facts clearly what and concisely, exactly explaining The
letter usually contains
of explanation for action you inconvenience
to
a
antagonizethe
is wrong.
a
out
for straggle
what
these
points:(1)
cific spe-
(2) courteous request would like to have taken, (3) sometimes, the If there is likely to be you are experiencing. is
wrong,
the firstor last sentence use adjustment, rapport by expressingyour confidence in the
establish
the
fairness of the firm. 311
Patuxent
Street
Crisfield, Maryland October
31, 1959
Brothers
Harmon
Connecticut
Avenue
and
F Street
D.C. Washington,
Gentlemen On
:
October
20, I ordered from you
silver candlesticks. When that
one
of them
I am Consequently,
candlestick of the
had
two
decided
scratch
it. Please returning same
style
I found yesterday,
theyarrived a
Colonial
send
on
me
the base. a
perfect
style. Yours
truly,
Jane Holmes
(Mrs. H.
R.
Holmes) 437
BUSINESS
R.F.D.
6,
Lansom,
Pennsylvania,
November The
LETTERS
15, 1959.
Tryco Department Store,
49 East Tenth
Street, York.
York 10, New
New
Gentlemen: November
On a
The
arrived
radio
find that it does not
to
but promptly,
operate
that the model either AC
on
or
in
the
that it
model. since
I
operate In
that
I shall not
was
I
which
It
disappointed was
standing under-
my
designedto operate retmning the
am
be
can
on
case
a
radio
exchanged for
and misunderstanding
DC, I
I shall have
a
struction inat set
to
the R-350
choose
another
have a refund, that I may York againfor several months.
hope
be in New
that you will be able to will fillmy needs.
hope,however,
model
DC.
am
wiring.
If there has been not
R-350
onlyAC.
hope
suitable for DC
does
on
I
DC, but I find that the accompanying
indicate once
your radio department R-350, with brown plastic
in purchased
radio, table model
Vinson
case.
9, I
supplyan
R-350
Very truly yours,
EXERCISE
Select in your
an
advertisement
newspaper.
Write
EXERCISE
Order
from
Paine
Edward
Paine
1 section Help Wanted for the position. application
from an
Edward
the
2
Company, 48 Main Street, materials: 1 sweater, Montgomery, Alabama, the following 2 pairshose, 1 dozen handkerchiefs. Be sure to specify size, In an order letter, color,cataloguenumber, material, style. alwaystell how payment will be made. 438
Hinson, Warner
REPORT
WRITING
EXERCISE
Write
for
letter to
a
tickets York, ordering
theater in New
a
play.
current
a
3
4
EXERCISE
Write
be
letter
a
sent
to
a
to a subscription ordering
friend
Christmas
a
as
have
received
5
to a magasubscription zine. copiesof the magazine arrived
present
the
a
copy has arrived. the situation and the publisher, explaining
the last
promptly.For a
a
three months
For
Write
as
magazine to
present.
EXERCISE
You
a
letter to
months
two
no
askingfor adjustment. EXERCISE
A
a
courteous
of askingfor adjustment
note
96.
The
has sent you have a chargeaccount Write item which you did not purchase.
which
bill listing an
a
you
with
store
treasurer, committee
Later, you will need officer in
civic
a
chairman
of
for which
group a
or
school
requiresimplereports
chairman, and how
know
to
to
other
cers. class offi-
write
reports as
the Parent-Teachers
committee
work;
the bill.
WRITING
REPORT
class activities in any
from
as
6
in your
head
union
of
or
Association; the
tion organiza-
pervisor; departmentor suas engineeron a project;and perhapsas mayor, traffic director, school superintendent, or presidentof a board of directors. In fact,report writingwill,with letter writing,probablybe the type of writingmost frequently used and most in your adult life. importantto success
From
a
as
this introduction
about have
you
book
form
you which reports,
of their
own;
nor
can are are
see
a
that
we
are
not
ing talk-
book reviews and really the report we discussing 439
"
that is The
REPORT
kind of summary reports with which a
on we
concerned
are
or experimentthat investigation or
a
based
are
done. on
an
tions will result in recommenda-
of the activities of
summary
have
readingyou
some
WRITING
a
group
over
a
riod pe-
of time.
Good
books the
reports are
consult for
to
a
full discussion of business
following:
Aurner, Robert.
EffectiveBusiness English.Cincinnati: Publishing Company, 1956.
South-Western
Babenroth, A. Charles,and
Parkhurst.
Charles
Modern
English.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.: Prentice-
Business
Hall,Inc.,1955. Gaum,
Carl, et al. Report Writing.Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.:Prentice-Hall,Inc., 1950. Saunders, Alta, and
C.
R.
Anderson.
Business
Reports.
Company, Inc., 1957. ing. WritBusiness Williams, Cecil, and John Ball. Effective New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1953. New
96a.
A
Types
York:
of
report may
McGraw-Hill
Book
report.
be
simple,informal piece of work presented three typewrittenpages of two or or
a
in letter form
It may also be a formal,bound expository writing. and graphs. containingpictures, diagrams, A
good planfor
1. Tell who
asked
the informal
of the request. 2. Explain how the
was investigation
consulted, readingdone, number tests
of
made
the date
(authorities
peoplequestioned,
made, etc.).
3. Submit
results
If the report is
or
to
recommendations.
be
a
is necessary. Follow
440
be:
studythe problem.Give
to
you
report would
product,
long,formal
one,
a
special procedure
the directions in Section
96b-c.
REPORT
^I^^^H^
WRITING
Gathering maferial.
96b.
When
asked you are and the means of driving need
for
a
improvement your community,
consider
the
your business,to offer ideas in handling traffic tickets or parkingin
recreation
for
problem of safe instruction,to studythe handling
to
at
room
exploreplansfor pensionson
to
for the members
gatherinformation. doingthis. First,use
of your There are,
ment retire-
union, the first step is
to
of course,
of
many
ways
(See Section 86.) Some library. lem competent peoplemay have studied the probvery careful, sound recommendations alreadyand have made some which need only to be adaptedto your special needs. Examine books, magazines,and pamphletsdealingwith the The Readers' Guide dexes into Periodical Literature subject. magazines,but if you are working in a spemany cialized be able the index to to field, go direcdy you may for that field such as Industry Index, Index, Agriculture Education indexes
(See
Index
are
Section
Bulletin
your
and
find it very in the same manner
used 86d.
)
Use
valuable. as
All of these
Readers'
also Statistical Abstract
Guide. and
the
of the Public Affairs InformationService.
After you have read what has been made careful notes some (see Section
done
elsewhere
and
88), planyour own to be used, are questionnaires
If interviews or investigation. and planthe questionscarefully of
the recording
orderlymethod and
the tionnaire quesbe and results that used can mean casually get niques nothingat all. To handle them scientifically, proper techmust
If the
Both
prepare an the interview
answers.
be learned.*
report is
to
be
a
record
of work
done
duringa
period,plans for keepingthe information under specialheadingsshould be made when the work begins, and other peoplewho will contribute to the report should
certain
*
Surveys, Polls,and Samples by Mildred Harper " Brothers,gives excellent instruction.
Parten, published by
441
96c-cl
REPORT
have
definite instructions
need
from
96c.
WRITING
about information that you
will
them.
Plan.
formal report of the methods used In
a
or
a
a summary reportof any length,
obtain the information
to
of the
and
appears first.The body of the report discusses these pointsin detail. The main headings of an Conditions on the outhne on the topic Fraternity results
or
recommendations
Campus mightread: Summary
of the committee
Members Methods
of
Number
and
Means
of
the conducting
the campus
members selecting
Activities in which ':
survey
types of fraternities on
Contribution
to
fraternitiesare
involved
the school
Housing
;
Fraternities and school elections Fraternities and
Effect
96d.
on
General
the
student
community
body
characteristics.
examplesof expository writing;so all of the characteristics of good writingthat you have learned are important in reports. Since, however, the aim in report Reportsare
writing is
to
present
a
businesslike message
in
as
clear
a
less emphasisis placedon eflFectiveness, possible, and more stress is placedon correctness, conciseness, and characteristics follows: A discussion of general style clarity. form
as
Objectivity firstrequirementof every report is that it be written who beginshis The investigator without personal prejudice. The
work
knowing what to
442
answer
support liisown
he wishes
point of
to
view
get and is of
no
uses
terials ma-
value
to
WRITING
REPORT
an
and
or community organization
work
with
with
another
group. A
report
be
must
to
approached
fully completelyopen mind, materials assembled in caremade the on organizedform, and recommendations the languageof a report is imof the findings. Even personal.
a
basis
/ and pronouns often in the passive.
The
are
be asked
will seldom
seldom
we
and
appear,
verbs
the questionson the to answer fraternity to this report. questionnairethat we are attaching asked to answer the questionson Each fraternity was
Avoid:
Better:
We
asked each
the
attached questionnaire
to
this report.
Restraint
The
report should
contain
exaggerationsand
no
few
perlatives. su-
fine contribution "remarkably and life,""exceedingly unsatisfactory," campus our company."Present the facts and guard the with expressions like "it seems dence "evior likely," such expressions
Avoid to
for "perfect conclusions
to
seems
as
indicate."
Directness Come
the
to
point at
once.
Use
no
unnecessary
details.
Each
that paragraph should begin with a topic sentence will show clearly the pointto be discussed in the paragraph. The reader who, after readingthe summary, wishes to examine in detail a special part of the report should be able to find that part at once by readingthe topic sentences. Correctness In
a
serious business
your have
will make
handbook written.
and
a
and
Of
errors
in
grammar,
structure, and
sentence spelling,
and
communication,
very a
ble inexcusa-
the aid of
what check carefully dictionary,
course,
the data
poor
punctuationare With impression.
the information
used
must
you be collected
and compiledwith thoroughness
actness. ex-
443
REPORT
WRITING
Conciseness
details or words. unnecessary fillerwords. (See Section 51.) Sometimes
Include no
Be
no
be reduced
to
phraseor
a
to
even
Wordy:
word:
to a
can
the
when
most
it selects
is. .
,
.
cratic using the most demofraternity method its memin selecting bers is.
Reduced
clause
uses
method
its members
The to phrases:
use
word.
a
democratic
Clauses reduced
a
which fraternity
The
to
sure
The
.
.
most
method
of
.
democratic
fraternity
members selecting
is. .
.
.
Clearness The
firstrequirementfor ideas
not
are
is a logical lated clarity plan.If replacedtogetherand arrangedin order,
the report will be unsuccessful. Correctness, of course, tributes conbe given to Particular attention to clarity. must
misplaced and order
to
avoid
danglingmodifiers. (See number
a
the
the subject, phraseto open be
of
writer
the
of fiat statements
reports often Great
sentence.
care
Section
65.)
In
beginningwith uses a participial must
be
used
to
that this
phraseis securelyattached to the noun that it modifies. Finally, choice of language is important. Consider the background of the people for whom the report sure
is intended to
Section
96e. A
them.
48)
Form formal
and Avoid
wherever
choose
words
able that will be understand-
language and it is possible to do so. abstract
jargon (see
of report.
report should
have
page, table of contents, summary, charts (ifthey will contribute to
followingparts: tide report, and diagramsor the clarity). Very formal
the
also carry a letter of transmittal, in which presents the report on a formal basis, and
reports sometimes the
author
bibliography. 444
a
WRITING
REPORT
The
report
of
is
inch
an
with typed double-spaced and
half. Each
a
left-hand
a
has
section
new
gin mar-
a
title
placedeither in the center of a line by itself or In at the beginningof the first paragraphof the section. the latter case, it is underlined,as in the following: which
is
houses fraternity
Housing. Ten and itself,
Charts
They
or
must
six
an
diagramsshould be numbered always be explainedin the
informal
the
on
campus
located off the campus.
are
EXERCISE
Write
are
and text
given a
title.
of the report.
7
report on
one
of the
following topics:
of the campus planfor student patrol How to use student oflScerseffectively A
How
to
Student
choose cafeteria officers control in
studyhalls
a student government Organizing club a literary Organizing
Comparativevalue How
to
Plan for
furnish
using a
a
of
automobiles
two
recreation recreation
Reportof any committee
room on
EXERCISE one Investigate
of the
room
effectively
which
you have worked
8
following topicsand
write
a
formal
report:
Safetyprograms The
in schools
effects of fraternitieson
publichighschools in school athletes injured
planfor protectionof A planfor handling school finances A planfor a new civic center services Improvements in publiclibrary should be raised Why salaries of a city Organizing type of government manager A zoningplanfor
A
games
for
445
SOCIAL
97.
Formal
97a.
Formal
and
replies.
usuallywritten
are
other numbers
Dr.
They engraved. used, dates
are
names
there is
abbreviations
The permitted. paper. The
or
out, and
of lines. No
are
white
upon
Full
written
are
the end
at
Mrs., and
and
invitations
in the third person.
written
are
LETTERS
SOCIAL
invitations
LETTERS
no
except Mr.,
should
message
tuation punc-
letters R.S.V.P.
be
tered cen-
that
mean
an
expected.Since invitations permit no expression of individuality the wording in the model or originality, given here may be copied. is
answer
Formal and
Mr.
invitation
Frederick
Mrs.
Harris
of your company request the pleasure at
dance
a
to
be held in honor
of their
daughterElizabeth Saturday, Februarythe tenth at nine
The
o'clock
Condado
Hotel
R.S.V.P.
Invitations
The
should
be answered
as
soon
as
possible.
longhand,either in the form of the invitation or in a block paragraph. The third person is used, and the exact wording of the invitation is followed as closely as possible. replyis written
in
Acceptance Miss
Catherine
the kind to
invitation
the dance
Elizabeth o'clock
at
Hardingaccepts with pleasure
on
to
of Mr.
and
be held in honor
Mrs.
Frederick
of their
daughter
Saturday, Februarythe tenth,at
the Condado
Harris
nine
Hotel.
Regret Miss to
446
Catherine
Harding regrets that
accept the kind
invitation
of Mr.
she is unable and
Mrs.
Frederick
LETTERS
SOCIAL
Harris
the dance
to
daughterEHzabeth nine
at
o'clock
be held in honor
to
Februarythe tenth, Saturday,
on
the Condado
at
Hotel.
EXERCISE
Write
a
formal
of their
invitation
9 to
a
dance
and
replyto
a
the
invitation.
97b.
Informal
All
these be
notes.
notes
are
an
be
should
personalnotes
handwritten
ink. Since
in
expressionof
you, the languageshould languagethat you would use in
the
simple,courteous For conversation. example, don't say, "You are cordially invited to attend a dance to be given at my house," or "I should like to take this opportunityto thank you."These The letter that stiff.They lack personality. sentences are follows is better form.
Informal invitation of University
Delaware
Newark, Delaware December Dear
Jack,
Elsa Benson with
me,
is
and
going to spend the
I want
Tuesday,December records
new
13, 1959
much
to
have
a
holidays
littleparty for her
shall probablydance
27. We
that I you
to
have
Christmas
to some
I should bought recently.
joinus
at nine
o'clock. Will
on
like very
you?
Sincerely yours, Gertrude
Holtz
Madison
Apartments Jersey
Informal acceptance Orange,New December Dear
16, 1959
Gertrude,
Nothingcould be fun
to
see
Elsa
make
me
miss
again and
to
of your parties! It will hear her version of college one
447
SOCIAL
life in California. Thank very
gladto joinyou
LETTERS
for
I shall be me. including o'clock on Tuesday,December
you
at nine
27.
Sincerely yours, Jack Leonhardt
Informal regret If you you
refuse
must
an
invitation, courtesy requiresthat
excuse. legitimate
give some
Madison
Apartments
Orange,New December Dear
Jersey
16, 1959
Gertrude,
like great fun. I wish I could be with you. Unfortunately, I shall be in Washingtonvisiting relatives for the holidays. It will Your
be we
party for Elsa
December
on
not to see disappointing when can get together
and
you you
27
sounds
hope that
Elsa. I do back
come
to
Orange
for
another visit.
Sincerely yours, Jack Leonhardt
Thank-younote Carelessness Whenever
you
favor for you,
in
acknowledginga
receive a
a
present
telephonecall
or or
appreciationis necessary. Brides for not time
of
school them.
does
someone
note
a
special
to
express your criticized sometimes
a are
sometimes For
every
mention
forgetto
thank
present there if you
the
do
not
people who
must
be
like the
present, express that it possesses, and specialquality to have the gift. are
448
is inexcusable.
expressingthanks for the presents sent them at the the wedding.Boys and girls graduatingfrom high
even gratitude,
should
kindness
some
are
kind
to
expressionof
of thanks A note gift. appreciationof any tell how happy you
SOCIAL
LETTERS
McWhorter
Apartments
Des
14, Iowa
Moines
June 25, 1959 Dear
Aunt
When
Jane, home
yesterdayand
found
the
of pearls that string
lovely I was graduation,
so
at
I
came
for my you sent me excited that I had to try them on
graduationdress. The
dress
is soft white
with it. Thank you pearlsare perfect day a very happy one. my graduation
for
with
once
net, and
helpingto
my
the
make
Sincerely yours, Adele
Bread-and-butter The who
letter
bread-and-butter has entertained
friend invites you the beach or on
to
letter is written
host
a
or
hostess
town. away from your home spend a weekend at her summer
If
you
visit her
to
to
familyduringa
a
place tion collegevaca-
letter should be written period,a bread-and-butter immediatelyupon your return to your home or college. Young peopleusuallywrite a note to the mother of their friend
as
well
as
the friend herself.
to
August10, 1959 Dear
Sandra,
nothinglike a beach party at Ocean City.What fun we the long had! I enjoyedswimming in the ocean, hours on the beach with your gay and charmingfriends, and the dances at night. couldn't have planned a You There
is
better weekend to
leave
Ocean
seeingyou with
me
Thank
for all of
in
when you
us.
I know
that you will not want but I look forward to
City very soon, and hope that town you
you
will have
dinner
return.
again for
a
visit. perfect
Sincerely yours, Alan 449
SOCIAL
'Note
of sympathy
The write
LETTERS
sympathy is one of the most difficult to often badly done. It should be simple and and Biblical quotations. floweryexpressions
letter of and
is
Avoid
sincere.
Hamilton Lake
Hall
College
October
Barbara,
Dear
The
news
shock
to
years, were
we
28, 1959
me.
of the death of your mother AlthoughI have not seen
I remember
well
her kindness
children. Her
happy. Nothingthat
cookie
as
came
a
great
her for several
to
all of
jar made
us
when
of
many
us
but I want say will lessen your grief, of that my heart too is heavy with a sense you to know loss. personal I
can
With
sincere
sympathy,
Alice Carvel EXERCISE
Write
an
invitation
to
a
10
replyacceptingthe invitation beingunable to accept it.
and
EXERCISE
Write
a
thank-younote
his
or
a
for
bread-and-butter
you for her mother.
a
a
97c.
a
expressingregret at
one
present.
letter to
weekend.
Write
a a
friend who
has
letter of thanks
tertained en-
to
13
sympathy.
Friendlyletters.
In these 450
letter of
one
12
EXERCISE
Write
write
11
EXERCISE
Write
party.Then
Christmas
days of
easy
travel, peoplemake
friends in many
S"X:iAL
LETTERS
placesdistant
their homes.
from
these friends,but and
be
writing;it
The
merely "dashed oflF."Letters can followingsuggestionsare practiced.
of your existence the interests of the friend
is seldom
dailyroutine
friend may
One
there is
somethingunusual
person is seldom
to say about
to
whom
you
less uninteresting
it.
details.
to likely
prove far dozen a
on
unified
3. Take
a
football game
than interesting topics.Try to write more
random
details,not
a
series of
choppy of
up
reallyare
is worth developing, it deserves friendship
will be
is
only
time.
your
of time
dance
a
letters made
which
notes
or
needingexpansion.
topicsentences
a
ing. writ-
are
other, anairplanes;
of each
the weather
or
full,clear discussion of
notes
you
be interested in model
the interests
health
Your
2. Give
whom
in music, art, books, a third, pictures; Choose those things from your experiences
football games. which will meet write.
to
interesting.
good motion
in
If
requirescareful
keep planning
material. interesting
Consider
A
letters helpto
be
cannot
improvedif the
1. Choose
letter
good
a
Good
and
brief,for
in
am
tesy cour-
sorry that this letter great rush" is as rude as "Hastily
consideration. "I I
the
a
am
yours." 4. Do
not
waste
time
on
a
of the obvious
statement
or
the
trite.
Avoid are
such expressions
all well and
with
a
"I received your letter" or "We also." Begin the letter, instead,
hope you are reference to somethingthat
last letter.Answer on
as
some
statements
some
idea that he such
as
your friend said in his questionthat he asked or comment
Do presented. "I must
not
close now"
close the letter with or
"That's all for
now." 451
SOCIAL
5. Avoid
participial phrasesat
the close.
letter will not interesting expressionssuch as "Hoping to The
all the
close with
commonplace
hear
you
from
this finds sentences.
attention
ink
in the world"
soon"
or
"Hoping that expressionsare not complete you well." These trite. They are, in addition, exceedingly
"Wishingyou
6. Give
LETTERS
success
the appearance
to
or
of the letter.
Use letter handwriting. legible White, cream, or pale gray paper paper of good quality. is preferable lined paper to that of other colors. Never use or a margin of appaper pulledfrom a note pad. Leave proximat Write
in
in
neat,
a
the top of the paper and % inch the pages in book order. Do not make your at the left. Use friends spend time lookingfor the next page. 1/2 inches
at
EXERCISE
14
these
and endingsof letters. Come beginnings to class preparedto discuss which ones are good and which ones are poor. Explainwhy. Examine
Beginnings: 1. I received you. 2. Now
your
that the
3. Here's 4. Time
letter
are holidays
the best
news
flies.It really each
saw
Fridayand over,
of the has
glad to
was
I have
time
We
season.
been certainly
a
3.
to
sure
model
let
to
sentences
452
to
you.
Polytechnicl
longtime
since
we
know
me
happy.
seeing you. how
you
get along with
your
airplane. EXERCISE
Write
beat
that this finds all of you well and and do my lessons. close now
Lookingforward
4. Be
to write
from
other.
Endings: 1. Hoping 2. I must
hear
five
good opening sentences for friendly letters.
15
and
five
good closing
and Listening
98.
BACKGROUNDS THINKERS
AND
Every day we make mistakes in with other people, in relationships learned we
out
of
our
to
think
attitudes toward
whether
the
we
in purchasing,
our our
voting,in
life because
make
We clearly.
believe whatever
WRITERS
OF
teller knows
opment the develhave
we
these mistakes
told without
are
not
because
attemptingto
he
what
is
our
find
talkingabout. in is presented
that appears in printor that everything a speechis fact. A statement may be based on a few facts and then colored by the author's personal it may prejudices; be deliberately distorted in order to persuadeus to accept sions the author's ideas. Then, too, people often reach concluing, in a field in which they have no information or trainand other peopleaccept these conclusions. The mayor of a citymay know a great deal about citygovernment, but his position him as a judgeof art. as mayor does not qualify and often asked in actors actresses are Motion-picture conditions. economic interviews to express opinions on Not
Sometimes
a
the theater
uses
you
accept
you
should
person
who
newspaper
a
an
that
cannot
afford
ordinary reporterto
conclusion
or
a
man
review
a
believe what
you
trained in Before play.
read
or
hear,
know
somethingabout the background of the about him will be is speaking. A few questions
helpful. 453
1. Who
THINKERS
AND
preparationfor dealing A good magazine often carries a section subject?
is he?
with the
What
his
has been
that tells somethingof the each
WRITERS
OF
BACKGROUNDS
backgroundof
might consult of Public Opinion You
issue.
Molders
Who's for
for
the writers
Who?
or
Bulman's
information
mentators. com-
on
gatherhis information? If he used a survey, publicopinion poll,or questionnaire involved and how technique,how many people were were they selected? We can get nine out of ten people choose the rightten. to say they support any idea if we and prove made Some careless surveys are exceedingly Unless you know that a survey has been carried nothing. scientific basis,it is wise not to be too greatly out on a influenced by its results.
2. What
methods
he
3. Has
did he
for
motive
a
gain a jobor
presentinghis
if you
money
4. Is he
Does prejudiced? question?
5. Does
he Be
the
oratorical
use
that you
sure
to
use
act
as
he tells you
he present
to
side of the
reasoninglogical?
Below
is
Bulman's read the
list of
a
Molders
a
some
people.Then, good pointsand his bad and
Walter
Winchell that you listen to most
book,
on
the method
R. Murrow
commentator
Using
similar
Pearson
Edward
The
or
columnists.
each of these
list of his
sure
Drew
and
of Public Opinion
backgroundof
write
1
commentators
that you include his education get information.
454
to do?
support his conclusions?
EXERCISE
to
he
ence? techniquesto confuse the audifrom the techniques distinguish
he present evidence
7. Is his
Be
only one
Will
pointsmade.
6. Does
paper,
material?
often
your
points. used
OF
BACKGROUNDS
AND
WRITERS
THINKERS
2
EXERCISE
In
Monthly,read Then
turn
science, or politics,
on
the "Personal
magazine and
and
see
Otherwise"
what
Atlantic
The
Harpers Magazine or
article
an
to
front of the
of
issue
current
a
economics. in
pages
the writer's
the
background
and date of the your paper, write the name used, the titleand author of the article read, and
is. On
magazine the facts
that you learned about the author. Then state whether you think his backgroundqualifies him to reach conclusions in the
in which
area
he has written.
EXERCISE
The on
in this exercise
sentences
the
based
conclusions
contain
another
opinionof
person. On your paper, write a tells whether accept the authority you
which
sentence
3
Give presented.
reasons.
your
Example: This is of
a
not
good painting.A
a
bank
I would
not
says
all about
1. I have but
child could do
a
The
art.
and he's
of president
saw
I'll take who a
a
bank
somethingof his nothing may know
a
the
is
course
it
reallyhas
marriage relations
on
in my giving it teaches history
because
high school
swell guy.
should
3. We
paintingthis good.
play that shows that pittedagainstheredity.
nightI
man
president
great deal about the effects of environment,
a
littleeffect when 2. I think
is the
art.
heard
last
the
who
ours
unless I knew accept this authority
backgroundin at
friend of
eat
article in the paper said thinks theyare important in
potatoes. An
more
that Senator
from Idaho
the diet. 4. The
said this chair salesgirl furniture,so I boughtit.
5. Last
week
interviewed no
evidence
the
go well with
my
other
actress. BerylChatard, motion-picture
about of
would
her
extreme
tripto
Rome.
poverty
in
She
was
said that there is
Italy. 455
TESTING
6. Mrs. to
has been
Manners
country where
a
considered
well
sent
as
LOGIC
YOUR
representative diplomatic
our
the steel business
important.She
is
her husband
because qualified
in
was
is
the
steel business. 7. The
have recently discussed a piece of sculpture newspapers that customs ofiicialsrefused to admit to this country because theysaid it was not art. that
8. I know announcer
9. I
able
TonightI He
has
justspent
toward I have
13.
he
because
me
the
to
six weeks
how
an
last night. in Italian from
course
listen
tellus
so
because
cream
is
Serio. He
Sam
Italian himself.
an
Eric
commentator
Sandler.
in eightcountries traveling the peoplein those countries
and feel
Americans.
friend from
a
words
pronounce
12.
to
to
a
teach
to
want
will be able
11.
take
going to
will be 10.
the radio said
on
am
the best face
Skinpureis
in
who
Boston
the
is amused
Midwest.
at
the way
we
I'm
planningto go to better learn to speakthe
in the East, so I guess I had college way theydo there. America countries. oughtto have nothingto do with foreign alliances. George Washingtonwarned us againstentangling They say that there is rebellion in Russia againstthe government.
14. Educational
television has
nothingin
the former television; of
while learning
is dedicated
the latter is dedicated
with
common
to
mercial com-
the
promotion the promotion of
to
sales. 15. After
Stratford-on-Avon,I visiting
am
convinced
that
English
of Shakespearean can productions playsare better than Amerispeare's Being able to perform plays in Shakeproductions. for English is a great advantage birthplace certainly actors.
99.
TESTING
YOUR
LOGIC
living. Thinkingis work, but it is importantto intelligent John Mason Brown once said,"The mind is the muscle most when used." And we are even willingto use infrequently and it,we often use it badly.If we want to think intelligently of other people, listen with understanding to the thinking 456
TESTING
YOUR
watch
must
we
be
LOGIC
Your types of thinking.
certain
lookingfor
should
pay of other
these in your attention to them
seldom
We
examine
to
believe
in which thinking,
ideas. Much
our
findingarguments
of
what
will know
believe,
to
Rationalization.
99a.
in
will
and you writingand speaking, also in the writingand speaking
that you
peopleso
teacher
support what
to
what
or
a
spent
been
have
we
is
time
our
customed ac-
believe. This type hke and conclusion that we to
want
we
reach
we
of
then try to support it with good reasons, tion. is called rationalizaThe high school student who wants to go out of town
collegewhen
collegein his home often wishes to do so to escape parental town control,but he knows he cannot persuadehis father to spend an extra thousand dollars justto let him be free from parental sions; deci-
to
so
there is
an
excellent
he rationalizes.
The
logical way for a student to solve this problemwould be to listhonestly those elements of growththat an out-oftown cannot collegecan give and the home college give; then he would examine the cost and the disadvantages of a If the advantagesare collegeout of town. sufficiently and if his father can afford greater than the disadvantages the extra money, he is justified in going out of town. often, however, the student
Too
problem;that desire. Then As
a
is,he reaches
he looks for
his conclusion to
reasons
he says going out of result,
independent.A thousand
99b.
he
the basis of
town
will
helphim
ask how
might will be spendingan
to
grow
will be
he
additional
dollars of his father's money.
Oversimplification.
The
statement
"All
are
women
that is false. Everybody are
on
support the conclusion.
thinker logical
independentwhen
more
rationalizes the whole
excellent drivers. This
is
a
poor drivers" is knows some women
form
of
a
generalization who
oversimplificatio 457
TESTING
Another ^'We
form
can
school." statement
type of
is found
YOUR
LOGIC
solution to a problem: single cure juvenile by keepingchildren in delinquency If the problem could be solved as easily this as This delinquency. suggests,we'd have no juvenile also appears in many "Give predictions: thinking
the wage earners socialistic" was has security
in the
social a
been
the country will go thiity years ago. Social
and security,
argument
common
in existence
for
a
number
socialistic."If the child is
of years, and
the
permittedto do as he pleases, he will be frustrated and probablyend in mental hospital" is another a Although oversimplification. these thingsmay (or may not) contribute to the result of this result is always much more suggested,the cause complicatedthan the statement suggests. is not
country
99c.
The
False
not
dilemma^
populardevice used by peoplewho wish us to do something.We offered a choice of two are of which is ridiculous or clearly one are things, wrong. If we not thinking, we quicklythrow aside the absurd thingand more accept the other. Actually,there are usuallymany possibilities. Recentlya largecityruled that no high school teams might playnightfootball in the citystadium because vandalism had occurred after the games. A citycouncilman, arguingfor nightfootball,said,"Shall our boys playfootball winks?" This sounds very convincing. or tiddly Tiddlywinks is a quietgame that even old women can play.By implication, the councilman is adding,"Shall we turn our boys into old women let them be men or playinga vigorousgame?" At this point, the clear thinker knows that it is not necessary for him to accept either part of this dilemma. The boys can play football in the afternoon on their school grounds. other possibilities Numerous also suggest themselves. 99d. Non 458
false dilemma
Non
is
a
sequitur.
sequituris
an
old
Latin
term
frequentlyused
in
TESTING
YOUR
LOGIC
formal
"it does
logic.It means reasoningis often
poor
high school student "If all girls the on
wrote
part of many in her
is
an
type of
of the other types. A
teamwork,
compositionon
the together, example of non
work
team
This
win."
a
follow." This
not
team
will
doubtedly un-
sequiturand
The be won cannot oversimplification. simply by game If all the girls work together, workingtogether. victorydoes follow automatically. and not They may all work together be such poor playersthat they lose every game. A newspaper article said recently: "There are more suicides in the It seems Englishand Scandinavian countries than in Italy. that sunny climates are easier on the spirit." it is Certainly has a sunnier climate than these other countrue that Italy tries, but
we
cannot
affects the number
conclude
from this fact that the climate
of suicides. The
second
statement
is
a
sequitur.
non
Catch
99e.
phrases.
Peopleare inclined to believe whatever is aptlyexpressed. Don't changehorses in the middle of the stream has often been used to persuade peopleto vote for the man now ever, of the statement, howholdingthe office. An examination will show several fallacies in this reasoning.First,a is alwaysin the middle of some politician job;so vdth this could never we logic get rid of him. Second, if a horse or a is not doinga good job,the wisest procedure man may be to changehim. EXERCISE
4
of the
Examine sentences are following illogical. each one On 1 is carefully. your paper write "Statement "Statement 1 is illogical." If it is not logical, write or logical" briefly why you consider it illogical.
Many
"Max recentlypresentedthis statement: newspaper Sanders compiles football statistics.Occasionally he is urged
1. A
to
give some
boy
a
littlepush in his record
so
that the
boy 459
be
can
that Sanders 2.
is
LOGIC
this
onlyonce
proves
first-rate statistician."
a
is found
Lanolin
YOUR
he has done
That
all-American.
TESTING
in
sheep'swool.
It will
hair
surelymake
grow. 3.
4.
Some
people choose
books
should
Earlyto
bed
Makes
a
man
I
was
gave
me
5. When He
very nice 6. I heard on
be censored. and
earlyto rise healthy, wealthy,and
at
last
camp I
so
man;
going
am
the radio last
8.
who
were
the
Navy
nightthat
is the best of
the former students
there is
Therefore,
with
weekend
a
medicine
new
a
I
a
of
group assure
can
scouts
that
you
our
for each history
nine
seems
of it.
some
better read in their
elect
and
fighting groups. better than high school
are are
himself
us.
for him.
vote
seeing Navy aircraft,and
Collegeteachers
9. Nine
to
visited
the Governor
summer,
to spend the recently
went
wise.
of autographedpicttire
an
for colds. I think I'llget
7. I
Therefore
readingmaterial.
obscene
out
of
ten
teachers
cause be-
subjects. that elects
one
students
guage. lan-
a
the campus
on
to languages. preferhistory
10.
have
We
thev know
our
Students
who
and
who
want
12.
If
person
13.
If flowers
14.
Mr.
11.
a
A
has are
go should
Our
17.
A
be
a
good
the medicine
tells how some
stadium city should have a new the prestigeof the city.
recentlymade
United
States
do
finish. In
not
do
not
30
well. fine
sons.
senator.
has cured. I think I'lltake
survey
but since
given state aid.
easy job,he keepsit. will grow watered every day,they and has two is a good familyman
littlefolder with
16.
Germany,
an
he will make
medicine
from
came
language, theycannot be cheated in America. do not have enough money to go to college to
Ambrose
I think 15.
friends who
some
peoplethe
many of it.
because
it would
crease in-
the
In the followingstatement: percent of students who enter high school Belleville's progressiveschools only 9 percent
finish. This record
shows
the
of superiority
the
Belleville schools. 18.
460
The
chart
shows
that of nineteen
feeble-minded
inmates
TESTING
LOGIC
YOUR
of
institution,fourteen had
an
This
shows
one
parent who
that feeble-mindedness
often
alcohoHc,
was as
occurs
result
a
of alcohoHsm. 19.
Ashton
Mr.
him
on
to
is justthe 20.
fine person. His friends reward them for any good deed is
for governor. confident said, "I am politician
The
The
Chinese
would 22.
23. 24.
can
been
fewer
that it is
see
I'm
two
will
probably rice, they
more
the country. your teeth white.
been
In
in
March
When
we
A
years. sales. Products cost
had
1920
an
less when electric
six hundred
simplya speakerand came.
This shows
no
they are refrigerator
conferences
parents came.
conferences
that
we
in
should
May,
always
conferences.
said parent recently
child twice. When
two
and parents and teachers, we
the
after
of the company
executive
an
big job,for
a
the average price is $250. included in our P.T.A. program
onlyfour hundred have
promoted to
largequantities.In
$600. Now
between
be
job for Jay's
in
it.
Buy
sunglasses. playerswore semifinals. It must glasses. sunhelp to wear
became
treasurer
effect.
into
good for
now
increases Advertising
cost
32.
ate
strikes since the law went
in the
were
Jay
sure
made
31.
pressure. This is
This tooth paste will make At the tennis matches only two
he had
30.
we
better health.
have
present 29.
high blood
have
not
why
reason
no
her time by going who is destined for marriage wastes girl She should studyhousekeeping. to college. The way to prevent a war is to be preparedfor war. There is no reason should have a shorter work day. why men When the farm, I often worked twelve hours I was a boy on I was not harmed. a day,and
These
28.
peace, there is
have
A
You
27.
do
have
25. There
26.
for him. He
going to
are
we
result of their diet. If Americans
a
done
man
peace. If the peoplewant have it." cannot 21.
always count
can
a
a
You
teacher
something
must
cannot
gives60
to
a
be
a
in
teacher,"You
have
good teacher." to a boy vi^itha history
failed my
very
be wrong certainly
120
I.Q.,
with that teacher. 461
lOOa
PROPAGANDA
PROPAGANDA
100.
The
clever
of
use
It also showed
TECHNIQUES
propagandaby
everybodyof
the need
to
them
to
believe. We
can
to
vinced con-
recognizeit.
political advertising,
in
and any argument, certain speeches, to persuadepeopleto believe what wants
enemies
wartime
learn how
peoplehow
many
TECHNIQUES
devices the writer
all learn to
be
can
used
speaker recognizea few or
telligent intechniquesthat will help us to think and act more Keeping in mind the types of crooked thinking have alreadyworked with which we will give additional
assistance.
Before
we
make
can
decisions,we
know
must
the facts.
peoplewho are tryingto persuadeus to vote in a certain do sometimes to work for a cause or way, to buy a product, wish us to know the facts. They wish us to see the not problem as theydo and agree with them. Instead of giving facts and letting draw our own us conclusions, theyappealto emotions our througha number of devices. But
100a.
Association face
something pleasant.
uglybox would have few sales. of men Medicines are associated with pictures in white coats A television advertisement presents workingin a laboratory. tive a happy family watchinga television program in an attracthe conclusion that you You are expected to draw room. A
jarof
with
cream
will be
beautiful
medicine
has been
careful research
in
an
if you
use
this face
cream,
that this
doctors through developedby reputable
methods, that with
wives, and children will make
a a
bands, television set, hus-
happy familycircle
watchingthe same program. All of these conclusions may be true, but theymay also not be true. A happy familycircle vision does not automatically of a teledevelopwith the purchase set;
nor
does that advertisement
make
such
a
claim.
productis associated with somethingdesirable, the the purchaser, connects unconsciously, perhaps even pleasant backgroundwith the product. Because
462
the
PROPAGANDA
m^M%MW9
TECHNIQUES
calling.
Name
100b.
This device has been
particularly popularand
successful
persuading peoplewho do not think. If a person wishes us of something, he calls it undemocratic to disapprove or Some other unpopulardescription. or radical, givesit some of the things referred to may indeed be undemocratic, but of them have nothingto do with democracy.The many that seems speakerknows that if he calls a thingby a name evil to the audience, the listenersare likely to agree with him makes without What it is it radical? or asking,How undemocratic? On the other hand, if he calls something democratic or refers to it as free enterprise, the American and expects his he has selected pleasant names way of life, in
hsteners new
accept his ideas. In
to
type of reportcard it,and
to objected
at
a
county education system,a devised. Some recently parents
was
a
meeting between
school officialsand
educators,the leader of the parents said the cards
beginningof
communism
class,to make
all the
the
were
for
they attemptedto level the children equal. Here was an exampleof the speakermade no amine attempt to ex-
where calling the meaning of his term. President McKinley defended the protective tariff by family,the American saying,"It represents the American of girland the American boy and the highest possibilities American to propose to raise money to pay citizenship publicexpenses by taxingthe productsof other nations rather than by taxingthe products of our own." All of these associated with American names pleasant livingtend to name
make
a
linked is a we
good one. learn
must
names
believe that any
person
are
not
tied
to
idea with which it is indeed
a
does
want
not
make
it
to
good name
a pointdemocratic Simplycalling
name.
are
good idea,but to accept a thingsimplybecause good it,nor rejecta plan because bad names Sometimes
need some it. We facts,and we accompany how the idea under discussion is a part of the
the bad
these
or
know or
cratic undemo-
so.
463
lOOc-d
PROPAGANDA
EXERCISE
Select from
or
newspapers
TECHNIQUES
5
examples of
magazines ten
advertisements
with attractive showingproductspresented the reader is likely backgrounds. Explainwhat connection between productand background. to make EXERCISE
During the read
week, listen to
next
controversies
of the
of
use
in your
e"Fect it has
on
write
newspaper.
a
paper examples,how and people,
what
the radio and
on speeches
Select
Bring these
names. unpleasant
discussion. Then with
6
examples
ten to
of four hundred
class for words
is used, calling
name
a
cussing, diswhat
readers and listeners should
do about it. 100c.
"Plain foSks/'
The
who comes politician through the crowd shaking hands with everybodyand kissing the babies is using the "plainfolks" technique. By his behavior, he is saying,"I be mayor that I am
may
governor, but I
or
not
am
snobbish. You
can
with everybody,a good fellow." friendly Sometimes he emphasizes the fact that he comes from a simplefamilyand has been obligedto work his way through see
school. This is be
a
good
a
non
A sequiturtype of reasoning.
governor,
no
what
from
matter
man
may social class he
comes.
7
EXERCISE
Make
list of the
a
advertisements whether
you
people who
that you have would buy the
recommendation, person's lOOd.
Guilt
This is a
very
464
by
and
seen.
recommend After each
productsin name
product as a result giveyour reasons.
state
of that
association.
Life is particularly dangeroustype of thinking. our dailyaccomplicated process. In carryingon a
PROPAGANDA
m%^^M^P
TECHNIQUES
we tivities,
to
sure
are
be
with peopleand acquainted
ideas
approve. If you receive an invitation to a party, you do not ask the hostess to listher guests and tell their political associations before you accept it. Life of which
will
give us
they are morals
not
whom
associates
we
enjoy for
Later superficially agreeable. or
cause
do
we
us
habits to
or
attitudes toward
disapproveof
importanttime
them.
we
a
because
time
find that
life of these
There
the
people
is,it is clear,an
involved.
element
problemof association of ideas, A belief in publichousing, social security, and old-age pensionsmay be shared by peoplefrom all political groups. One does not become a Democrat, a or a Socialist because Republican, he accepts one idea advocated by one of these groups. but a good Here is an excellent opportunity for name calling, Then
there is the
thinker asks for the facts. lOOe.
Statistics.
Nothingis listener than
the
use
placesthey have, the seem.
the
impressiveto
more
of statistics, and
Darrell HuflF has written toith Statistics, which
an
the
more
reader
or
decimal
and
convincingthey to book. How interesting
accurate
more
average
is worth
He readingcompletely. them be manipulated to make can pointsout that figures present several different pointsof view. For an example, all of the items averages can be obtained by addingtogether involved and dividing by the number of items hke this: Lie
Salaries in this immediate
neighborhood:
$100,000 20,000 18,000 15,000 12,000
5) $165,000
Average:$ 33,000 465
m%m^9^m
PROPAGANDA
the average is $33,000,but only one much. This kind of average is called the
TECHNIQUES
Here
The
median
is also called
that the average
When
we
now
countingup
to
or
our
shall
,"we
average is
the average
was
and
by
example,we $18,000,quitea difiFerentfigure.
told,"The
are
ask, "How
to
is
mean.
average, but it is found
an
in descending order placingthe figures down If we to the mid-point. go back see
that
makes
man
found, and how
many
want cases
involved?"
were
other
Many
understand
practicesthat involved
are
should
we statistics,
the
average
in statistics. Before
know
somethingabout
EXERCISE
does
man
not
accept the
we
these
practices.
8
Divide
your class into groups to read sections of DarreU Hujff'sbook How sion to Lie with Statistics. Plan a paneldiscusfor the class to teach
when
statistics
are
used for
persuasionpurposes.
EXERCISE
Read
9
Mark
cuss Antony'sspeechat the funeral of Caesar. Distechniquesthat he used to persuadethe crowd.
the
EXERCISE
the
Criticize or
10
from
statements following
speakers
recent
writers:
1. We
doubt the
cannot
of Latin men
2. Most
and
of
shoes 3. Since courses
as
80
children
percent of
in child
4. Either you
see
of the
study
intellect of
the admirable
Englishuniversities.
will stockings
or
we
barefoot
went
us
value disciplinary
enormous
when
Greek
trained in the
children,and
least sometime
at
had
we
reduce
our
women
or
other
littleanxiety. Wearing
as no
anxiety.
marry,
all
should give colleges
care.
approve
of General
or Nationalists, you approve
466
ligently to think intel-
the students how
Nasser, leader of the
of Communist
Russia.
Egyptian
PROPAGANDA
5. The
l^^^^
TECHNIQUES
in 1932
from discharged
should be
man
8.
teaching jobbecause
he visited Russia.
6. I think the present heat wave the atmosphere with atomic 7. The
his
speakersaid:
"Guilt
has been
caused
by disturbing
explosions. is said
by some people to be un-American, but my schoolboy copybooksays you can know a man by the company that he keeps." recently weighed and then asked about Twenty peoplewere their happiness in marriage. found that fat peopleare It was by association
in marriagethan happier
thin
ones.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gordon, and Leo Allport, New York: Henry Holt Brucker, Herbert. Macmillan
Postman.
and
Freedom
The
of Psychology
Rumor,
Company, Inc.,1947. of Information. New
York:
The
Wis.:
The
Company, 1949.
Bulman, David, ed. Holders
of Opinion.Milwaukee,
Publishing Company, 1945. Burtt, E. A. Right Thinking:A Study of Bruce
Methods.
York:
New
Fallacies. New
Chase, Stuart. The the
Science
of
Brothers,1948. Chase, Stuart. The Brace
and
and Principles
Harper " Brothers,1946.
Chase, Stuart. Guides Common
Its
StraightThinking,with
to
York:
Harper " Brothers,1956.
Proper Study of
Mankind:
Relations.
Human
Thirteen
Tyranny of
New
Words.
New
An
Inquiryinto York: Harper " York:
Harcourt,
Company, Inc., 1938.
New Dimnet, Ernest. Art of Thinking.
York:
Simon
and
ster, Schu-
Inc., 1929.
Doob,
Leonard.
Public
Opinion and
York:
Propaganda.New
Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1948. Hayakawa, S. Language in Thought and
Action.
Harcourt,Brace and Company, Inc.,1949. Holmes, Roger. The Rhyme of Reason. New
York:
York:
New
Appleton-
Inc.,1939. Century-Crofts, David. The Affairs of Dame Jacobson, hart " Company, Inc., 1948. New Jepson,R. W. Clear Thinking.
Rumor.
York:
New
York:
Longmans,
Rine-
Green
"
Co., Inc.,1956. 467
"^#^9
PROPAGANDA
TECHNIQUES York:
Leonard, JonathanN. Enjoyment of Science. New
Double-
day " Company, Inc., 1942. Warfare. Washington,D.C.: Linebarger,Paul. Psychological Combat
Press, 1948.
Forces
Lumley, Frederick. The PropagandaMenace. Inc., 1933. pleton-Century-Crofts, Mackaye, James.
The
New
York:
Logic of Language. Hanover,
ApN.H.:
CollegePublications,1939. London, England:John Mackenzie, A. J. PropagandaBoom. Dartmouth
Gifford,Ltd., 1938. Robert.
Moore,
General Semantics
Program. Columbus, Ohio:
The
in the
Ohio
High
State
School
English
Press, University
1945.
What
Is
Propaganda?(Pamphletpreparedby American
Association
468
for U.S. Armed
Forces.)
History
Appendix
101.
Whether
plan to
you
high school,you These
may
A
good are
familiarize
tests
are
tests
in yourself
will be
you
mean
may
asked.
A
a
with
number
of books
short
of such books bibliography You will probably want chapter. these. In the meantime, you
a
chance to
common
101a.
many
You
some
to
questions
the end one
in this
or
A
of this more
of
chaptergive
kinds of questions
diflFerentexaminations.
Vocabulary tests.
and Matchingdefinitions A
at
to examine
the exercises
of
idea
providingsample
appears
with get acquainted
to
good
a
of examinations.
kinds
most
is
the kind
advance
available for
now
job after
series of tests.
a
important,it
are
a
portant. they are usuallyimadvanced or scholarship the job you or college,
applyingfor lookingfor work.
these
Because
score
take
to
but
are
you
if you
w^ant
or college to encounter likely
to
go
vary in purpose,
tests
standingif
are
TESTS
TAKING
listof definitions is asked
are
Practice
to
words
match
each
in this kind of exercise
the section
on
listof words.
presented oppositea word
can
VocabularyGrowth,
its definition.
and
be found
in this book
in
page 259. 469
1^#1C1
TAKING
Choosingfrom Each
word
asked
are
several
in
a
choose
to
definitions
list is followed
by
the
For
Equestrianmeans
correct
one.
nearlya)
most
the equator
TESTS
five definitions. You
example: b) pertainingto
statue
to horsemen c) energeticd) pertaining
e) diplomatic. In such
questionyou merelyindicate
a
of the word
as by underlining,
has been
other method
sample,or by using some
the
correct
done
indicated
ing mean-
in the in
the
directions.
EXERCISE
On
paper write oppositeit your choice in
1
of each
the number
your
(a,b, c, d)
sentence
and
of definition of the word
letters. capital
Example: SINISTER
nearlya)
most
means
gloomy d)
sorrowful
serious
evil c) b) threatening
e) difiicult.
1. =b
DECORUM
most
means
Choosing the antonym An
antonym
given word. 470
A
is
a
nearlya)
decorate
b) peace c) proper behavior d) impropriety e) supposition. 2. EXORBITANT most means nearlya) unique b) powerfulc) excessive calculated. d) unfair e) carefully 3. GREGARIOUS most mcans nearlya) popularb) fond of crowds c) talkative d) subtle e) antisocial. 4. HYPERBOLE most mcans nearlya) extravagant b) overanxious careful. c) too criticald) great exaggeratione) unusually 5. RACONTEUR most tneaus nearlya) skillful story teller b) orchestra conductor c) curator of museum d) tennis champion e) prizewinner. 1.
or
word
synonym
synonym that
has the
means same
the
oppositeof any meaning as the given
TAKING
l^^l^fl
TESTS
word. These
lookingfor The
because complicated instead of one. possibilities
questionsare two
directions In each
the
test
read:
below, mark the word which the opposite of,the firstword in
fhe
same
as,
or
row.
Example: lethargy:(a) flippancy(b) gravity (c)
the
same
c
is marked as
because
but letJiargy,
there is
no
alertness is the
EXERCISE
of the your paper write the number the word or group of words which means in the
row
or
(d)
its
word
that
means
oppositeof
argy. leth-
2
On
firstword
alertness
(e)poisonous.
darkness Here
are
you
of five words
row
means
the
on
bit
a
sentence
the
same
and then as
the
opposite.
kind (a) blessed (b) modest (c) diffident (d) un(e) malignant. 2. INDIGENT, (a) destitute (b) indecent (c) dependent (d) unhappy (e) insuflFerable. 3. HACKNEYED, (a) cut (b) banal (c) unsatisfactory (d) drowsy (e) strong. 4. IMMACULATE, (b) blemished (a) no consequence (c) immersed (d) washed (e) colorless. 5. INTREPID, (a) pusillanimous(b) extrinsic (c) not rapid (d) careless (e) unworthy. 6. FACETIOUS, (b) humorless (c) quarrelsome (a) fortunate (d) false (e) trustworthy. 7. PRECARIOUS, (a) stable (b) preventable(c) prewar (d) helpful (e) satisfying. 8. EQUIVOCAL, (a) equal to (b) musical (c) nonmusical (d) dubious (e) scarce. 9. DOGMATIC, tary (a) animal-like (b) dictatorial (c) involun(d) automatic (e) efficient. 10. EFFICACIOUS, (a) ineflFective (b) talkative (c) doubledealing (d) perfect (e) dynamic.
1.
BENIGN,
471
"
in Filling
TAKING
blank
spaces
directions
The "Each
of the
on
the
CollegeEntrance part has
in this
sentences
You
are
to
choose
the
or
one
blank
more
has been words
word
one
read:
Examination
that a word spaces, each blank indicating five numbered Beneath the sentence are words.
TESTS
omitted. or
of
sets
set of words
or
inserted in the sentence, best fitsin with the of the sentence as a whole."
which, when
meaning
EXERCISE
3
paper, write the word best completeseach sentence. On
1. There
is in education
scramble todayan undignified
student's time, with broad hints the rest of the program is
2. Machiavelli said in his
are
to
and
theyare
for the
(d) cultural
(c) folderol
book, The Prince, "A princeis whom
all those from
he is
numerous;
which
the part of the scientist that
on
(b) unbalanced (a) satisfactory (e) topheavy. end
o" words
set
or
your
to
and they nothing,
he takes
those
to
in the
whom
he does
not
^ive,
few."
cruel discourteous (b) courteous (c) liberal (a) kind (e) royal plebeian. stingy (d) stupid intelligent "
"
"
"
"
merely the but moralists,philosophers, teachers, busily masses, lethargic mistakes and discouraging new engaged in ratifying existing 3. There
have
been
all ages,
in
not
ideas.
(a) do-gooders (b) lawyers (c) poets
(d) patriots (e)
obstructionists. 4.
Many
athletic programs
have
false
a
emphasis.They
varsitymaterial and the largegroup who need physical activity. (a) give discourage(b) place distract (c) omit develop focus (d) ignore. neglect (e) encourage attention
on
boys
"
who
are
"
"
"
5.
Many
should
be
examinations
"
European
wholly are
not
do
countries
Students to permitted
think
not
enter
who a
pass stiff secondaryschool,
(a) free (b) democratic (c) academic (e) completedin lower grades. 472
that education
cannot
(d) vocational
TAKING
lOla
TESTS
whole
6. A
of
set
ourselves civilized if and
cars
for struggle
We developing. rapidly multiplythe number of is
we
of ends which
the attainment
not
are
sider con-
motor
worth
attaining. beliefs (a) new
(d)
(b) false standards (c) cheapmanners importantgoals (e) commercial attitudes. 7.
Greatiyconcerned
the
supplyof studying
about
pure
scientists have been future,some (c) irrigation(d) (a) pollution(b) power 8. The
Germans,
theater. It but
must
is not
serve
placefor
a
,
control.
(e)
river
ice.
great deal of their good fun after dinner,
told, expect
are
we
in the
water
a
"cultural mission."
a
(a) comedy (b) chatter (c) (e) casual entertainment.
(d) dull performances
amateurs
9. The
ingale deplorable nursingconditions which Florence Nightfound duringthe Crimean result of the War were petty
bunglingof
oflBcials,
minor
fatal exactitudes of
and ,
routine.
narrow
(a) infiniteattention administrative
(d)
to
cleanliness
incapacity (c) much
too
attention
(b) endless ramification of
unusual to
concern
(e)
women
of the ment governclubs and sororities
interested in the work. 10. The on
should prideof an alumnus in his college the not on developmentof intelligence,
the
football
be based of the
team.
(a) failure
(d) coach
(b) recruiting(c) prowess
(e)
movement.
Completinganalogies The
directions read: "Each
consists
each
are
two
words
which
other, followed
words. to
of
by
Select the lettered
each other in the related
to
have
a
questionsin certain
five lettered
pair of
words
this
part
to relationship
pairs of which
are
related
related
pairof words way as the original other." For example:
same
each
basket: straw
of the
(a) dress:stitch (b) house: room table:leg (d) blanket: wool (e) desk: write. ::
(c)
473
ioi"
TESTS
TAKING
underlined
The
selection is
The
correct.
establish the
importantpoint
relationship
in exercises
of this
between
before you try to choose the example,the basket is made of straw. Although
For
of words
in all of the groups
onlyin
d is the
material named
groups of words
easy
:
member of the
of
a a
hard
a
In
grain
man:
mammal
some
used.
or
ship, relation-
a
made
of the
the
Sometimes
example:
For
synonyms.
of the
examplebelow,
in the second
member
the metal class. For corn:
word
one
in the firstsection
word
be
is
(antonyms) :diflR cult (synonyms)
class. In the
must
by
) there
good:bad
::
grainclass.Then
word
one
antonyms
simple::
Sometimes
thingnamed
are relationships
are
easy: hard
d
(a, b, c,
the other.
by
different
Many
exact
words
the firsttwo
answer.
is to
sort
of
a
is
corn
section
analogyis member
a
of the
class.Silver is
analogy,
member
a
a
of
example: silver:metal
::
::
lobster:crustacean
tests, the student
is
given three parts
of the
analogyand is asked to supplyonly the fourth member words already instead of supplying two compared as in the exampleabove. stitch embroidery:
(a)
fabric
::
(b)
curtain
tapestry: wall
made
by stitching; tapestry is
should be the word
EXERCISE
1. eye:
body
stable
474
made
which ::
will
room:
(d) furniture
by
selected.
4
write in establishing relationships, get practice
paper the word
(d)
weave
(e) design.
Embroidery is weaving; so weave
To
hanging (c)
completeeach
your
analogy.
(a) table (e) carpet.
on
(b) house
(c)
TAKING
2.
lOIci
TESTS
Boy:club dress
clothes
(c) hate
(d) food
(e) (a)
hope:
::
(d) like
(e)
(b) despair
sorrow
attraction.
drug (b)
(a)
genial: unpleasant :: liquid: pleasant (c) liquor (d) solid
(e) medicine. chemist: scientist :: teacher: (b) (a) medicine (d) researcher (e) trader. investigator (c) educator (b) helpful (c) prosperous
8. foolish:inane
10.
(b)
sweetness.
(a) translucent
7. opaque: transparent :: lucrative:
9.
(c)
boy
bureau
(a)
drawer:
::
(c) closed
4. abhor:love
6.
(b)
(d) join (e) sorority.
3. canister: sugar
5.
(a) friend
girl:
::
(d) satisfied
(e) unprofitable.
tinual (a) free (b) con(c) unfortunate (d) ceasing (e) clever. truncated:cut :: (b) flat (a) food insipid: (c) lively (d) curt (e) interesting. vaccination: smallpox :: caution: (a) accidents lessness. (b) disease (c) inoculation (d) diphtheria(e) care::
incessant:
rural:
(b) river (a) mountain (c) country (d) suburban (e) healthful. 12. knife:surgeon :: (a) carpenter (b) palette: artist (c) teacher (d) paint (e) sculpture. 13. adamant: inflexible :: erudite: (a) ignorant (b) incessant (c) firm (d) learned (e) clever. 14. bird:whale :: fly: (b) soak (a) sea (c) swim (d) fish (e) air. 15. mendicant:beg:: vicar: (a) sing (b) preach (c) visit (d) hunt (e) eat. fool :: gown: 16. Simpleton: (a) servant (b) dress (c)judge (d) night (e) evening. 17. munificent: philanthropist :: (a) parsimonious: doctor (b) scientist (c) astronomer (d) miser (e) 11.
urban:city::
18.
archaeologist. elegy :poetry :: corn: (c) farm
19.
(d) stalks
asylum: orphan :: (c) rabbi
convent:
(d) learn
(a)
grain (b)
bread
(e) harvest. (a) monk
(b)
nun
(e) religion. 475
*^^"**
TESTS
TAKING
20. nocturnal: diurnal
external:
(a) perennial (b) pastoral (c) superficial (d) outside (e) internal. 21. epilogue: drama :: (a) sonnet (b) peroration: (c) prose (d) prologue (e) preparation. argument 22. deer:sheep:: doe: (b) drake (c) (a) lamb moose (d) ewe (e) buck. 23. eulogy: (b) (a) blame praise :: penurious: poverty (c) stingy (d) opulent (e) helpful. 24. obese: emaciated obsolete: :: (b) (a) new obedient (c) thin (d) absent (e) emanate. 25. she:her :: boy: (a) his (b) boy's (c) yours (d) boys' (e) man's. Materials
similar
found
in
handle
them
wide
a
::
those which
to
varietyof
will
we
have
examined
are
Understandinghow to tests for college entrance,
tests.
helpyou to pass for jobs, for scholarships, 101b. The College Entranee Exammafion" i'he a
CollegeEntrance
three-hour scholastic
section
and
achievement
a
itself consists of:
Examination test aptitude
mathematical
which
includes
section; 2) three
a
1)
verbal
one-hour
subjectsselected by the candidate such as, foreign science and languages, Englishcomposition, history. The verbal section includes vocabularyquestionssimilar have examined and a readingtest. In the to those w^hich we latter the student is givenpassages to read and is expected to and do some answer thinkingin questionsabout content order to draw conclusions about the material. (See Section 100.) The EnglishCompositionAchievement cludes section often inin scrambled order to be placed in (1) sentences order; (2) a poorlywritten paragraphto be corrected; logical (3) an exercise testingthe student's appreciation of style, tests
in
EXERCISE
Assume 476
that the
5
followingparagraphis
a
rough copy
TAKING
1^9
TESTS
""3
by you. Copy, rewrite, and proofreadthe paragraph, correctinggrammar, punctuation,capitaHzation, wordiness. phrasing, written
Dissatisfied with hfe one Nightingale's of beinga nurse,
before
she
Victorian
could
era,
as
a
interest and
but many
desire seemed
nursingseemed a
Florence society
to
diflBcultiesfaced her
accomplishit.
occupation unfit for
of briUiant
member
woman
to
of
A
true
layin
the field
familyand
of representative
mother Nightingales
Miss
societyand
who
had
an
she the an
pendent inde-
thing Every eflEortthat Florence made to learn somework what was about hospital or good nursing practice Then the Crimean War was discouraged by friends and family. tari, broke out, and Florence obtained an opportunity to go to Scuwhere dreadful conditions prevailed in Englishhospitals, from a government ofiicialwho was From a friend of her family.
income.
then
on,
she worked
nursingbecame this honorable
valiant for better conditions. As
profession. Today many profession, a
EXERCISE
Follow
choose
5.
the life living actually of the protagonist. character portrayal, and Its development, vivid description adds up to one of the livelieststories of the able to postwar years and makes every reader wish they were have the experiencespresented by the author. Divided into ten each chaptergives experiences that are stirring, vital, chapters, with plentyof "punch,"and even humor. with some Any review would onlybe half completedif no mention was made of the author's backgroundand how he happened to write the book, which is one reason why the story is so interesting. Born in South Africa, his life was the jungle. spent in or near Here he learned the secrets of the tangledvines, how to deal with the animals, to recognizethe poisonous plants and to make even an acquaintancewith a little-known tribe that helpedhim in a remote to find the huge warship section that the Germans had hidden duringthe war. As
book, I felt as if I
women
result,
6
the directions for Exercise
I read the
young
a
was
477
1^9
IBS
TAKING
may be asked to write such as these:
Occasionally you topicsentences
on
in societies like
Even
there is
ours
paragraphbased
a
^
amount astonishing
an
unquestioning acceptance of customary behavior
of
patterns,thoughtpatterns,and For
TESTS
feeling patterns.
ing, readmajorityof peoplein the West, purposeless
a
in, purposeless listening lookingat purposeless films have
become
addictions. that
Like
every instrument be used either for
How
any power discloses justwhat kind
which
to
You
of wide
be asked
even
may
he has grown
interest
one
its theme
poetry
he is and
from
which
topic on
help to
placedin
is
of person
choose
on
an
school classes will
The
which
his hands the
degree
of
topics
up.
to
essay based The themes briefly.
outline,write
can
evil purposes.
good or
uses
one
has invented, sport
man
a
group
will prepare the outline,and summarize
which
prepare
you
an
you write for your high signment. you for this kind of as-
deal with style, may of appropriat prose. It tests the student's appreciation tone, imagery,rhythm.
of last problem,understanding or
EXERCISE
7
of the passages of poetry there is a blank space showingthat a line has been omitted. Hues which might Beneath each passage are four suggested The
be
directions read:
inserted in
(a ); (b );
meter
(c); and You On and
are
one
one
to
one
of the lines is apspace. One propriat in rhythm or of the lines is inappropriate blank
of the lines is of the lines is
in style tone or inappropriate in meaning (d). inappropriate
the proper category for each line." of the appropriate line write the number
determine
your paper mark it a. Then
lines and mark 478
the
"In each
write
the numbers
it with the proper
of each
letter.
of the other
TAKING
lOlb
TESTS
I
that loves
He
coral
Or
a
Or
from
Fuel
star-like eyes doth seek these
makes
love will
2. He
will seek
3. So
his flames
4.
his fires:
maintain
to
1. His
cheek,
rosy
lipadmires,
old Time
As
a
decay
waste
away. another way. must
What, I ask you,
waste
away.
away?
wastes
n I did but look and
love awhile,
'Twas
half-hour;
but for
Then
resist I had
to
you have I need
1. But 2. Now 3.
one
givenpower. some
Behold, there is
4. And
I have
now
will.
no
power. no
power.
no
power.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Practice
and
exercises
achievement
based
tests
The
Arco
York
47, New
How
to
How
to Pass
Pass
questionsfound
in both
aptitude
purchasedfrom the Educational BoylstonStreet, Boston, Massachusetts. be
can
AdvisoryCenter, 400 the following Here review CollegeEntrance CollegeEntrance CollegeEntrance CollegeEntrance
on
materials
are
available:
in Mathematics
Reviews
Aptitude in English Aptitude in EnglishComposition
Reviews Reviews
in Intermediate
Reviews
Mathematics
Publishing Company, 480 Lexington Avenue, the following York, publishes helps: CollegeEntrance National Merit
VocabularyBuilder
and
New
Tests
Tests Scholarship
Guide
to
Verbal
Tests
479
SENTENCE
Additional
information
Karl, S. Donald. Entrance
The
Examination
about
ANALYSIS
AND
be
can colleges
CollegeHandbook.
New
found
in:
York:
College
Board, 1957-58.
Lovejoy,Clarence. Lovejoys CollegeGuide. and
DIAGRAMING
New
York:
Schuster,Inc.,1956.
Turngren, Annette. Choosing the Right College.New Harper " Brothers,1952. 102.
SENTENCE AND
The a
York:
ANALYSIS
DIAGRAMING
who knows grammar should one Theoretically, both by words and by groups analyzea sentence Consider the followingsentence:
A
Simon
be able
to
of words.
littleold sweater
the street is carefully ladyacross knitting for her grandson, who is a freshman.
of this sentence is as follows: grammaticalanalysis The is a definite article modifyingthe noun lady. littleand old are adjectives lady. modifyingthe noun used as subject of the sentence. ladyis a noun is a preposition the prepositional across introducing phrase; the, a definite article modifyingthe noun street; street, a used as object of the preposition The entire noun across. the street, is used as an adjective prepositional phrase,across modifyinglady. is is an verb which with the present participle auxiliary forms the present progressive knitting tense, active voice, and is the predicate of the sentence. is an adverb carefully modifyingthe compound verb is knitting. indefinite article modifyingsweater, which is a noun a is an used as direct objectof the verb is knitting. her, the possessive foris a prepositian; pronoun, third person to ladyand modifyinggrandfeminine,referring singular son; grandson,a noun, the objectof the preposition for. The entire prepositional phrase,for her grandson,is used 480
SENTENCE
as
AND
ANALYSIS
102
DIAGRAMING
think of the
if we adverb, modifyingis knitting,
an
associated with and tied to the phraseas beingclosely verb phraseis knitting; if,however, we think of for her associated with sweater, then both by grandsonas closely call it a prepositional can sense we logicand common phraseused as an adjective, modifyingsweater. who is a relative pronoun, nominative to case, referring of is;is is a linking verb; grandsonand used as the subject is an indefinite article modifyingfreshman;and fresha man verb. The group of is a predicate after a linking noun clause modifying words, who is a freshman,is an adjective grandson.
Lackingthe as
skill (or knowledge)needed
indicated
above, many
tences analyzesendiagramingof
to
students find
by which you are aided in identifying words as parts of speech,in identifying functions and clauses, and in indicating the uses or phrases in a sentence clauses. These of these words, phrases, or are throughthe use accomplished purposes of diagraming of lines: horizontal lines, lines, lines, slanting perpendicular value. This is
curved
a
mechanical
and dotted lines. lines, remember
But
device
game, is
only a
simplya
device
between
various
that
to
means
to
althoughit seems diagraming, an
end,
not
and helpyou identify
partsof
a
an
end
in
the
see
like
it is itself;
relationships
sentence.
The
the
importantparts of the sentence are put on lines in indicated in the following skeleton diagram. positions subject (noun)
|
a
predicate (verb)
|
object(noun)
objectof preposition
481
ANALYSIS
SENTENCE
Filled in, such
diagramedsentence
a
AND
DIAGRAMING
mightread:
letters
friend
the simplepredicate, the direct object, simplesubject, the objectcomplement,the predicate noun (or pronoun), the predicate the main and written on are adjective long horizontal line. Subjectand predicate are separatedby a line intersecting the horizontal line. The direct perpendicular ular objectis separatedfrom the verb by a short perpendicline extendingup from the horizontal line. The object the predior or cate complement,the predicatenoun pronoun, short line is separated slanting extending by a adjective The
leftward
from
the horizontal line.
like
Children
predicate verb
subject
We
subject
subject
have
elected
predicate verb phrase
predicate verb) (linking
482
candy object
|
John
direct object
\
captain
objectcomplement
predicate adjective
SENTENCE
AND
ANALYSIS
Dashes
102
DIAGRAMING
used are (usually perpendicular) and the conjunction is written such to join, alongor across line. In the following the compound a sentence, notice the compound predicate, and the compound object. subject, or
dotted lines
Freshmen
and
sophomoresread
or
write
stories
read
Freshmen
and
says. es-
stories
write
lines below Slanting and on
a
the horizontal line
adverbial modifiers. Each
are
used
jective for ad-
adverb or adjective
is
line. separateslanting The old
man
but carefully signedhis slowly
name.
signed
.1\%^
Y
483
SENTENCE
An
adverb
written
on
an
ANALYSIS
AND
DIAGRAMING
another adverb is or modifyingan adjective additional slanting line (or a stair-step line),
thus: The
very old
man
slowly. extremely
walked
walked
\-
phrasesare attached below the words they Prepositional line for the preposition and a horizontal modifyby a slanting line for the object of the preposition. Any adjectives ing modifythis object written on a slanting indicated, are, as already line, A
friend of my cover.
father gave me the me (Note how "
the book indirect
with
the red
object is "
gramed. dia-
)
friend
and Participial
a
line
above. 484
verbs) ador phrases(as adjectives of attached to the words theymodify by means are jectives adthat ciurves into a horizontal line. Any objects, adverbs in these phrases or are placedas indicated infinitive
SENTENCE
The
wearing the
man
for
A
DIAGRAMING
AND
ANALYSIS
brown
hat is the
man
nated be nomi-
to
president.
gerund phraseor
an
infinitivephraseused
horizontal line
a
noun
is
vertical line
placed the subject, to indicate whether object, clause or an infinitive phrase etc. A noun noun, predicate with a subject Within these phrases is similarly supported. or clauses, objects, adverbs, and the like, are adjectives, placedas indicated above. Gerund of a verb: phraseas subject put
on
a
supportedby a such a phraseis
as
Occasionally readinga good
reading
book
is
a
ment. worthy achieve-
I book
\
achievement
485
1%^d2C
SENTENCE
Infinitive phraseas A
DIAGRAMING
noun: predicate
precept worthyto be followed by everyone
forgive your
infinitivephrasewith
Henry
asked
is
to
me
a
forgive|
enemies
subject:
lend him
my
I
lend
me
to
dictionary. dictionary
^ him He nry
Noun
I
asked
clause What
You
you
as
i
yA.
subject: say has convinced
say
me.
what
A
486
to freely
enemies.
to
An
AND
ANALYSIS
Ihas
convinced
me
AND
ANALYSIS
SENTENCE
clause
Noun
John said
DIAGRAMING
object:
as
studied his lesson
that he had
he
faithfully.
had studied
lesson
^. that I
John
said
Absolute
phrasesare similarly placedon
line but The
r
tire
are
enclosed
a
vertically ported sup-
in brackets: continued
we beingrepaired,
our
journey.
tire
-A.
continued
we
{
journey
V A
the the
vertical dotted
line
serves
to
link
modified; adverbial clauses
noun
the proper
word
to
in
independentclause to is written the across Any conjunctionexpressed
independentclause;
another.
and
to
clauses adjective
one
dotted line.
Adjectiveclauses: Men
who
work
diligently usuallysucceed. Men
succeed
wnc
work
487
102 I met
a
friend whom
I
I
met
I
friend "-
I
j\" like
I
We
DIAGRAMING
I like.
"
Adverbial
AND
ANALYSIS
SENTENCE
I
whom
clauses: the game
won
We
because
I
won
we
had
the better team.
game
I
because I I I
Mary
had
we
is tallerthan her mother
Mary
?s\
i
team
is.
taller
tnan
!
John drives John
is\ (tall)
mother
faster than he should
drive.
drives
than I
488
he
I
should drive
SENTENCE
ANALYSIS
Compound I like
AND
DIAGRAMING
sentence:
radio dramas. movies, but John prefers
I
I
like
I
moves
but
{
Sometimes
a
John
prefers
sentence
may
I
dramas
contain
order; these parts must transposed placesin the diagram accordingto
parts be
in inverted
or
the proper the directions ahready
put
in
given. againwill John see
Never
a exciting
so
willsee
John
game.
game
T
EXERCISE
8
sentences: Diagram the following
You
The I
may borrow Smiths saw
paintingmy
am
Father You An
The
has
will be athletic
day
Edison
is
my
pen. on sights interesting
many car
his secretary.
treasiuer.
next
occasion. a victoryis usually joyful
becoming colder
has been
famous
Books, magazines,and 10.
trip.
green.
appointedMary our
their
brary. Busy peoplereceive
and
for
and a
long time.
newspapers send
gloomy.
more
many
are
available in the H-
letters.
489
SENTENCE
EXERCISE
the
Diagram 1. 2. 3.
AND
ANALYSIS
DIAGRAMING
9
followingsentences:
to achieve his ambition. faithfully Your winning the election so easily surprised everyone. I shall begintakingregular Tomorrow exercise.
has worked
Henry
recognize one's improvement.
4. To
5. The
host invited
6. That
might
I
to
us
have
the first step toward
earlyand
come
the
take
is to
errors
pleasureof
to
stay late.
your
is my
company
desire.
7. Father
returned
8. We 9. The 10.
that he would
wrote
To
of
arrive
a
man
young
"
that of
and
the
old
some
one.
the
turns
fancy
too.
ones,
10
sentences: following
lookingforward to September. John wrote to Mr. Rrown, am
the 3.
havingended.
vacation our college yesterday, is a small which I am college attending thoughtsof love,in the springtime,often
Diagram
2.
Friday.
to
EXERCISE
1. I
on
coming
your who
had
to
the
in university
promised him
a
job for
summer.
on Drivingcarefully icy roads
is necessary
in order
to
vent pre-
accidents. 4. On
wintry day the weather
this
weather 5. 6.
7.
delightful. Our first item of business todayis to call the what I have to say and then I am telephoning it by letter. Peoplewho make no provisionfor the morrow
8. Charles
him 9. When came
virginswho
claims
to
prove
to
the
at
be
are
mentioned
better
a
roll. am
confirming are
like the
in the Bible.
golferthan
I am,
but
I dare
it.
I received
your
I dropped everything and telegram,
once.
Always to and
be remembered enforced
pedestrians. 490
but frightful
inside is
five foolish
10.
outside is
for the
is that traflBcregulations are
of drivers,passengers, safety
vised deand
INDEX The
figuresin this index refer
Abbreviations,avoiding
end
to
sentence,
of verb
use
noun
marks,
Accent
333
343-344
And 61
agreement 86, 349 of relative pronoun, and Antonym synonym, pronoun
140
nouns,
etc., 294
Antecedent, clear,91 defined, 53
Any
in
in
of
senses,
141
usage,
134-141
senses,
compound
phrases, 202-203
show
joint ownership, 202 to possession, 201-202 Appositive, case, 5, 103 show
of, 25-26
after verbs of
of,
use
203 to
defined, 25 overuse,
in
in contractions, 203, 205 of letters or figures, in pltu-als
136
objective,6, 26 modifiers, 134 as
comparison of, 137-139 conjunctive, 47
136
defined, 53 punctuated, 185 Articles,includingnecessary, use of, 24, 292 As, like,143-144
Affect,effect,293
At
Agree, with
Auxiliary defined, 12,
271
139,
203-205
of, 24
uses
75,
comparisons,
place, 294 Anywhere, 273, 294 Apostrophe, cautions
134-141
Adverbs,
in
tests
Any
modifiers,134 overuse of, 141 predicate,24
after verbs
79
339
as
Adverbial
84-
with,
choosing, 470-471
defined, 24
uses
aminations, ex-
And, punctuation with, 164-165 of parallelstructure use with,
articles,24 comparison of, 137-139
usage,
subject,70-84
473-474
in, 5 242, 243
with
with
358
Accept, except, 293 Active voice, defined, 12, form, 18-23 Adapt, adopt, 293 Address, forms of, 427 Adjectives,a, an, 24 agreement
tecedent, an-
All, in comparisons, 340 number of, 75 All right,294 Alliteration, 53, 290 Among, between, 294 Ampersand, 226 Analogies in college entrance
punctuation of, 190 of
with
pronoun
84-86, 349
Absolute phrase, in awkward construction, 333
begin sentence, defined,52
pages. of
Agreement,
in
fonnal v^'riting, 226 427 in business letters, in footnotes, 226 period after,216-217 of titles, 155, 427
to
to
prepositions,270,
home,
Awkward
320
270 54
constructions, 333 491
INDEX
for
Bad, badly, 137
of
names
354
Balanced sentences, Being, misused as conjunction, 334 253 Believes,beliefs, Beside, besides,28, 294-295
154 in in
Card
adjustment,437 of,426 appearance 432-434 of application, 428 body of, characteristics of, 428 complimentary close of,429 form of, 429-431 hackneyed expressions in, 428 heading of, 426-427 of inquiry, 435-436 inside address of, 427 margin of,426 order, 434-435 paragraphs in, 432-433
complement of infinitiveto be, 102 defined,54 of indirect object,5, 98 of,4"5 nominative, uses of object of preposition,5, 97of
98
of object of verb, 5, 97-98 of object of verbal,5, 102
99
429
of subjectof infinitive, 6, 102103
of subject of verb, 4, 97 Catch phrases,459 Clauses,adjective,38 adverbial,40-41
431 preposition,98
But, as punctuation with, 164-165 295 295
hardly,296 in abbreviations Capital letters, 155 of titles,
about, 156
for classes in school,155 in direct quotations, 208-209 for events in history,155 for father,mother, 153, 156 in
153 lists,
days of the week,
153
of cities, bodies water, etc., 154 for Deity, 155 in names for names of holidays,153
for
492
names
of, 5-6
of predicate nominative, 4, 97 in elliptical of pronoun clause,
words in,
for months,
of, 399-400
possessive,6, 103, 201-205
salutation in, 427-428
cautions
catalogue,use
objective,uses
signature in, 429
help but, 270,
155, 156 subjects,
152-153 titles,
Case, 4-6, 97-108 of appositive,5, 103
punctuation in, 430-431
may,
152 resolutions,
for school
abbreviations in, 427
Cannot Cant
152, 208 languages, nationalities,
in quotations,
Bursted, bust,busted, 295 425-438 letters,
Can,
152 outlines,
races,
Business
wasted
154
in parts of letters, 155, 156 in poetry, 152
among,
phrases in, participial plan of, 425-426
groups,
153 and titles, names north,south,east, west, 154
for in
27 421 Bibliography, form of footnotes, 418-420 118 Blowed, Brackets,222-223 Bring, take, 295
Between,
gious and relipolitical
of
of
cause,
in
complex sentences, 47
41
of concession, 41 of condition,40 defined,37-38
of degree
comparison, 41 dependent, 38-43, 47-48 misuse of, 273-274, 314-315 56, 99, 332 elliptical, independent, 37-38, 47-48 or
kinds of, 37-43 with like and as, 143-144 40 of manner, misplaced, 323 misuse as sentences, 48 nonrestrictive, 180-182 43, 358 noun, of that in, 43, 320 omission in parallelstructure, 343
INDEX
of
place,40
punctuation of, 165, 168-170, 172-173, 177-178, 180182, 193-194 of purpose, 41 relative,38 of result,41
subordinate,38, 47,
340 as
Coherence, order 375
sentences, 319, 348-349 transitional devices for, 378380
of
agreement
nouns,
entrance
and
476 268-269 ColloquiaUsms, 240,
Colon,
content, in
cautions
introduce
to
use,
formal
a
in coordination
197
190 with appositives,185 after complimentary close of 189 letter, with conjunctive adverbs, 178
coordinate
189 164-165
direct quotations, 189-190,
208, 210 in
errors
of, 309-311
use
after introductoryelement,
limitingexpressions,188 nonrestrictive phrases and clauses,180-182
with
28, subordinating, usage
examples of, 47 punctuation with, 47, 178,
after salutation of
letter,189
of direct address,
terms
178 yes
and
Comparative
193
Constructions,awkward, impersonal,57 mixed, 337-338
333
shift in, 131, 348-349 split,327-328
Contend, with prepositions,270 Continual,continuous, 296 in
formal
writing,
226-227
of apostrophe in, 203, 205 use fined, Coordinating conjunction, de28
of, 350-351 of comma before,164"165 of parallelstructure with,
overuse
in series, 172-173
after
43
Conjunctive adverbs,defined,55
parenthetical expressions, 177-178
with
tion, subordina-
of, 143-144
Contractions,
168-169 with with
and 350-351 28 correlative, defined,28 kinds of, 28
ments, Connotation, 280, 281 ele-
before coordinatingconjunction, in
164-165, 343, 350-351 with, 164r-165
punctuation
ment, state-
197 introduce a list, 198 after salutation of letter, in writing time, 198 with absolute expresComma, sions,
contrasted
pluralof, 253 possessive of, 202-203 Conjugation,defined,55 of drive,18-23 Conjunctions, coordinating, 28,
197, 198
to
in
Complement, objective, 6, 55 predicate,4, 24 subjective, 4, 55 Comply to, comply with, 270 Compound words, hyphen in, 220-221
with, 74 raphy tests, bibliog-
of verbs
for,479-480 form
75, 139, 339 else, defined,54-55
with, 85
agreement
College
developing paragraph,
with other and
374details,
of
in
pronouns
of
means
372
for emphasis, 355
Collective
prepositions,
Comparison, of adjectives and adverbs, 137-139 clear,340 defined,54 339incomplete and illogical,
351
of time, 40 Cliches, 275-276
Climax
with
Compare, use 270, 271
178 no, degree,137-139
use use
343
Coordination,350-351 Copulative verb {see Linking verb) 493
INDEX
Could
of, 118
Dangling expressions,329-334
Each, either,agreement with, 84-85 as subjects,73, 77
Dash, 21"-219
Eats,
Data, 76
Economics, 74 Effect,affect,293
Dates, writing of, 228 Declension, 56 Definition
Either of developing
means
as
paragraph, 371 Denotation, 280, 281 Despite of, 338 Diagraming, 480-488 280-281 Diction, concrete language, 291-292 figurative "fine writing,"282 foreignexpressions,262, 284 glossary of faulty expressions,
wordiness, 278-279,
or,
.
parallelstructure of pronouns
complete thought implied,308 dangling, 332 Emphasis, 352-353 Ethics,74 Euphony, 289-290 Even, misplaced,323 Everybody, in informal speech,
verb
285-286,
Dictionaries,accent
marks
in,
243
in, 241
in, 236 capitalization of adjectivesin, comparison 236
compound words in, 236 diacritical marks in, 242 of speech in, 237 parts of in, 236 plurals nouns pronunciation in, 237, 242-244 selection of, 231-232 spellingin, 232-234, 244 syllabification in, 236-237 in, 241
of, 232-242
agreement
of developing 371-372 Except, accept, 293 Exclamation point, 217 witli quotation marks, 210 Expletive,56
Example as means paragraph,
Fall offof, 286 False dilemma, 458
Female, 297 Fewer, less,140,
297 227-228 of,
Figures, use Figures of speech, alliteration, 290
avoiding mixed, 292 hyperbole, 292 metaphor, 291, 292 metonymy,
vocabvilaryentry in, 233 Die of,die with, 270 Differ,use with prepositions,
with, 85 with, 73
agreement
pronoun
431
use
.
with, 344 Ellipsisdefined, 56 Elliptical clauses,case
73, 74, 85
292-302
mixed figures, 292 vigorous verbs, 281
synonyms
273
noun,
.
cedent ante-
in, 99
Diacritical marks, 242
antonyms
as
of
292
291 personification,
simile,291 "Fine" writing, 282-284
Differentthan, different from,
verb, 56 Firstly,137
143, 270 Direct address,56 Direct object, 5, 97, 107
Footnotes, 417-420 Foreign expressions, 262, 284 of italics for, 225 use Foreign nouns, plurals of, 75,
270,
Done,
Finite
271
incorrect
use
of, 117
Don't and doesn't,71 Double negative, can't Doubt
296, 338 if,doubt
102, 106,
253
Fractions, agreement
hardly,
Friendly whether,
270
Due
494
verbs,
letters (see Social
letters)
Drawed,
118 140 to,
widi
75
Gender
defined,56-57
INDEX
Inverted order, 58 Gerund, dangling phrase, 330 299 Irregardless, defined,15-16, 57 distinguished JFrom participle, It, impersonal,92 203-204 It, they, indefinite, 91,
form, 15-16
Itahcs
modifiers of, 15-16
205 Its,it's,
object of, 6, 15, 102 before, 103, possessive case
Jargon, 278-279 in business
203-204
Glossary,faultyexpressions,292302 grammatical terms, 52-61 Good and well, 137 Graduated from, 270, 298 Grammar defined,57 Guilt by association, 464-465
Kind
92
224-225 (underlining),
431 letters,
of, 140 and
Less
least,137
Let, leave, 299
Letters,capitalization in, 155, 156
(See also expressions, 275-
Hackneyed 276,
Levels
428
Business letters; Social letters) of usage, 62-64, 239-241
Hardly, misplaced, Hisself,99 427 Honorable, used as title, Hyperbole, 292 Hyphen, 220-222
299 Liable, likely, Library,use of card catalogue,
Identical to, identical with, 270
Lie
Idioms, 269-271 defined,57 Illogicalconstructions,
Like, as,
323
337-338 with Impatient, prepositions,270 mood, 13, 22, 48, 129 Imperative Impersonal construction, 57 Improprieties, 273"274 In, into, 299 In regard to, 271 Incidentally,259 Indexes for research,403-406 Indicative mood, 18-20, 129 Indirect object,5, 98, 106 complement of to be, Infinitive, 102, 107 defined,16 form, 16, 21 modifiers of, 16 objectof, 6, 16, 102 107 of to before, 16 omission split,328 subjectof, 6^ 102, 107 tense of, 125 16 uses, Infinitive phrases,30-32, 34
dangling, 332 57 Inflection, verb,
use use
and
lay, 120 143-144
Linking verb, 11, 24,
58
Listen at, listen to, 270
niques, Listening,propaganda tech462-466 thinking in, 456-459 whom to believe,453-454 Lists,capitalletters in, 153
parallelstructure
in, 153, 344
Manuscript form, 396-397 might, 295 Measles, 74 Meet with, 286 up Metaphor, 291 May,
Metonymy, Mixed
292
constructions, 337-338
Mixed
figuresof speech, Modifiers,adjectivesand
292 verbs, ad-
24-26
danghng, 329-334 defined,58 misplaced, 322-323 overuse of, 283-284 squinting, 323
Mood, 12-13, defined,58
Interjection,57 Intransitive
399-400 of indexes,403-406 of reference books, 401402
129-131
imperative, 13, 22, 48, 129
11, 57
indicative, 12, 18-20,
129
495
INDEX
shift in, 131, 349
subjectivecomplement, Ntmiber, defined,58 as
subjunctive,13, 22-23, 130131 Most, almost, 300 Myself,himself,10, 98
of nouns,
Number, Numbers,
4
3
subject of verb,
as
beginning
at
of
75 tence, sen-
228
calling,463 Namely, punctuation with, 194, Name
198
Nauseous, nauseated, 300 lute Nominative absolute (see Abso-
phrase) Nominative
case,
4"5
of personal pronouns, of relative pronouns, Non
97, 99 105
sequitur, 458-459
None, 75 agreement with verb, 73, 75 Nonrestrictive modifiers,34, 180-182 Note taking,410-414 Noun clauses,43, 358 Noun phrases, 30-31
Nouns,
absolute expression, 5
in
abstract,2 adverbial objective, 6,
26
commas use
written
in
written
in
figures,227-228 words, 228
Object,defined,59 direct,5, 97, 102, 106, 107 of gerund, 6, 15 indirect, 5, 98, 106 of infinitive, 6, 16, 102, 107 of participle, 6 of preposition, 5, 97-98, 106 of verb, 5, 97, 102, 106, 107
Objective case, 5-6 of personal pronouns,
97-99,
102
of relative pronouns,
106-108
Objective complement, 6, 55 Only, misplaced, 323 Other, else, in comparisons, 75, 139, 339
appositive, 5 2 capitalized,
Outhnes, 387-395 capitalization in,
of, 4-6, 201-205 collective, 2, 74, 85
152 for research paper, 414-415 457-458 Oversimplification,
case
2
common,
in, 228 of St, nd, rd after,228
defined,2 in direct as
address,5,
178
direct object of verb, 5, 97
foreignplurals,75, 253 gender, 3, 56-57 indirect objectof verb, 5 as kinds of, 2 misused as verbs, 273 number of, 3 as object of gerund, 6 as object of infinitive, 6, 16 of 6 as object participle, as object of preposition,5 as objectof verb, 5, 97 (See also Object) objectivecomplement, 6, 55 as pluralof,3, 75, 251-254 predicate,4, 76 as predicatecomplement, 4 as predicate nominative, 4 proper, as as
496
2
6 subjectof infinitive, of 4 subject verb, (See also Subject)
Paragraph,
364-382
in business
432^33 letters, dialogue,382 length of, 381-382 in
mechanics of, 382 methods of development, 370373 order of details in, 374, 389 proportion of, 381-382 substance of, 369-370 in, 364"367 topic sentence transitional device in, 378-380
Parallel constructions,
in
lists,
153, 344 in sentences, 342-344 shift in mood, 131
Parallelism defined,59
Paraphrase, 424 Parentheses, 222-223 expressions, 59 punctuated, 177-178, 222-223 Participial phrases,15, 30, 32 avoiding in letters, 429, 452
Parenthetical
INDEX
dangling, 329-330 14-15 as Participles, adjectives, defined,14, 59 distinguishedfrom gerunds, form
of, 13-15, objectof, 6, 102
past, confused
personal pronoun
20
with past tense,
117-118 present, 125
of
of
verb, 13,
Past
with,
tenses
125
voice, defined,12, 61
form,
20-21
tense, confused
with
past
at end of sentence, 271 idiomatic use of, 270
includingnecessary,
320
as
objectof, 97-98,
of, 143-145 perfect tense, 19, 21, 23 uses of, 123-124 Principal,principle,301 Pronouns, agreement of, with antecedents,84-86, 349 with verbs, 73-74 case of, 8, 97-108, 203, 205 compound, 10, 98 defined, 8 demonstrative,9 320 includingnecessary, indefinite, 10, 73-74, 85-86, usage
217
of sentence,
216 307-308 Periodic sentences, 354 Person, defined,59 of pronouns, 8 291 Personification, in
use,
Phrases,adjective,30, 32, adverbial,30, 34
34
danghng,
329-332 defined,29, 60 gerund, 30, 31
Present
91-92
infinitive.30-32, 34, 332 kinds of, 30-34
intensive,10, 84-85 interrogative,9-10, 105-106
misplaced, 322,
kinds of, 8-10
323
30-31
noun,
15, 30, 32, participial,
329-
330, 429, 452 position of, 29, 322, 323 prepositional, 30, 32, 34, 71 of, 34, 169-170, punctuation 172-173, 177-178, 180182 restrictive
and
34
106
Period, after abbreviations,216end
Prepositionalphrase, 30, 32, followingsubject,71 defined,27, 60 Prepositions,
pronoun
Percent, 217, 228
error
)
list of, 27
117-118 participle, uses of, 123-124 Per diem, 284
at
97
as,
relative pronoun as, 105 Predicate noun (see Predicate nominative
112-117 Passive
4
4, 76
Predicate objective, 5, 55
principalpart
sequence
Predicate,60 24 Predicate adjective, Predicate complement, Predicate nominative,
203-204
as
Precis, 422-423
nonrestrictive,
34
personal,8, 97 as predicatenominatives, 97, 105
objects,98, 102 reference of, 91-94 10, 98-99 reflexive, relative, 8, 9, 79, 105 as subjects,73-74, 97 as
Pronunciation, 242-244 accent
verb, 12, pO,61, 327-328 "Plain folks" technique, 464 ^^
Plan on going, 270 Plural of nouns, 3, 75, 251-254 number Politics, of, 74 Possessive case, 6 and apostrophe,201-205
marks,
243
diacriticalmarks, 242 in dictionaries, 237 tion Propaganda techniques, associawith something pleasant,
462
before gerunds, 103, 203-204
guiltby association,464-65 name calling,463 "plain folks,"464
of pronouns,
465-466 using statistics,
103, 203,
205
497
INDEX
Providing that,270 Provincialisms,268 Punctuation, apostrophes,201205 430-431 letters, 197-198 colon, 164-190 comma, 218-219 dash, direct quotations, 208-210 exclamation point, 210, 217 foreignphrases,225 parentheses,222-223 period, 216-217 question mark, 210, 217 semicolon. 47, 165, 178, 192in business
limitingthe topic, 408-409 outhning, 387-395, 414-415 paragraphs in, 416 revision of, 416 taking notes for,410^13 topics for,407-408 of footnotes, use 412, 417-420 using libraryfor,398-406 Restrictive modifiers, 34, 180182
Reverend, 226,
427
Rewarded,with prepositions,271 Rhyme, Round,
290 139 R.S.V.P., 263
194
titlesof books, plays,etc.,211,
Same, 94, 301-302 Seen
224
and
117
saw,
Semicolon, cautions Question mark,
in use,
193
before conjunctive adverbs,47,
217
quotation marks, 210 Quotation marks, cautions in with
178, 193 use,
with
coordinatingconjunctions,
208-211
165, 193 before namely, for example,
quotations, 208-209 for paragraphs of conversation, 209 placement of, 210 single,209-210 for slang,211 with technical terms, 210 211 in titles, in direct
194 to
separate independent clauses with no connecting
links,192 in series, 194
Sentence
fragments, 307-309
Sentences, balanced, 354
in, Quotations,capitalization
choppy,
318
coherence
152, 208 indirect,337 punctuation of,208-209
in, 319, 348-349
complex, 47 compound, 47
compound-complex, 48 Rationalization,457 Readers' Guide, use of, 404, 406 Real, very, 134, 273 Redundancy, 285-286, 294 Reference
Relative verb
books, 401-406 pronoun,
agreement
of
with, 79
105-108 Repetition for emphasis, 353 Reports, characteristics of, 442case,
444
form
of,444-445 gatheringmaterial for,441 plan of, 442 references
for, 440 440 types of, Research 398-421 papers,
bibliographyfor, 410, 421 choosing topic, 407-409 introductoryparagraph in, 416 498
and subordination in, 350-351
coordination
defined,46 308 elliptical, fused,312 337-338 illogical, incomplete,307-308, 319-321 kinds of, 46-48 loose and periodic, 354 rambling, 317 "run-on,"309-311 shift in construction,131, 348349
simple,46 subjectof (see Subject) topic, 364-367 unity in, 316-321 variety in, 355-358 Series,parallelstructure 344
in, 343-
INDEX
punctuation of, 172-173, 194
Shall,will,124
introduced by there or liere, 71 either joined by or, 77 used as, 73, 97 pronoun .
Shifts,in mood, 349
.
.
in person or number, 349 348 in subject,
Subjectivecomplement, 4 Subjunctivemood, 13, 22-23,
in tense, 348 in voice, 348
Subordinatingconjunctions, 28,
130-131
Should, would, 124-125 Simile,291 Sister-in-law, pluraland
43 sive, posses-
203 Sit and set, 120-121 Slang, 114, 274-275 Slow, slowly,137 So, so that,321
vious Social letters, avoiding the oband trite,451 bread and butter,449
Subordination,350"351 Substantive defined,61 Superlativedegree, 137-139 Sure, surely,134, 273 Suspicion,302 misused as verb, 273 220-222 Syllabification, Synonym and antonym, tests choosing, 470"471 Syntax defined,61
in
choosing materialfor,451 invitations and replies, Tense, defined,13, 61
formal
446
margins
dramatic narrative, 123, 124 forms of, 18-23 in
informal invitations
and
plies, re-
future,18, 20, 124 future perfect,19, 21, 125 of, 123-124 past, uses in statements permanently
447-448 in, 452
participial phrases in, 452 sympathy, 450 thank you, 448-449 type of stationery,452 of verb Some, agreement
uses
with,
73, 75
true, 123 of, 122-125
Tests, choosing antonym
or
470-471
synonym,
incorrect use, 134 collegeentrance, 472, 476-480 Spelling,adding -ally,259 completing analogies,473-474 255-259 adding suffixes, matching definitions and before words, 469-470 doubling consonant 257-258 suffix, vocabulary,469-476 listsof words often misspelled, Than, as, case after,99 248-251 That, omission of, 43, 320 That there,140 plurals,251-254 and pronunciation, 245 99 Theirselves, rules for, 251-259 Them, incorrect use of, 99 words ending in -ihle or Themes, analyzing material for, 388 -able,257 words beginnings and endings,396 ending in y, 256 words with ei, ie, 254 choosing core thought, 387-
words with final e, 255 Splitconstruction, 327-328 462-466 Statistics,
Subject,agreement
of verb with,
70-79
compound, 46, 77 defined,60-61, 70 followed
by prepositional phrase,71 followingverb, 58, 70 construction with, 337 illogical of infinitive, 6, 102, 107
388
choosing topic, 383-386 manuscript form, 396-397 preparing outline,387-395 397 revising and proofreading, 384-386 topics for, unity in, 387-388 There and here,introducingsubjects, 71 467-468 Thinking, bibliography, in listening, 456-459 poor, types of, 457"459
499
INDEX
propaganda techniques,426-
and
tense
past
reading, 453-454 This here, 140 This kind of, 140 To home, 270 sentence,
aid
as
131 to
graph para-
unity, 365
tense, 13, 61, 1"-23, 122-133 to
be, 4,
97
defined,364
transitive, 11, 61
imphed,
usage,
367
position of, 365-366 Transitional devices, 378-380
Triteness, 275-276 business
428 letters,
Try to, try and, 269 Unique, 139 Unity, in paragraphs,364-367 in
sentences, 316-321
Unless, without, 144 Usage levels,62-64, 239-241
Variety in sentences, 355-358 Verb phrase, 30 defined, 12, 61 327keeping parts together, 328
Verbals,defined,14, 61 finite verbs compared with, 14 kinds of, 14-16 objectsof, 6, 15, 16, 102, 106, 107
modifiers of, 15-16 Verbs, active, 12, 18-19, 61 with subjects,70agreement 79
vigorous, use of, 281 voice, 12, 18-21, 61, 349
337
imperative, 13, 22, 48, 129 319-320 including necessary, indicative,12, 18-20, 129
intransitive,11, 57 kinds of, 11
linking,11, 24, 58 misused as noans, 273 mood of, 12-13, 58, 129-131 passive, 12, 20-21, 61 principalparts of 13, 112-117 ,
on, wait for,270 What, 86 92-93 Which, indefinite, Who, which, that,79, 86 Who, whom, 105-108 Whoever, whomever, 108 Whose, who's, 205 Without, unless,144 Wordiness, 285-286 431 in business letters,
Wait
in
jargon, 278-279
Words, colloquial, 240,
compound,
268-269
220-221
280-281 and specific, denotation and connotation,
concrete
280, 281
direct,simple,278-279 emotional
content, 62, 463
284
low) becopulative {see linking,
defined,11, 70 definite subject with, 56 finite,
259-267 tests in, 469-476 Voice, 18-21 defined, 12, 61 shifts in, 348 Vulgarisms, 273
foreign expressions, 225, 262,
54 18"23 of, conjugation
auxiliary,12,
500
112-131
Vocabulary, development of,
verb, 11 defined,61
Transitive
in
participle,
misuse
in
Topic
past
of, 117-118 regular and irregular(strong and weak), 13, 14, 112 subjunctive,13, 22-23, 130-
466
frequentlymispronounced,243 245" frequentlymisspelled,
246, 248-251 281 general and specific, glossary of faulty expressions, 292-302 incorrect
omission
of, 320
order of, 322-323
short, 282-283
of,220-222 syllabification Writing, business letters,425438
"fine,"282-284 reports, 439-445 92 You, indefinite,
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Grammar
24. The
Semicolon
25. The
Colon
1. Nouns
26. The
2. Pronouns
27.
3. Verbs
and
Verbals
5.
28. Achievement
Adverbs
and 4. Adjectives
and Prepositions
Apostrophe Quotation Marks
29. The
tions Conjunc-
Tests
Period
30. Exclamation
and
Points
QuestionMarks 6. Phrases
31. The
Dash
7. Clauses
32. The
Hyphen
and
cation Syllabifi
8. Sentences 9.
Glossaryo"
Grammatical
33. Parentheses
Terms
and
Brackets
34. Italics
35. Abbreviations
Usage
36. Numbers
DiagnosticTests Subjectand Verb
10. 11.
and
12. Pronoun
ment Agree-
Antecedent
14. Case
15.
39.
of Pronouns
40.
of Pronouns
Parts Principal
42.
Adjectiveand
Adverb
age Us-
44. 45.
19.
and Preposition Usage
20. Achievement
Spelhng VocabularyGrowth
Colloquialisms
tion Conjunc-
Tests
46.
Vulgarisms Improprieties Slang
47. Triteness 48.
Jargon and
49. Concrete
Capitalization 21. Use
Dictionary
43. Idioms
17. Mood 18.
of the
41. Provincialisms
of Verbs
of Verbs
16. Tense
37. Use
Word
38. Pronunciation
Agreement 13. Reference
The
of
CapitalLetters
Specific
Words 50. "Fine"
Writing
51. Wordiness
Punctuation 22.
DiagnosticTest
23. The
Comma
52.
Euphony
53.
FigurativeLanguage of Misused Words Glossary
54.
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