Handbook for Sound Engineers

Index 294

Symbols

1391–1392, 1398, 1400, 1404, 1408

%Alcons

acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 157, 159 designing for speech intelligibility 1391, 1398 intelligibility Alcons 1396 loudspeaker clusters 654 Test and measurement 1625 units of measurement 1659

Numerics 1/F noise consoles 861 1000Base-LH digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 1000Base-LX digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 1000Base-SX digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 1000Base-T digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 100BaseT 1490 digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 100Base-TX digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 10Base2 1489 digital audio interfacing and networks 1489 10Base5 1489 digital audio interfacing and networks 1489 10BaseF digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 10BaseT 1489, 1501 digital audio interfacing and net-

works 1489 10Broad36 1489 digital audio interfacing and networks 1489 16 track console routing 854 1Base2 1489 digital audio interfacing and networks 1489 32 track routing consoles 854 5.1 surround sound surround sound 1593 7.1 surround sound format surroound sound 1598 70.7 V loudspeaker transformer sound system design 1291 70.7 V or 100 V loudspeaker system sound system design 1291 70.7 volt loudspeaker system wire and cable 435

A A/D conversion consoles 942, 954 gain structure 1230 AACS optical disc formats 1152 Abbreviations units of measurement 1667 Absolute levels fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Absolute phase consoles 891 Absolute pitch psychoacoustics 56 Absorbed glass mat batteries (AGM) 696 Absorber data computer aided sound system design 1354 Absorber sound power acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 Absorption

1689

acoustical modeling and auralization 219 acoustical treatment for indoor areas 97 fiber optics 459 from trees and shrubs 230 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 29 gypsum cavity wall absorption

229

Sabine 135 Absorption coefficient 222, 229 acoustical modeling and auralization 217, 219 acoustical noise control 93 designing for speech intelligibility 1396 units of measurement 1660 Absorption coefficients of building materials and absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 115 Absorption of sound by air 205 Absorption ratings acoustical treatment for indoor areas 101 Absorption testing acoustical treatment for indoor areas 98 ac circuits grounding and interfacing

1182–1183

Ac current in various countries wire and cable 445 Ac differential relay 381 Ac power cords and receptacles wire and cable 443 Ac receptacles sound system design 1302 Ac relays 380 Ac resistance of resistors 245 Ac ripple current rating of a capacitor 258 Acceleration

1690 units of measurement 1652 Acoustic boundaries loudspeakers 625 Acoustic Control System (ACS) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 193 Acoustic delay delay 809 Acoustic feedback analog discs 1035 Acoustic gain fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 sound system design 1240 Acoustic impedance fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 Acoustic lens loudspeakers 614 Acoustic power loudspeakers 633 Acoustic pressure levels fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26 Acoustic programs EASE 648, 651 Noise Level Analysis 70 SMAART 1309, 1334 TEF 20 67 TEF 25 70 acoustic programs SMAART 1618 Acoustic reciprocity acoustical modeling and auralization 226 Acoustic reflections fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 Acoustic reflex psychoacoustics 45 Acoustic sources fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 Acoustic wave fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 Acoustic wavelengths fundamentals of audio and acoustics 30–31 test and measurement 1619

Index Acoustical absorption acoustical treatment for indoor areas 97 Acoustical baffles acoustical treatment for indoor areas 108 Acoustical banners acoustical treatment for indoor areas 109 Acoustical crosstalk interpretation and tour group systems 1534 Acoustical diffusion acoustical treatment for indoor areas 115 Acoustical doors acoustical noise control 83 Acoustical modeling acoustical modeling and auralization 215 Acoustical modeling and auralization absorption 219 absorption coefficient 217,

219

absorption from trees and shrubs

230

acoustic reciprocity 226 angle of incidence 222 auralization 215, 231 beam-tracing models 224 binaural impulse response (BIR)

232

binaural reproduction 232 binaural reproduction using headphones 232 boundary element analysis 227 computational models 215,

220

damping materials 228 diffusion 225 echogram 221 empirical models 215 finite-difference time-domain

228

geometrical models 220 gypsum cavity wall absorption

229

head-related transfer functions (HRTF) 232

hybrid models 215, 230 image models 220 impulse response 232 medium considerations 217 modeling 215 multichannel reproduction 233 numerical model 227–228 parametric room impulse response (PRIR) 234 physical models 215 propagation of sound waves

217

ray-tracing models 223 real-time auralization 233 receiver 218 reflectogram 221 small room models 228 sound transmission class (STC)

229

source 218 Statistical Energy Analysis 228 steady-state waves 218 surface materials 219 thermal relaxation 217 virtual reality 233 wave equation 225 wave equation models 225 Acoustical noise analog discs 1020 Acoustical noise control absorption coefficient 93 acoustical doors 83 air gap 79 angle of incidence 72, 93 attenuation of noise in ducts 91 balanced noise criterion 68 cavity resonance 86 ceiling construction 78 concrete block walls 77 concrete walls 77 continuous underlayment 80 critical frequencies 72 damping 77 empirical mass law 71 exceedance level 70 floating floors 79 floor and ceiling systems 79 floor construction 78–79 Gypsum wallboard 74 heating, ventilating, and air con-

Index ditioning (HVAC) 89 high-loss frame walls 74 homemade acoustical doors 83 homemade acoustical windows

86

identification of HVAC noise

90

isolation mount systems 80 isolation systems 74, 89 location of HVAC equipment

90

low-frequency response 69 noise criteria 67 percentile levels 70 plenum noise attenuators 92 proprietary acoustical doors 83 proprietary acoustical windows

86

proprietary silencers 93 raised slab or jack-up system 81 room-within-a-room 82 single-number STC rating 73 site noise survey 69 site selection 69 sound barrier 71 sound level meter 67, 70 sound lock corridor 83 STC number 72 TEF 20 67 TEF 25 70 transmission loss 71 transmission loss of a compound barrier 87 transmission loss of single glass plates 84 transmission loss of spaced glass plates 85 tuned stub noise attenuator 92 vibration isolation 90 wall caulking 77 wall construction 74 windows 84 Acoustical plasters acoustical treatment for indoor areas 107 Acoustical Society of America 12 Acoustical testing test and measurement 1607 Acoustical tiles acoustical treatment for indoor

areas 107 Acoustical treatment for indoor areas absorption 97 absorption coefficients of building materials and absorbers

115

absorption ratings 101 absorption testing 98 acoustical absorption 97 acoustical baffles 108 acoustical banners 109 acoustical diffusion 115 acoustical plasters 107 acoustical tiles 107 applications of diffusion 120 bass traps 110, 113 carpet 107 chairs absorption 108 closed cell foams 105 diaphragmatic absorbers 109 diffraction 120 diffuser testing 117 diffusion 115, 117 digital room correction (DRC)

121

discrete absorbers 108 draperies 108 fire safety codes 121 glass fiber panel 103 gypsum wallboard (GWB) 111 Helmholtz resonators 111 impact of absorption 115 impedance tube testing methods

100

medium density fiber panels

103

melamine foam panels 106 membrane absorbers 109 microperforated materials 112 mineral fiber board 104 natural cotton panels 105 Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) 101 nonreverberant spaces 114 numerical diffusers 118 open-cell foams 105 people absorption 108 perforated coverings 105 perforated membrane absorber

1691

111

polyurethane foam panels 106 porous absorbers 102 Q factor 110 quadratic residue diffuser (QRD)

118

random diffusers 119 reflection 120 refraction 120 resonant absorbers 109 reverberation chamber 98 reverberation time 114 RT equations 114 Sabine absorption coefficient

101

scattering 117 scattering coefficients 118 Schroeder diffusers 115 SONEX 106 Sound Absorption Average (SAA) 101 Acoustics absorption of sound by air 205 atmospheric absorption 204 atmospheric effects outdoors

203

impulse response 232 outdoor sound distributed loudspeaker systems 210 effects of air temperature 204 effects of atmospheric absorption of acoustical energy 204 effects of relative humidity

204

effects of temperature inversion gradient 204 Acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls %Alcons 157, 159 absorbed sound power 151 Acoustic Control System (ACS)

193

Active Field Control System (AFC) 194 Alcons 156–157, 159 ambiophony 191 angular range of uniform irradiation 181 architectural acoustics 190

1692 articulation loss 156 assisted resonance 192 attenuation of maximum 181 audience absorption 186 auditoriums, congress centers

163

average sound energy density

151

axis-near reflection areas 179 balconies 173 bass ratio 151 broadband sound absorbers 189 CARMEN 196 ceilings 171 center time 154 circles 173 circular effect 179 clarity measure C80 159 classical concert halls 164 critical distance 151 curved boundary surfaces 170 definition measure C50 154,

158

degree of definition D 154 degree of diffusivity d 180 diffuse reflection 178 diffusivity ratio 181 directed (local) reflection 178 directional sound reflection 181 displacement of maximum 181 dissipation coefficient 183 echo criterion 154 eigenfrequencies 192 electronic architecture

190–191

elliptical effect 180 energy criteria 152 equivalent sound absorption area

165

ERES 191 flow resistance 184 galleries 173 general concert halls 164 geometrical reflection 178 Helmholz resonators 185, 192 hyperbolic effect 180 intelligibility of sentences 157 intelligibility of words 157 Interaural Cross-Correlation Coefficient (IACC) 153

Index LARES System 194 lateral efficiency LE 161 logatoms 157 mean reverberation time 149 modulation reduction factor m(F) 155 modulation transmission function (MTF) 155 multi-channel reverberation (MCR) 192 multi-genre theaters 163 multi-purpose halls 163 near field 151 opera houses 163 orchestra pit 177 panel resonances 184 parabolic effect 180 performance zone 168 planning fundamentals 162 platform consideration in concert halls 175 polygon ground plan 170 porous materials 184 RASTI 159 register balance measure BR

sound energy component 152 sound form 165 sound pressure level 153 sound reflection coefficient 183 sound-field-proportionate factors 152 spatial impression measure R

reverberance measure H 161 Reverberation on Demand System (RODS) 193 reverberation radius 151 reverberation time (RT60) 148,

variable acoustics 188 vario-acoustics 188 Active acoustics virtual systems 1455 Active balanced inputs sound system design 1305 Active balanced line driver integrated circuits 360 Active balanced line receiver integrated circuits 360 Active Field Control System (AFC) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 194 Active filters 711 filters and equalizers 793 Active microphone preamplifier integrated circuits 350 Active release time constants consoles 903 Actuate time relays 374 AD524 integrated circuits 350 AD636

162

165

reverberation time duration 148 room acoustics 190 room shape 167 room volume 165 room-acoustical criteria 147 room-acoustical planning 164 rooms with variable acoustics

164

scattering coefficient s 180 show theaters 164 site lines 173 sloping of tiers 173 smooth curved surfaces 179 sound absorbers 183 sound absorption coefficient

149, 183

sound coloration measures sound delay systems 191

160

160

specific flow resistance 184 Speech Transmission Index (STI) 155 spoken-drama theaters 163 sports halls, gymnasiums 164 strength measure G 153 structure coefficient s 184 subjective intelligibility tests

156

System for Improved Acoustic Performance 194 task of variable acoustics 189 time criteria 148 transmission coefficient 183 trapezoidal ground plan 169 travel-time-based reverberation-time enhancing systems

191

Index integrated circuits 347 Adaptive equalizers filters and equalizers 802 Adaptors wire and cable 417 ADAT 1443 consoles 988 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Optical disc formats 1153 AES/EBU digital audio cable wire and cable 430 AES/EBU digital coaxial cable wire and cable 430 AES/EBU digital peak meter VI meters 1004 AES-10—MADI consoles 987 AES11 1444 AES-3 consoles 986 AES3 1443, 1452 AES3 I/O 1447 AES3 receiver digital audio interfacing and networks 1466, 1472 AES3 transmitter digital audio interfacing and networks 1466 AES-42 consoles 986 AES42-2006 1452 AGC optical disc formats 1143 AIFF files optical disc formats 1135 Aiming loudspeakers computer aided sound system design 1374 sound system design 1263 Air flow management heatsinks 369 Air gap acoustical noise control 79 audio transformers 279–280 Air gap length loudspeakers 608 Air mass loudspeakers 635 Albert L. Thuras 9

1396, 1398, 1400, 1404, 1408

Alcons

acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 156–157, 159 computer aided sound system design 1339 sound system design 1251,

1254, 1263, 1265–1267, 1272, 1274 Alessandro Volta 6 Alex Badmieff 12

Alexander Graham Bell fiber optics 451 Algorithm development DSP technology 1172 Algorithmic composition programs MIDI 1123 Aliasing delay 811 Alien crosstalk (ANEXT) wire and cable 416 Alignment computer aided sound system design 1378 Alkaline-manganese batteries 698 All pass filter filters and equalizers 796 Alloy-junction transistor solid state devices 325 All-pass amplifier delay 809 Alpha solid state devices 329 transistors 329 ALS-1 interference predictions loudspeaker clusters 649, 651 Altec 11 Altec Lansing Corp 12 Aluminum extruded heat sinks 368 AM broadcast assistive listening systems

1551

Ambient microphones personal monitors 1431 Ambient temperature effect resistors 245 Ambiophony acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 191 Ambrose J. Fleming 8

1693 American Institute of Electrical Engineers 12 American National Standards Institute display technologies 1579 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Assistive listening systems

1545

Ampere fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 Ampere-turns (AT) relays 374 Amplification factor gain structure 1227 tubes 312 Amplifier 703 active band pass filter 714 active filter 710–711 active high pass filter 714 active low pass filter 714 automatic turn-on muting 720 balanced input 711 Bessel polynomial 713 Bode diagram 705–706, 711 Butterworth polynomial

712–713

capacitor high-pass filter 720 class A output 717, 721 class AB + B output 721–722 class AB output 717, 721 class AB plus B output 717 class B output 717 class D output 717, 721, 726 class G output 723 class H output 723 class TD output 726 complementary symmetry monolithic Darlington power transistors 719 constant voltage distribution

716

current amplifier 703 dc-to-dc converter 725 EMI filter 724 feedback theory 707 field-effect transistors 718 fuse 719 group delay distortion 711

1694

Index

high power 720 inductor 713 input-output impedance 703 inverting operational amplifier

710

inverting voltage amplifier 711 Laplace transform 705 linear 703 load protection mechanism 719 logarithmic 703 VU meters 1002 magnetic field 703–704 MOSFET transistors 720 negative feedback 708–709 noninverting voltage amplifier

711

Nyquist diagram 705, operational amplifier

708

710–711, 713

phase distortion 713 pole-zero diagram 706 power fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 protection mechanisms 719 switch mode power supplies

724–725

thermal sensor 720 totem pole with class AB plus B output 718 transconductance 703 transfer function 704 transformer 720 transresistance 703 types of amplifiers 703 voltage 703 Amplifier power ratings gain structure 1231 Amplifier sensitivity gain structure 1230 Amplifiers 1074 differential 339 inverting 338 noninverting 338 operational transconductance

340

summing inverter 340 Amplitude units of measurement 1652 Amplitude response

loudspeakers 628, 631 Amplitude spectra psychoacoustics 57 Amplitude spectrum psychoacoustics 50 Amplitude versus time test and measurement 1611 Analog A and C weighted filters what’s the ear for? 1639 Analog delay 812 Analog discs acoustic feedback 1035 brushes 1036 cartridge voltage output 1033 cleaning records 1037 compliance 1032 DIN curve 1017 distortion 1017 effective tonearm length 1023 electrical loading 1033 electrodynamic type cartridges

1027

elliptical stylus 1031 induced magnet cartridges

1028

laser turntable 1034 linear speed 1023 magnetic field 1027–1028 moving coil cartridges 1027 moving magnet cartridges 1028 NAB (RIAA) curve 1017 phono preamplifiers 1033 piezoelectricity 1030 record care 1036 record-cleaning machines 1036 recording characteristics 1017 semiconductor pickup cartridges

1029

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

1016

skating force 1023 SNR 1033 spherical stylus 1031 step-up transformer 1027 stereo disc groove 1031 stroboscopic disc 1019–1020 styli 1031 stylus cantilever 1032 stylus characteristics 1032 stylus tip 1031

tangential error 1022 tangential tracking 1021 tonearm antiskating force 1025 tonearm geometry 1021 tonearm resonant damping

1025

tonearm vertical tracking angle

1025

tonearms 1021 turntable 1018 turntable drive systems 1018 turntable platter 1018 turntable speed of rotation 1019 variable reluctance cartridges

1027

vertical resonance 1033 Analog display display technologies 1581 Analog record 1015 Analog shift register delays delay 810 Analog speakerphone preamplifiers and mixers 760 Analog to digital conversion delay 813 Analog to digital converter DSP technology 1167 Analog Z weighting (linear) filter what’s the ear for? 1639 Analog-to-digital converter consoles 942 Analytical Model Full-Wave Methodology 226 Andre Marie Ampere 6 Anechoic chamber small room acoustics 141 Anechoic measurements test and measurement 1614 Angle of incidence acoustical modeling and auralization 222 acoustical noise control 72, 93 fiber optics 454–455, 479 small room acoustics 139 Angle of radiation computer aided sound system design 1348 Angle of reflection fiber optics 455 Angle of refraction

Index fiber optics 454 Angular directivity gain computer aided sound system design 1356 Angular directivity ratio computer aided sound system design 1347, 1356 Angular range of uniform irradiation acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 181 Annoyance factor what’s the ear for? 1637 ANSI S3.5 1997 1409 Antenna cables microphones 569 Antenna splitters microphones 570 Antennas 560 assistive listening systems

1550

fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 microphones 568 Anti-alias filter delay 812 Anti-aliasing delay 811 Anti-aliasing filters consoles 956 Anti-imaging delay 811 Antiskating force analog discs 1025 Aperture time delay 812 Applications for personal monitors Personal monitors 1425 Applications of diffusion acoustical treatment for indoor areas 120 Architectural acoustics 190 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 Arithmetric symetry filters and equalizers 785 Array height versus wavelength loudspeaker clusters 659 Array lobing computer aided sound system

1695

design 1378 Art Davis 14 Arthur Edwin Kennelly 7 Arthur Fleming 8 Articulation Index (AI) designing for speech intelligibility 1391, 1404, 1409 loudspeaker clusters 654 Articulation loss acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 156 Articulation loss of consonants designing for speech intelligibility 1396 Artificial ambience sound system design 1328 Artificial head systems microphones 553 ASHRAE 90 Aspect ratio display technologies 1581 Assisted resonance acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 192 Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) assistive listening systems

inductive reactance 1548 infrared control transmitter

Assistive listening systems AM broadcast 1551 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1545 antennas 1550 Assistive Listenig Systems (ALSs) 1545 Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) 1545 carrier current antenna Carrier current antenna

magnetic induction loops 1546 medium area systems (MAS)

1545

assistive listening systems 1552 electronic system 1549 field distortion 1548 field strength 1547 FM broadcast 1550 hearing aid response 1546 hearing impaired 1545 induction loop system 1550

1553

infrared link 1553 infrared slave emitters 1553 infrared systems 1552 infrared systems channel allocation 1555 infrared systems modulation technique 1555 IRLED transmitting diode

1554

large area multi-channel systems

1553

large area systems (LAS) 1553 light emitting diode (LED)

1553

light spectrum 1555 loop impedance 1548 lossy coaxial cable antenna

1552

Low Power Radio Services (LPRS) 1550 magnetic field strength 1546,

1548

magnetic induction loop system

1546 1553

multiple-loop current flow

1548

National Association of the Deaf (NAD) 1545 normalized field strength 1547 open wire antenna 1552 personal listening systems

1553

sensitivity of the eye 1554 T-coil 1546 T-coil hearing aids 1551 Wheeler’s equation 1549 wire data 1550 wireless IR system receiver

1557

Assistive Listening Systems (ALSs) Assistive listening systems

1545

Astigmatism optical disc formats

1696

1138–1139

ASTM E336-97 72 Asymmetric-directivity horns loudspeakers 613 Asynchronous connections digital audio interfacing and networks 1461 Atmospheric absorption 204 designing for speech intelligibility 1401 Attack time consoles 900 Attenuation fiber optics 458, 477, 479 wire and cable 432 Attenuation coefficient fiber optics 458 Attenuation in fiber fiber optics 459 Attenuation measurement fiber optics 461 Attenuation of Maximum acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 181 Attenuation of noise in ducts acoustical noise control 91 Attenuation of sound indoors sound system design 1248 Attenuation with increasing distance sound system design 1240 Attenuator fiber optics 479 Attenuator pads consoles 865 Attenuators attenuator networks 767 automated faders 779 automatic 779 balanced attenuator 767 balanced bridged T 774 balanced ladder 776 balanced T pad 773 bridged T pad 773 combining networks 772 distortion 767 dividing networks 772 feedback-type volume control

778

field-effect transistor attenuators

Index

779

H pad 773 impedance 770 impedance matching 769 impedance mismatch ratio 770 insertion loss 769, 773 K factors for calculating attenuator loss 768 K value 768 L pads 771 ladder 776 ladder networks 776 ladder potentiometers 776 light-dependent attenuator (LDA) 778 loss 769 microphones 581 minimum-loss pad 769 mixer 780 O type 775 pi or delta attenuator 774 summing amplifiers 781 T attenuators 773 transformer isolated 767 types of attenuators 771 U type 775 unbalanced pad 767 unity-gain current-summing amplifiers 781 VI meters 1000 voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) 779 volume and loudness controls

776

Atwater Kent 16 Audible frequency range units of measurement 1679 Audible spectrum fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 Audience absorption acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 186 Audio and video teleconferencing sound system design 1329 Audio archival message repeaters and evacuation systems 1527 Audio codecs optical disc formats 1152

Audio cooling tube heatsinks 369 Audio dB meter integrated circuits 348 Audio encoding psychoacoustics 48 Audio Engineering Society

637

13,

Audio frequency range units of measurement 1666 Audio over Ethernet consoles 989 Audio path consoles 855 Audio program material fundamentals of audio and acoustics 35 Audio signal transmission via computer networks sound system design 1333 Audio spectrum units of measurement 1678 Audio standards units of measurement 1663 Audio transformers air gap 279–280 auto-transformer 280 balanced input 297–298 balanced input stages 302 balanced output 298 bandwidth 289 basics 275 B-H loop 278–279 bi-directional reflection of impedances 287 bi-filar winding 281 bi-filar wound 286 bobbin 282 boosting 280 bucking 280 buzz 296 cable capacitance 289 capacitance 282 center tapped 276 CMRR 283, 290–291 coil inductance 278 common mode rejection ratio

290

common-mode noise 283, 290 common-mode rejection 302

Index condenser microphone 295 Co-Netic 283 constant-voltage 298 constant-voltage distribution

298

constant-voltage line 299 core 278 core laminations 279 core material 278, 284 coupling coefficient 276 damping 286 data sheets 303 demagnetizing 306 direct box 296 distortion 279, 283, 289 duplex 300 eddy currents 280 eddy-current losses 279 electronically-balanced inputs

302

electrostatic shield 282 excitation current 276–277,

280, 283

excitation flux 277 Faraday shield 282, 291–292 feedback factor 287 ferro-magnetic materials 278 flux 275 flux density 275, 278–279,

285

frequency response 285 gapping 279 generator impedance 285 ground noise 282 high-hysteresis materials 279 hum 296 HyMu 283 hysteresis 279, 284 hysteresis distortion 284, 306 hysteresis loop 278 IEC 60268-3 302 IM distortion 284–285 induction 275 inductive reactance 275–276,

285

inductor 275 input 289 input transformer 288 insertion loss 286, 290 installation 306

internal winding resistance 283 inter-stage coupling 293 isolation 290 law of induction 275 layering 281 leakage inductance 281 line input 291 line level shifter 303 line-level output 292 lines of force 275 load impedance 297 loudspeaker matching 300 magnet wire 282 magnetic circuits 280 magnetic coupling 288 magnetic field 275 magnetic flux 277, 294 magnetic flux density 284 magnetic hysteresis 279 magnetic operating point 279 magnetic saturation 283 magnetic shield 283, 301 magnetic shielding 283 magnetizing force 278 maintenance 306 measurements 302 microphone impedance conversion 295 microphone input 290 microphone output 294 microphonic 306 moving coil phono step-up 301 moving-coil phonograph pickup

291

multi-filar winding 281 Mumetal 283 negative feedback 287 negative output resistance 287 noise figure 289 non-magnetic materials 278 output 289, 296 output transformers 286, 290 parasitics 277 Permalloy 283 permeability 278 phase distortion 285 polarity 276 power transformer 280 repeat coil 300 residual field 279

1697 resistance 280 ring core 280 saturate 278 series leakage inductance 286 signal transmission characteristics 302 single-ended power amplifier

294

SMPTE 284 source impedance 285, 287 step-down 276, 298 step-down auto-transformer

281

step-up 276, 298 telephone hybrid circuit 300 telephone isolation 300 testing 302 THD 284 toroidal core 280 toroidal power transformer 283 total harmonic distortion 284 transmission characteristics 302 turns ratio 276–277, 280,

299, 302

unbalanced input 297–298 unbalanced interface 296 unbalanced output 297–298 universal winding 282 unshielded output 283 voltage ratio 276 winding resistance 280 windings 276 zero rejection 296 zero-impedance amplifier 288 ȝ 278 Audio waveform fundamentals gain structure 1224 Audio with Video (AV) disc optical disc formats 1149 Audio/video receivers surround sound 1598 Audition consoles 827 Auditoriums, congress centers acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 163 Auditory area psychoacoustics 50 Auditory filters psychoacoustics 49

1698 Auditory nerve personal monitors 1433 Auditory system psychoacoustics 45 Audyssey Dynamic EQ surround sound 1600 AURA computer aided sound system design 1373 Auralization acoustical modeling and auralization 215, 231 computer aided sound system design 1374 Auralization process acoustical modeling and auralization 232 Auricle psychoacoustics 43 Auto-focusing optical disc formats 1138 Automated faders 779 Automatic equalization sound system design 1312 Automatic gain control (AGC) preamplifiers and mixers 747 Automatic level control designing for speech intelligibility 1392 Automatic microphone mixers preamplifiers and mixers 741 Automatic microphone mixers implemented in software 752 Automatic microphone mixers with matrix mixing to multiple outputs

752

Automatic microphone mixing sound system design 1282 Automatic microphone muting consoles 905 Automatic microphone systems

540

Automatic mixing controller preamplifiers and mixers 752 Automatic mixing problems sound system design 1285 Auto-tracking optical disc formats 1139 Auto-transformer audio transformers 280

Index Auxiliary channel feeds consoles 930 Avalanche diode solid state devices 321 Avalanche photodiode (APD) fiber optics 479 Avalanche region solid state devices 320 Average absorption coefficient units of measurement 1660 Average level detection integrated circuits 345 Average power VI meters 1006 Average sound energy density acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 Average voltage gain structure 1224 Average-responding level detection integrated circuits 345 Averaging consoles 962 Avery Fisher 5 A-weighting level psychoacoustics 52 Axial mode small room acoustics 128 Axial ray fiber optics 479 Axis-near reflection areas acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 179

B Back emf grounding and interfacing 1183 Backbone cabling wire and cable 412 Backscattering fiber optics 479 Backward masking psychoacoustics 48 Baffle loudspeakers 626 Balanced armature earphones personal monitors 1424 Balanced attenuators 767 Balanced bridge integrated circuits 353 Balanced bridged T attenuators

774 Balanced cable grounding and interfacing 1200 Balanced input amplifier 711 audio transformers 297–298 grounding and interfacing 1208 Balanced input circuits grounding and interfacing 1213 Balanced input stage audio transformers 302 preamplifiers and mixers 740 Balanced interfaces grounding and interfacing 1212 Balanced ladder attenuators 776 Balanced line sound system design 1296 Balanced line input circuits integrated circuits 356 Balanced line interfaces integrated circuits 353, 355 Balanced line outputs integrated circuits 354 Balanced line receiver integrated circuits 356–357 Balanced lines wire and cable 407 Balanced microphones 521 Balanced mixing consoles 915 Balanced noise-criterion (NCB) acoustical noise control 68 Balanced output audio transformers 298 grounding and interfacing 1208 Balanced output line amplifiers consoles 932 Balanced power grounding and interfacing 1215 Balanced T pad 773 Balconies acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 173 Baluns wire and cable 416 Band limiting consoles 843 Band pass filters and equalizers 785, 791 Band pass filter 714

Index Band reject filter filters and equalizers 791 Bandpass filter consoles 884 Bandpass parametric equalizer consoles 969 Bandwidth 1388 audio transformers 289 consoles 864, 879 fiber optics 468, 479 filters and equalizers 785 grounding and interfacing 1203 preamplifiers and mixers 738 relays 374 Bandwidth distance product fiber optics 479 Bar graph VU meter 1002 Bark scale psychoacoustics 49 Barrier block connectors sound system design 1293 Base current curves transistors 333 Base station microphone 530 Basic electronics grounding and interfacing 1181 Bass horns computer aided sound system design 1350 Bass ratio acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 Bass reflex boxes loudspeakers 1350 Bass traps acoustical treatment for indoor areas 110, 113 Batteries absorbed glass mat (AGM) 696 alkaline-manganese 698 lead-acid 694 lead-dioxide batteries 695 LeClanche (Zinc-Carbon) 697 mercury dry cells 699 Nickel-Cadmium 697 power supplies 692 Battery charging power supplies 693 Baxandall consoles 890

BD optical disc formats 1153 BD-ROM optical disc formats 1153 BD-Video optical disc formats 1153 Beam steering loudspeaker clusters 656, 662 Beam-power tubes 311 Beamsplitter fiber optics 479 Beam-tracing models acoustical modeling and auralization 224 Beamwidth fiber optics 479 Beat packets digital audio interfacing and networks 1505 Bel fundamentals of audio and acoustics 24 Bell Telephone Laboratories 11 VU meters 998 Belt pack receiver personal monitors 1416 Beltpacks intercoms 1575 Bend radius fibers fiber optics 459 Beneficial destructive interference loudspeaker clusters 653 Beneficial interference loudspeaker clusters 652 BER (Bit Error Rate) fiber optics 480 Bessel filters consoles 890 Bessel function loudspeakers 634 Bessel polynomial 713 Beta solid state devices 329 transistors 329 B-H loop audio transformers 278–279 Bias circuits transistors 329 Bias, magnetic

1699 relays 374 Biconic connector fiber optics 471 Bidirectional microphone

495

493,

Bi-directional reflection of impedances audio transformers 287 Bi-filar winding audio transformers 281 Biflex loudspeakers 598 Bifurcated contacts relays 377 Bimorph bender loudspeakers 604 Binaural psychoacoustics 57 Binaural hearing psychoacoustics 60 Binaural impulse response (BIR) acoustical modeling and auralization 232 Binaural pitches psychoacoustics 57 Binaural process psychoacoustics 56 Binaural recording microphones

553

Binaural reproduction acoustical modeling and auralization 232 headphones 232 loudspeakers 232 Biphase-mark digital audio interfacing and networks 1465 Bipolar field-effect transistors (BiFETs) consoles 837 Bipolar junction transistor integrated circuits 343 Biquad consoles 966 Biquad coefficient sets consoles 967 Biquad filter filters and equalizers 799 Biquad IIR filter filters and equalizers 799

1700 Biradial horns loudspeakers 613 Birefringence display technologies 1587 Bistable magnetic latching relay

380

Bit stream corruption 1006 Bit-error-rate fiber optics 470 Blackman-Harris Test and measurement 1623 Blu-ray optical disc formats 1133 Blu-ray disc system optical disc formats 1153 Bobbin audio transformers 282 Bode diagram 705–706, 711 Bolt footprint small room acoustics 133 Bonded fin heatsinks 369 Bone conduction psychoacoustics 45 Bonello Criteria small room acoustics 132 Boosting audio transformers 280 Bootstrap consoles 881 Bounce relays 383–384 Bounce, contact relays 374 Boundary element analysis acoustical modeling and auralization 227 Boundary Element Method (BEM) Computer aided sound system design 1354 Bounded input/bounded output stable DSP technology 1164 Braid shields wire and cable 426 Breakdown region solid state devices 320 Breakdown voltage relays 374 transistors 332

Index Bridged interfaces gain structure 1224 Bridged T pad 773 Brightness delay 808 Brilliant Color display technologies 1586 British Broadcast Standard VI meters 1004 Broadband sound absorbers acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 189 Broadcast intercoms intercoms 1569 Broadcast matrix systems intercoms 1571 Broadcast party line system intercoms 1570 Bruel and Kjaer 9 Brushes analog discs 1036 Bucking audio transformers 280 Buckminster Fuller 5 Buffer fiber optics 480 Buffering latency consoles 990 Build-up of background noise and reverberation preamplifiers and mixers 743 Bundle identification digital audio interfacing and networks 1506 Burrus LED fiber optics 463, 480 Butterworth virtual systems 1449 Butterworth filter filters and equalizers 792 Butterworth filters consoles 890 Butterworth polynomial 713 Butterworth polynomials 712 Buzz audio transformers 296 B-weighting level psychoacoustics 52 C35

1388

C

designing for speech intelligibility 1405 C50 1388 designing for speech intelligibility 1404–1405 C7 designing for speech intelligibility 1405 Cabinet diffraction loudspeakers 626 Cable 1000Base-LH 1490 1000Base-Lx 1490 1000Base-SX 1490 1000Base-T 1490 100BaseT 1490 10BaseF 1490 10BaseT 1489, 1501 Category 1 1498 Category 2 1498 Category 3 1498 Category 4 1498 Category 5 1498 Category 5e 1498 Category 6 1498 Category 7 1498 characteristics of typical fiber cables 457 ethernet (Cat-5) 1430 grounding and interfacing 1184 MIDI 1111 shield grounding grounding and interfacing

1213

sound system design 1292 specifications fiber optics 476 types of fiber 456 Cable capacitance audio transformers 289 grounding and interfacing 1187 Cable installation digital audio interfacing and networks 1503 Canadian Electrical Code cable substitution chart wire and cable 441 Candelas per meter squared display technologies 1579 Capacitance 253

Index audio transformers 282 grounding and interfacing 1182 internal 313 Capacitance (C) units of measurement 1650 Capacitance of a shielded twisted pair cable preamplifiers and mixers 736 Capacitive coupling grounding and interfacing 1187 Capacitive loads relays 379 Capacitive networks filters and equalizers 787 Capacitive reactance 270 consoles 876 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 grounding and interfacing 1182 Capacitor metal oxide-semiconductor 810 metal-oxide-semiconductor junction FET capacitor 810 Capacitor filters power supplies 674 Capacitor microphone 507 Capacitor radio-frequency microphone 512 Capacitor radio-frequency, frequency-modulated microphone 511 Capacitors 251 ac ripple current rating 258 aluminum electrolytic 257 capacitance 253 capacitive reactance 270 ceramic 257 color codes 256 dielectric absorption (DA) 255 dielectric constant 252 dissipation factor (DF) 255 electrical characteristics 258 electrochemical double-layer capacitors 262 electrolytic 257 equivalent series inductance (ESL) 255 equivalent series resistance (ESR) 255 film capacitor 256 foil tantalum 260

force of attraction 253 impedance 258 in ac circuits 251 inductive reactance 258 insulation resistance 255 leakage current 258 maximum working voltage 255 mica 257 network transfer function 253 paper foil filled 257 parallel plate capacitor equation

252

power factor (PF) 255 quality factor (Q) 255 reverse voltage 259 solid-electrolyte, sintered anode tantalum 261 sound system design 1278 standard life tests 259 supercapacitors 262 suppression 261 surge voltage 259 tantalum 259 time constant 253 types of capacitors 255 ultracapacitors 262 wet-electrolyte, sintered anode tantalum 260 X type 261 X Y type 262 Y type 261 Capstan speed control 1045 Capture ratio intercoms 1575 Capture ratio and muting microphones 560 Carbon microphone 502 CARMEN acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 196 Carpet acoustical treatment for indoor areas 107 Carrier-sense multiple access digital audio interfacing and networks 1488 Carry current relays 374 Cartridge voltage output analog discs 1033

1701 Cartridges electrical loading 1033 electrodynamic 1027 induced magnet 1028 magnetic field 1027–1028 moving coil 1027 moving-magnet 1028 piezoelectricity 1030 semiconductor pickup 1029 step-up transformer

1027–1028

styli 1031 variable reluctance 1027 voltage output 1033 Cascaded biquads consoles 968 Case temperature heatsinks 373 CAT5 connectors sound system design 1293 CAT-5/RJ-45 consoles 989 Cat-5e cables interpretation and tour group systems 1531 Category 1 cable digital audio interfacing and network 1498 Category 2 cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category 3 cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category 4 cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category 5e cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category 6 cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category 7 cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Category cables

1702 wire and cable 412 Cathode tubes 311 CATV grounding and interfacing 1208 CATV (Community Antenna TV)

439

CATV broadband cable wire and cable 419 Causal system DSP technology 1164 Cavity resonance acoustical noise control 86 CCD delay 810 Ccondenser microphone 582 CCTV (closed circuit television) cable wire and cable 419 CD player hardware architecture optical disc formats 1137 CD-DA optical disc formats 1133 CD-R optical disc formats 1133,

1142

CD-ROM Optical disc formats 1133 optical disc formats 1141 CD-ROM/XA optical disc formats 1142 CD-RW optical disc formats 1133 CDRW virtual systems 1439 CD-UDF optical disc formats 1143 CD-WO (Write Once) optical disc formats 1142 Ceiling construction acoustical noise control 78 Ceiling loudspeaker systems sound system design 1270 Ceilings acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 171 Cent psychoacoustics 55 Center frequency filters and equalizers 785

Index Center time acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 154 Central answering service intercoms 1567 Central cluster loudspeaker sound system design 1260 Central cluster plus distributed system sound system design 1269 Central control unit interpretation and tour group systems 1531 Ceramic microphone 503 Chairs absorption acoustical treatment for indoor areas 108 Channel Coding digital audio interfacing and networks 1465 Channel Definitions for Digital Cinema surround sound 1601 Channel status data format digital audio interfacing and networks 1467 Channel status format digital audio interfacing and networks 1466 Channel-voice messages MIDI 1104 Character delay 808 Characteristic impedance grounding and interfacing

1185–1186

VU meters 997 wire and cable 432–433, 437 Characteristic sound level computer aided sound system design 1346 Charge coupled device delay 810 Charge injection consoles 940 Charge transfer device delay 810 Charging voltage versus temperature power supplies 694

Charles A. Coulomb 6 Charles Boner 14 Charles Proteus Steinmetz 6 Chebyshev filters filters and equalizer 792 Chords psychoacoustics 55 Chromatic dispersion fiber optics 480 Chrominance display technologies 1582 CIE Chromaticity Diagram (Color Chart) display technologies 1580 Cilia personal monitors 1433 CinemaScope surround sound 1593 CIRC optical disc formats 1135 CIRC code optical disc formats 1147 CIRC decoder optical disc formats 1140 CIRC encoding algorithm Optical disc formats 1136 CIRC error correction Optical disc formats 1141 Circles acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 173 Circuit theory grounding and interfacing 1181 Circular effect acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 179 Cladding fiber optics 480 Clarity measure C80 acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 159 Class A circuitry preamplifiers and mixers 740 Classical columns computer aided sound system design 1350 Classical concert halls acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 164 Cleaning records

Index analog discs 1037 Clerk Maxwell 5 Clipping gain structure 1225 Clocking consoles 979 Closed box system loudspeakers 636 Closed cell foams acoustical treatment for indoor areas 105 CMOS consoles 851 CMR integrated circuits 354 CMRR 1208 Audio transformers 283 audio transformers 290–291 grounding and interfacing

1207, 1212

integrated circuits 340 preamplifiers and mixers

740

735,

Coarse wavelength division multiplexing fiber optics 480 Coaxial cable wire and cable 418 Coaxial cable construction wire and cable 418 Coaxial cable installation wire and cable 419 Coaxial cable signal loss wire and cable 433 Coaxial cable termination wire and cable 420 Coaxial loudspeaker 620 Coaxial shield relays 374 CobraNet digital audio interfacing and networks 1488, 1504 sound system design 1290 virtual systems 1443, 1447 CobraNet terminology digital audio interfacing and networks 1504 Cochlea personal monitors 1433 psychoacoustics 43

Cocktail party effect psychoacoustics 60 Code development DSP technology 1176 Coefficient compounding consoles 979 Coefficient slewing consoles 979 Coercivity coercivityecording 1066 Coherent light fiber optics 465, 480 Coherent-phase laser beam optical disc formats 1138 Coil relays 374 Coil AT relays 374 Coil inductance audio transformers 278 Coincident acoustical centers loudspeaker clusters 650 Coincident microphone 542 Cold switching relays 374 Collision detection digital audio interfacing and networks 1488 Color code for nonpaired cables wire and cable 407 Color code for paired cables wire and cable 408 Color code for snake cables wire and cable 409 Color code for UTP cable wire and cable 415 Columbia Broadcasting System VU meters 998 Column arrays loudspeaker clusters 656 Column loudspeakers loudspeaker clusters 661 Comb filter delay 805 Comb filtering personal monitors 1432 preamplifiers and mixers 743 Comb filters designing for speech intelligibility 1390

1703 microphones 521, 523 small room acoustics 139 Combination filters power supplies 676 Combination shields wire and cable 426 Combination tones psychoacoustics 50 Combining networks attenuators 772 Commercial intercom systems intercoms 1566 Commercial security systems intercoms 1564 Commissioning sound system design 1292 Common impedance coupling grounding and interfacing 1202 Common loudspeaker format loudspeakers 629 Common mode rejection ratio audio transformers 290 Common Mode Reverse Audio Feed (CMRAF) interpretation and tour group systems 1534 Common-mode impedance integrated circuits 354 Common-mode load impedance integrated circuits 354 Common-mode noise audio transformers 283, 290 Common-mode rejection audio transformers 302 Common-mode rejection (CMR) integrated circuits 354, 357 Common-mode rejection line receiver integrated circuits 358 Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) consoles 873 grounding and interfacing

1185, 1196

preamplifiers and mixers 739 Common-mode transfer consoles 864 Common-mode voltage grounding and interfacing 1185 Common-mode-rejection

1704 consoles 863 Communication loudspeakers 597 Communication protocols used in automatic microphone mixers p 746 Community noise problems what’s the ear for? 1636 Compact Disc Digital Audio optical disc formats 1133 Compact Disc Read Only Memory optical disc formats 1141 Compact Disc Recordable (CD-R) optical disc formats 1142 Companding microphones 563, 567 Comparator elements power supplies 681 Compensation consoles 836 Complementary attenuators consoles 829 Complex impedance fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 Complex power supplies 680 Complex tone psychoacoustics 54 Compliance analog discs 1032 stylus 1032 Component video display technologies 1582 Composite video signal display technologies 1582 Compound release time constants consoles 902 Compressed function psychoacoustics 52 Compression consoles 906 Compression drivers loudspeakers 600 Compression drivers and horns sound system design 1256 Compression for effect consoles 904 Compressors personal monitors 1431 sound system design 1286

Index virtual systems 1439, 1445 Computational models acoustical modeling and auralization 215, 220 Computational power DSP technology 1176 Computer aided measurement systems sound system design 1334 Computer aided sound system design absorber data 1354 aiming loudspeakers 1374 Alcons 1339 alignment 1378 angle of radiation 1348 angular directivity gain 1356 angular directivity ratio 1347,

1356

array lobing patterns 1378 AURA 1373 auralization 1374 bass horns 1350 Boundary Element Method (BEM) 1354 characteristic sound level 1346 classical columns 1350 computer aided acoustic design (CAAD) 1339 computer model 1342 computer models for acoustic and sound system design

1339

cone tracing 1372 critical frequency 1363 data acquisition 1365 diffuse field 1346 diffuse-field sensitivity 1344,

1356

digitally controlled line arrays

1352

direct field 1346 directivity balloon curves 1343 directivity deviation ratio 1348 directivity factor 1346, 1349 directivity index 1349 DLL program module 1360 dummy head 1355 EASE SpeakerLab 1368 EASERA SysTune 1381

efficiency 1347 electro-acoustical transducers

1342

Finite Element Method (FEM)

1354

free-field open-circuit sensitivity

1356

free-field sensitivity 1344 frequency response. 1345 front to random factor 1346 front to random index 1346 generic loudspeaker library (GLL) 1362 head-related-transfer-functions (HRTF) 1355 horn loudspeakers 1350 human ear 1355 human voice 1343 image modeling 1371 line arrays 1352 loudspeaker arrays 1350 loudspeaker balloon measurements 1369 loudspeaker measurements

1357

loudspeaker polar data 1365 loudspeaker systems 1343 low-frequency absorption 1354 mapping 1378 measurement parameters for typical balloon resolutions 1358 medium-frequency horns 1350 microphones 1355 model-size dummy head 1341 natural sound sources 1343 nominal impedance 1345 phase interpolation 1364 point sources 1344 pressure open-circuit sensitivity

1356

pyramid tracing 1372 rated sensitivity 1346 ray radiation 1372 ray tracing 1367, 1371 reflectogram 1376 reverberation directional index

1349

room acoustic measures 1371 room acoustic simulation 1370 room impulse response 1340

Index Room-Acoustic Analysis Module 1373 scaled-model simulation 1341 scale-model test 1340 scattering data 1354 sensitivity level 1345 shadowing 1367 simulation of complex loudspeakers 1360 simulation of microphones

1369

simulation of the human head

1369

sound design 1374 sound-field structure 1339 SPL 1376 time arrivals 1378 tools of simulation 1370 treble horns 1350 wall materials 1354 Wave Acoustics routines 1354 Computer aided system design sound system design 1333 Computer model computer aided sound system design 1342 Computer modelling designing for speech intelligibility 1400 Computer models for acoustic and sound system design computer aided sound system design 1339 Computer-Aided Acoustic Design (CAAD) computer aided sound system design 1339 Computers consoles 935 Computers and software for sound Reinforcement systems 1333 Concha psychoacoustics 43 Concrete block walls acoustical noise control 77 Concrete walls acoustical noise control 77 Condenser microphone 507, 533,

583

audio transformers

295

condenser microphone 295 Conductance units of measurement 1650 Conduction heatsinks 367 Conduit fill wire and cable 431 Cone loudspeaker enclosures sound system design 1255 Cone loudspeakers sound system design 1255 Cone of confusion psychoacoustics 58–59 Cone radiator loudspeakers 610 Cone tracing computer aided sound system design 1372 Co-Netic® audio transformers 283 Cone-type loudspeakers loudspeakers 603 Conference bridge preamplifiers and mixers 758 Conference line systems intercoms 1561 Conference room ceiling systems preamplifiers and mixers 761 Conference room noise preamplifiers and mixers 755 Conference room reverberation preamplifiers and mixers 756 Conference room sound system sound system design 1328 Configuring a personal monitor system 1420 Connectors Biconic fiber optic 471 couplers fiber optic 475 D4 fiber optic 472 Digital audio interfacing and networks 1499 FC/PC fiber optic 471 FDDI fiber optic 472 fiber optic 1502 installation fiber optics 473 LC fiber optic 472 MT-RJ fiber optic 473 OpticalCon fiber optic 473

1705 SC fiber optic 472 SFF fiber optic 472 SMA 471 Sound system design 1293 ST fiber optic 472, 483 Console control surfaces consoles 949 Consoles 1/F noise 861 16 track routing 854 32 track routing 854 A/D conversion 942, 954 absolute phase 891 active release time constants

903

ADAT 988 AES-10–MADI 987 AES3 986 AES-42 986 analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 942 anti-aliasing filters 956 attack time 900 attenuator pads 865 audio over Ethernet 989 audio path 855 audition 827 automatic microphone muting

905

auxiliary channel feeds 930 averaging 962 balanced mixing 915 balanced output line amplifiers

932

band limiting 843 bandpass filter 884 bandpass parametric equalizer

969

bandwidth 864, 879 Baxandall 890 Bessel filters 890 bipolar field-effect transistors

837

biquad 966 biquad coefficient sets 967 bootstrap 881 buffering latency 990 Butterworth filters 890 capacitative reactance 876 cascaded biquads 968

1706 CAT-5/RJ-45 989 changing filter frequency 878 charge injection 940 clocking 979 CMOS 851 coefficient compounding 979 coefficient slewing 979 common-mode rejection 863 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 873 common-mode transfer 864 compensating operational amplifiers 841 compensation 836 complementary attenuators 829 compound release time constants

902

compression 906 compression for effect 904 computers 935 constant bandwidth 883 constant-amplitude phase-shift (CAPS) 883 constant-amplitude phase-shift network 883 control surface intelligence 951 control surfaces 948–949 control voltage noise 938 control-room monitor loudspeaker 826 convertor limitations 955 convertor requirements 955 convertors 954 crosstalk 853, 919 current limiting 887 damping factor 888 data acquisition 942 DAW internal audio paths 984 DAW limitations 985 dc-blocking series capacitors

868

debouncing 926 delay 961 delay line 966 design developments 833 desktop loudspeakers 918 devolved mixing 914 digital 953 digital audio networking 989 digital audio systems 954

Index Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) 953, 981 digital control of outboard gear

953

digital mixer 976 digital mixer architecture 975 digital signal processors (DSP)

959

digitally controlled amplifiers

940

digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion 957 DirectX 985 discrete logic 942 discrete operational amplifiers

838

distortion 923 DSP filtering 963 dynamics processing 895 early drum recording 826 earth ground 846 echo 828, 962 effects send 828 electronic balanced outputs 869 electronic switching 851 equalization 875 equalization control 890 equalizer 875, 894 equalizer high-frequency response anomalies 970 equalizer response curves 876 expandor 906 expansion 907 fader automation 936 faders 946 fake inductor 883 Faraday shield 863 feed forward VCA-style dynamics 907 feedback phase-leading stability compensation 839 feedback-stye compressors 973 feedback-stye limiting 973 feed-forward sidechain 905 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 976 field-effect transistors 851 filter gain 888 filter quantization distortion

967

FIR coefficient sets 967 FIR filters 963 flash conversion 956 floating point processors 960 foldback 828 front end instability 842 function modes 923 gate attack 905 gating 905, 973 Gilbert Cell 937 ground current summing 848 ground noise 849 grounding 844, 913 grouping 831 gyrator 880 gyrator types 880 hang time 903 headroom 933 high-frequency control 894 high-pass filters 875, 888 hold time 903 host micro controller 981 IIR filters 966 impulse response 963 inadequate samples for limiters

974

inductance 879 inductive reactance

879, 888

841, 876,

input coupling 872 input impedance 865 input saturation 842 inputs 976 instability 838 instruction cycles 959 internal grounding 847 interpolation filter 958 inverse frequency noise 860 inverting amplifiers 869 jackfields 952 keying 906 ladder DACs 957 latency 991 level specifications 834 limiter 874 limiting 895 limiting for effect 904 line level inputs 867, 873 log-antilog cell 938 logic control 923

Index logic sense 928 loop filters 886 loop networking 992 low-frequency control 894 master functions 932 matrix crosstalk 854 mechanical recording 826 metering 980 meters 919, 933 microphone transformers 861 MIDI sequencing 983 minimizing noise 853 minimum gain 874 mix code 977 mix stage 976 mixdown mode 923 mixing 910 monitoring 826, 917 MOSFETs 851 motorized pots 946 moving digital audio around

multitrack 922 multitrack routing 930 near-field loudspeakers 918 noise characteristics 887 noise figure 860 noise sources 910 nonmaskable interrupt 929 null indicators 946 open-circuit stability 864 operational amplifiers 833,

peak program meter (PPM) 920 phase margin 838 phase shift 878 photoresistor 874 plug-ins 984 positive feedback 838 potentiometric switching 853 power transfer 859 pre-delays 975 prefade listen (PFL) 827, 918 processor control 855 processor types 960 programmable gate arrays 942 PROM 928 propagation delay 912 Q 879, 883, 888 radio-frequency inductors 912 reactance 878 reactive ground effects 850 recall display 945 reconstruction filters 958 recording mode 923 recursive processing 965 related crosstalk 919 relays 850 release time 901 resetting functions 946 resolution 954 resolvers 947 resonance 879 resonant Q 879 reverberation 828, 962 rms detection 908 router mixing 993 routing 850, 952 Sallen-Key filter 888 sample-rate convertors 958 Sample-Rate Convertors (SRCs)

optimum source impedance (OSI) 861 output impedance 840 overdub mode 923 overdubbing 828 oversampling 958 panning 829 panpots 915 parallelism 961 parametric equalizer 968 passive mixing 914

sampling rate 955 second-order filters 890 serial audio format 976 serial networking 992 sidechain sources 909 sidechain time constants 900 sigma-delta conversion 957 sigma-delta convertors 956 sigma-delta DACs 958 signal switching 850 simulated resonance 883

985

multiband processing 902 multiple effect feeds 830 multiple memory spaces 961 multiplexers 945 multiplier/accumulator (MAC)

959

835

976

1707 single order networks 876 single-channel console 948 slew-rate effects 844 slew-rate limitations 836 solo, solo-free 918 stability 887 star network topology 992 stereo 829 streaming compression codecs

975

subgrouping 833 subtractive feedback gate 906 successive-approximation encoder 956 surround panning 916 swinging input control 892 swinging input equalizer 893 swinging output control 892 switch debouncing 926 symmetrical FIRs 965 system level architecture 871,

933

talkback 829 termination impedance 859 thresholding 908 time manipulation 961 time processing in DSP 961 time-domain effects 839 totem pole 880 transformer characteristics 862 transformerless front ends 866 transformers 867 transient intermodulation distortion 840 transistors 834 transversal filters 963 two-integrated loop 885 universal mix buses 978 unrelated crosstalk 919 USB 988 USB microphones 989 User Defined Protocol (UDP)

991

VCA channel application 939 Virtual Studio Technology 984 virtual systems 1440, 1445,

1452

virtual-earth mixers 910 virtual-earth mixing buses 932 voltage controlled amplifier

1708 (VCA) 936 voltage controlled-attenuator

900

voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) 936 VU meter 920 wake-up time 905 Wein Bridge 885 winding resistance 883 windowing 964 wire 845 zero impedance 834 zero-crossing 941 Constant bandwidth consoles 883 Constant current interface gain structure 1224 Constant current regulated power supply 679 Constant directivity horns loudspeakers 612–613 Constant linear velocity (CLV) optical disc formats 1134 Constant Q equalizers sound system design 1287 Constant Q filters filters and equalizers 802 Constant voltage audio transformers 298 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 gain structure 1223 Constant voltage crossover loudspeakers 624 Constant voltage distribution audio transformers 298 Constant voltage interface gain structure 1223 Constant-amplitude phase-shift (CAPS) 883 Constant-amplitude phase-shift network consoles 883 Constant-k filters filters and equalizers 789 Constant-voltage line audio transformers 299 Constant-voltage regulated power supplies 678 Constant-voltage, constant-current

Index regulated power supplies power supply 679 Contact relays 374 Contact arrangements relays 378 Contact bounce relays 378 Contact characteristics relays 377 Contact current relays 377 Contact resistance relays 383–384 resistors 250 Contact Resistance Stability (CRS) relays 381 Contact resistance, dynamic relays 374 Contact resistance, static relays 374 Content Protection for Pre-Recorded Media (CPPM) optical disc formats 1150 Continuous output power gain structure 1231 Continuous to discrete conversion DSP technology 1168 Continuous underlayment acoustical noise control 80 Continuous-time signal DSP technology 1161, 1167,

1169

Contralateral ear psychoacoustics 58 Contrast display technologies 1579 Control grid tubes 311, 314 Control room small room acoustics 140 Control surface intelligence consoles 951 Control surfaces consoles 948 Control voltage noise consoles 938 Controlled-reluctance microphone

530

Controls and features of automatic

microphone mixers preamplifiers and mixers 745 Convection heatsinks 367, 370 Conventional array shortcomings loudspeaker clusters 647 Conversion factors 1666 Converters power supplies 690 Convertor limitations consoles 955 Convertor requirements consoles 955 Convertors consoles 954 Convex surface fundamentals of audio and acoustics 29 Convolution DSP technology 1165 Cooper Sound CS104 four-channel ENG mixer preamplifiers and mixers 740 Core audio transformers 278 fiber optics 480 Core laminations audio transformers 279 Core material audio transformers 278, 284 Core switching digital audio interfacing and networks 1498 Corner frequency filters and equalizers 785 Cosine sequence DSP technology 1163 Cosine signal DSP technology 1162 Cosine wave fundamentals of audio and acoustics 30 Coupler excess loss in fiber optics 475 fiber optics 480 Coupling coefficient audio transformers 276 Coupling loss fiber optics 460, 480 Coverage 1399, 1454

Index Coverage angle loudspeaker clusters 648 Coverage boundaries loudspeaker clusters 649 CPPM optical disc formats 1150 Crest factor fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 gain structure 1224–1225,

1231

VU meters 999 Critical angle fiber optics 480 Critical bands psychoacoustics 49 Critical bandwidths of the human ear psychoacoustics 49 Critical distance acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 preamplifiers and mixers 757 psychoacoustics 61 sound system design 1247 test and measurement 1619 units of measurement 1658 Critical distance modifier (M) units of measurement 1659 Critical frequencies acoustical noise control 72 Critical frequency computer aided sound system design 1363 Cross Interleave Reed Solomon Code optical disc formats 1135 Crossover virtual systems 1449 Crossover frequency loudspeakers 623 Crossover network loudspeakers 622 Crossover networks sound system design 1275 Crossover systems delay 809 Crosspoint electronics intercoms 1572 Crosstalk

consoles 853, 919 wire and cable 437 Crosstalk (crosstalk coupling) relays 375 Crystal microphone 503 CSL LightSplice System fiber optics 474 CTD delay 810 Cueing messages MIDI 1129 Current (I) units of measurement 1648 Current amplifier 703 Current flow transistors 328 Current limiting consoles 887 power supplies 681 Current ratings wire and cable 403 Current-regulator circuit power supplies 680 Curved boundary surfaces acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 170 Custom molded earphones personal monitors 1423 Custom sleeve earphones personal monitors 1423 Cut-back method test fiber optics 461 Cutoff frequency filters and equalizers 785 loudspeakers 638 Cutoff wavelength fiber optics 480 C-weighting level psychoacoustics 52 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) digital audio interfacing and networks 1489

D

D’Arsonval movement 998 D/A converters optical disc formats 1137 D/R ratio Designing for speech intelligibility 1388 designing for speech intelligibil-

1709 ity 1395 D4 fiber optic connector 472 Daisy chain MIDI 1112 Damping acoustical noise control 77 audio transformers 286 loudspeakers 599 Damping factor consoles 888 filters and equalizers 793 small room acoustics 131 wire and cable 437 Damping materials acoustical modeling and auralization 228 Dante digital audio interfacing and networks 1511 Dark current fiber optics 480 Darlington circuit relays 390 DARS digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 DASH recorders magnetic recording 1079 DAT optical disc formats 1135 Data acquisition computer aided sound system design 1365 consoles 942 Data buffers DSP technology 1174 Data cable 10Base2 1489 10Base5 1489 10Broad36 1489 1Base2 1489 Data decoding optical disc formats 1140 Data encoding optical disc formats 1134 Data rate fiber optics 480 Data sheets audio transformers 303 Data windows

1710 test and measurement 1622 DAW internal audio paths consoles 984 DAW limitations consoles 985 dB Audio and Acoustic DNA 10 dBA VI meters 997 dBC VI meters 997 what’s the ear for? 1639 dBf VI meters 997 dBm VI meters 997 dBr VI meters 997 dB-SPL VI meters 997 dBu sound system design 1299 VI meters 997 dBV sound system design 1300 VI meters 997 dBW VI meters 997 dc blocking series capacitors consoles 868 Dc loads relays 379 dc power supplies 672 DDL program module computer aided sound system design 1360 DDP optical disc formats 1134 Debouncing consoles 926 Decay rate delay 808 Decibel (dB) fiber optics 480 units of measurement 1655 Decibel conversion fundamentals of audio and acoustics 24 Decibel formulas fundamentals of audio and

Index acoustics 26 Decibel references fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Decimation delay 814 Decimation filter optical disc formats 1144 Decoder psychoacoustics 48 Dedicated line intercoms 1561 Definition measure C50 acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 154, 158 Definitions wire and cable 412 Degree of definition acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 154 Degree of diffusivity d acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 180 Delay 805 acoustic 809 aliasing 811 all-pass amplifier 809 analog 812 analog shift register 810 analog to digital 813 anti-alias filter 812 anti-aliasing 811 anti-imaging 811 aperture time 812 brightness 808 character 808 charge coupled device 810 charge transfer device 810 comb filter 805 consoles 961 CTD 810 decay rate 808 decimation 814 Delta Modulation 813 delta modulator 813 digital 810 digital shift registers 811 distortion 813 DSP 811 dynamic range 810

Energy Time Curve 808 envelopment 808 flange 809 flutter echo 808 idling noise 814 Initial Time Gap 808 metal oxide-semiconductor capacitor 810 metal-oxide-semiconductor junction FET capacitor 810 MOSC 810 MOSJC 810 most significant bit 813 Nyquist frequency 811, 814 over-sampling 812, 814 perceived room size 808 phase shift 809 Pulse Code Modulation 813 quantization noise 813–814 random access memory 811 reticulating path 809 reverberation 808 reverberation synthesis 808 sample and hold 812 sampling 811, 813 Sigma-Delta Modulation 814 Sigma-Delta Modulator 814 SNR 810, 814 sound system design 1288 tape 810 tapped delay 809 virtual systems 1451 wire and cable 431 Delay line consoles 966 Delay skew wire and cable 416, 431 Delayed impulses DSP technology 1164 Delta Modulation delay 813 Delta modulator delay 813 Demagnetizing audio transformers 306 demagnetizingrding 1064 Dennis Gabor 18 Dense wavelength division multiplexing fiber optics 480

Index Derived quantities in physics 1648 Design objectives for automatic microphone mixers preamplifiers and mixers 744 Design procedures fiber optics 477 Designation and Environmental Areas 439 Designing a complex cluster sound system design 1265 Designing a distributed ceiling system sound system design 1271 Designing for speech intelligibility %Alcons 1391, 1396, 1398,

1400

absorption coefficient 1396 Articulation Index (AI) 1391,

1404, 1409

articulation loss of consonants

1396, 1404

atmospheric absorption 1401 automatic level control 1392 C35 1405 C50 1404–1405 C7 1405 comb filters 1390 computer modeling 1400 D/R ratio 1388, 1395 direct + early reflections 1394 direct sound 1394 direct to reverberant measurements 1404 direct to reverberant ratio 1393,

1396

discrete echoes 1394 distributed ceiling loudspeaker system 1395 distributed loudspeaker systems

1398

early reflections 1388, 1394 early to late ratios 1404 echo disturbance 1398 echoes 1397 equalization 1389, 1400 intelligibility 1397 intelligibility criteria 1403 intelligibility measurement

1403

intelligibility prediction

1395,

1400

late reflections 1394 loudness 1390 loudspeaker directivity (Q) 1396 loudspeaker directivity 1396 Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

1403

nature of speech 1387 noise sensing 1392 Peutz equations 1396 phonemically balanced (PB) word lists 1403 polar ETC measurements 1409 RASTI 1405 RaSTI 1406–1407 rate of delivery 1401 reverberation 1394 reverberation time (RT60)

1393, 1396

signal to noise ratio 1390 SII Speech Intelligibility Index

1409

sound field components 1394 spectator sports 1392 speech intelligibility 1387 Speech Interference Level

1403

speech spectrum 1388 Speech Transmission Index (STI) 1392, 1405 Speech Transmission Index—STI 1397 speech waveforms 1387 STI 1405 STI modulation reduction factor

1408

STI/RaSTI 1408 STIPA 1405, 1407 STIPa 1407 system distortion 1388 talker articulation 1401 U50 1405 U80 1405 designing for speech intelligibility intelligibility optimization

1402

Desktop loudspeakers consoles 918 Destructive acoustic interference

1711 loudspeaker clusters 652 Detector fiber optics 480 Detector specifications fiber optics 476 Detectors fiber optics 467 Devolved mixing consoles 914 Diacs solid state devices 325 Diaphragm types loudspeakers 598 Diaphragmatic absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 109 Dielectric absorption (DA) 255 Dielectric constant capacitors 252 Dielectric constants wire and cable 403, 425 Differential amplifier grounding and interfacing 1185 Differential amplifiers integrated circuits 339 Differential noise-canceling microphone 530 Differential polar relay 381 Differential signal integrated circuits 353 Diffraction acoustical treatment for indoor areas 120 Diffraction of the head psychoacoustics 58 Diffuse field computer aided sound system design 1346 Diffuse reflection acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 178 Diffuse-field equalization microphone 555 Diffuse-field sensitivity computer aided sound system design 1344, 1356 Diffuser testing acoustical treatment for indoor areas 117 Diffusion

1712 acoustical modeling and auralization 225 acoustical treatment for indoor areas 115, 117 Diffusivity ratio acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 181 Digital audio digital audio interfacing and networks 1461 moving it around 985 Digital audio connectors sound system design 1296 Digital audio devices personal monitors 1431 Digital audio interconnections digital audio interfacing and networks 1462 Digital audio interfacing and networks 1000Base-LH 1490 1000Base-LX 1490 1000Base-SX 1490 1000Base-T 1490 100BaseT 1490 100Base-TX 1490 10Base2 1489 10Base5 1489 10baseF 1490 10BaseT 1489 10Broad36 1489 1Base2 1489 AES3 receiver 1466, 1472 AES3 transmitter 1466 asynchronous connections

1461

beat packets 1505 biphase-mark 1465 bundle identification 1506 cable installation 1503 carrier-sense multiple access

1488

Channel Coding 1465 channel status data format 1467 channel status format 1466 CobraNet 1488, 1504 CobraNet terminology 1504 collision detection 1488 connectors 1499 core switching 1498

Index cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

1489 Dante 1511 DARS 1463 digital audio 1461

digital audio interconnections

1462

digital audio reference signal (DARS) 1463 Digital Phantom Power 1467,

1474

digital to analog converter 1474 EMI 1503 Ethernet 1487 Ethernet equipment 1490 Ethernet packet format 1488 EtherSound 1510 Fast Ethernet 1490 fast link pulses (FLPs) 1494 fiber optic cable 1502 fiber optic cable bend radius

1503

fiber optic connectors 1502 frame check sequence (FCS)

1489

Gigabit Ethernet 1490 intrinsic jitter 1471 isochronous connections 1462 isochronous data packet 1505 jitter 1471 least significant bit (LSB) 1464 line driver 1471, 1473, 1486 line receivers 1471, 1473 look up table (LUT) 1493 managed switches 1495 media access control (MAC)

1488

media converter 1495 meshing 1497 microphone identification 1478 most significant bit (MSB)

1464

multicast bundles 1506 multichannel audio digital interface 1484 multimode fiber optic cable

1490, 1502

normal link pulses (NLPs)

1494

NRZI encoding

1485

optical cable pull force 1503 optical interface 1483 PCM 1463 phase comparator 1478 phase locked loop 1474 Power over Ethernet 1490 preambles 1465 private bundles 1507 protocol 1505 pulse code modulation 1463 Quality of Service (QoS) 1496 RealAudio 1461 remote control pulses 1477 reservation packets 1505 RFI 1503 router 1496 routing 1496 sample frequencies 1485 Sample Rate Converter (SRC)

1463

shielded twisted pair 1470 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1495 single-mode fiber optic cable

1490, 1502

Soundweb 1486 spanning tree 1496 SRC 1463 Star of Stars topology 1491 status flags 1478 subframe format 1464 switches 1493 synchronization 1474, 1477,

1486

synchronous connections 1461 txUnicastMode 1506 unbalanced electrical interface

1483

unicast bundles 1506 unshielded twisted pair 1470 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 1496 voltage controlled crystal oscillator 1474 Windows Media Audio (WMA

1461

XLD connector 1481 Digital audio networking consoles 989 sound system design 1290

Index Digital audio processors virtual systems 1445 Digital audio reference signal (DARS) digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 Digital audio storage message repeaters and evacuation systems 1515 Digital audio systems consoles 954 Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) consoles 953, 981 Digital circuit terminology 361 Digital consoles consoles 953 Digital Content Protection display technologies 1582 Digital delays delay 810 Digital display display technologies 1581 Digital dynamics consoles 970 Digital echo canceller sound system design 1329 Digital filters filters and equalizers 797 Digital fixed matrix display scan conversion display technologies 1582 Digital integrated circuits 360 Digital Light Processing (DLP) display technologies 1585 Digital limiter consoles 972 Digital matrix systems 1562 intercoms 1561, 1572 Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) display technologies 1585 Digital mixer consoles 976 Digital mixer architecture consoles 975 Digital on-hold players message repeaters and evacuation systems 1519 Digital peak program meter VI meters 1004

Digital Phantom Power digital audio interfacing and networks 1467, 1474 Digital potentiometers intercoms 1573 Digital recording magnetic recording 1083 Digital room correction (DRC) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 121 Digital sampling test and measurement 1620 Digital shift registers delay 811 Digital signal processing DSP technology 1161 optical disc formats 1140 sound system design 1288 Digital Signal Processor DSP technology 1172 Digital signal processor magnetic recording 1086 Digital signal processors message repeaters and evacuation systems 1515 Digital signal processors (DSP) consoles 959 Digital tape head magnetic recording 1083 Digital Theater Sound (DTS) surroound sound 1595 Digital to analog converter digital audio interfacing and networks 1474 Digital video wire and cable 422 Digital Video Interface (DVI) display technologies 1582 Digital Visual Interface (DVI) wire and cable 409 Digital wireless transmission microphones 572 Digitally controlled amplifiers consoles 940 Digitally controlled analog devices virtual systems 1440 Digitally controlled digital audio devices virtual systems 1441 Digitally controlled line arrays

1713 computer aided sound system design 1352 Digitally steered column arrays loudspeaker clusters 656 Digitally-steerable loudspeaker column arrays loudspeaker clusters 653 Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion consoles 957 DIN curve analog discs 1017 Diode avalanche 321 avalanche photodiode (APD) fiber optics 467, 479 diacs 325 laser fiber optics 481 light emitting fiber optics 481 noise 322 photodiode fiber optics 482 Shockley 322 small-signal 321 solid state devices 320 tubes 311 tunnel 322 varactor 322 zener 321 Diode versus synchronous rectifiers power supplies 685 DIP relays 374 Dirac delta function loudspeakers 640 Direct + Early Reflections Designing for speech intelligibility 1394 Direct box audio transformers 296 Direct field computer aided sound system design 1346 Direct radiator loudspeakers 610 Direct radiator enclosure design loudspeakers 635 Direct radiator loudspeaker 626 Direct sound designing for speech intelligibil-

1714 ity 1394 sound system design 1264 Direct sound radiation loudspeakers 633 Direct Stream Digital optical disc formats 1133 Direct Stream Digital (DSD) optical disc formats 1144 Direct Stream Digital (DSD) coding optical disc formats 1144 Direct to reverberant measurements designing for speech intelligibility 1404 Direct to reverberant ratio designing for speech intelligibility 1393, 1396 Direct versus reverberant field microphones 520 Direct/reverberant ratio sound system design 1246 Direct-coupled solid-state relays

390

Directed (local) reflection acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 178 Direction dependent automatic microphone mixers 750 Directional energy radiation fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 Directional pattern microphones 584 Directional sound reflection acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 181 Directivity loudspeakers 638 message repeaters and evacuation systems 1524 Directivity balloon curves computer aided sound system design 1343 Directivity data loudspeakers 632 Directivity deviation ratio computer aided sound system design 1348 Directivity factor computer aided sound system design 1346, 1349

Index units of measurement 1660 Directivity index computer aided sound system design 1349 Direct-to-reverberant ratio psychoacoustics 61 DirectX consoles 985 Discrete absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 108 Discrete echoes designing for speech intelligibility 1394 Discrete logic consoles 942 Discrete operational amplifiers consoles 838 Discrete solid-state devices 317 Discrete-time signals DSP technology 1162 Discs analog discs stereophonic groove

1015

analog record 1015 analog record dimensions 1015 LP records 1015 Disk Description Protocol optical disc formats 1134 Dispersion fiber optics 480 Dispersion of light fiber optics 457 Displacement units of measurement 1651 Displacement of Maximum acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 181 Display color display technologies 1580 Display technologies analog display 1581 aspect ratio 1581 Birefringence 1587 Brilliant Color 1586 candelas per meter squared

1579

chrominance 1582 CIE Chromaticity Diagram (Color Chart) 1580

component video 1582 composite video signal 1582 contrast 1579 Digital Content Protection

1582

digital display 1581 digital fixed matrix display scan conversion 1582 Digital Light Processing (DLP)

1585

Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) 1585 digital video interface (DVI)

1582

display color 1580 DLP 1585 DLP (Digital Light Processing)

1580

DLP color wheel 1586 DMD 1585 fill factor 1580 fixed matrix display 1582 Flexible OLED 1588 FOLED 1588 Foot-Lamberts 1579 HDMI 1583 HDTV 1582 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) 1583 interlaced scanning 1581 LCD 1584 LCD projection TV 1585 LCoS 1587 LCoS projection system 1587 LED 1588 Light Emitting Diode 1588 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

1584

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) 1587 lumen 1579 luminance 1582 nits 1579 NTSC television 1581 OLED 1587 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) 1587 PDP 1583 plasma display 1583 plasma monitor 1583

Index progressive scan 1581 resolution 1580, 1589 scaling 1581 scan conversion 1581 scanning 1580 single chip DLP technology

1586

S-Video 1582 TFT-LCD technology 1584 three chip DLP projection TV

1586

TOLED 1588 Transparent OLED 1588 video graphics array (VGA)

1582

YPbPr 1582 DisplayPort wire and cable 411 Dissipation coefficient acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 183 Dissipation factor (DF) capacitors 255 Distance cues psychoacoustics 60 Distance perception Psychoacoustics 60 Distortion attenuators 767, 779 audio transformers 279, 283,

289

delay 813 fiber optics 469 gain structure 1226 hysteresis audio transformers 306 IM audio transformers 284 intermodal fiber optics 481 loudspeakers 629 multimode fiber optics 482 phase 285 virtual systems 1442–1443 VU meters 998 distortion 1549 Distributed ceiling loudspeaker system designing for speech intelligibil-

ity 1395 Distributed ceiling loudspeaker systems sound system design 1269 Distributed column system sound system design 1270 Distributed line systems intercoms 1561 Distributed loudspeaker system sound system design 1268 Distributed loudspeaker systems designing for speech intelligibility 1398 outdoor sound 203 Distributed mixing personal monitors 1430 Distributed systems outdoors sound system design 1323 Diversity antenna microphones 571 Dividing networks attenuators 772 DLP display technologies 1585 DLP (Digital Light Processing) display technologies 1580 DLP color wheel display technologies 1586 DMD display technologies 1585 Dolby Digital optical disc formats 1149 surround soound 1595 Dolby Digital (AC-3) optical disc formats 1148 Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound 1597 Dolby Digital Surround EX surround sound 1595 Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound 1598 Dolby Stereo surround sound 1593 Domain chart test and measurement 1613 Dome radiator loudspeakers 610 Dome tweeter loudspeakers 626 Doping agent

1715 solid state devices 318 Double insulated grounding and interfacing 1192 Double-diffused epitaxial mesa transistor solid state devices 326 Doublet source directivity loudspeaker clusters 658 DRAM message repeaters and evacuation systems 1528 Draperies acoustical treatment for indoor areas 108 Drift field transistor solid state devices 325 Drum machine MIDI 1116 Drum recording consoles 826 Drum throne shakers personal monitors 1430 Dry reed relays 381–382 Dry reed switches relays 387 DSD optical disc formats 1144 DSP delay 811 equalization 963 filtering 963 optical disc formats 1140 virtual systems 1440, 1443,

1447, 1451–1453

DSP arithmetic DSP technology 1173 DSP equalizers sound system design 1287 DSP filtering consoles 963 DSP technology algorithm development 1172 analog to digital converter 1167 bounded input/bounded output stable 1164 causal system 1164 code development 1176 computational power 1176 continuous time signal 1161 continuous to discrete conver-

1716 sion 1168 continuous-time signal

1169

Index

1167,

convolution 1165 cosine sequence 1163 cosine signal 1162 data buffers 1174 delayed impulses 1164 digital signal processing 1161 digital signal processor 1172 discrete-time signals 1162 DSP arithmetic 1173 dynamic range 1173 finite impulse response linear filters 1167 FIR 1167 floating-point numbers 1173 Fourier analysis 1164 Fourier transform 1166, 1168 frequency domain 1165 I/O system 1177 IIR 1167 impulse response 1164 infinite impulse response linear filter 1167 linear time invariant systems

1164

loudspeakers 621 lowpass filter 1166 lowpass filtering 1162 MFLOPS 1176 microprocessor 1172 MP3 file 1161 MP3 players 1161 MPEG audio compression

1163, 1166

Nyquist Sampling Theorem

1169

programmable digital signal processor 1172 quantization 1170 quantization error 1171 real-time programming 1174 sampling rate 1171 sequences 1162 Sigma-Delta converter 1171 signal to noise ratio 1171 SNR 1171 stability 1164 system delay 1174

time invariance 1164 time-domain 1165 VLSI 1173 Z-transform 1166 DSP-driven line arrays loudspeaker clusters 662 DSP-driven vertical arrays loudspeaker clusters 657 DTMF intercoms 1563, 1575 Dual balanced line receiver integrated circuits 355 Dual channel FFT measurement loudspeakers 640 Dual driver earphones personal monitors 1424 Dual mono mixes personal monitors 1422 Dual Pro Pop pop screen microphones 578 Dual-channel FFT analyzers test and measurement 1616 Dual-coil latching relay 380 Dummy head computer aided sound system design 1355 Duplex audio transformers 300 dv/dt transients relays 389 DVD 1439 optical disc formats 1133 DVD disc manufacturing Optical disc formats 1146 DVD family optical disc formats 1145 DVD file format optical disc formats 1146 DVD optical disc formats optical disc formats 1145 DVD+RW optical disc formats 1152 DVD-Audio optical disc formats 1133,

1145, 1148

DVD-R optical disc formats DVD-RAM optical disc formats DVD-ROM

1151 1152

optical disc formats

1145, 1151

DVD-RW optical disc formats DVD-Video optical disc formats

1133, 1152

1133, 1145, 1147, 1151

DVD-Video formats optical disc formats 1151 DVD-Video VAN disc optical disc formats 1147 Dynamic changes psychoacoustics 54 Dynamic earphones Personal monitors 1424 Dynamic line regulation power supplies 672 Dynamic load regulation power supplies 672 Dynamic microphone 503 Dynamic range delay 810 DSP technology 1173 gain structure 1225–1227 psychoacoustics 51 virtual systems 1442 Dynamics processing consoles 895 Dynamics processors virtual systems 1439

E

E. Norman Rauland 12 Ear acoustic reflex 45 anatomy and function 43 auditory nerve 1433 auditory neurons 47 auditory system 45 auricle 43 basilar membrane 46 bone conduction 45 buckling motion 45 canal 45 characteristic frequency 46 cilia 1433 closed pipe 45 cochlea 43, 46, 1433 concha 43, 45 cross-section view 43 cross-sectional sketch of the co-

Index chlea 46 ear canal 43, 1432 ear drum 43, 1432 endolymph 46 eustachian tube 43, 45 Fourier analyzer 51 frequency selectivity 47 hair cells 43 harmonic distortion 50 hearing damage 45 helicotrema 46 incus 43, 45 inner 43, 45 inner hair cells (IHC) 46 labyrinth 45 lever motion 45 malleus 43, 45 masking 48 mastoid 44 mechanical system of the middle ear 46 middle 45 middle ear 1432 middle ear infection 45 neural firings 46 nonlinearity 49 Organ of Corti, 46 ossicles 45, 1432 ossicular chain 45 otoacoustic emissions 50 ototoxic medicines 47 outer 43 outer ear 1432 outer hair cells (OHC) 46 oval window 43, 46 perilymph 46 personal monitors 1432 pharynx 43 phase locking 50 pinna 43, 1432 piston motion 45 Reissner’s membrane 46 round window 43, 46 scala media 46 scala tympani 46 scala vestibuli 46 squamous 44 stapedius muscle 45 stapes 43, 45, 1433 stereociliae 46

tectorial membrane 46 temporal bone 44 tensor tympani 45 traveling wave 47 tuning curve 46 tuning curves 47 tympanic 44 tympanic membrane 43 vestibular system 45 vibration patterns 46 wavelet analysis 51 Ear canal personal monitors 1432 Ear canal (auditory meatus) psychoacoustics 43 Ear drum personal monitors 1432 Ear external 43 Ear middle 43 Ear molds psychoacoustics 59 Ear-buds personal monitors 1423, 1433 Eardrum fundamentals of audio and acoustics 34 psychoacoustics 43 Early reflections designing for speech intelligibility 1388, 1394 Early to late ratios designing for speech intelligibility 1404 Early-decay time (EDT) test and measurement 1627 Earmuffs what’s the ear for? 1635 Earphone transducers personal monitors 1424 Earphones personal monitors 1422 Earplugs what’s the ear for? 1635 Earth ground consoles 846 grounding and interfacing 1190 EASE 648, 651 EASE SpeakerLab computer aided sound system design 1368

1717 EASERA 1626 EASERA SysTune computer aided sound system design 1381 EBU 1443 EBU standard VI meters 1005 Echo consoles 828, 962 sound system design 1245 Echo canceller preamplifiers and mixers 760 Echo criterion acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 154 Echo disturbance designing for speech intelligibility 1398 Echoes designing for speech intelligibility 1397 Echoes outdoors Sound system design 1323 Echogram acoustical modeling and auralization 221 EDC/ECC Optical disc formats 1141 Eddy current loss eddy current lossg 1058 Eddy currents 1058 audio transformers 280 Eddy-current losses audio transformers 279 Edge emitting LED fiber optics 463 Editing MIDI 1120 EDT test and measurement 1627 Edward C. Wente 9 Edward Wente 8 Edwin Howard Armstrong 16 Edwin Kennelly 6 Edwin W. Rice 6 EEPROM message repeaters and evacuation systems 1528 Effect of directional loudspeakers sound system design 1253

1718 Effect of directional microphones sound system design 1243,

1253

Effect of humidity sound system design 1244 Effect of temperature layers sound system design 1244 Effect of wind Sound system design 1326 sound system design 1244 Effective tonearm length analog discs 1023 Effects of various loads relays 379 Effects processing personal monitors 1431 Effects send consoles 828 Efficiency computer aided sound system design 1347 loudspeakers 609, 627 EFM encoding optical disc formats 1137 EFM signal optical disc formats 1140 EFMPlus modulation optical disc formats 1147 Eigenfrequencies acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 192 Electret microphone 515 Electric capacitance (C) units of measurement 1650 Electric charge (Q) units of measurement 1650 Electric conductance (G) units of measurement 1650 Electric inductance units of measurement 1651 Electric potential difference (V) units of measurement 1650 Electric resistance (R) units of measurement 1650 Electrical loading analog discs 1033 cartridge 1033 Electrical power required (EPR) sound system design 1241 units of measurement 1660

Index Electrical reflections fundamentals of audio and acoustics 29 Electrical test instruments test and measurement 1607 Electrical testing test and measurement 1607 Electro-acoustical transducers computer aided sound system design 1342 Electrodynamic cartridges analog discs 1027 Electrodynamic transducers loudspeakers 598 Electromagnetic interference (emi) power supplies 682 relays 379 Electromagnetic spectrum fiber optics 453 Electromagnetic wave fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27–28 Electromagnetic waves grounding and interfacing

1181, 1184

Electromechanical relays 379 Electromotive force fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 Electronic architecture acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 190–191 Electronic balanced outputs consoles 869 Electronic crossovers sound system design 1288 Electronic Industries Association (EIA) output sensitivity microphones 517 Electronic switching consoles 851 Electronic system assistive listening systems

1549

Electronically balanced input audio transformers 302 Electrostatic fields grounding and interfacing 1187 Electrostatic loudspeaker 603 Electrostatic loudspeakers 604

Electrostatic shield audio transformers 282 Electrostatic transducers loudspeakers 602 Elliptical effect acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 180 Elliptical filter filters and equalizers 793 Elliptical stylus analog discs 1031 Emergency call systems intercoms 1561 Emergency crisis communications intercoms 1566 EMI digital audio interfacing and networks 1503 Empirical mass law acoustical noise control 71 Empirical models 229 acoustical modeling and auralization 215 Enclosure spring constant loudspeakers 635 Energy (E) units of measurement 1649 Energy criteria acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 152 Energy Time Curve delay 808 small room acoustics 136 Enkasonic floor system acoustical noise control 80 Envelope Time Curve small room acoustics 136 Envelope-Time Curve test and measurement 1618 Envelope-Time Curve (ETC) Test and measurement 1616 test and measurement 1612 Envelopment delay 808 Environmental temperature effects relays 382 EPA what’s the ear for? 1633 EPROM message repeaters and evacua-

Index tion systems 1528 Equal loudness contours psychoacoustics 51 Equal temperaments psychoacoustics 55 Equalization consoles 875 designing for speech intelligibility 1389, 1400 sound system design 1307 virtual systems 1439 Equalization control consoles 890 Equalization test setup sound system design 1309 Equalizer consoles 875, 894 digital dynamics 970 digital limiter 972 high-frequency response anomalies 970 literal dynamics 972 mapping dynamics 971 parametric equalizer virtual systems 1449 shelving 969 shelving equalizer 969 Equalizer response curves consoles 876 Equalizers filters and equalizers 785, 800 microphones 581 sound system design 1286 Equalizing a distributed ceiling system sound system design 1273 Equalizing batteries power supplies 694 Equal-level far-end crosstalk (EL-FEXT) wire and cable 415 Equal-loudness contour curves surround soound 1599 Equal-loudness contours fundamentals of audio and acoustics 35 Equations for finding surface areas

1680

Equipment locator intercoms 1568

Equivalent acoustic distance units of measurement 1658 Equivalent acoustic distance (EAD) sound system design 1242 Equivalent circuits transistors 328 Equivalent input noise (EIN) preamplifiers and mixers 738 units of measurement 1661 Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) psychoacoustics

49

Equivalent series inductance (ESL)

255

Equivalent series resistance (ESR)

255

Equivalent sound absorption area acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 165 Erase heads erase headscording 1063 ERB number psychoacoustics 49 ERES (Electronic Reflected Energy System) Acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 191 Error concealment algorithms Optical disc formats 1140 ETC Test and measurement 1616 Ethernet digital audio interfacing and networks 1487 equipment 1490 switches 1492 virtual systems 1448 wire and cable 412 Ethernet (Cat-5) Personal monitors 1430 Ethernet packet format digital audio interfacing and networks 1488 Ethernet Star of Stars topology digital audio interfacing and networks 1491 Ethernet style connectors sound system design 1296 EtherSound

1719 digital audio interfacing and networks 1510 Euler 6 Euro-Block connectors sound system design 1293 Eustachian tube psychoacoustics 43 Evaluating loudspeaker sound quality sound system design 1259 Examples of English Words Used in Intelligibility Tests 157 Exceedance level acoustical noise control 70 Excess loss fiber optics 475 Excitation current audio transformers 276–277,

280, 283

Excitation flux Audio transformers 277 Expandor consoles 906 Expansion consoles 907 Explosion proof drivers loudspeakers 602 External ear psychoacoustics 43 Externalization psychoacoustics 59 Extruded heat sinks 369

F Factory floor applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1517 Fader automation consoles 936 Faders consoles 946 Fairchild μA741 integrated circuits 340 Fake inductor consoles 883 Fans heatsinks 369 Faraday shield audio transformers 282,

291–292 863

consoles

1720 grounding and interfacing 1212 Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) wire and cable 415 Fast Ethernet digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 Fast Fourier Transform test and measurement 1615 Fast link pulses (FLPs) digital audio interfacing and networks) 1494 FC/PC connector 471 FDDI fiber optic connector 472 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Assistive listening systemsAssistive listening systems Federal Communication Commision (FCC) 1550 Feed forward VCA-style dynamics consoles 907 Feedback personal monitors 1429 sound system design 1241,

1264

Feedback factor audio transformers 287 Feedback phase-leading stability compensation consoles 839 Feedback stability margin units of measurement 1659 Feedback stability margin (FSM) sound system design 1241 Feedback theory 707 Feedback-style compressors consoles 973 Feedback-style limiting consoles 973 Feedback-type volume control 778 Ferrite beads 268 grounding and interfacing 1210 Ferrofluids loudspeakers 608 Ferro-magnetic materials audio transformers 278 Ferrule fiber optics 480 FFT measurements test and measurement 1615

Index Fiber Data Distributed Interface (FDDI) fiber optics 480 Fiber optic 480 connector loss 460 detector specifications 476 multimode step index fiber 456 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) 462 refraction 454 Fiber optic cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1502 Fiber optic cable bend radius digital audio interfacing and networks 1503 Fiber optic connectors digital audio interfacing and networks 1502 Fiber optic link fiber optics 470, 480 Fiber optic systems 1572 Fiber optic transmission loss 458 Fiber optics 451 absorption 459 advantages of using fiber optics for audio 452 Alexander Graham Bell 451 angle of incidence 454–455 angle of reflection 455 angle of refraction 454 attenuation 458, 477, 479 attenuation coefficient 458 attenuation in fiber 459 attenuation measurement 461 avalanche photodiode (APD)

467

bandwidth 468 beamwidth 479 bend radius fibers 459 biconic connector 471 bit-error-rate 470 Burrus LED 463, 480 cable specifications 476 characteristics of cables 457 coherent light 465 connector installation 473 connectors 1502 couplers 475 D4 472

FC/PC 471 FDDI 472 LC 472 LC type 474 MT-RJ 473 SC 472 SFF 472 SMA 471 ST 472 core 451 coupling loss 460 CSL LightSplice System 474 cut-back method test 461 dense wavelength division multiplexing 480 design procedures 477 detector specifications 476 detectors 467 dispersion of light 457 distortion 469 edge emitting LEDs 463 electromagnetic spectrum 453 Fiber Data Distributed Interface (FDDI) 480 fiber optic system design 475 fiber optic transmission loss (FOTL) 458 fiber specifications 476 Fibrlok splice 475 Fresnel reflection 454, 480 gigabit optical transceivers 469 history 451 index of refraction 481 insertion loss 471–472, 475,

481

integrated detector-preamplifier (IDP) 467 intermodal distortion 481 laser diode (LD) 465, 481 LED 463 lifetime 467 speed 467 light 452, 481 light emitting diode (LED) 481 light prism 453 light propagation 456 light rays 454 light source specifications 476 link 480 loose tube fiber jackets 457

Index microbend loss 459 microlensed LED 463 monochromatic light 465, 481 multimode distortion 482 multimode fiber 482 multimode fiber optic cable

1502

multimode graded index fiber

456

noise 468 numerical aperture 460, 482 optical fiber class 482 optical fiber loss 458 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer 462 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) 482 optoelectronic 482 optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC) 482 OTDR 462 particle of light 453 passive optical interconnections

470

performance 456 photodiode 482 Photophone 451 PIN photodiode 467, 482 PIN-FET receiver 482 Plank’s Law 453 plastic optical fiber (POF) 482 population inversion 465 positive-intrinsic-negative detector PIN 454 quantum efficiency 468 Rayleigh scattering 459, 483 receiver 483 sensitivity 483 specifications 476 reflection 454, 483 refraction 454, 483 refractive index 455, 483 repeaters 469, 483 scattering 459 signal loss 458 single mode fiber 456, 483 single optical fiber 454 single-mode fiber cable 1502 Snell’s Law 455 splice 474–475, 477, 483

1721

splice loss 460 spontaneous emission 483 ST connector 483 substrate 481 superluminescent diodes (SLD)

466, 483

surface emitting LED 463 system specifications 475 thermal noise 468 tight buffer fiber jackets 457 transceivers 469 transmission Loss 483 transmitter 483 specifications 476 transmitter/receiver modules

469

types of fiber 456 UniCam Connector System tool

474

vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) 466, 483 wavelength 452, 464, 466,

482

wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 484 Fiber specifications fiber optics 476 Fibrlok splice fiber optics 475 Field distortion assistive listening systems

1548

Field effect transistor transistors 326 Field effect transistors amplifier 718 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) consoles 976 Field strength assistive listening systems

1547

Field-effect transistor attenuator

779

Field-effect transistors consoles 851 Filament tubes 311 Fill factor display technologies

1580

Filter active filter 710–711 EMI filter 724 Filter gain consoles 888 Filter quantization distortion consoles 967 Filter slopes loudspeakers 623 Filtering comb 1432 Filters bandpass 884 Butterworth virtual systems 1449 filter gain 888 FIR 963, 1454 IIR filters 966 interpolation 958 power supplies 674 reconstruction 958 transversal 963 Filters and equalizers active 793 adaptive 802 all pass 796 arithmetic symmetry 785 band pass 785, 791 band-reject 791 bandwidth 785 biquad 799 biquad IIR 799 Butterworth 792 capacitive networks 787 center frequency 785 Chebyshevs 792 constant Q 802 constant-k 789 corner frequency 785 cutoff frequency 785 damping factor 793 digital 797 elliptical 793 equalizers 785, 800 finite impulse response 798 FIR 798 Fourier Transform 798 geometric symmetry 785 graphic 800 group delay 786

1722 high pass 785, 789 Hilbert Transform 786 impedance matching 793 impulse 786 inductive networks 788 ladder networks 791 linear phase 798 linear time invariant 786 Linkwitz-Riley 792 low pass 785, 789 minimum phase 786 normalizing 793 one-third octave 800 parallel resonant circuit 790 parametric 801 pass band 785 passive filters 785–786 phase angle 786 phase delay 786 pole-zero analysis 796 potential divider 787 programmable 802 Sallen-Key 794 scaling 793 second order 788 semi-parametric 801 series resonant circuit 790 state variable 795 stop band 785 swept frequency 801 switched capacitor 797 T network bandpass 791 transient response 786 transition band 785 transversal 801 unity gain Sallen-Key 795 Finite Element Method (FEM) computer aided sound system design 1354 Finite impulse response optical disc formats 1140 Finite impulse response (FIR) linear filters DSP technology 1167 Finite impulse response filter filters and equalizers 798 Finite-difference time-domain acoustical modeling and auralization 228 FIR

Index DSP technology 1167 optical disc formats 1140 FIR coefficient sets consoles 967 FIR filter filters and equalizers 798 FIR filters consoles 963 virtual systems 1454 Fire safety codes acoustical treatment for indoor areas 121 Firewire 1487 FireWire serial digital wire and cable 410 Fitzroy units of measurement 1661 Fixed matrix display display technologies 1582 Fixed threshold automatic microphone mixers 748 Flange delay 809 Flash conversion consoles 956 Fleming valve tubes 311 Fletcher-Munson curves psychoacoustics 51 Flexible OLED display technologies 1588 Floating floors acoustical noise control 79 Floating point processors 960 consoles 960 Floating-point numbers DSP technology 1173 Floor and ceiling systems acoustical noise control 79 Floor construction acoustical noise control 78–79 Floppy disks magnetic recording 1083 Flow resistamce acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 184 Flutter flutter 1047 flutterc recording 1091 Flutter echo

delay 808 Flux audio transformers 275 fluxetic recording 1067 flux 275 Flux density 266 audio transformers 275,

278–279, 285

flux densityording 1067 grounding and interfacing 1189 loudspeakers 636 Flux lines flux linesecording 1067 Flux loop flux looprecording 1094 FM Broadcast assistive listening systems

1550

FM interpretation systems interpretation and tour group systems 1534 FM receiver interpretation and tour group systems 1540 FM transmission intercoms 1575 FM transmitter interpretation and tour group systems 1539 Focused reflections fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 FOH personal monitors 1418, 1427 Foil shields wire and cable 426 Foil-braid-foil-braid cable wire and cable 427 Foldback consoles 828 Folded fin heatsinks 369 Folded horns loudspeakers 614 FOLED display technologies 1588 Foot Lamberts display technologies 1579 Force (F) units of measurement 1650 Forced convection

Index heatsinks 367 Forced-convection cooling heatsinks 373 Forward masking psychoacoustics 48 Forward resistance power supplies 669 Forward voltage drop power supplies 669 Forward-current-transfer ratio transistors 329 Fourier analysis DSP technology 1164 Fourier analyzer psychoacoustics 51 Fourier Transform filters and equalizers 798 Fourier transform DSP technology 1166, 1168 loudspeakers 640 test and measurement 1613 Frame check sequence (FCS) digital audio interfacing and networks 1489 Frank Jewett 7 Frank McIntosh 5 Franssen effect psychoacoustics 60 Frederick Vinton Hunt 15 Free-field open-circuit sensitivity computer aided sound system design 1356 Free-field sensitivity computer aided sound system design 1344 Freestanding radiator loudspeakers 635 French braid shields wire and cable 426 French Système International d’Unités units of measurement 1647 Frequency fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26 Frequency (f) units of measurement 1651 Frequency difference limen psychoacoustics 56 Frequency domain

DSP technology 1165 Frequency range psychoacoustics 51 Frequency resolution loudspeakers 639 Frequency response 1388 audio transformers 285 computer aided sound system design 1345 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 loudspeakers 628 microphones 498 test and measurement 1613 Frequency response of a cardioid microphone 497 Frequency selectivity psychoacoustics 52 Fresnel reflection fiber optics 454, 480 Fringing fringing recording 1057 Front to random factor computer aided sound system design 1346 Front to random index computer aided sound system design 1346 Front-end instability consoles 842 FSTC 72 Full messages MIDI 1129 Full wave bridge rectifier power supplies 673 Full wave power supplies 672 Function modes consoles 923 Fundamental mode fiber optics 480 Fundamental quantities in physics

1647

Fundamentals of audio and acoustics absolute levels 25 absorption 29 acoustic gain 32 acoustic impedance 28 acoustic pressure levels 26 acoustic reflections 28

1723 acoustic sources 36 acoustic wave 28 acoustic wavelengths 30–31 ampere 32 antennas 28 architectural acoustics 28 audible spectrum 27 audio program material 35 Bel 24 capacitive reactance 33 complex impedance 33 constant voltage 25 convex surface 29 cosine wave 30 crest factor 36 decibel conversion 24 decibel formulas 26 decibel references 25 directional energy radiation 36 eardrum 34 electrical reflections 29 electromagnetic wave 27–28 electromotive force 32 equal-loudness contours 35 focused reflections 31 frequency 26 frequency response 27 harmonic motion 31 human auditory system 34 human hearing 26, 34 image shift 31 impedance 25, 33 inductive reactance 33 inverse-square law 37 level 26 level difference 26 line arrays 38 line source 37 logarithmic scale 23 loudness 26 loudspeakers 36 multiple loudspeakers 31 nominal impedance 33 ohm 32 Ohm’s Law 32 open circuit 25 peak loudness 36 phase interference 32 phase shift 33 point source 36

1724

Index

power 25 power amplifier 25 program material 34 radio frequencies 28 rate of electron flow 32 rated impedance 33 reactance 33 reflected wave 29 relative loudness 36 relative phase 31 signal chain 25 sine wave 30 sound propagation 36 spectral response 27 speed of light 27 superposition 30 surface shapes 29 time period 27 time response 34 Tinnitus 35 tonal coloration 31 typical sound pressure levels VI meter 36 volt 32 wavelength 27 weighting curves 34 weighting scales 35 Fuses sound system design 1278

constant voltage interface 1223 continuous output power 1231 crest factor 1224–1225,

1231

distortion 1226 dynamic range 1225–1227 interfaces 1223 loudspeaker power ratings

1231

matched interface 1223 optimized method 1229 peak amplitude 1225 peak to peak voltage 1224 peak voltage 1224 power ratings 1231 power transfer 1228 program material 1231 resistive pads 1229 root-mean-square voltage (rms)

1224

26

G

G. S. Ohm 6 G.R. Kirchhoff 6 Gain and bandwidth integrated circuits 338 Gain and headroom preamplifiers and mixers 737 Gain sharing automatic microphone mixers 748 Gain structure A/D conversion 1230 amplification factor 1227 amplifier power ratings 1231 amplifier sensitivity 1230 audio waveform fundamentals

1224

average voltage 1224 bridged interfaces 1224 clipping 1225 constant current interface constant voltage 1223

1224

signal-to-noise ratio 1227 sine wave power 1231 sinusoidal waveform 1227 SNR 1226–1227 thermal noise 1225–1226 unity 1225 unity amplification method

1228

voltage amplitude 1227 VU meter 1228 Gain-bandwidth product transistors 329 Gain-before-feedback Personal monitors 1417 Galleries acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 173 Gapping audio transformers 279 Gate attack consoles 905 Gated-noise test test and measurement 1611 Gating consoles 905, 973 Gating feed-forward sidechain consoles 905 Gel/Cell batteries 696 General concert halls acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls 164 Generator impedance audio transformers 285 Generic loudspeaker library (GLL) computer aided sound system design 1362 Geometric symetry filters and equalizers 785 Geometrical models acoustical modeling and auralization 220 Geometrical reflection acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 178 Geometrically complex room sound system design 1253 George A. Campbel 8 Germanium solid state devices 317 Germanium crystals solid state devices 319 Gigabit Ethernet digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 Gigabit optical transceivers fiber optics 469 Gilbert Cell consoles 937 Glass fiber panel acoustical treatment for indoor areas 103 Glossary of terms relays 374 Gordon Gow 5 Graded index fiber fiber optics 480 Graphic equalizer filters and equalizers 800 Graphic equalizers sound system design 1286 Greek alphabet 1663 Grid bias tubes 314 Grid current tubes 315 Grid voltage tubes 315 Grid-to-plate capacitance tubes 314 Ground current summing

Index consoles 848 Ground dummy grounding and interfacing 1204 Ground fault interrupters wire and cable 442 Ground isolators Grounding and interfacing

1213

grounding and interfacing 1207 Ground lifters grounding and interfacing 1191 Ground loop grounding and interfacing 1193 Ground loops sound system design 1304 wire and cable 428 Ground noise audio transformers 282 consoles 849 Ground plane grounding and interfacing

1192, 1215

Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) grounding and interfacing 1215 Grounding consoles 844, 913 grounding and interfacing

1181, 1189

microphones 520 sound system design 1301 Grounding and interfacing ac circuits 1182–1183 back emf 1183 balanced cable 1200 balanced input 1208 balanced input circuits 1213 balanced interfaces 1212 balanced output 1208 balanced power 1215 bandwidth 1203 basic electronics 1181 cable 1184 cable capacitance 1187 cable shield grounding 1213 capacitance 1182 capacitive coupling 1187 capacitive reactance 1182 CATV 1208 characteristic impedance

1185–1186

circuit theory 1181 CMRR 1207, 1212 common impedance coupling

1202

common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 1185, 1196 common-mode voltage 1185 differential amplifier 1185 double insulated 1192 earth ground 1190 electromagnetic waves 1181,

1184

electrostatic fields 1187 Faraday shield 1212 ferrite beads 1210 flus density 1189 ground dummy 1204 ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) 1215 ground isolators 1207, 1213 ground lifters 1191 ground loop 1193 ground plane 1192, 1215 grounding 1181, 1189 IEC tests for CMRR 1199 impedance 1182–1183 impedance matching 1186 inductance 1182 inductive coupling 1188 inductor 1183 interfaces 1185 inter-outlet ground voltage noise

1194

isolated grounding 1214 law of induction 1183 leakage current noise 1194 line driver 1187 magnetic field 1183–1185,

1188

multipoint grounding 1192 Ohm’s Law 1181 permeability 1189 power line noise 1193 power transformers 1190,

1194

propagation velocity 1184 RF interference 1203, 1210 safety grounding 1190–1191 shield-current induced noise

1725

1201

shielding 1187–1188 signal grounding 1192 signal quality 1212 slew rate 1187 standing wave ratio (SWR)

1185

standing waves 1185 static fields 1181 surge protection 1216 symmetrical power 1215 system grounding 1181 system noise 1193 transient response 1212 transmission lines 1184 unbalanced cable 1202 unbalanced interface 1213 voltage divider 1186 voltage matching 1186 wire 1183 Grounding for safety outdoors sound system design 1303 Grounding to reduce external noise pickup sound system design 1304 Grounds of shields wire and cable 427 Group delay filters and equalizers 786 Group delay distortion 711 Grouping consoles 831 Grown-junction transistor transistors 325 Guitars MIDI 1118 Gypsum cavity wall absorption acoustical modeling and auralization 229 Gypsum wallboard acoustical noise control 74 Gypsum wallboard (GWB) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 111 Gyrator consoles 880 Gyrator types consoles 880 H pad

773

H

1726 H. D. Arnold 8 H.E.A.R. 1435 H.H. Scott 5 Haas Effect personal monitors 1431 Haas effect psychoacoustics 60 Hair cells psychoacoustics 43 Hamming Test and measurement 1623 Handheld entertainer microphone

530

Hang time consoles 903 Hann window test and measurement 1623 Hard disk drives magnetic recording 1082,

1084

Hard disk electronics magnetic recording 1086 Hard failure relays 375 Hard wired systems interpretation and tour group systems 1533 Harmonic distortion psychoacoustics 50 VI meters 998 Harmonic motion fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 Harold D. Arnold 8 Harold S. Black 10 Harry Nyquist 10 Harry Olson 13 Harvey Fletcher 9 HD DVD optical disc formats 1152 HDMI display technologies 1583 HD-SDI wire and cable 421 HDTV display technologies 1582 Head relapping 1095 Head related transfer function (HRTF) psychoacoustics 58

Index Head shadow psychoacoustics 58 Head worn microphone 528 Headphone diffuse-field equalizers microphones 554 Headphones binaural reproduction 232 Head-related transfer functions computer aided sound system design 1355 Head-related transfer functions (HRTF) acoustical modeling and auralization 232 Headroom consoles 933 sound system design 1241,

1275

Headset infrared 1538 Headsets intercoms 1575 Hearing aid response assistive listening systems

1546

Hearing conservation personal monitors 1418 Hearing damage personal monitors 1433 psychoacoustics 45, 52 what’s the ear for? 1633,

1635

Hearing impaired assistive listening systems

1545

hearing impaired systems 1556 Hearing loss psychoacoustics 47 What’s the ear for? 1633 Hearing tests what’s the ear for? 1635 Hearing threshold psychoacoustics 51 Heat conduction loudspeakers 608 Heat Sink Design 370 Heat transfer loudspeakers 609 Heat transfer mechanisms loudspeakers 609

Heater tubes 317 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) acoustical noise control 89 Heatsink materials 370 Heatsinks air flow management 369 aluminum extruded 368 audio cooling tube 369 bonded fin 369 case temperature 373 conduction 367 convection 367, 370 extruded 369 fans 369 folded fin 369 forced convection 367 forced-convection cooling 373 materials 370 minimum surface area 372 natural convection 367 plenum 369 radiation 368, 370 specific thermal resistance 372 temperature differential 369 temperature gradient 367 thermal conductivity 370 thermal performance 367 thermal resistance 370–372 thermal solutions 368–369 thermal spreading resistance

368

thermally conductive adhesives

371

transistor mounting kit 371 Helical-scan digital tape transports magnetic recording 1080 Helmholtz resonators acoustical treatment for indoor areas 111 acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 185, 192 Hendrik Bode 10 Heptode tubes 311 Hermetic seal relays 375 Hewlett Packard 18 Hexode

Index tubes 311 Hhuman ear sound system design 1260 High Definition DVD optical disc formats 1152 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) display technologies 1583 wire and cable 410 High frequency beaming loudspeaker clusters 656 High frequency cable wire and cable 431 High pass filters filters and equalizers 785, 789 High peak-transient-voltage protection relays 389 High speed switching relays 386 High surge-current protection relays 389 High transient voltage relays 377 High-frequency attenuation in air sound system design 1322 High-frequency control consoles 894 High-frequency, high-date rate cable wire and cable 409 High-hysteresis materials audio transformers 279 High-loss frame walls acoustical noise control 74 High-pass filter 714 Highpass filter loudspeakers 622, 635 High-pass filters consoles 875, 888 sound system design 1288 High-power regulated power supply

682

Hilbert Transform filters and equalizers 786 test and measurement 1618 History fiber optics 451 Hold time consoles 903 Holophone surround sound micro-

phone 551 Homemade acoustical doors acoustical noise control 83 Homemade acoustical windows acoustical noise control 86 Horizontal cabling wire and cable 412 Horizontal directivity loudspeaker clusters 663 Horizontal woofer arrays loudspeaker clusters 652 Horn directivity loudspeakers 638 Horn loudspeakers computer aided sound system design 1350 Horns loudspeakers 611 Hospital applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1516 Hospital facilities intercoms 1566 Host micro controller consoles 981 Hot switching relays 375 Hot-spot temperature of resistors 244 House Ear Institute 1435 Houses of worship personal monitors 1429 Hub wire and cable 412 Hum audio transformers 296 Human auditory system fundamentals of audio and acoustics 34 Human ear computer aided sound system design 1355 Human external-ear transfer function microphones 554 Human hearing fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26, 34 Human hearing system test and measurement 1619 Human perception

1727 test and measurement 1625 Human voice computer aided sound system design 1343 Hybrid integrated circuits solid state devices 335 Hybrid models acoustical modeling and auralization 215, 230 Hydrophone psychoacoustics 45 HyMu® audio transformers 283 Hyperbolic effect acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 180 Hyper-cardioid microphone 495 Hysteresis audio transformers 279, 284 relays 375 Hysteresis distortion audio transformers 284, 306 Hysteresis loop audio transformers 278 Hysteresis loss hysteresis lossing 1058

I I/O system DSP technology 1177 Identification of HVAC noise producers acoustical noise control 90 Idling noise delay 814 IEC 268-16 1407 IEC 60268-3 audio transformers 302 IEC 76 1536 IEC 764 1531 IEC Standards 1665 IEC tests for CMRR grounding and interfacing 1199 IFFT Test and measurement 1615 IIR DSP technology 1167 IIR filters consoles 966 IM distortion audio transformers 284–285

1728 Image modeling computer aided sound system design 1371 Image models acoustical modeling and auralization 220 Image shift fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 Impact of absorption acoustical treatment for indoor areas 115 Impedance attenuator mismatch ratio 770 characteristic impedance of VU meters 997 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25, 33 grounding and interfacing

1182–1183

inductors 265 input-output of an amplifier 703 Load audio transformers 297 loudspeakers 629 microphones 522 nominal 33 of a capacitor 258 of an attenuator 770 rated 33 resistors, capacitors, inductors in circuits 268 VU meters 998, 1000 Impedance (Z) relays 375 Impedance compatibility sound system design 1297 Impedance discontinuity relays 375 Impedance level correction VU meters 1000 Impedance matching attenuators 769 filters and equalizers 793 grounding and interfacing 1186 sound system design 1297 Impedance tube testing methods acoustical treatment for indoor areas 100 Impulse

Index filters and equalizers 786 Impulse response acoustical modeling and auralization 234 consoles 963 DSP technology 1164 loudspeakers 624, 628 test and measurement

1612–1613, 1618

Impulse response of a loudspeaker/room combination test and measurement 1620 Impulse response tests test and measurement 1628 Inadequate samples for limiters consoles 974 Incandescent Lamps 379 Incoherent fiber optics 480 Incus psychoacoustics 43 Index matching material fiber optics 481 Index of refraction fiber optics 481 Indoor sound reinforcement system sound system design 1245 Induced magnet cartridges analog discs 1028 Inductance coil 266 consoles 879 grounding and interfacing 1182 in inductors 263 magnetic field 1546 units of measurement 1651 Inductance-capacitance filters (LC) power supplies 676 Induction audio transformers 275 Induction loop 1535 Induction loop system Assistive listening systems

1550

Inductive coupling grounding and interfacing 1188 Inductive filters power supplies 675 Inductive loads relays 379

Inductive loop systems message repeaters and evacuation systems 1520 Inductive networks filters and equalizers 788 Inductive reactance 248,

265–267, 270, 864, 880, 891, 1183, 1548 assistive listening systems

1548

audio transformers

285

275–276,

consoles 841, 876, 879, 888 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 of a capacitor 258 power supplies 676 Inductor amplifier 713 audio transformers 275 grounding and interfacing 1183 Inductors 263 air core 263 air gap 266 axial 263 bobbin core 263 ceramic core 263 coil inductance 266 color code 263 core losses 267 epoxy coated 264 ferrite beads 268 ferrite core 264 flux density 266 impedance 265 inductance 263 inductive reactance 265–267,

270

insertion loss 266 laminated core 264 magnetic field 263, 266, molded 264 MPP core 264 multilayer 264 mutual inductance 265 phenolic core 264 powdered iron core 264 Q 267 radial inductor 265 right-hand rule 266, 268

268

Index shielded 265, 268 skin effect 268 slug core 265 tape wound core 265 time constant 267 toroidal 265 types of inductors 263 winding 266 Industrial intercom systems 1566 In-ear monitoring personal monitors 1416, 1420 Infinite baffle loudspeakers 633 Infinite impulse response (IIR) linear filter DSP technology 1167 Information/broadcast services applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1518 Infrared control transmitter ssistive listening systems 1553 Infrared headset 1538 Infrared link assistive listening systems

1553

Infrared power interpretation and tour group systems 1538 Infrared signal interpretation and tour group systems 1538 Infrared slave emitters assistive listening systems

1553

Infrared systems assistive listening systems

1552

interpretation and tour group systems 1536 message repeaters and evacuation systems 1520 Infrared systems channel allocation assistive listening systems

1555

Infrared systems modulation technique assistive listening systems

1555

Initial Time Gap

1729

delay 808 Injection laser diode (ILD) fiber optics 481 Inline microphone processors 573 Inner ear psychoacoustics 43, 45 Input capacitance tubes 313 Input capacitance compensation integrated circuits 338 Input channel attenuation preamplifiers and mixers 747 Input coupling consoles 872 Input impedance consoles 865 preamplifiers and mixers 737 Input resistance transistor 328 Input saturation consoles 842 Input transformer audio transformers 288 Input transformers audio transformers 289 Inputs consoles 976 Inrush current relays 375 Insertion loss attenuators 769, 773 audio transformers 286, 290 fiber optics 471–472, 475,

wire and cable 403 Insulation characteristics wire and cable 405 Insulation color codes wire and cable 407 Insulation resistance relays 375 Integrated circuit preamplifiers integrated circuits 349 Integrated circuits 334 active balanced line driver 360 active balanced line receiver

inductors 266 relays 375, 385 Instability consoles 838 Installation audio transformers 306 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 12 Institute of Radio Engineers 12 Instruction cycles consoles 959 Instrumentation amplifier integrated circuits 358 Insulated-gate transistor solid state devices 327 Insulation

common-mode rejection (CMR)

481

360

active microphone preamplifier

350

AD524 350 AD636 347 audio dB meter 348 average level detection 345 average-responding level detection 345 balanced bridge 353 balanced line input circuits 356 balanced line interfaces 353,

355

balanced line outputs 354 balanced line receiver

356–357

bipolar junction transistor 343 CMMR 340 CMR 354 common-mode impedance 354 common-mode load impedance

354

354, 357

common-mode rejection line receiver 358 differential amplifiers 339 differential signal 353 digital 360 dual balanced line receiver 355 Fairchild μA741 340 gain and bandwidth 338 hybrid 335 input capacitance compensation

338

instrumentation amplifier 358 integrated circuit preamplifiers

349

1730 inverting amplifiers 338 monolithic 334 MOSFET transistors 335 National LM381 340 noninverting amplifiers 338 op-amps 344, 358 operational transconductance amplifier 340 operational voltage amplifiers

335

output capacitance compensation 338 peak level detection 345 power supply compensation

338

rms level detection 345 single ended bootstrap 358 SSM2018 343 SSM2141 355 state-variable filter 346 sum-difference networks 356 summing inverter amplifiers

340

THAT 2180 343 THAT1200-series 355 THAT1510 351 THAT2252 347 transformer input microphone preamplifiers 349 VCA 341 voltage controlled amplifier

342

Integrated control of outboard gear consoles 953 Integrated detector preamplifier fiber optics 467 Integrated Optical Components (IOCs) fiber optics 481 Integrated sequencers MIDI 1118 Integration times psychoacoustics 54 Intelligibility %Alcons 1391–1392, 1398,

1400, 1404, 1408

Alcons 157, 159 comb filters 1390 designing for speech intelligibility 1397

Index loudspeaker clusters 654 Intelligibility criteria designing for speech intelligibility 1403 Intelligibility measurement designing for speech intelligibility 1403 Intelligibility of sentences acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 157 Intelligibility of words acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 157 Intelligibility optimization techniques designing for speech intelligibility 1402 Intelligibility prediction designing for speech intelligibility 1395, 1400 Intensity fiber optics 481 Interaural Cross-Correlation Coefficient (IACC) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 153 Interaural intensity difference (IID) psychoacoustics 57 Interaural level difference (ILD) psychoacoustics 57 Interaural phase difference psychoacoustics 50 Interaural phase difference (IPD) psychoacoustics 57 Interaural temporal difference psychoacoustics 58 Interaural time difference psychoacoustics 57 Intercommunication systems intercoms 1561 Intercoms 4-channel, two wire party line system 1570 absence registration 1566 all call 1566 apartment intercom systems

1563

beltpacks 1575 broadcast 1569 broadcast matrix systems

1571

broadcast party line systems

1570

call back 1566 call forwarding 1567 call reply 1567 call transfer 1567 camp on 1567 capture ratio 1575 central answering service 1567 commercial security systems

1564

commercial systems 1566 conference 1567 conference line systems 1561 crosspoint electronics 1572 dedicated line 1561 digital matrix systems

1561–1562, 1572

digital potentiometers 1573 display features 1567 distributed line systems 1561 DTMF 1563, 1575 emergency call systems 1561 emergency crisis communications 1566 equipment locator 1568 fiber optic systems 1572 FM transmission 1575 group callback 1567 hands free 1567 headsets 1575 hospital facilities systems 1566 industrial systems 1566 intercommunication systems

1561

interrupted feed-back 1573 interrupted fold-back 1573 interrupted return-feed 1573 last number redial 1568 matrix systems 1571 mechanical switching matrix

1562

microphone cutout 1568 nurse call 1561 nurse call systems 1568 paging 1568 party line system 1570 party line systems 1561 PBX lines 1563 PBX station intercommunica-

Index tions 1568 pocket page access 1568 point-to-point systems 1561,

1570

priority 1568 privacy 1568 private line 1561 program distribution channels

1568

program interrupt (IFB)

1573

1570,

remote Mic-Kill 1575 residential intercom systems

1564

satellite links 1572 scan monitoring 1568 security audio monitoring 1564 security intercom systems 1563 telephone interface 1575 two channel party-line system

1570

two-wire party line matrix system 1571 voice over IP 1572 VOIP 1566 wireless 1569, 1574 zone paging 1564 Inter-driver spacing versus wavelength loudspeaker clusters 659 Interface MIDI 1113 Interfaces Gain structure 1223 grounding and interfacing 1185 Interference patterns loudspeaker clusters 648 Interference suppression 261 Interference tube microphone 532 Interlaced scanning display technologies 1581 Intermediate Cross-Connect (IXC) wire and cable 412 Intermodal distortion fiber optics 481 Internal capacitance transistors 331 tubes 313 Internal output impedance power supplies 672

Internal winding resistance audio transformers 283 International power wire and cable 445 Inter-outlet ground voltage noise grounding and interfacing 1194 Interpolation optical disc formats 1140 Interpolation filter consoles 958 Interpretation and tour group systems acoustical crosstalk 1534 Cat-5e cables 1531 central control unit 1531 Common Mode Reverse Audio Feed (CMRAF) 1534 FM interpretation systems

1534

FM receiver 1540 FM transmitter 1539 hard wired systems 1533 infrared power 1538 infrared signal 1538 infrared systems 1536 interpretation systems 1531 interpreter’s booth 1531,

1533

ISO 4043 1981 1531 language interpreter’s unit

1532

light emitting diode (LED)

1537

multichannel FM induction loop

1535

Soundfield FM applications

1541

tour group FM system 1538 Interpretation systems interpretation and tour group systems 1531 Interpreter’s booth interpretation and tour group systems 1531, 1533 Interrupted feed-back intercoms 1573 Interrupted fold-back intercoms 1573 Interrupted return-feed 1573 Inter-stage coupling transformers

1731 audio transformers 293 In-the-Ear recording (ITE) microphone 554–555 Intrinsic jitter digital audio interfacing and networks 1471 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform test and measurement 1615 Inverse square law sound system design

1240

Inverse-frequency noise consoles 860 Inverse-square law fundamentals of audio and acoustics 37 Inverters power supplies 690 Inverting amplifiers consoles 869 integrated circuits 338 Inverting operational amplifier 710 Inverting voltage amplifier 711 IR LED transmitting diode assistive listening systems

1554

Irradiance fiber optics 481 Isaac Newton 5–6 ISDN circuits 1572 ISO 4043 1981 interpretation and tour group systems 1531 ISO 9660 optical disc formats 1146 ISO numbers units of measurement 1662 ISO/IEC 10149 standard optical disc formats 1141 ISO/IEC 13346 optical disc formats 1146 Isochronous connections digital audio interfacing and networks 1462 Isochronous data packet digital audio interfacing and networks 1505 Isolated grounding grounding and interfacing 1214 Isolating earphone

1732

Index

personal monitors 1433 Isolation audio transformers 290 relays 375, 385 Isolation mount systems acoustical noise control 80 Isolation systems acoustical noise control 74, ITG delay 808

units of measurement 1653 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) units of measurement 1653 Klipschorn loudspeakers 615

L

89

J

J. Willard Gibbs 6 Jackets wire and cable 405 Jackfields consoles 952 Jacks MIDI 1111 James Clerk Maxwell 5–6 J-bend relays 386 Jensen-Hardy Twin-Servo® 990 microphone preamplifier preamplifiers and mixers 741 Jim Lansing 11 Jim Noble 12 Jitter digital audio interfacing and networks 1471 John Blackburn 11 John Hillard 12 John Hilliard 9, 11 John Volkmann 13 Joseph Henry 6 Just-noticeable difference (JND) psychoacoustics 54 Just-tuning psychoacoustics 55

K K factors for calculating attenuator loss 768 K value attenuators 768 Karl Kupfmuller 10 Keying consoles 906 Kinetic Energy (T) 1649 units of measurement 1649 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) units of measurement 1654 Kirchhoff’s laws

L pads 771 L. F. von Helmholtz 14 Ladder attenuators 776 Ladder DACs consoles 957 Ladder networks 776 filters and equalizers 791 Ladder potentiometers 776 LAN cabling wire and cable 416 Language interpreters unit interpretation and tour group systems 1532 LaPlace transfer function loudspeakers 628 Laplace transform 705 LARES System acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 194 Large area multi-channel systems assistive listening systems

1553

Large area systems (LAS) assistive listening systems

1553

Laser fiber optics 465 Laser diode fiber optics 465, 481 Laser turntable 1034 analog discs 1034 Last number redial intercoms 1568 Latching relay 376, 380 Late reflections designing for speech intelligibility 1394 Latency consoles 991 personal monitors 1431 Lateral efficiency LE acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 161 Launch angle

fiber optics 481 Launching fiber fiber optics 481 Lavalier microphone 527 Law of induction audio transformers 275 grounding and interfacing 1183 Layering audio transformers 281 LC fiber optic connector 472 fiber optics 474 LCD display technologies 1584 LCD projection TV display technologies 1585 LCoS display technologies 1587 LCoS projection system display technologies 1587 Lead-acid batteries 694 Lead-dioxide batteries 695 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 122 Leadless relays 386 Leaf tweeter loudspeakers 601 Leakage current noise grounding and interfacing 1194 Leakage current of a capacitor 258 Leakage inductance audio transformers 281 Least significant bit (LSB) digital audio interfacing and networks 1464 LeClanche (Zinc-Carbon) batteries

697

Lectern microphone 589 LED display technologies 1588 fiber optics 463 lifetime fiber optics 467 solid state devices 325 speed fiber optics 467 LEDE small room acoustics 141 LEDR (Listening Environment Di-

Index agnostic Recording psychoacoustics 59 Left-center-right cluster loudspeaker system sound system design 1261 Length (l) units of measurement 1648 Leo Beranek 15 Leq what’s the ear for? 1640 Level fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26 Level control virtual systems 1439 Level difference fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26 Level matching virtual systems 1442 Level specifications consoles 834 LFE surround sound 1595 Light fiber optics 452, 481 Light activated silicon controlled rectifier solid state devices 325 Light emitting diode (LED assistive listening systems

1553

Light Emitting Diode (LED) display technologies 1588 Light emitting diode (LED) fiber optics 481 interpretation and tour group systems 1537 Light prism fiber optics 453 Light propagation fiber optics 456 Light rays fiber optics 454 Light source specifications fiber optics 476 Light spectrum assistive listening systems

1555

Light-dependent attenuator (LDA)

778 Lightwaves fiber optics 481 Limiter consoles 874 Limiters personal monitors 1431 sound system design 1279,

1286

Limiting consoles 895 Limiting distance units of measurement 1658 Limiting for effect consoles 904 Lincoln Walsh 13 Line array loudspeakers 620 Line array loudspeaker systems sound system design 1257 Line arrays Computer aided sound system design 1352 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 38 loudspeaker clusters 653, 655 Line driver digital audio interfacing and networks 1471, 1473, 1486 grounding and interfacing 1187 Line impedance VU meters 1001 Line input transformer audio transformers 291 Line level inputs consoles 867, 873 Line Level Shifter audio transformers 303 Line receivers digital audio interfacing and networks 1471, 1473 Line source fundamentals of audio and acoustics 37 Linear amplifier 703 Linear phase filters and equalizers 798 Linear speed analog discs 1023 Linear time invariant

1733 filters and equalizers 786 Linear time invariant systems DSP technology 1164 Line-level output transformer audio transformers 292 Lines of force audio transformers 275 Linkwitz-Reilly filters loudspeakers 623 Linkwitz-Riley filter filters and equalizers 792 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display technologies 1584 Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display technologies 1587 Listening rooms small room acoustics 140 Literal dynamics consoles 972 Load impedance Audio transformers 297 Load line transistors 333 Load lines transistors 334 Load protection mechanism 719 Loading coil wire and cable 431 Loading loss preamplifiers and mixers 735 Localization cues psychoacoustics 57 Location of HVAC equipment acoustical noise control 90 Log-antilog cell consoles 938 Logarithmic amplifier 703 Logarithmic scale fundamentals of audio and acoustics 23 psychoacoustics 52, 55 Logatoms acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 157 Logic control consoles 923 Logic sense consoles 928 Longitudinal digital tape recorders

1079

1734 Look up table (LUT) digital audio interfacing and networks 1493 Loop Current 1548 Loop filters consoles 886 Loop impedance assistive listening systems

1548

Loop networking consoles 992 Loose tube fiber jackets 457 Lord Kelvin 5 Lord Rayleigh 14, 1339 small room acoustics 127 Loss attenuators 769 Lossless encoders psychoacoustics 48 Lossy coaxial cable antenna assistive listening systems

1552

Lossy ladder network microphones 500 Lou Burroughs 12 Loudness designing for speech intelligibility 1390 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26 psychoacoustics 51–52 Loudness control 776 Loudness meter VI meters 1004–1005 Loudness meters VI meters 1004 Loudness versus bandwidth psychoacoustics 53 Loudspeaker cable 435 coincident acoustical centers

650

control-room monitor loudspeaker 826 low frequency arrays 652 TRAP horns 650 True Array Principle (TRAP)

651

vertical woofer arrays 653 Loudspeaker array problems

Index loudspeaker clusters 647 Loudspeaker arrays computer aided sound system design 1350 Loudspeaker balloon measurements computer aided sound system design 1369 Loudspeaker cable wire and cable 435 Loudspeaker clusters %Alcons 654 ALS-1 interference predictions

649, 651

array height versus wavelength

659

Articulation Index (AI) 654 beam steering 656, 662 beneficial destructive interference arrays 653 beneficial interference 652 coincident acoustical centers

650

column arrays 656 column loudspeakers 661 conventional array shortcomings

647

coverage angle 648 coverage boundaries 649 destructive acoustic interference

652

digitally steered column arrays

656

doublet source directivity 658 DSP-driven line arrays 662 DSP-driven vertical arrays 657 high frequency beaming 656 horizontal directivity 663 horizontal woofer arrays 652 intelligibility 654 inter-driver spacing versus wavelength 659 interference patterns 648 line arrays 653, 655 loudspeaker array problems 647 low frequency arrays 652 multichannel DSP 661 point source interactions 658 progressive delay drivers 663 reference point array 653 reverberation 655

Speech Transmission Index (STI) 654 steerable loudspeaker column arrays 653 TRAP horns 650 tri-polar array 653 true array principle (TRAP) 651 tuned dipolar array 653 variable Q 662 vertical woofer arrays 653 Loudspeaker components loudspeakers 597 sound system design 1255 Loudspeaker connectors sound system design 1295 Loudspeaker failure modes sound system design 1276 Loudspeaker matching transformers audio transformers 300 Loudspeaker measurements computer aided sound system design 1357 Loudspeaker polar data computer aided sound system design 1365 Loudspeaker power capacity specifications sound system design 1277 Loudspeaker power ratings gain structure 1231 Loudspeaker processing DSP sound system design 1288 Loudspeaker protection devices sound system design 1278 Loudspeaker Q sound system design 1246 Loudspeaker response loudspeakers 623 Loudspeaker sensitivity units of measurement 1661 Loudspeaker systems 70.7 volt loudspeaker system

435

computer aided sound system design 1343 sound system design 1255,

1260

Loudspeakers acoustic boundaries acoustic lens 614

625

Index acoustic power 633 aiming computer aided sound system design 1374 air gap length 608 air mass 635 amplitude response 628, 631 angular directivity ratio 1347 asymmetric-directivity horns

613

baffle 626 bass reflex boxes 1350 Bessel array 208 Bessel function 634 Biflex 598 bimorph bender 604 binaural reproduction 232 biradial 613 cabinet diffraction 626 closed-box system 636 coaxial 620 coil/gap geometries 610 common loudspeakerformat

629

communication 597 components 597 compression drivers 600 cone radiator 610 cone type 603 constant directivity horns

612–613

constant voltage crossovers 624 crossover frequency 623 crossover network 622 crossover systems 809 cutoff frequency 638 damping 599 desktop loudspeakers 918 diaphragm types 598 digitally controlled line arrays computer aided sound system design 1352 Dirac delta function 640 direct radiator 610, 626 direct radiator enclosure design

635

direct sound radiation directivity data 632 distortion 629 dome radiator 610

633

dome tweeter 626 DSP technology 621 dual channel FFT measurement

640

efficiency 609, 627 computer aided sound system design 1347 electrodynamic transducers 598 electrostatic 603–604 electrostatic transducers 602 enclosure spring constant 635 explosion proof drivers 602 ferrofluids 608 filter slopes 623 flux density 636 folded horns 614 Fourier transform 640 Frazier 620 freestanding radiator 635 frequency resolution 639 frequency response 628 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 heat conduction 608 heat transfer designs 609 heat transfer mechanisms 609 highpass filter 622, 635 horn 1350 horn directivity 638 horns 611 impedance 629 impulse response 624, 628 infinite baffle 633 Klipschorn 615 LaPlace transfer function 628 leaf tweeter 601 line array 620 line arrays computer aided sound system design 1352 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 38 line source 37 Linkwitz-Reilly filters 623 lowpass filter 622 maximum length sequence (MLS) 640 mechanical failure 609 motor 598 motor design 605

1735 multicell horns 612 multichannel reproduction acoustical modeling and auralization 233 narrow beam message repeaters and evacuation systems 1524 near-field 918 outdoor sound arraying devices 206 Bessel array 208 coverage 203 distributed loudspeaker systems 210 medium and long throw devices 205 parabolic loudspeaker 209 overhung coil 607 panel radiators 611 performance data 631 performance definitions 631 pest damage 1280 phase plug 601 phase reversal boxes 1350 piezoelectric 604 piezoelectricity 604 pink noise 639 piston directivity 634 piston resistance 633 polar data computer aided sound system design 1365 Proportional Point Source 614 protecting against weather

1280

radial horns 612 radiator types 609 realtime analyzers 639 residential music systems 618 response 623 ribbon 606 ring radiator 611 sealed-box system 635 sensitivity 627 servo-drive 606 signal delay 1307 sound pressure level 627 sound production 597 sound reproduction 597 spectrum analysis 638

1736 spider 598–599 surround 598 suspension methods 599 swept sine measurement 641 thermal failure 609 thermal limit 607 thermal resistance 608–609 Thiele-Small parameters 637 Time Delay Spectrometry 641 time windowed measurements

639

transducer types 598 transfer function 624, 629 two-way crossovers 624 underhung coil 607 underwater 605 vented boxes 636 virtual systems 1453 viscoelastic 599 voice coil 598 voice warning horns 613 Loudspeakers for distributed systems sound system design 1270 Low frequency arrays loudspeaker clusters 652 Low frequency response 1057 acoustical noise control 69 Low load current protection relays 390 Low pass filter 714 filters and equalizers 785, 789 Low Power Radio Services (LPRS) Assistive listening systems

1550

Low RT60 rooms sound system design 1254 Low thermal Emf relay 376 Low-frequency absorption computer aided sound system design 1354 Low-frequency control consoles 894 Low-level logic switching relays 382 Low-loss LC filter preamplifiers and mixers 736 Lowpass filter DSP technology 1166 loudspeakers 622

Index Lowpass filtering DSP technology 1162 Low-pass filters sound system design 1288 LP records 1015 LPCM optical disc formats 1148 Lumen display technologies 1579 Luminance display technologies 1582 Luminous flux units of measurement 1651 Luminous flux density units of measurement 1651 Luminous Intensity (IL) Units of measurement 1649

M M/S stereo microphones 544 Macrobending fiber optics 481 Magnetic circuits audio transformers 280 Magnetic coupling audio transformers 288 Magnetic Disks 1083 Magnetic field 1027, 1546 amplifier 703–704 analog discs 1027–1028 audio transformers 275 cartridges 1027 grounding and interfacing

1183–1185, 1188

in inductors 263, 268 inductors 266 magnetic field 1044 magnetic fieldding 1053,

1060, 1064, 1066–1067, 1072, 1094 magnetic recording 1053, 1069, 1083, 1085 power supplies 676 relays 380–381 magnetic field magnetic recording 1085 Magnetic field strength assistive listening systems

1546, 1548 277

Magnetic flux

units of measurement 1651 Magnetic Flux (f) 1651 Magnetic flux density audio transformers 284 units of measurement 1651 Magnetic Flux Density (ß) 1651 Magnetic head troubleshooting

1094

Magnetic heads 1053 Magnetic hysteresis audio transformers 279 Magnetic induction loop system assistive listening systems

1546

Magnetic induction loops assistive listening systems

1546

Magnetic interaction relays 381 Magnetic operating point audio transformers 279 Magnetic Performance Curves

1067

Magnetic recording 1041, 1053,

1057–1060, 1063–1064, 1066–1067, 1072, 1091, 1093–1094 3M Isoloop drive. 1049 anhysteretic recording 1062 automated alignment 1097 base film materials 1065 bias circuits 1078 biased recording 1062 bulk eraser 1063 capstan speed control 1045 capstan-derived tensioning

1048

constant current record head drivers 1076 contour effect 1057 DASH recorders 1079 degausser 1063 digital recording 1083 digital signal processor 1086 dual winding record head 1063 eddy currents 1058–1059 equalization boosts 1056 erase circuits 1078 floppy disks 1083 flux 1051, 1053

Index flux loop 1094 flying head 1085 gap jumping 1064 giant magnetoresistive heads

1082

hard disk drives 1082, 1084 hard disk electronics 1086 head relapping 1095 helical-scan digital tape transports 1080 high level formatting 1087 inductive rise 1058 laminations 1059, 1062,

1088

longitudinal digital tape recorders 1079 long-term tape storage 1087 low level formatting 1087 magnetic core 1042 magnetic field 1053, 1069,

1083, 1085

magnetic head troubleshooting

1094

magnetic heads 1053 magnetic recording

1055–1058

magnetic recording currents

1061

magnetic recordingad degaussing 1064 magnetic recordingarkhausen noise 1060 magnetic recordingazimuth

1051

magnetic recordingeed magnetic recordingion

1089

1063–1064

magnetic recordingk 1058 magnetic recordingn 1056 magnetic recordingonse 1057 magnetic recordingp length loss

1053

magnetic recordings 1074 magnetic recordingstems 1078 magnetic tape 1041 magnetic tape specifications

1068

maintenance 1088 pinch roller 1046 pinch roller wear patterns

1090

plastic substrate 1071 ProDigi machines 1079 R-DAT 1080 record circuits 1076 rigid disks 1084 rotary digital audio tape 1080 scrape flutter 1052 servos 1086 signal alignment procedure

1095

sliding friction 1053 spin valve heads 1082 spooling-motor-derived tensioning 1049 squealing tape 1074 static friction 1053 step-up transformer 1063 sync operation 1079 tape adhesion 1071 tape binder breakdown 1073 tape brittleness 1071 tape guides 1052 tape guiding 1050 tape height 1051 tape lubricant oozing 1073 tape metering 1043 tape peeling oxide 1071 tape record-playback equipment equalization standards 1056 tape splice failures 1071 tape tranports 1043 THD 1059 timebase corrector 1080 timecode 1087 track width 1060 variable speed oscillator 1044 Magnetic saturation 1056 audio transformers 283 Magnetic shield audio transformers 283, 301 relays 376 Magnetic shielding audio transformers 283 Magnetic tape 1041 Magnetic wire audio transformers 282 Magnetizing material audio transformers 278 Maintenance audio transformers 306

1737 Make or break current relays 377 Malleus psychoacoustics 43 Managed switches digital audio interfacing and networks 1495 Manual/graphical cluster design tools sound system design 1264 Manufaacturer Optical Radiation Corp. 1595 Manufacturer 3Com Corporation 470 Ableton 1122 AcousticX 129 Acoustiguide Inc 1521 Adamson Acoustics 599 Agilent Technologies 469 Aiphone Communication 1563 Aiphone Communications

1563

AKG Acoustics, Inc. 509, 545 ALARMCO 1517–1519 Alesis 1118 Allen and Heath 1281, 1283 Altec Lansing 749 Altec Lansing Corp. 439, 598,

601, 612–613

AMX 1441 Analog Devices, Inc 351 Analog Devices, Inc. 342 Atlas Sound 581, 1271,

1330, 1332

ATM Hardware 1313 Audio-Technica U.S., Inc. 557 Auditel Systems Limited 1532,

1535

Auralex Acoustics, Inc.

122

106,

Belden 401, 404, 414, 426,

436, 736

Belden Wire 1217 Biamp 1447 Biamp Systems 748–749 Bogen 1519 Bogen Communications, Inc.

1561

1257, 1264, 1269, 1311, 1322,

Bosch/Electro-Voice

1738

Index

1296–1297, 1299

1325 Brüel & Kjaer Instruments, Inc.

1309

Bruel and Kjaer Brüel and Kjaer

1407, 1614

9 70–71, 576,

BSS 1290, 1441, 1446 Cirrus Logic, Inc. 1504 Clear-Com Communication Systems 1571, 1574 Clevite Corp. 503 Coil-Craft 1214 Community Professional 1260,

1262, 1328

Community Professional Loudspeakers 599, 602, 613 Cooper Notification

1526–1527

Cooper Sound Systems 740 Corning, Inc. 474 Coto Technology 381, 383,

385–386

Countryman Associates, Inc.

528–529

Crestron 1441, 1448 Crown 1441 Crown International

1289–1290

Crown International, Inc.

550

523,

Dan Dugan Sound Design 749,

755

DataKustik GmbH 231 dbx Inc 341 dbx Professional 1280, 1286 DIGIPRESS 1527 Dolby Laboratories 341, 1593 Dorrough Electonics 1003 Dorrough Electronics 36,

1006

DPA Microphones, Inc.

564

534,

EAW 652, 1256 EAW/SIA Software 1309 Electro-Voice, Inc. 581 ElectroVoice, Inc. 613 ELP Corporation 1034–1035 Espro 1522 Eventide 1440 Fender Musical Instruments

Fluke Networks 462 Frazier Loudspeakers

632

620,

Future Sonics 1423 Galaxy Audio 1608 Genelec 619 Georg Neumann GmbH 554 Gold Line 68, 70, 1308,

1608

Hewlett Packard 18 Holophone® 552 Holosonic Research Labs, Inc.

1525

IAC 85, 88 Innovative Electronic Designs

1447

JBL 600, 613, 615 JBL Professional 1246–1247,

1254, 1266, 1271, 1312

Jensen Transformers 358 Jensen Transformers, Inc. 304,

741–742, 1200, 1208 KEF Company 599 Kinetics Corp 80 Kinetics Corp. 81 Kirkegaard Associates 216, 218 Klipsch & Associates, Inc.

1256

Kodak 1595 L-Acoustic 652 Lectrosonics 748–749,

1285

752,

Marshall Electronics 575 Marshall Electronics, Inc. 557 Mason Industries 74, 79,

81–82

M-Audio 1118 Maxim Integrated Products

685, 687–688

Maxxon 80 Meyer Sound 653 Meyer Sound Laboratories, Inc.

209

Mitsubishi Electric 599–600 Motorola, Inc. 604 Neumann USA 533 Neutrik AG. 473 Neutrik USA, Inc. 1295 Novation Digital Music Systems, Ltd 1117 Onlife Research, Inc. 1026 Owens Corning 103 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp

92

Panasonic Industrial Corp. 601 Panduit Int’l Corp. 417 Peak Audio 1488, 1504 Peavey 1289, 1446–1447 Peavey Electronic Corp. 600 Pinta Acoustic, Inc. 106 Polycom, Inc. 754–756 Propellerheads 1123 Protech Audio 749 Proudfoot 111 QSC 1289–1290, 1447,

1449, 1454

Lectrosonics, Inc. 574 Level Control Systems 1444 Lexicon 194 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co 85 Linear Technology Corporation

Quest Technologies 70 Ram Technologies LLC 691 Rane 1287, 1291, 1442 Rauland Borg 1568 Renkus Heinz 651, 1258,

Listen Technologies Corporation

Ring Communications, Inc.

Loud Technologies, Inc. 1124 Lowell 1271, 1292 Lubell Laboratories, Inc. 605 Lucent Technologies 475 Mackenzie Laboritories, Inc.

RPG Diffuser Systems Inc.

684–685

1531, 1533, 1539, 1551

1519

Magnecraft Electric Co.

381–382

1265

1565, 1567 1354

RPG, Inc. 110, 113, 119 RTW GmbH & Co.KG, Cologne

1004–1005, 1008

Rycote Microphone Windshields LTD 577, 580 Sabine, Inc. 574

Index Schall-Technik 511 Schoeps GmbH 541, 551 sE Electronics 578 Sennheiser 1416, 1419 Sennheiser El ectronic Corporation 1552 Sennheiser Ele ctronic Corporation 1557 Sennheiser Electronic Corporation 501, 509, 514, 532 Sennheiser Electronics 1520,

1523, 1538

Sensaphonics 1423 Shure 1419 Shure Incorporated 499–500,

529, 531, 540, 579, 735, 740, 750, 761, 1416, 1419 Shure Incorporated. 751 Simpson Electric 998 Sound Control Technologies, Inc. 761–762 SoundPLAN LLC 231 Stanton Magnetics, Inc. 1034 Symetrix 1325 Tectum, Inc. 104 Tektronix® 462 Telex Communications, Inc.

1575

Telex Electro-Voice 497 Texas Instruments 351, 355 THAT Corporation 343, 353,

355

TOA 1441, 1445 Tour-Mate 1522 Ultimate Ears 1423 Vishay Dale 268 Vishay Roederstein 261 VPI Industries 1037 VPI Industries, Inc. 1021,

1037

Wheatstone Corporation

994

950,

Whelen Engineering 614 Williams Sound 1523 Yamaha 1282, 1447 Yamaha Corporation 194 Yamaha Corporation of America

1114

Yamaha International Corp.

598, 601, 611, 1294, 1303, 1305 Mapping computer aided sound system design 1378 Mapping dynamics consoles 971 Marcus Vitruvius 1339 Marginal relay 380 Masker psychoacoustics 48 Masking psychoacoustics 48 Mass (M) units of measurement 1648 Master functions consoles 932 Matched interface gain structure 1223 Matrix crosstalk consoles 854 Matrix mixing sound system design 1285 Matrix systems intercoms 1571 Max program level units of measurement 1661 Maximum continuous current rating wire and cable 402 Maximum length sequence (MLS) loudspeakers 640 test and measurement 1616 Maximum peak current power supplies 669 Maximum peak inverse voltage power supplies 669 Maximum power output sensitivity microphones 516 Maximum working voltage capacitors 255 Mean free path small room acoustics 135 Mean free path (MFP) units of measurement 1660 Mean reverberation time acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 149 Measurement parameters for typical balloon resolutions computer aided sound system

1739 design 1358 Measurement system test and measurement 1613 Measurements 1647 audio transformers 302 Mechanical failure loudspeakers 609 Mechanical recording consoles 826 Mechanical switching matrix intercoms 1562 Media assess control (MAC) digital audio interfacing and networks 1488 Media converter digital audio interfacing and networks 1495 MediaMatrix virtual systems 1447 Medium area systems (MAS) assistive listening systems

1553

Medium considerations acoustical modeling and auralization 217 Medium density fiber panels acoustical treatment for indoor areas 103 Medium-frequency horns computer aided sound system design 1350 Mel psychoacoustics 55 Melamine foam panels acoustical treatment for indoor areas 106 Melodic intervals psychoacoustics 55 Melody psychoacoustics 55–56 Membrane absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 109 MEMS switches relays 387 Mercury dry cell batteries 699 Mercury-wetted contact relays

381, 384

Mercury-wetted reed relays 384 Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP)

1740 Optical disc formats 1151 Mesa transistors solid state devices 325 Meshing digital audio interfacing and networks 1497 Message repeaters 1516–1517 Message repeaters and evacuation systems audio archival 1527 digital audio storage 1515 digital on-hold players 1519 digital signal processors 1515 directivity 1524 DRAM 1528 EEPROM 1528 EPROM 1528 factory floor applications 1517 hospital applications 1516 inductive loop systems 1520 information/broadcast services applications 1518 infrared systems 1520 message-on-hold applications

1527

museum applications 1520 narrow beam loudspeaker system 1524 retail store applications 1517 RF systems 1520 ROM 1528 school applications 1518 STI 1526 transportation applications

1518 UFC 1526 ultrasound 1524 voice evacuation 1526

voice evacuation/mass notification systems 1526 Message repeaters operation 1527 Message-on-hold applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1527 Metal oxide-semiconductor capacitor delay 810 Metal-oxide varistors (MOV) relays 389 Metal-oxide-semiconductor junc-

Index tion FET capacitor delay 810 Metering consoles 980 Meters consoles 919, 933 MFLOPS DSP technology 1176 MFP small room acoustics 135 MGM 14 Mic Mate USB adapter microphones 575 Mic’ing techniques 584 Michael Faraday 5–6 Michael I. Pupin 7 Michael Pupin 8 Microalloy diffused transistor solid state devices 325 Microbend loss fiber optics 459 Microbending fiber optics 481 Microlensed LED fiber optics 463 Micron fiber optics 481 Microperforated materials acoustical treatment for indoor areas 112 Microphone psychoacoustics 45 microphone condenser microphone 295 Microphone accessories 573 Microphone as a signal source preamplifiers and mixers 735 Microphone booms 581 Microphone calibrator test and measurement 1610 Microphone floor stands 581 Microphone identification digital audio interfacing and networks 1478 Microphone impedance conversion audio transformers 295 Microphone input transformer audio transformers 290 Microphone mixing preamplifiers and mixers 759

Microphone output transformer audio transformers 294 Microphone placement test and measurement 1619 Microphone practices 519 Microphone preamplifier fundamentals preamplifiers and mixers 735 Microphone sensitivity 518 Microphone snake cables sound system design 1295 Microphone table stands 581 Microphone techniques 582 Microphone transformers consoles 861 Microphones RF frequencies 564 above the source 520 above versus underneath mic’ing

585

accessories 573 aluminum diaphragms 504 ambient 1431 antenna cables 569 antenna combination diversity

562

antenna placement 562 antenna splitters 570 antennas 568 artificial head systems 553 attenuators 581 automatic microphone systems

540

balanced 521 base station 530 behind objects 520 bidirectional 493, 495 bidirectional pickup pattern 495 binaural recording 553 booms 581 capacitor 507 capacitor radio-frequency 512 capacitor radio-frequency, frequency-modulated microphone

511

capture ratio and muting carbon 502 ceramic 503 characteristics 583

560

Index coincident 542 comb filters 521, 523 companding 563, 567 computer aided sound system design 1355 condenser 507, 533, 583 condenser microphone 582 controlled-reluctance 530 criteria for selecting a wireless microphone 558 crystal 503 cutout 1568 differential noise-canceling 530 diffuse-field equalization 555 digital wireless transmission

572

direct versus reverberant field

520

directional pattern 584 distance from large surfaces

519

diversity antenna 571 Dual Pro Pop pop screen 578 dynamic 503 EIA output sensitivity 517 electret 515 equalizers 581 first-order gradient 493 floor stands 581 frequency response 498 frequency response of a cardioid microphone 497 grounding 520 handheld entertainer 530 head worn 528 headphone diffuse-field equalizers 554 Holophone surround sound system 551 human external-ear transfer function 554 hyper-cardioid 495 impedance 522 inline processors 573 interference tube 532 intermodulation (IM) 565 In-the-Ear recording (ITE)

554–555

lavalier 527 lectern 589

lossy ladder network 500 M/S stereo 544 maximum power output sensitivity 516 Mic Mate USB adapter 575 mic’ing bass drums 585 mic’ing cymbals 585 mic’ing drums 584 mic’ing electric instruments

592

mic’ing group vocals 589 mic’ing horns 591 mic’ing musicians 584 mic’ing percussion 592 mic’ing piano 586 mic’ing singers 588 mic’ing strings 590 mic’ing techniques 584 mic’ing Tom-Toms 585 mic’ing vocals 588 mic’ing woodwinds 591 microphone sensitivities 518 microphone techniques 582 microphone-to-source distance

519

moving-coil 503, 506 multiple-entry cardioid 501 mylar diaphragms 504 noise reduction 514 noise sources 513 omnidirectional 493–494,

505

omnidirectional diaphragm 504 omni-directional pickup pattern

494

open-circuit voltage sensitivity

516

operation of zoom microphones

539

ORTF technique 544 parabolic 537 performance characteristics 493 phantom power for capacitor microphones 510 Phase Coherent Cardioid (PCC)

524

pickup patterns 493 plug-on transmitter 574 PolarFlex microphone system

540

1741 polarity 521 pop filters 576 pop protection 578 practices 519 pressure 493, 503 pressure zone (PZM) 522 pressure-gradient condenser

531

proximity effects 497 PZM directivity 524 PZM direct-to-reverberant ratio effect 525 PZM frequency-response anomalies caused by boundaries

526

PZM frequency-response effects

525

PZM sensitivity effects 524 range of a wireless transmission

566

reflection filter 578 RF power output 560 RF signal strength 568 rifle 537 Sabine Phantom Mic Rider 573 SASS 550 sensitivity 516 shock mounts 578 shotgun 532 single-entry cardioid 499 spurious emissions 567 stands and booms 581 step-up transformer 503 stereo 542 stereo boom 548 stereo mic’ing techniques 582 super-cardioid 495 surround sound system 550 suspension compliance 579 switching diversity antennas

561

symmetrical push-pull transducer 512 system planning for multi-channel wireless systems 571 table stands 581 thermal noise 518 three-entry cardioid 500 transmitter antenna 567 true diversity antennas 561

1742 two-way cardioid 502 types of cardioid microphones

499

types of transducers 502 unbalanced 521 unidirectional 493, 495, 498,

506

USB 556 velocity 493 virtual systems 1452 voltage divider capacitor 508 waterproof wireless systems

563

wind noise reduction figures

576

windscreens 576 wireless audio processing 567 wireless communication systems

557

wireless distortion 560 wireless dynamic range 560 wireless frequency bands of operation 558 wireless frequency response

560

wireless microphone receiver sensitivity 560 wireless monitoring systems

571

wireless multi-channel applications 565 wireless receiver 568 wireless receiving antenna systems 561 wireless transmitter considerations 566 XY stereo 543 zoom 538 zoom-microphone video camera linkage 540 Microphone-to-source distance

519

Microphonic audio transformers 306 Microprocessor DSP technology 1172 Microsoft HDi Interactive Format optical disc formats 1153 Middle ear personal monitors 1432

Index psychoacoustics 43, 45 Middle ear infection psychoacoustics 45 MIDI algorithmic composition programs 1123 cable 1111 channel voice messages 1104 cueing messages 1129 daisy chain 1112 drum machine 1116 editing 1120 full messages 1129 guitars 1118 integrated sequencers 1118 Interface 1113 jacks 1111 MIDI channels 1102 MIDI messages 1101 MIDI modes 1103 Mode 1–Omni On/Poly 1104 Mode 2–Omni On/Mono 1104 Mode 3–Omni Off/Poly 1104 Mode 4–Omni Off/Mono 1104 most significant bit (MSB)

1102

MTC conversion 1129 multiport network 1113 Musical Instrument Digital Interface 1101 music-printing programs 1124 patch editors 1123 percussion controllers 1117 phantom power 1111 playback 1120 Poly/Mono mode 1104 quarter-frame messages 1129 real-time messages 1127 reception modes 1104 recording 1119 sampler 1115 sequencers 1118 SMPTE 1128 SMPTE-to-MTC converter

1128

software sequencers 1119 standard MIDI files 1125 synchronization 1126 synthesizer 1114 system messages 1108

time code 1128 wireless MIDI 1111 MIDI channels MIDI 1102 MIDI messages MIDI 1101 MIDI modes MIDI 1103 MIDI sequencing consoles 983 Mineral fiber board acoustical treatment for indoor areas 104 Minimizing noise consoles 853 Minimum audible psychoacoustics 51 Minimum phase filters and equalizers 786 Minimum surface area heatsinks 372 Minimum-gain consoles 874 Minimum-loss pad 769 Mix code consoles 977 Mix groups, auxiliary groups and matrix mixing sound system design 1281 Mix stage consoles 976 Mixdown mode consoles 923 Mixed Mode CD optical disc formats 1142 Mixers attenuators 780 sound system design 1280 Mixing consoles 910 Mixing consoles sound system design 1280 Mixing for personal monitors personal monitors 1427 Mix-minus mixer sound system design 1285 MLP optical disc formats 1151 MLS test and measurement

Index

1616 Mnaufacturer AMP Incorporated 464 Mobility personal monitors 1418 Modal bandwidth small room acoustics 131 Modal dispersion fiber optics 481 Modal distribution small room acoustics 131 Modal noise fiber optics 481 Modal potency small room acoustics 131 Modal room resonances small room acoustics 128 Mode 1–Omni On/Poly MIDI 1104 Mode 2–Omni On/Mono MIDI 1104 Mode 3–Omni Off/Poly MIDI 1104 Mode 4–Omni Off/Mono MIDI 1104 Model acoustical modeling and auralization 215 Modeling acoustical modeling and auralization 215 auralization process 232 time and distance considerations

217

Model-size dummy head computer aided sound system design 1341 Modes fiber optics 481 Modes in nonrectangular rooms small room acoustics 133 Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD fiber optics 481 Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) designing for speech intelligibility 1403 Modulation reduction factor m(F) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 155

Modulation transmission function (MTF) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 155 Molecular Substance (n) units of measurement 1649 Momentary actuation relays 392 Monitor mixes personal monitors 1422 Monitoring consoles 826, 917 Mono mixes personal monitors 1422 Monochromatic fiber optics 481 Monochromatic light fiber optics 465 Monolithic integrated circuits 334 MOSC delay 810 MOSFET transistors solid state devices 327 MOSFETs consoles 851 MOSJC delay 810 Most significant bit delay 813 Most significant bit (MSB) digital audio interfacing and networks 1464 MIDI 1102 Motor loudspeakers 598 Motor design loudspeakers 605 Motor Loads relays 379 Motorized pots consoles 946 Moving coil cartridges analog discs 1027 Moving digital audio around consoles 985 Moving magnet cartridges analog discs 1028 Moving-coil phono step-up transformer audio transformers 301

1743 Moving-coil phonograph pickups audio transformers 291 MP3 file DSP technology 1161 MP3 players DSP technology 1161 MPEG audio compression DSP technology 1163, 1166 MPEG-1 Optical disc formats 1149 MPEG-2 optical disc formats 1149 MPEG-2 AAC optical disc formats 1148 MPX personal monitors 1428 MS Windows dynamic link library (DLL) Computer aided sound system design 1360 MSB delay 813 MIDI 1102 MTC MIDI Time code 1128 MT-RJ fiber optic connector fiber optics 473 Multiband processing consoles 902 Multicast bundles digital audio interfacing and networks 1506 Multicell horns loudspeakers 612 Multichannel audio digital interface digital audio interfacing and networks 1484 Multichannel DSP loudspeaker clusters 661 Multichannel FM induction loop interpretation and tour group systems 1535 Multichannel magnetic-stripe formats surround sound 1593 Multichannel optical format surroound sound 1593 Multichannel reproduction loudspeakers 233 Multichannel Wireless Microphone

1744 and Monitoring Systems 564 Multi-Channel-Reverberation (MCR) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 192 Multicluster system sound system design 1270 Multiconductor wire wire and cable 407 Multi-filar winding audio transformers 281 Multifunction devices virtual systems 1444 Multi-function digital signal processing system sound system design 1288 Multi-genre theaters acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 163 Multimedia Home Platform (DVB-MHP) standard Optical disc formats 1154 Multimode distortion fiber optics 482 Multimode fiber fiber optics 482 Multimode fiber optic cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1490, 1502 Multimode graded index fiber fiber optics 456 Multimode step index fiber fiber optics 456 Multipair cables wire and cable 408 Multiple and submultiple prefixes units of measurement 1647 Multiple effect feeds consoles 830 Multiple loudspeakers fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 Multiple memory spaces consoles 961 Multiple open microphones preamplifiers and mixers 742 Multiple-entry cardioid microphone

501

Multiple-loop current flow assistive listening systems

Index

1548 Multiplexers consoles 945 Multiplier/accumulator (MAC) consoles 959 Multiplying DACs 940 Multipoint grounding grounding and interfacing 1192 Multiport network MIDI 1113 Multi-purpose halls acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 163 Multiread drives optical disc formats 1143 Multitrack console 922 Multitrack routing consoles 930 Multivariable dependent automatic microphone mixers 751 Mu-metal relays 382 Mumetal® audio transformers 283 Museum applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1520 Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIDI 1101 Music-printing programs MIDI 1124 Mutual inductance inductors 265

N NA optical disc formats 1153 NAB (RIAA) curve analog discs 1017 Nanometer fiber optics 482 Narrow beam loudspeaker system message repeaters and evacuation systems 1524 National Association of Broadcasters National Association of Broadcastersg 1059 record discs 1017 National Association of the Deaf

(NAD) assistive listening systems

1545

National Broadcasting Company VU meters 998 National Fire Protection Association message repeaters and evacuation systems 1526 National LM381 integrated circuits 340 Natural convection Heatsinks 367 Natural cotton panels acoustical treatment for indoor areas 105 Natural sound sources computer aided sound system design 1343 Nature of speech designing for speech intelligibility 1387 Near field acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 Near miss Weber’s Law psychoacoustics 54 Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) wire and cable 414 Near-field loudspeakers consoles 918 NEC cable groups wire and cable 440 NEC substitution chart wire and cable 440 Needed acoustic gain (NAG) sound system design 1243 units of measurement 1659 Negative feedback 709 amplifier 708 audio transformers 287 Negative output resistance audio transformers 287 Negative-positive-zero (NPO) capacitors 257 Neoprene wire and cable 406 Network transfer function capacitors 253 NFPA 1526

Index Nickel-Cadmium batteries 697 Nikola Tesla 7 NIOSH what’s the ear for? 1633 Nits display technologies 1579 Noise fiber optics 468 preamplifiers and mixers 737 resistors 244 sound system design 1241,

1325

what’s the ear for? 1636 Noise characteristics consoles 887 Noise criteria acoustical noise control 67 Noise criteria (NC) curves 67 Noise Criteria ratings test and measurement 1610 Noise diode solid state devices 322 Noise equivalent power (NEP) fiber optics 482 Noise figure audio transformers 289 consoles 860 transistors 331 Noise level analysis acoustical noise control 70 Noise reduction microphones 514 Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 101 Noise reduction systems 1078 Noise sensing designing for speech intelligibility 1392 Noise sources consoles 910 microphones 513 Noise-adaptive threshold automatic microphone mixers 750 Nominal impedance computer aided sound system design 1345 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 Nominal voltage

relays 376 Noninverting 336 Noninverting amplifiers amplifiers 338 Noninverting voltage amplifiers

711

Nonlinearity of the ear psychoacoustics 49 Non-magnetic materials audio transformers 278 Nonmaskable interrupt consoles 929 Nonreverberant spaces acoustical treatment for indoor areas 114 Nontotalizer relays 391 Nordic N9 Standard VI meters 1004 Normal link pulses (NLPs) digital audio interfacing and networks 1494 Normalized field strength assistive listening systems

1547

Normalizing filters and equalizers 793 Norris Eyring units of measurement 1661 NRZI encoding digital audio interfacing and networks 1485 NTSC VU meters 1002 NTSC television display technologies 1581 Null indicators consoles 946 Number of open microphones units of measurement 1659 Number of open microphones (NOM) preamplifiers and mixers 743,

747

sound system design 1241 Number of open microphones attenuation (NOMA) preamplifiers and mixers 746 Numerical aperture fiber optics 460, 482

1745 Numerical diffusers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 118 Numerical model acoustical modeling and auralization 227–228 Nurse call intercoms 1561 Nurse call systems intercoms 1568 Nyquist diagram 705, 708 amplifier 705 Nyquist frequency delay 811, 814 Nyquist Sampling Theorem DSP technology 1169

O

O type attenuators 775 Oblique mode small room acoustics 128 Oblique room modes small room acoustics 128 Occluded ear personal monitors 1425 Occupational Safety and Health Organization 35 Octave-band equalizers sound system design 1286 Off-delay relays 391 Ohm fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 Ohm’s Law fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 grounding and interfacing 1181 Ohm’s law units of measurement 1654 Ohm’s law of acoustics psychoacoustics 50 OLED display technologies 1587 Oliver Heaviside 6 Omnidirectional microphone

493–494

On-delay relays 391 One-half wave power supplies One-third-octave band filters

672

1746 filters and equalizers 800 Op-amps integrated circuits 344, 358 Open circuit fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Open wire antenna assistive listening systems

1552

Open-cell foams acoustical treatment for indoor areas 105 Open-circuit stability consoles 864 Open-circuit voltage sensitivity microphones 516 Opera houses acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 163 Operate time relays 376, 383 Operate voltage relays 376 Operational amplifier 711, 713 Operational amplifiers 710 consoles 833, 835 Operational amplifiers-compensating consoles 841 Operational transconductance amplifier integrated circuits 340 Operational transconductance amplifiers integrated circuits 340 Operational voltage amplifiers integrated circuits 335 Optic Absorption fiber optics 479 Optical cable pull force digital audio interfacing and networks 1503 Optical disc formats AACS 1152 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 1153 AGC 1143 AIFF files 1135 astigmatism 1138–1139 audio codecs 1152

Index Audio with Video (AV) disc

1149

auto-focusing 1138 auto-tracking 1139 BD 1153 BD-ROM 1153 BD-Video 1153 Blu-ray 1133 Blu-ray disc system 1153 CD player hardware architecture

1137

CD-DA 1133 CD-R 1133, 1142 CD-ROM 1133, 1141 CD-ROM/XA 1142 CD-RW 1133 CD-UDF 1143 CD-WO (Write Once) 1142 CIRC 1135 CIRC code 1147 CIRC decoder 1140 CIRC encoding algorithm 1136 CIRC error correction 1141 coherent-phase laser beam

1138

Compact Disc Digital Audio

1133

Compact Disc Read Only Memory 1141 Compact Disc Recordable (CD-R) 1142 constant linear velocity (CLV)

1134

Content Protection for Pre-Recorded Media (CPPM) 1150 CPPM 1150 Cross Interleave Reed Solomon Code 1135 D/A converters 1137 DAT 1135 data decoding 1140 date encoding 1134 DDP 1134 decimation filter 1144 digital signal processing 1140 Direct Stream Digital 1133,

1144

Direct Stream Digital (DSD) coding 1144 Disk Description Protocol 1134

Dolby Digital 1149 Dolby Digital (AC-3) 1148 DSD 1144 DSP 1140 DVD 1133 DVD disc manufacturing 1146 DVD family 1145 DVD file format 1146 DVD formats 1151 DVD optical disc formats 1145 DVD+RW 1152 DVD-Audio 1133, 1145,

1148

DVD-R 1151 DVD-RAM 1152 DVD-ROM 1133,

1145,

DVD-RW 1152 DVD-Video 1133,

1145,

1151

1147, 1151

DVD-Video VAN disc 1147 EDC/ECC 1141 EFM encoding 1137 EFM signal 1140 EFMPlus modulation 1147 error concealment algorithms

1140

finite impulse response 1140 FIR 1140 HD DVD 1152 High Definition DVD 1152 interpolation 1140 land 1134 LPCM 1148 Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP) 1151 Microsoft HDi Interactive Format 1153 Mixed Mode CD 1142 MLP 1151 MPEG-1 1149 MPEG-2 1149 MPEG-2 AAC 1148 Multimedia Home Platform (DVB-MHP) 1154 multiread drives 1143 NA 1153 optical pickup 1137 Optimum Power Calibration (OPC) 1151

Index PCM signal 1144 photodiode array 1140 pit track 1133 polycarbonate substrate 1134 preemphasis 1135 Reed Solomon Product Code (RS-PC) 1147 Reed-Solomon decoders 1140 Reed-Solomon product code (RS-PC) 1141 reflective data pit surface 1134 RS-PC 1141 SACD 1133, 1144 SDM 1145 sigma-delta D/A converters

1141

sigma-delta modulation (SDM)

1145

signal reconstruction 1140 SMART 1150 subcode 1135 Super Audio CD 1133 Super Audio Compact Disc (SACD) 1144 three-beam design pickup 1138 tracking correction signal 1139 transversal filter 1140 UDF 1146 Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge 1146 Universal Disk Format (CD-UDF) 1143 video codecs 1152 WAV files 1135 Optical fiber class fiber optics 482 Optical fiber cross section 455 Optical fiber loss fiber optics 458 Optical interface digital audio interfacing and networks 1483 Optical pickup optical disc formats 1137 Optical sSoundtracks surroound sound 1593 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer fiber optics 462 Optical Time Domain Reflectome-

ter (OTDR) fiber optics 462, 482 OpticalCon® fiber optic connector fiber optics 473 Optically coupled solid-state relays

390

Optimized method gain structure 1229 Optimum Power Calibration (OPC) optical disc formats 1151 Optimum source impedance (OSI) consoles 861 Opto-coupled silicon-controlled rectifier solid state devices 325 Optoelectronic fiber optics 482 Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits (OEICs) fiber optics 482 Orchestra pit acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 177 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display technologies 1587 Organizations International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) 1466 SMPTE 919 ORTF microphone technique 544 OSHA 35, 1232, 1433 what’s the ear for? 1633 OSHA-permitted noise levels what’s the ear for? 1634 Ossicles personal monitors 1432 OTDR fiber optics 462 Outdoor sound arraying devices 206 atmospheric absorption 204 atmospheric absorption of acoustical energy 204 atmospheric effects 203 Bessel array 208 distributed loudspeaker systems

203, 210

effects of absorption of sound by

1747 air 205 effects of air temperature 204 effects of relative humidity 204 high acoustic pressures 205 loudspeaker coverage 203 medium and long throw devices

205

parabolic reflector 209 private suite systems 211 sound projection distances 203 source level requirements 203 speed of sound 204 temperature inversion gradient

204

Outer ear personal monitors 1432 psychoacoustics 43 Output capacitance tubes 314 Output capacitance compensation integrated circuits 338 Output impedance consoles 840 Output transformer audio transformer 296 Output transformers audio transformers 286,

289–290

Oval window psychoacoustics 43 Overdrive relays 376 Overdub mode consoles 923 Overdubbing consoles 828 Overhung coil loudspeakers 607 Over-sampling delay 812, 814 Oversampling consoles 958 Overvoltage protection power supplies 681

P PA loudspeakers personal monitors 1415 Packaged loudspeaker systems sound system design 1257 Pads

1748 sound system design 1291 PAG values personal monitors 1417 Paging intercoms 1568 Panel radiators loudspeakers 611 Panel resonances acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 184 Panning consoles 829 Panpots consoles 915 Parabolic effect acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 180 Parabolic microphone 537 Parallel resonant circuit filters and equalizers 790 Parallelism consoles 961 Parametric equalizer 1449 consoles 968 Parametric equalizers filters and equalizers 801 sound system design 1287 Parametric room impulse response (PRIR) acoustical modeling and auralization 234 Parasitics audio transformers 277 Particle of light fiber optics 453 Particle velocity small room acoustics 127 Party line systems intercoms 1561, 1570 Pass band filters and equalizers 785 Pass elements power supplies 680 Passive crossover networks sound system design 1279 Passive device sound system design 1275 Passive devices sound system design 1297 Passive filters

Index filters and equalizers 785–786 Passive mixing consoles 914 Passive optical interconnections fiber optics 470 Patch editors MIDI 1123 Paul Klipsch 5, 12, 17 loudspeakers 615 Paul W. Klipsch 9, 14 PBX lines intercoms 1563 PCM delay 813 digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 PCM signal optical disc formats 1144 PDP display technologies 1583 Peak amplitude gain structure 1225 Peak level detection integrated circuits 345 Peak loudness fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 Peak program meter (PPM) consoles 920 VI meters 1003 Peak voltage gain structure 1224 Peak-inverse-voltage solid state devices 320 Peak-reverse-voltage solid state devices 320 Peak-to-peak voltage gain structure 1224 Pentagrid tubes 311 Pentode tubes 311 People absorption acoustical treatment for indoor areas 108 Perceived room size delay 808 Percentile levels acoustical noise control 70 Percussion controllers

MIDI 1117 Perfect pitch psychoacoustics 56 Perforated coverings acoustical treatment for indoor areas 105 Perforated membrane absorber acoustical treatment for indoor areas 111 Performance characteristics of various microphones 493 Performance data loudspeakers 631 Performance zone acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 168 Permalloy® audio transformers 283 Permanent threshold shift (PTS) what’s the ear for? 1633 Permeability audio transformers 278 grounding and interfacing 1189 Persistence VI meters 1006 Personal Listening Systems (PLS) assistive listening systems

1553

Personal mixing personal monitors 1430 Personal monitor mixers personal monitors 1430 Personal monitor system 1416 Personal monitors ambient microphones 1431 applications for personal monitors 1425 auditory nerve 1433 balanced armature earphones

1424

belt-pack receiver 1416 cilia 1433 cochlea 1433 comb filtering 1432 compressors 1431 custom molded earphones 1423 custom sleeve earphones 1423 digital audio devices 1431 distributed mixing 1430 drum throne shakers 1430

Index dual driver earphones 1424 dual mono mixes 1422 dynamic earphones 1424 ear 1432 ear canal 1432 ear drum 1432 ear-buds 1423, 1433 earphone transducers 1424 earphones 1422 effects processing 1431 ethernet (Cat-5) 1430 feedback 1429 FOH 1418, 1427 gain-before-feedback 1417 Hass Effect 1431 hearing conservation 1418 hearing damage 1433 houses of worship 1429 in-ear monitoring 1416, 1420 isolating earphone 1433 latency 1431 limiters 1431 middle ear 1432 mixing for personal monitors

1427

mobility 1418 monitor mixes 1422 mono mixes 1422 MPX 1428 occluded ear 1425 ossicles 1432 outer ear 1432 PA loudspeakers 1415 personal mixing 1430 personal monitor mixers 1430 pinna 1432 portability 1418 potential acoustic gain 1417 reduced vocal strain 1418 safe listening 1432 sound contractors 1429 stapes 1433 stereo image 1429 stereo mixes 1422 stereo monitor mix 1422 stereo multiplexed transmissions

1428

stereo wireless transmission

1428

stereo wireless transmitters

1428 Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) 1434 tinnitus 1434 Peter D’Antonio 14 Peutz equations designing for speech intelligibility 1396 Pew-back distributed system sound system design 1270 Phantom power MIDI 1111 preamplifiers and mixers 739 Phantom power for capacitor microphones 510 Pharynx psychoacoustics 43 Phase cancellation 31 psychoacoustics 50 summation 31 units of measurement 1652 Phase angle filters and equalizers 786 units of measurement 1652 Phase Coherent Cardioid microphone (PCC) 524 Phase comparator digital audio interfacing and networks 1478 Phase controlled regulated power supplies 683 Phase correlation VI meters 1004 Phase correlation meter VI meters 1004 Phase delay filters and equalizers 786 Phase difference power supplies 675 units of measurement 1652 Phase distortion 713 audio transformers 285 preamplifiers and mixers 738 phase distortion 1077 Phase error VI meters 1006 Phase interference fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32

1749 Phase interpolation computer aided sound system design 1364 Phase locked loop digital audio interfacing and networks 1474 Phase margin consoles 838 Phase plug loudspeakers 601 Phase response test and measurement 1613 Phase reversal boxes loudspeakers 1350 Phase shift consoles 878 delay 809 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 units of measurement 1652 Phase spectra psychoacoustics 57 Phase spectrum psychoacoustics 50 Phase velocity units of measurement 1652 Phase-locking psychoacoustics 56 Phone plugs sound system design 1293 Phonemically Balanced (PB) word lists designing for speech intelligibility 1403 Phons psychoacoustics 51 Photocells (light-sensitive resistors)

248

Photocurrent fiber optics 482 Photodiode fiber optics 482 Photodiode array optical disc formats Photon fiber optics 482 Photon energy 453 Photophone fiber optics 451 Photoresistor

1140

1750 consoles 874 Physical models acoustical modeling and auralization 215 Physiological effects of shock current on humans wire and cable 443 Pi filter power supplies 676 Pi or delta attenuator 774 Piezoelectric loudspeakers 604 Piezoelectricity 1030 analog discs 1030 loudspeakers 604 Pigtail fiber optics 482 PIN photodiode fiber optics 467, 482 PIN-FET receiver fiber optics 482 Pink noise loudspeakers 639 Pinna personal monitors 1432 psychoacoustics 43 Piston directivity loudspeakers 634 Piston resistance loudspeakers 633 Pit track optical disc formats 1133 Pitch psychoacoustics 54 Place coding psychoacoustics 55 Planar transistor solid state devices 326 Planck’s law fiber optics 453 Plane angle units of measurement 1649 Planning fundamentals acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 162 Plasma display display technologies 1583 Plasma monitor display technologies 1583 Plastic optical fiber (POF)

Index fiber optics 482 Plastics wire and cable 405 Plate tubes 311 Plate dissipation tubes 315 Plate efficiency tubes 315 Plate resistance tubes 314 Platform configuration in concert halls acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 175 Playback MIDI 1120 Plenum heatsinks 369 Plenum cable wire and cable 441 Plenum noise attenuators acoustical noise control 92 Plug-ins consoles 984 Plug-on transmitter microphones 574 Pocket page access intercoms 1568 Point source fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 Point source interactions loudspeaker clusters 658 Point sources computer aided sound system design 1344 Point to point systems intercoms 1570

1561

Polar ETC measurements designing for speech intelligibility 1409 PolarFlex microphone system 540 Polarity audio transformers 276 microphones 521 Test and measurement 1627 transistors 328 tubes 313

Polarity testers test and measurement 1627 Polarized relay 380 Pole-Zero analysis filters and equalizers 796 Pole-zero diagram 706 Poly/Mono mode MIDI 1104 Polycarbonate substrate optical disc formats 1134 Polyethylene wire and cable 405 Polygon ground plan acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 170 Polypropylene wire and cable 406 Polyurethane foam panels acoustical treatment for indoor areas 106 Pop filters microphones 576 Pop protection microphones 578 Population inversion fiber optics 465 Porous absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 102 Porous materials Acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 184 Portability personal monitors 1418 Portable and tour sound systems

1317

Positive and negative type power supply 337 Positive feedback consoles 838 Positive-intrinsic-negative detector (PIN) fiber optics 454 Post-Detection Combining 561 Potential acoustic gain personal monitors 1417 units of measurement 1659 Potential acoustic gain (PAG) sound system design 1241 Potential divider

Index filters and equalizers 787 Potential Energy (U) units of measurement 1649 Potentiometers 250 Potentiometric switching consoles 853 Power continuous output 1231 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Power (W) units of measurement 1650 Power amplifier 716 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Power amplifier DSP sound system design 1288 Power amplifiers sound system design 1290 Power coefficient of resistors 245 Power factor (PF) capacitors 255 Power isolation transformer 1215 Power Over Ethernet (PoE) wire and cable 417 Power over Ethernet (PoE) digital audio interfacing and networks 1490 Power Over Ethernet Plus (PoE Plus) wire and cable 417 Power ratings gain structure 1231 Power ratios 1203 Power sensitivity tubes 315 Power supplies batteries 692 battery charging 693 capacitor filters 674 charging voltage versus temperature 694 combination filters 676 comparator elements 681 compensation 338 complex 680 constant-current regulated 679 constant-voltage regulated 678 constant-voltage, constant-cur-

rent regulated 679 converters 690 current limiting 681 current-regulator circuit 680 dc to dc converter 725 diode versus synchronous rectifiers 685 dynamic line regulation 672 dynamic load regulation 672 electromagnetic interference (emi) 682 equalizing batteries 694 filters 674 forward resistance 669 forward voltage drop 669 full-wave bridge rectifier 673 full-wave supplies 672 high-power regulated supply

682

inductive filters 675 inductive reactance 676 inductive-capacitance filters (LC) 676 internal output impedance 672 inverters 690 magnetic field 676 maximum peak current 669 maximum peak inverse voltage

669

one-half wave supplies 672 overvoltage protection 681 pass elements 680 phase difference 675 phase-controlled regulated 683 pi filter 676 preregulator 681 rectifier 669 rectifier circuit chart 670 reference elements 680 regulated 677 regulated supplies 679 remote sensing 681 resistance voltage dividers 677 resistance-capacitance filters

676

reverse current 669 reverse resistance 669 ripple voltage 669 sampling elements 680 Schottky diode 686

1751 single IC, power factor corrected off-line 684 solid-state zener diode 679 static line regulation 672 switch mode 724–725 switching regulators 682 synchronous rectification low-voltage 684 synchronous rectifiers 688 terminology 669 thermal regulation 672 three-phase 674 ultra capacitor characteristics

691

ultra capacitor UPS 690 Power supply terminology 669 Power transfer consoles 859 gain structure 1228 sound system design 1300 Power transformer audio transformers 280 Power transformers grounding and interfacing

1190, 1194

Power-level meters VI meters 1003 Power-line noise grounding and interfacing 1193 Power-output meters VI meters 1003 Power-sum near-end crosstalk (PS-NEXT) wire and cable 415 Preambles digital audio interfacing and networks 1465 Preamplifiers analog discs 1033 Preamplifiers and mixers analog speakerphone 760 automatic gain control (AGC)

747

automatic microphone 741 automatic microphone mixers implemented in software 752 automatic microphone mixers with matrix mixing to multiple outputs 752 automatic mixing controller

1752

752

balanced input stage 740 bandwidth 738 build-up of background noise and reverberation 743 capacitance of shielded twisted-pair cable 736 class A circuitry 740 CMRR 735, 740 comb filtering 743 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 739 communication protocols used in automatic mixers 746 conference bridge 758 conference room ceiling systems

761

conference room noise 755 conference room reverberation

756

controls and features of automatic microphone mixers 745 Cooper Sound CS104 four-channel ENG mixer 740 critical distance 757 design objectives for automatic microphone mixers 744 direction dependent automatic microphone mixers 750 echo canceller 760 equivalent input noise (EIN)

738

fixed threshold automatic microphone mixers 748 gain and headroom 737 gain sharing automatic microphone mixers 748 input channel attenuation 747 input impedance 737 Jensen-Hardy Twin-Servo® 990 microphone preamplifier 741 loading loss 735 low-pass LC filter 736 microphone as a signal source

735

microphone mixing 759 microphone preamplifier fundamentals 735 multiple open microphones 742 multivariable dependent auto-

Index matic microphone mixers 751 noise 737 noise-adaptive threshold automatic microphone mixer 750 number of open microphones (NOM) 743, 747 number of open microphones attenuation 746 phantom power 739 phase distortion 738 real world preamp 739 reduced gain before feedback

743

RF immunity 739 room and building acoustics

755

send level control 760 Shure SCM268 four-channel mixer 740 signal leakage and undesired feed back in a teleconferencing system 759 teleconferencing 754 teleconferencing equipment

758

telephone interface 758 telephone/transmission system interface 757 thermal noise 737 time domain 738 transformers 739 two-wire telephone connection

758

types of automatic microphone mixers 748 variable threshold automatic microphone mixers 748 Precedence effect psychoacoustics 60 Precision listening rooms Small room acoustics 140 Pre-delays consoles 975 Preemphasis Optical disc formats 1135 Prefade listen (PFL) consoles 827, 918 Preform fiber optics 483 Preregulator

power supplies 681 Pressure units of measurement 1650 Pressure open-circuit sensitivity computer aided sound system design 1356 Pressure zone microphones (PZM)

522

Pressure-gradient condenser microphone 531 Primary coating fiber optics 483 Print through tape print thoughg 1072 Private bundles digital audio interfacing and networks 1507 Private line intercoms 1561 Pro Logic decoding surround soound 1596 Processing system virtual systems 1454 Processor control consoles 855 Processor types consoles 960 ProDigi machines magnetic recording 1079 Professor Helmholtz 1339 Professor Sabine 1339 Program interrupt (IFB) intercoms 1573 Program material fundamentals of audio and acoustics 34 gain structure 1231 Programmable digital signal processor DSP technology 1172 Programmable equalizers filters and equalizers 802 Programmable gate arrays consoles 942 Programmable time delay relay

392

Programs Modeler 1265 Progressive delay drivers loudspeaker clusters 663

Index Progressive scan display technologies 1581 PROM consoles 928 Propagation delay consoles 912 Propagation of sound waves acoustical modeling and auralization 217 Propagation velocity grounding and interfacing 1184 Properties of plastic insulation wire and cable 404 Properties of rubber insulation wire and cable 404 Proportional Point Source loudspeakers 614 Proprietary acoustical doors acoustical noise control 83 Proprietary acoustical windows acoustical noise control 86 Proprietary silencers acoustical noise control 93 Protecting concert-goers what’s the ear for? 1636 Protecting hearing what’s the ear for? 1635 Protecting loudspeakers sound system design 1276 Protecting the audience what’s the ear for? 1642 Protecting the community what’s the ear for? 1636 Protection mechanisms 719 automatic turn-on muting 720 capacitor high pass filter 720 fuse 719 thermal sensor 720 transformer 720 Protocol digital audio interfacing and networks 1505 Proximity effects microphones 497 Psychoacoustics absolute pitch 56 acoustic reflex 45 amplitude spectra 57 amplitude spectrum 50 audio encoding 48

auditory area 50 auditory filters 49 auditory system 45 auricle 43 A-weighting level 52 backward masking 48 Bark scale 49 binaural 57 binaural hearing 60 binaural pitches 57 binaural process 56 bone conduction 45 B-weighting level 52 cent 55 chords 55 cochlea 43 cocktail party effect 60 combination tones 50 complex tone 54 compressed function 52 concha 43 cone of confusion 58–59 contralateral ear 58 critical bands 49 critical bandwidths of the human ear 49 critical distance 61 C-weighting level 52 decoder 48 diffraction of the head 58 direct-to-reverberant ratio 61 distance cues 60 distance perception psychoacoustics 60 dynamic changes 54 dynamic range 51 ear canal (auditory meatus) 43 ear molds 59 eardrum 43 equal loudness contours 51 equal temperament 55 equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) 49 ERB number 49 eustachian tube 43 external ear 43 externalization 59 Fletcher-Munson curves 51 forward masking 48 Fourier analyzer 51

1753 Franssen effect 60 frequency difference limen 56 frequency range 51 frequency selectivity 52 Haas effect 60 hair cells 43 harmonic distortion 50 head shadow 58 head-related transfer function (HRTF) 58 hearing damage 45, 52 hearing loss 47 hearing threshold 51 hydrophone 45 incus 43 individual differences 43 inner ear 43, 45 integration times 54 interaural intensity difference (IID) 57 interaural level difference (ILD)

57

interaural phase difference 50 interaural phase difference (IPD)

57

interaural temporal difference

58

interaural time difference (ITD)

57

just-noticeable difference (JND)

54

Just-tuning 55 LEDR (Listening Environment Diagnostic Recording) 59 localization cues 57 logarithmic scale 52, 55 lossless encoders 48 loudness 51–52 loudness versus bandwidth 53 malleus 43 masker 48 masking 48 mechanical system of the middle ear 46 mel 55 melodic intervals 55 melody 55–56 microphone 45 middle ear 43, 45 middle ear infection 45

1754 minimum audible 51 near miss Weber’s Law 54 nonlinearity of the ear 49 Ohm’s law of acoustics 50 otoacoustic emissions 50 ototoxic medicines 47 outer ear 43 oval window 43 perfect pitch 56 pharynx 43 phase 50 phase spectra 57 phase spectrum 50 phase-locking 50, 56 phons 51 pinna 43 pitch 54 place coding 55 precedence effect 60 psychophysical experiments 43 psychophysical tuning curve 48 pure tone 54 Pythagorean scale 55 range of pitch 56 resonant frequency 45 reverberator 59 RMS detectors 54 root note 55 round window 43 sagittal planes 58 shape of the auditory filters 49 signal detection 60 simultaneous masking 48 sones 53 sound color 57 sound pressure level (SPL) 50 spacial hearing 57 spatial filtering 60 spatial-filtering 44 spectrogram 51, 57 spherical head model 44, 58 stapes 43 statistical methods 43 Steven’s rule 56 temporal bone 44 temporal coding 55–56 threshold of hearing 50 thresholds 50 timbre 57 time window 51

Index tinnitus 50 tympanic membrane 43 virtual pitch 57 wavelet analysis 51 Weber fraction in dB 54 Weber’s Law 54 white noise 57 Psychophysical tuning curve psychoacoustics 48 Pulse code modulation digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 Pulsed Code Modulation delay 813 Punch through transistors 332 Pure tone psychoacoustics 54 Pyramid tracing computer aided sound system design 1372 Pythagorean scale psychoacoustics 55 PZM directivity microphones 524 PZM direct-to-reverberant ratio effects microphones 525 PZM frequency response anomalies caused by boundaries microphones 526 PZM frequency-response effects microphones 525 PZM sensitivity effects microphones 524

Q Q

consoles 879, 883, 888 inductors 267 Q factor acoustical treatment for indoor areas 110 Quadratic residue diffuser (QRD) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 118 Quality factor (Q capacitors) 255 Quality of Service (QoS) digital audio interfacing and networks 1496

Quantization DSP technology 1170 sampling 813 Quantization error DSP technology 1171 Quantization noise delay 813–814 Quantum efficiency fiber optics 468 Quarter-frame messages MIDI 1129 Quick-operate relay 380

R

R. A. Greiner 13 Radial (or sectoral) horns loudspeakers 612 Radiation heatsinks 368, 370 Radiator types loudspeakers 609 Radio frequencies fundamentals of audio and acoustics 28 Radio frequency spectrum units of measurement 1654 Radio guide designations (RG) wire and cable 424 Radio-frequency inductors consoles 912 Raised-slab or jack-up system acoustical noise control 81 RAM delay 811, 814 RAMSETE computer aided sound system design

1372

Random access memory delay 811 Random diffusers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 119 Range of pitch psychoacoustics 56 Range of wireless transmission microphones 566 RASTI acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 159 designing for speech intelligibil-

Index ity 1405 RaSTI designing for speech intelligibility 1406–1407 Rate of decay small room acoustics 129 Rate of delivery designing for speech intelligibility 1401 Rate of electron flow fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 Rated impedance fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 Rated sensitivity computer aided sound system design 1346 Ray fiber optics 483 Ray radiation computer aided sound system design 1372 Ray tracing computer aided sound system design 1367, 1371 Rayleigh scattering fiber optics 459, 483 Ray-tracing models acoustical modeling and auralization 223 RCA-type phono plugs sound system design 1293 R-DAT magnetic recording 1080 Reactance capacitive 33, 270 chart 271 consoles 878 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 33 inductive 33, 1548 Inductive reactance 1183 inductive reactance 248, 258,

265–267, 270, 864, 880, 891

Reactive ground effects consoles 850 Read only memory read only memory 1050

Read only memory (ROM) message repeaters and evacuation systems 1528 RealAudio digital audio interfacing and networks 1461 Realtime analyzers loudspeakers 639 Real-time auralization acoustical modeling and auralization 233 Real-time messages MIDI 1127 Real-time programming DSP technology 1174 Real-world preamp preamplifiers and mixers 739 Rear and surround cluster loudspeaker systems sound system design 1262 Recall display consoles 945 Receiver acoustical modeling and auralization 218 fiber optics 483 sensitivity fiber optics 483 specifications fiber optics 476 Receiver quality wire and cable 423 Receivers 1555 Reception modes MIDI 1104 Reconstruction filters consoles 958 Record care analog discs 1036 brushes 1036 Record Head 1061 Record Industry Association of America analog discs 1017 Record-cleaning machines analog discs 1036 Recording MIDI 1119 Recording characteristics analog discs 1017

1755 Recording mode consoles 923 Rectifier power supplies 669 Rectifier circuit chart power supplies 670 Rectifiers light-activated silicon controlled

325

opto-coupled silicon-controlled rectifier 325 SCR (silicon-controlled 324 silicon 320 silicon-controlled rectifier 322 switching diodes 321 thyristors 322 Recursive processing consoles 965 Reduced gain before feedback preamplifiers and mixers 743 Reduced vocal strain personal monitors 1418 Reducing noise pickup sound system design 1306 Reed relay packages relays 383 Reed relays 381 Reed Solomon Product Code (RS-PC) optical disc formats 1147 Reed-Solomon decoders optical disc formats 1140 Reed-Solomon product code (RS-PC) optical disc formats 1141 Reference elements power supplies 680 Reference levels VU meters 1000 Reference point array loudspeaker clusters 653 Reflected wave fundamentals of audio and acoustics 29 Reflection acoustical treatment for indoor areas 120 fiber optics 454, 483 sound system design 1245 Reflection filter

1756 microphones 578 Reflection free measurements test and measurement 1614 Reflection free zone small room acoustics 141 Reflection manipulation small room acoustics 138 Reflective data pit surface optical disc formats 1134 Reflectogram acoustical modeling and auralization 221 computer aided sound system design 1376 Refraction acoustical treatment for indoor areas 120 fiber optics 454, 483 Refractive index fiber optics 455, 483 Register balance measure BR acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 162 Regulated power supplies 677,

679

Related crosstalk consoles 919 Relative loudness fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 VI meters 1006 Relative phase fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 Relay layouts 374 Relay loads 378 Relays ac 380 ac differential 381 bifurcated contacts 377 bistable magnetic latching 380 bounce 383–384 capacitive loads 379 consoles 850 contact arrangements 378 contact bounce 378 contact characteristics 377 contact current 377 contact resistance 383–384 contact resistance stability

Index (CRS) 381 darlington circuit 390 dc 380 dc loads 379 differential polar 381 DIP 374 direct-coupled solid state 390 dry reed 381–382 dry reed switches 387 dual-coil latching 380 dv/dt transients 389 effects of various loads 379 electromagnetic interference (emi) 379 electromechanical 379 environmental temperature effects 382 glossary of terms 374 high peak transient-voltage protection 389 high speed switching 386 high transient voltages 377 high-surge current protection

optically coupled solid-state

inductive loads 379 insertion loss 385 isolation 385 j-bend 386 latching 376, 380 layout 374 leadless 386 loads 378 low load current protection 390 low-level logic switching 382 magnetic field 380–381 magnetic interaction 381 make-or-break current 377 marginal 380 MEMS switches 387 mercury-wetted contact 381,

types of time-delay relays 391 voltage standing wave ratio 385 Release time consoles 901 relays 376, 383 Release voltage relays 376 Remanence remanencerecording 1066 Remote control pulses digital audio interfacing and networks 1477 Remote Mic-Kill intercoms 1575 Remote sensing power supplies 681 Repeat coil audio transformers 300 Repeaters fiber optics 469, 483 Reservation packets digital audio interfacing and networks 1505 Resetting functions consoles 946 Residential intercom systems

389

384

mercury-wetted reed 384 metal-oxide varistors (MOV)

389

momentary actuation motor loads 379 Mu-metal 382 nontotalizer 391 on-delay 391 operate time 383

392

390

polarized 380 programmable time delay 392 quick-operate 380 reed 381 reed packages 383 release time 383 return loss 385 rf 384 rf coaxial shielded 384 rise time 385 sensitivity 383 short-circuit protection 389 SIP 4 Pin 374 skin effect 386 slow operate 380 solid-state time-delay 391 static contact resistance (SCR)

381

surface mount 386 totalizer/preset counter 391 transformer-coupled solid-state

390

Index intercoms 1564 Residential music systems loudspeakers 618 Residual field audio transformers 279 Resistance 243 audio transformers 280 units of measurement 1650 winding resistance 250 wire and cable 397 Resistance temperature detectors

249

Resistance voltage dividers power supplies 677 Resistance-capacitance filters power supplies 676 Resistive pads gain structure 1229 Resistivity 247 Resistor networks 248 Resistors 243 ac resistance 245 ambient temperature effect 245 carbon-composition 247 carbon-film 247 characteristics 243 color codes 244 contact resistance 250 forced air cooling 246 grouping 245 hot-spot temperature 244 in parallel 247 in series 246 inductive reactance 248 metal film 247 networks 248 noise 244 non-inductive 248 photocells (light-sensitive resistors) 248 potentiometers 250 power coefficient 245 pulse operation 246 resistance 243 resistance temperature detectors

249

resistivity 247 resistor networks 248 rheostats 250 temperature coefficient of resis-

tance (TCR) 243 thermistors (thermal-sensitive resistors) 249 thermocouples 249 thin-film 248 types of resistors 247 variable 248 varistors (voltage-sensitive resistors) 249 voltage coefficient 243 winding 248 winding resistance 250 wirewound 248 wirewound potentiometers 250 Resolution consoles 954 display technologies 1580,

1589

Resolvers consoles 947 Resonance consoles 879 Resonant absorbers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 109 Resonant frequency inductors and capacitors 270 psychoacoustics 45 Resonant Q consoles 879 Responsivity fiber optics 483 Retail store applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1517 Retentivity retentivitycording 1066 Reticulating path delay 809 Return loss relays 376, 385 wire and cable 420 Return loss (RL) wire and cable 415 Reverberance measure H acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 161 Reverberant field test and measurement 1620 Reverberant room problem

1757 sound system design 1322 Reverberation consoles 828, 962 delay 808 designing for speech intelligibility 1394 loudspeaker clusters 655 small room acoustics 135 sound system design 1245 Reverberation chamber acoustical treatment for indoor areas

98

Reverberation directivity index computer aided sound system design 1349 Reverberation on Demand System (RODS) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 193 Reverberation radius acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 151 Reverberation synthesis delay 808 Reverberation time acoustical treatment for indoor areas 114 test and measurement 1611 Reverberation time (RT60) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 148, 165 designing for speech intelligibility 1393, 1396 Reverberation time duration acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 148 Reverberator psychoacoustics 59 Reverse current power supplies 669 Reverse recovery time solid state devices 324 Reverse resistance power supplies 669 Reverse voltage of a capacitor 259 Reverse-blocking thyristor solid state devices 322 RF coaxial shielded relay 384

1758 RF immunity preamplifiers and mixers 739 RF interference grounding and interfacing

1203, 1210

RF power output of wireless microphones 560 RF relays 384 RF signal strength microphones 568 RF systems message repeaters and evacuation systems 1520 RFI digital audio interfacing and networks 1503 RGB cable 421 Rheostats 250 RIAA curve analog discs 1017 Ribbon loudspeakers loudspeakers 606 Richard C. Heyser 17 Richard Heyser 1616 Rifle microphone 537 Rigging sound system design 1312 Right-hand-rule inductors 268 Rigid disks magnetic recording 1084 Ring core audio transformers 280 Ring radiator loudspeakers 611 Ripple voltage power supplies 669 Rise time relays 385 rms detection consoles 908 RMS detectors psychoacoustics 54 RMS level detection integrated circuits 345 Robert Millikan 7 Robert Stephens 11 Room acoustic simulation computer aided sound system design 1370

Index Room acoustics acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 190 Room and building acoustics preamplifiers and mixers 755 Room constant sound system design 1247 Room evaluation sound system design 1262 Room impulse response computer aided sound system design 1340 Room modes small room acoustics 127 Room shape acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 167 small room acoustics 138 Room volume acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 165 Room-Acoustic Analysis Module computer aided sound system design 1373 Room-acoustic measures computer aided sound system design 1371 Room-acoustical criteria acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 147 Room-acoustical planning acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 164 Rooms for entertainment small room acoustics 142 Rooms for microphones Small room acoustics 141 Rooms with variable acoustics acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 164 Room-within-a-room acoustical noise control 82 Root note psychoacoustics 55 Root-mean-square (rms) voltage gain structure 1224 Rotary digital audio tape magnetic recording 1080 Round window psychoacoustics 43

Router digital audio interfacing and networks 1496 Router mixing consoles 993 Routing consoles 850, 952 digital audio interfacing and networks 1496 RS 232 1448 RS 485 1448 RS-232 746 RS232 1448 RS-422 746 RS485 1448 RS-PC optical disc formats 1141 RT equations acoustical treatment for indoor areas 114 Rubber wire and cable 406 Rudy Bozak 5

S Sabine small room acoustics 135 units of measurement 1661 Sabine absorption coefficient acoustical treatment for indoor areas 101 Sabine Phantom Mic Rider microphones 573 SACD optical disc formats 1133,

1144

Safe listening personal monitors 1432 Safety grounding grounding and interfacing

1190–1191

Sagittal planes psychoacoustics 58 Sallen-Key filter consoles 888 Sallen-Key filters filters and equalizers 794 Sample and Hold delay 812 Sample frequencies digital audio interfacing and net-

Index works 1485 Sample Rate Converter virtual systems 1443 Sample Rate Converter (SRC) Digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 Sampler MIDI 1115 Sample-Rate Convertors (SRCs) consoles 958, 976 Sampling delay 811, 813 Sampling elements power supplies 680 Sampling rate consoles 955 DSP technology 1171 SASS microphones 550 Satellite links intercoms 1572 Saturate audio transformers 278 Saul Marantz 5 SC fiber optic connector 472 Scale model test computer aided sound system design 1340 Scaled model simulation computer aided sound system design 1341 Scaling display technologies 1581 filters and equalizers 793 Scan conversion display technologies 1581 Scan monitoring intercoms 1568 Scanning display technologies 1580 Scattering acoustical treatment for indoor areas 117 fiber optics 459 Scattering coefficient s acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 180 Scattering coefficients acoustical treatment for indoor areas 118 Scattering data

computer aided sound system design 1354 School applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1518 Schottky diode power supplies 686 Schroeder diffusers acoustical treatment for indoor areas 115 SCR solid state devices 322, 324 Screen grid tubes 311, 315 SDM delay 814 optical disc formats 1145 Sealed box system loudspeakers 635 Second order filter filters and equalizers 788 Second-order filters consoles 890 Security audio monitoring intercoms 1564 Security intercom systems intercoms 1563 Selenium rectifiers solid state devices 320 Semiconductor pickup cartridges analog discs 1029 Semiconductors LM381 340 solid-state devices 317 Semi-parametric equalizers filters and equalizers 801 Send level control preamplifiers and mixers 760 Sensaphonics Hearing Conservation

1435

Sensitivity loudspeakers 627 microphones 516 relays 383 Sensitivity level computer aided sound system design 1345 Sensitivity of the eye assistive listening systems

1554

1759 Sequencers MIDI 1118 Sequences DSP technology 1162 Serial audio format consoles 976 Serial digital video (SDI) wire and cable 423 Serial networking consoles 992 Series leakage inductance audio transformers 286 Series resonant circuit filters and equalizers 790 Servo-Drive loudspeaker 606 Servos magnetic recording 1086 SFF fiber optic connector 472 Shadowing computer aided sound system design 1367 Shape of auditory filters psychoacoustics 49 Shelving equalizer consoles 969 Shield, coaxial relays 376 Shield, electrostatic relays 376 Shield, magnetic relays 377 Shield-current induced noise (SCIN) grounding and interfacing 1201 Shielded power cable wire and cable 444 Shielded twisted pair (STP) digital audio interfacing and networks 1470 Shielding 444 grounding and interfacing

1187–1188

sound system design 1301 wire and cable 425 Shielding to reduce noise pickup sound system design 1306 Shields wire and cable 426 Shock mounts microphones 578

1760 Shockley breakover diode solid state devices 322 Short interval reflections test and measurement 1609 Short-circuit protection relays 389 Shotgun microphone 532 Show theaters acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 164 Shure Brothers 12 Shure SCM268 four-channel mixer preamplifiers and mixers 740 SI system units of measurement 1647 Sidechain sources consoles 909 Sidechain time constants consoles 900 Sidney N. Shure 12 Sight lines acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 173 Sigma Delta Modulator delay 814 Sigma-delta conversion consoles 957 Sigma-Delta converter DSP technology 1171 Sigma-delta convertors consoles 956 Sigma-delta D/A converters optical disc formats 1141 Sigma-delta DACs consoles 958 Sigma-Delta Modulation delay 814 Sigma-delta modulation (SDM) optical disc formats 1145 Sigma-Delta Modulator delay 814 Signal alignment sound system design 1276 Signal alignment in cluster design sound system design 1268 Signal chain fundamentals of audio and acoustics 25 Signal delay sound system design 1307

Index units of measurement 1662 Signal delay for an under-balcony distributed system sound system design 1307 Signal delay for loudspeaker clusters sound system design 1307 Signal detection psychoacoustics 60 Signal grounding grounding and interfacing 1192 Signal leakage and undesired feed back in a teleconference system preamplifiers and mixers 759 Signal Loss fiber optics 458 Signal processing components sound system design 1285 Signal Processing Control 980 Signal quality Grounding and interfacing

1212

Signal reconstruction optical disc formats 1140 Signal rise time relays 376 Signal switching consoles 850 Signal to noise ratio designing for speech intelligibility 1390 DSP technology 1171 Signal to noise ratio (SNR) units of measurement 1660 Signal transmission characteristics audio transformers 302 Signal-level compatibility sound system design 1298 Signal-to-noise ratio gain structure 1227 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analog discs 1016 SII Speech Intelligibility Index designing for speech intelligibility 1409 Silencers acoustical noise control 93 Silicon solid state devices 318 Silicon rectifiers

solid state devices 320 Silicone wire and cable 406 Simple active filter 794 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) digital audio interfacing and networks 1495 Simulated resonance consoles 883 Simulation of complex loudspeakers computer aided sound system design 1360 Simulation of microphones computer aided sound system design 1369 Simulation of the human head computer aided sound system design 1369 Simultaneous masking psychoacoustics 48 Sine wave fundamentals of audio and acoustics 30 Sine wave power gain structure 1231 Single chip DLP technology display technologies 1586 Single conductor wire wire and cable 406 Single ended bootstrap integrated circuits 358 Single entry cardioid microphone

499

Single IC, power factor corrected, off-line power supply 684 Single mode fiber fiber optics 456, 483 Single number STC rating acoustical noise control 73 Single optical fiber fiber optics 454 Single-channel console consoles 948 Single-ended power amplifier audio transformers 294 Single-mode fiber optic cable digital audio interfacing and networks 1490, 1502

Index Single-order networks consoles 876 Sinusoidal waveform gain structure 1227 Sir Humphry Davy 5 Sir Isaac Newton 38 Site noise survey acoustical noise control 69 Site selection acoustical noise control 69 Skating force analog discs 1023 Skin depth wire and cable 402 Skin effect inductors 268 relays 386 wire and cable 402 SLARM™ what’s the ear for? 1638 SLARMSolution™ what’s the ear for? 1637 SLARMSolution™ applications what’s the ear for? 1641 Slew rate grounding and interfacing 1187 Slew-rate effects consoles 844 Slew-rate limitations consoles 836 SLM test and measurement 1609 Sloping of tiers acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 173 Slow-operate relays 380 SMA connector 471 Small room acoustics anechoic chamber 141 angle of incidence 139 axial mode 128 Bolt footprint 133 Bonello criteria 132 comb filters 139 control room 140 damping factor 131 Energy Time Curve 136 Envelope Time Curve 136 LEDE 141 Lord Rayleigh 127

mean free path 135 MFP 135 modal bandwidth 131 modal distribution 131 modal potency 131 modal room resonances 128 modes in nonrectangular rooms

133

oblique mode 128 oblique room modes 128 particle velocity 127 precision listening rooms 140 rate of decay 129 reflection manipulation 138 reflective free zone 141 reverberation 135 room modes 127 room shape 138 rooms for entertainment 142 rooms for microphones 141 Sabine 135 small room design factors 140 summation of modal effect 134 tangential mode 128 tangential room modes 128 Small room design factors small room acoustics 140 Small room models acoustical modeling and auralization 228 SMART optical disc formats 1150 Smooth curved surfaces acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 179 SMPTE Audio transformers 284 MIDI 1128 VI meters 1005 SMPTE serial digital performance specifications wire and cable 424 SMPTE/MTC conversion MIDI 1129 SMPTE-to-MTC converter MIDI 1128 Snake cable wire and cable 408 Snell’s Law fiber optics 455

1761 SNR analog discs 1033 delay 810, 814 DSP technology 1171 gain structure 1226–1227 SNRnetic recording 1059 Soft failure relays 377 Software sequencers MIDI 1119 Solid angle (A) units of measurement 1649 Solid state devices alloy-junction transistor 325 alpha 329 avalanche diode 321 avalanche region 320 beta 329 breakdown region 320 diacs 323, 325 diodes 320 doping agent 318 double-diffused epitaxial mesa transistor 326 drift-field transistor 325 field effect transistor 326 germanium 317 germanium crystals 319 grown-junction transistor 325 insulated-gate transistor 327 LED 325 light activated silicon controlled

325

mesa transistors 325 microalloy diffused transistor

325

MOSFET transistor 327 noise diodes 322 n-type germanium 318 opto-coupled solid state silicon controller rectifier 325 peak-inverse-voltage 320 peak-reverse-voltage 320 planar transistor 326 reverse blocking thyristor 322 reverse-recovery time 324 SCR 322, 324 selenium rectifiers 320 semiconductors 317 Shockley breakover diode 322

1762 silicon 318 silicon controlled rectifier 322,

324

silicon rectifiers 320 small signal diode 321 step-down transformer 331 switching diodes 321 thyristors 322 transistor bias circuits 329 transistor current flow 328 transistor equivalent circuits

328

transistor forward-current-transfer ratio 329 transistor gain-bandwidth product 329 transistor input resistance 328 transistor internal capacitance

331

transistor noise figure 331 transistor polarity 328 transistor punch through 332 transistor small and large signal characteristics 330 transistors 325 triacs 323, 325 tunnel diode 322 turnoff time 324 turnon time 324 varactor diodes 322 zener diode 321 Solid-state time-delay relays 391 Solid-state zener diode power supplies 679 Solo, Solo-free consoles 918 Sones psychoacoustics 53 SONEX acoustical treatment for indoor areas 106 Sony Dynamic Digital Soound (SDDS) surround soound 1595 Sound absorption from trees and shrubs

230

articulation loss of consonants

1396, 1404

Sound absorbers

Index acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 183 Sound Absorption Average (SAA) acoustical treatment for indoor areas 101 Sound absorption coefficient acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 149, 183 Sound barrier acoustical noise control 71 Sound color psychoacoustics 57 Sound coloration measures acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 160 Sound contractors personal monitors 1429 Sound delay systems acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 191 Sound design computer aided sound system design 1374 Sound energy component acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 152 Sound field components designing for speech intelligibility 1394 Sound field structure computer aided sound system design 1339 Sound form acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 165 Sound intensity units of measurement 1651 Sound level measurements Test and measurement 1608 test and measurement 1609 Sound level meter acoustical noise control 67, 70 test and measurement 1608 sound level meter 1608 Sound lock corridor acoustical noise control 83 Sound masking system sound system design 1330 Sound pressure level acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls 153 loudspeakers 627 test and measurement 1608 Sound pressure level (SPL) psychoacoustics 50 units of measurement 1657,

1660

Sound pressure measurements test and measurement 1608 Sound production loudspeakers 597 Sound propagation fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 Sound reflection coefficient acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 183 Sound reproduction loudspeakers 597 Sound system design 70.7 V loudspeaker transformer

1291

70.7 V or 100 V loudspeaker system 1291 ac receptacles 1302 acoustic gain 1240 active balanced inputs 1305 aiming loudspeakers 1263 Alcons 1251, 1254, 1263,

1265–1267, 1272, 1274

artificial ambience 1328 attenuation of sound indoors

1248

attenuation with increasing distance 1240 audio and video teleconferencing

1329

audio signal transmission via computer networks 1333 automatic equalization 1312 automatic microphone mixing

1282

automatic mixing problems

1285

balanced line 1296 barrier block connectors 1293 cable 1292 capacitors 1278 Cat5 connectors 1293 ceiling loudspeaker systems

Index

1270 central cluster loudspeaker

1260

central cluster plus distributed system 1269 CobraNet 1290 commissioning 1292 compression drivers and horns

1256

compressors 1286 computer aided measurement systems 1334 computer aided system design

1333

cone loudspeaker enclosures

1255

cone loudspeakers 1255 conference room sound system

1328

connectors 1293 constant Q equalizers 1287 critical distance 1247 crossover networks 1275 dBu 1299 dBV 1300 definitions 1240 delay 1288 designing a complex cluster

1265

designing a distributed ceiling system 1271, 1273 digital audio connectors 1296 digital audio networking 1290 digital echo canceller 1329 digital signal processing 1288 direct sound 1264 direct/reverberant ratio 1246 distributed ceiling loudspeaker systems 1269 distributed column system

1270

distributed loudspeaker system

1268

distributed systems outdoors

1323

DSP equalizers 1287 echo 1245 echoes outdoors 1323 effect of directional loudspeakers 1253

effect of directional microphones

1243, 1253

effect of humidity 1244 effect of temperature layers

1244

effect of wind 1244, 1326 electrical power required (EPR)

1241

electronic crossovers 1288 equalization 1307 equalization test setup 1309 equalizers 1286 equivalent acoustic distance (EAD) 1242 ethernet-style connector 1296 Euro-Block connectors 1293 evaluating loudspeaker sound quality 1259 feedback 1241, 1264 feedback stability margin (FSM)

1241

fuses 1278 geometrically complex room

1253

graphic equalizers 1286 ground loops 1304 grounding 1301 grounding for safety outdoors

1303

grounding to reduce external noise pickup 1304 headroom 1241, 1275 high-frequency attenuation in air

1322

1763 loudspeaker pest damage 1280 loudspeaker power capacity specifications 1277 loudspeaker processing DSP

1288

loudspeaker protection devices

1278

loudspeaker Q 1246 loudspeaker systems 1255,

1260

loudspeakers for distributed systems 1270 low rt60 rooms 1254 low-pass filters 1288 manual/graphical cluster design tools 1264 matrix mixing 1285 microphone snake cables 1295 mix groups, Auxiliary groups and matrix mixing 1281 mixers 1280 mixing consoles 1280 mix-minus mixer 1285 multicluster system 1270 multi-function digital signal processing system 1288 needed acoustic gain (NAG)

1243

noise 1241, 1325 number of open microphones (NOM) 1241 octave-band equalizers 1286 packaged loudspeaker systems

1257

high-pass filters 1288 human ear 1260 impedance compatibility 1297 impedance matching 1297 indoor sound reinforcement system 1245 inverse square law 1240 left-center-right cluster loudspeaker system 1261 limiters 1279, 1286 line array loudspeaker systems

pads 1291 parametric equalizers 1287 passive crossover networks

loudspeaker components 1255 loudspeaker connectors 1295 loudspeaker failure modes

power amplifier DSP 1288 power amplifiers 1290 power transfer 1300 protecting loudspeakers 1276

1257

1276

1279

passive device 1275 passive devices 1297 pew-back distributed system

1270

phone plugs 1293 portable and tour systems 1317 potential acoustic gain (PAG)

1241

1764 protecting loudspeakers against weather 1280 RCA-type phone plugs 1293 rear and surround cluster loudspeaker system 1262 reducing noise pickup 1306 reflection 1245 reverberant room problem

1322

reverberation 1245 rigging 1312 room constant 1247 room evaluation 1262 shielding 1301 shielding to reduce noise pickup

1306

signal alignment 1276 signal alignment in cluster design 1268 signal delay 1307 signal delay for loudspeaker clusters 1307 signal delay for under-balcony distributed system 1307 signal processing components

1285

signal-level compatibility 1298 sound masking system 1330 Source Independent Measurement (SIM) test equipment

1312

specifications for sound reinforcement 1280 split cluster loudspeaker system

1261

sports stadiums and outdoor systems 1322 stage monitor systems 1320 stereo cluster loudspeaker system 1261 system documentation 1312 system response curve 1310 systems for religious facilities

1320

talker/listener factors 1251 telescoping shield connection

1304

test equipment 1308 thermal layers of air 1326 Time-Energy-Frequency (TEF)

Index test equipment 1311 transformers 1291, 1305 troubleshooting 1314 unbalanced line 1296 variable Q equalizers 1287 weather-caused deterioration

1327

XLR type connector 1293 Sound system quantities units of measurement 1658 Sound Transmission Class (STC)

72

what’s the ear for? 1636 Sound transmission class (STC) acoustical modeling and auralization 229 Soundfield FM applications interpretation and tour group systems 1541 Sound-field-proportionate factors acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 152 Soundweb digital audio interfacing and networks 1486 Source acoustical modeling and auralization 218 fiber optics 483 Source impedance audio transformers 285, 287 Source Independent Measurement (SIM) test equipment sound system design 1312 Spanning tree digital audio interfacing and networks 1496 Spatial filtering psychoacoustics 44, 60 Spatial hearing psychoacoustics 57 Spatial impression measure R acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 160 SPDIF 1443 Specific flow resistance acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 184 Specific thermal resistance heatsinks 372

Specifications for sound reinforcement sound system design 1280 Spectator sports designing for speech intelligibility 1392 Spectral leakage test and measurement 1622 Spectral response fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 Spectrogram psychoacoustics 51, 57 Spectrum analysis loudspeakers 638 Spectrum analyzers VI meters 1002 Speech intelligibility designing for speech intelligibility 1387 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

1390

Speech Interference Level designing for speech intelligibility 1403 Speech spectrum designing for speech intelligibility 1388 Speech Transmission Index (STI) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 155 designing for speech intelligibility 1392, 1405 loudspeaker clusters 654 test and measurement 1627 Speech Transmission Index—STI designing for speech intelligibility 1397 Speech waveforms designing for speech intelligibility 1387 Speed of light fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 Speed of sound outdoor sound systems 204 Speed/Velocity units of measurement 1651 Spherical head model psychoacoustics 44, 58

Index Spherical stylus analog discs 1031 Spider loudspeakers 598–599 Spiral 425 Spiral shields wire and cable 425 SPL computer aided sound system design 1376 Splice fiber optics 474–475, 477,

483

splice 1071 Splice loss fiber optics 460 Split cluster loudspeaker system sound system design 1261 Spoken-drama theaters acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 163 Spontaneous emission fiber optics 483 Sports halls, gymnasiums acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 164 Sports stadiums and outdoor systems sound system design 1322 Spurious emissions microphones 567 SRC digital audio interfacing and networks 1463 SSM2018 integrated circuits 343 SSM2141 integrated circuits 355 ST connector fiber optics 483 Stability consoles 887 DSP technology 1164 Stage monitor systems Sound system design 1320 Standard MIDI files MIDI 1125 Standard STC Contour 73 Standards Advanced Encryption Standard

(AES) 1153 AES10 1484 AES-10–MADI 987 AES11 1463 AES2-1984 (r2003) 1345 AES3 986, 1463, 1481 AES3id 1473 AES-42 986 AES42 1467, 1474, 1481 AES-4id-2001 118 AES5 1462 ANSI Standard S3.5 1332 ANSI Standard S3.5 1969 1404 ASTM C423 98 ASTM E84 122 AT&T 258A 1500 DIN 45570 T1 1346 EIA RS-426A 1277 EIA standard RS.221.A 521 EIA standard SE-10 517 EIA/TIA 568A/568B 1500 EN 60118 1551 EN ISO 9921 Feb. 2004 156 IEC 268-5 (1972) 1346 IEC 60268-12 1472 IEC 60958 1482 IEC 61607-1 1484 IEC118 1551 IEEE 1394 1487 IEEE 1588 1511 IEEE 802.11 1490 IEEE-1394 410 International Building Code

122

ISO 11654 101 ISO 15664 118 ISO 354 98 ISO/IEC 11801 412 ITU-R BT.601 423 Multimedia Home Platform (DVB-MHP) 1154 National Electrical Code (NEC)

438

NFPA 286 122 SMPTE 259M 423 SMPTE 292M 423 SMPTE 344M 423 Standard DIN 45570 1345 Standard ISO 17497-1 1354 Standard ISO 354 1354

1765 TIA/EIA 568A 412 Standars SMPTE Standard 428-3-2006

1601

Standing waves grounding and interfacing 1185 Standing-wave ratio (SWR) grounding and interfacing 1185 Stands and booms microphones 581 Stapes personal monitors 1433 psychoacoustics 43 Star coupler fiber optics 483 Star network topology console 992 State variable filter filters and equalizers 795 State-variable filter integrated circuits 346 Static Contact Resistance (SCR) relays 381 Static fields grounding and interfacing 1181 Static line regulation power supplies 672 Station intercommunications intercoms 1568 Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) acoustical modeling and auralization 228 Status flags digital audio interfacing and networks 1478 STC number acoustical noise control 72 Steady-state waves acoustical modeling and auralization 218 Step index fiber fiber optics 483 Step-down auto-transformer audio transformers 281 Step-down transformer audio transformers 276, 298 solid state devices 331 Step-up transformer analog discs 1027 audio transformers 276, 298

1766 Stereo boom microphone 548 Stereo cluster loudspeaker system sound system design 1261 Stereo consoles 829 Stereo disc groove analog discs 1031 Stereo image personal monitors 1429 Stereo mic’ing techniques 582 Stereo microphones 542 Stereo mixes personal monitors 1422 Stereo monitor mix personal monitors 1422 Stereo multiplexed transmission personal monitors 1428 Stereo wireless transmission personal monitors 1428 Stereo wireless transmitters personal monitors 1428 Stevens rule psychoacoustics 56 STI designing for speech intelligibility 1405 message repeaters and evacuation systems 1526 Test and measurement 1627 STI modulation reduction factor designing for speech intelligibility 1408 STI/RaSTI designing for speech intelligibility 1408 Sticking (contacts) relays 377 Stimulated emission fiber optics 483 STIPA designing for speech intelligibility 1405, 1407 STIPa designing for speech intelligibility 1407 Stop band filters and equalizers 785 Streaming compression codecs consoles 975 Strength measure G acoustics for auditoriums and

Index concert halls 153 Stroboscopic disc analog discs 1019–1020 Structure coefficient acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 184 Structured cabling wire and cable 412 Styli analog discs 1031 Stylus cantilever analog discs 1032 characteristics analog discs 1032 compliance 1032 elliptical 1031 spherical 1031 stylus tip 1031 vertical resonance 1033 Stylus tip analog discs 1031 Subcode optical disc formats 1135 Subframe format digital audio interfacing and networks 1464 Subgrouping consoles 833 Subjective intelligibility tests acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 156 substrate 1053 Subtractive feedback gate consoles 906 Successive-approximation encoder consoles 956 Sum-difference networks integrated circuits 356 Summation of modal effect small room acoustics 134 Summing amplifiers attenuators 781 Summing inverter amplifier amplifiers 340 Summing Modules 930 Super Audio CD optical disc formats 1133 Super Audio Compact Disc (SACD) Optical disc formats 1144

Super VHS 421 Supercardioid microphone 495 Superluminescent diodes (SLDs) fiber optics 466, 483 Superposition fundamentals of audio and acoustics 30 Suppressor grid tubes 311 Surface area and volume equations

1678

Surface emitting LED fiber optics 463 Surface materials acoustical modeling and auralization 219 Surface mount (SMD) relays 386 Surface shapes fundamentals of audio and acoustics 29 Surge protection grounding and interfacing 1216 Surge voltage on a capacitor 259 Surroound soound Pro Logic decoding 1596 Surroound sound equal-loudness contour curves

1599

Surround loudspeakers 598 Surround panning consoles 916 Surround soound audio/video receivers 1598 Surround sound 5.1 surround sound 1593 7.1 surround sound format

1598

Audyssey Dynamic EQ 1600 channel definitions for digital cinema 1601 CinemaScope 1593 Digital Theater Sound (TDS)

1595

Dolby Digital 1595 Dolby Digital 5.1 1597 Dolby Digital Surrond EX

1595

Dolby Pro logic II

1598

Index Dolby Stereo 1593 LFE 1595 multichannel magnetic-stripe formats 1593 multichannel optical format

1593

optical soundtracks 1593 Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS) 1595 THX Spectral Balancing 1600 Todd-AO 1593 Surround sound analyzer VI meters 1006–1007 Surround sound microphone system

550

Suspension compliance microphones 579 Suspension methods loudspeakers 599 S-Video display technologies 1582 S-video wire and cable 421 Swept frequency equalizer filters and equalizers 801 Swept sine measurement loudspeakers 641 Swinging input control consoles 892 Swinging input equalizer consoles 893 Swinging output control consoles 892 Switch AT relays 377 Switch debouncing consoles 926 Switched capacitor filter filters and equalizers 797 Switches 1495 digital audio interfacing and networks 1493 Switching current relays 377 Switching diodes solid state devices 321 Switching regulators power supplies 682 Switching voltage relays 377

Symbol prefixes units of measurement 1647 Symbols tubes 311 Symmetrical FIRs consoles 965 Symmetrical power grounding and interfacing 1215 Symmetrical push-pull transducer microphone 512 Syn-Aud-Con 5 Synchronization digital audio interfacing and networks 1474, 1477, 1486 virtual systems 1443 Synchronous connections digital audio interfacing and networks 1461 Synchronous rectification low-voltage power supplies 684 Synchronous rectifiers power supplies 688 Synthesizer MIDI 1114 System delay DSP technology 1174 System distortion designing for speech intelligibility 1388 System documentation sound system design 1312 System for Improved Acoustic Performance (SIAP) acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 194 System grounding grounding and interfacing 1181 System level architecture consoles 871, 933 System messages MIDI 1108 System noise grounding and interfacing 1193 System planning for multi-channel wireless systems microphones 571 System response curve sound system design 1310 Systems for religious facilities sound system design 1320

1767 T T (or tee) coupler fiber optics 483 T attenuators 773 T network bandpass filters and equalizers 791 Talkback consoles 829 Talker articulation designing for speech intelligibility 1401 Talker/listener factors sound system design 1251 Tangential error analog discs 1022 Tangential mode small room acoustics 128 Tangential room modes small room acoustics 128 Tangential tracking analog discs 1021 Tape delay delay 810 Tape guides 1052 Tape metering 1043 Tape recorder transport, maintenance 1088 Tape record-playback equipment equalization standards magnetic recording 1056 Tape storage magnetic recording 1087 Tape tensioning magnetic recording 1047 Tape testing tape testingording 1093 Tape transports 1043 Tapped delay delay 809 Task of variable acoustics acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 189 T-coil assistive listening systems

1546

T-coil hearing aids assistive listening systems

1551

TCP/IP platform 989 consoles 989

1768 TDS test and measurement 1616 TEF 20 67 TEF 25 70 TEF25™ 1626 Teflon wire and cable 406 Telcom Closet (TC) wire and cable 412 Teleconferencing preamplifiers and mixers 754 sound system design 1329 Teleconferencing equipment preamplifiers and mixers 758 Telephone hybrid circuit audio transformers 300 Telephone interface intercoms 1575 preamplifiers and mixers 758 Telephone isolation audio transformers 300 Telephone/transmission system interface preamplifiers and mixers 757 Telescopic grounds wire and cable 428 Telescoping shield connection sound system design 1304 Temperature (T) units of measurement 1648,

1652

Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) 243 Temperature differential heatsinks 369 Temperature gradient heatsinks 367 Temporal bone psychoacoustics 44 Temporal coding psychoacoustics 55–56 Temporary hearing damage what’s the ear for? 1635 Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) personal monitors 1434 Temporary threshold shift (TTS) what’s the ear for? 1633,

1635

Terminating connectors wire and cable 416

Index Termination impedance consoles 859 Test and Measurement electrical testing 1607 Test and measurement %Alcons 1625 acoustic wavelengths 1619 acoustical testing 1607 amplitude versus time 1611 anechoic measurements 1614 Blackman-Harris 1623 critical distance 1619 data windows 1622 digital sampling 1620 domain chart 1613 dual-channel FFT analyzers

1616

early-decay time (EDT) 1627 EDT 1627 electrical test instruments 1607 Envelope-Time Curve 1618 Envelope-Time Curve (ETC)

1612, 1616

ETC 1616 Fast Fourier Transform 1615 FFT measurements 1615 Fourier transform 1613 frequency response 1613 gated-noise test 1611 Hamming 1623 Hann window 1623 Hilbert Transform 1618 human hearing system 1619 human perception 1625 IFFT 1615 impulse response 1612–1613,

1618

impulse response of a loudspeaker/room combination 1620 impulsed response tests 1628 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

1615

maximum-length sequence (MLS) 1616 measurement system 1613 microphone calibrator 1610 microphone placement 1619 MLS 1616 noise criteria ratings 1610 phase response 1613

polarity 1627 polarity testers 1627 reflection-free measurements

1614

reverberant field 1620 reverberation time 1611 short interval reflections 1609 SLM 1609 sound level measurements

1608–1609

sound level meter 1608 sound pressure level 1608 sound pressure measurements

1608

spectral leakage 1622 Speech Transmission Index (STI) 1627 STI 1627 TDS 1616 time domain response 1618 time period 1613 time window 1621 time window length 1618 Time-Delay Spectrometry (TDS) 1616 transfer function 1612–1613 transforms 1613 Test equipment sound system design 1308 Testing audio transformers 302 Tetrode tubes 311 TFT-LCD technology display technologies 1584 THAT 2180 integrated circuits 343 THAT1200-series integrated circuits 355 THAT1510 integrated circuits 351 THAT2252 integrated circuits 347 THD 284, 1472 audio transformers 284 magnetic recording 1059 Thermal characteristics for the heat sink 371 Thermal conductivity heatsinks 370

Index Thermal failure loudspeakers 609 Thermal layers of air sound system design 1326 Thermal limit loudspeakers 607 Thermal noise fiber optics 468 gain structure 1225–1226 microphones 518 preamplifiers and mixers 737 units of measurement 1661 Thermal performance heatsinks 367 Thermal regulation power supplies 672 Thermal relaxation acoustical modeling and auralization 217 Thermal resistance heatsinks 370–372 loudspeakers 608–609 Thermal solutions heatsinks 368–369 Thermal spreading resistance heatsinks 368 Thermally conductive adhesives heatsinks 371 Thermistors (thermal-sensitive resistors) 249 Thermocouples 249 Thermoset compounds wire and cable 406 Thevenin’s theorem units of measurement 1653 Thiele-Small parameters loudspeakers 637 Thomas B. Doolittle 8 Thomas Stockham 8 Three chip DLP projection TV display technologies 1586 Three entry cardioid microphone

500

Three-beam design pickup optical disc formats 1138 Three-phase power supplies 674 Threshold current fiber optics 483 Threshold of hearing psychoacoustics 50

Thresholding consoles 908 Thresholds psychoacoustics 50 THX Spectral Balancing surround sound 1600 Thyristors solid state devices 322 TIA and ISO classifications for structured cabling wire and cable 412 Tight buffer fiber jackets fiber optics 457 Timbre psychoacoustics 57 Time (t) units of measurement 1648 Time and distance considerations

217

Time code MIDI 1128 Time constant capacitors 253 inductors 267 Time criteria acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 148 Time Delay Spectrometry loudspeakers 641 Time domain DSP technology 1165 preamplifiers and mixers 738 Time Domain Reflectometer wire and cable 432 Time domain response test and measurement 1618 Time invariance DSP technology 1164 Time manipulation consoles 961 Time period fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 test and measurement 1613 Time processing in DSP consoles 961 Time response fundamentals of audio and acoustics 34 Time window

1769 psychoacoustics 51 test and measurement 1621 Time window length test and measurement 1618 Time-arrivals computer aided sound system design 1378 Timebase corrector magnetic recording 1080 Timecode magnetic recording 1087 Time-Delay Spectrometry (TDS) test and measurement 1616 Time-domain effects consoles 839 Time-Energy-Frequency (TEF) test equipment sound system design 1311 Time-windowed measurements loudspeakers 639 Tinnitus fundamentals of audio and acoustics 35 personal monitors 1434 psychoacoustics 50 what’s the ear for? 1635 Todd-AO surround sound 1593 TOLED display technologies 1588 Tom Osborne 18 Tonal coloration fundamentals of audio and acoustics 31 Tonearms analog discs 1021 antiskating force 1025 effective tonearm length 1023 geometry 1021 linear speed 1023 resonant damping 1025 skating force 1023 styli 1026 tangential error 1022 tangential tracking 1021 vertical tracking angle 1025 Tools of simulation computer aided sound system design 1370 Toroidal core

1770 audio transformers 280 Toroidal power transformers Audio transformers 283 Total absorption units of measurement 1661 Total harmonic distortion audio transformers 284 Total internal reflection fiber optics 483 Totalizer/preset counter relays 391 Totem pole consoles 880 Tour group system interpretation and tour group systems 1538 Tracking correction signal optical disc formats 1139 Transceivers fiber optics 469 Transconductance tubes 312 Transconductance amplifier 703 Transducer types loudspeakers 598 Transducers balanced armature 1424 dual driver earphones 1424 dynamic earphones 1424 Transfer function amplifier 704 loudspeakers 629 test and measurement

1612–1613

Transfer functions loudspeakers 624 Transformer step-up 1027 step-up transformer 331 Transformer characteristics consoles 862 Transformer input microphone preamplifiers integrated circuits 349 Transformer-coupled solid-state relays 390 Transformerless front ends consoles 866 Transformers 1063 basics 275

Index consoles 867 preamplifiers and mixers 739 see Audio transformers 277 sound system design 1291,

1305

windings 276 Transforms test and measurement 1613 Transient intermodulation distortion (TID) consoles 840 Transient response filters and equalizers 786 grounding and interfacing 1212 Transistor bipolar junction 343 MOSFET 720 Transistor mounting kit heatsinks 371 Transistors alloy-junction 325 base-current curves 333 bias circuits 329 breakdown voltage 332 complementary symmetry monolithic Darlington power transistors 719 consoles 834 current flow 328 double-diffused epitaxial mesa

326

drift-field 325 equivalent circuits 328 field effect 326 forward-current-transfer ratio

329

gain-bandwidth product 329 grown-junction 325 input resistance 328 insulated-gate 327 load line 333–334 mesa 325 microalloy diffused 325 MOSFET 327, 335 noise figure 331 planar 326 polarity 328 punch through 332 small and large-signal characteristics 330

solid state devices 325 Transition band filters and equalizers 785 Transmission characteristics audio transformers 302 Transmission coefficient acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 183 Transmission line relays 377 Transmission line termination wire and cable 435 Transmission lines grounding and interfacing 1184 Transmission loss acoustical noise control 71 fiber optics 483 Transmission loss of a compound barrier acoustical noise control 87 Transmission loss of single glass plates acoustical noise control 84 Transmission loss of spaced glass plates acoustical noise control 85 Transmitter fiber optics 483 specifications fiber optics 476 Transmitter antenna microphones 567 Transmitter/receiver modules fiber optics 469 Transparent OLED display technologies 1588 Transportation services applications message repeaters and evacuation systems 1518 Transresistance amplifier 703 Transversal equalizers filters and equalizers 801 Transversal filter optical disc formats 1140 Transversal filters consoles 963 TRAP horns 650 loudspeaker clusters 650 Trapezoidal ground plan acoustics for auditoriums and

Index concert halls 169 Travel-Time-Based Reverberation-Time Enhancing Systems acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 191 Treble horns computer aided sound system design 1350 Tree coupler fiber optics 483 Triacs solid state devices 325 Triaxial cable wire and cable 421 Triboelectric noise wire and cable 430 Triode tubes 311, 313 Tri-polar array Loudspeaker clusters 653 Troubleshooting a sound system

1314

True Array Principle (TRAP) loudspeaker clusters 651 TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)

746

Tubes 311 amplification factor 312 base diagrams 311 beam- power 311 cathode 311 control grid 311, 314 diode 311 filament 311 Fleming valve 311 grid bias 314 grid voltage 315 grid-current 315 grid-to-plate capacitance 314 heater 317 heptode 311 hexode 311 input capacitance 313 internal capacitance 313 nomenclature 312 output capacitance 314 pentagrid 311 pentode 311 plate 311 plate dissipation 315

plate efficiency 315 plate resistance 314 polarity 313 power sensitivity 315 screen grid 311, 315 step-up transformer 331 suppressor grid 311 symbols 311 tetrode 311 transconductance 312 triode 311, 313 tube elements 311 types 311 voltage gain 312 Tuned dipolar array loudspeaker clusters 653 Tuned stub noise attenuators acoustical noise control 92 Tunnel diode solid state devices 322 Turnoff time solid state devices 324 Turnon time solid state devices 324 Turns ratio audio transformers 276–277,

280, 299, 302

Turntable acoustic noise 1020 analog discs 1018 cartridge voltage output 1033 cleaning records 1037 drive systems 1018 elliptical stylus 1031 induced-magnet cartridges

1028

laser 1034 magnetic field 1027–1028 moving-coil cartridges 1027 moving-magnet cartridges

1028

phono preamplifiers 1033 platter 1018 semiconductor pickup cartridges

1029

speed of rotation 1019 spherical stylus 1031 step-up transformer

1027–1028 1026, 1031

styli

1771 stylus cantilever 1032 stylus characteristics 1032 stylus tip 1031 tonearm resonance damping

1025

tonearms 1021 variable-reluctance cartridges

1027

Twisted pair wire and cable 407 Twisted pair impedance wire and cable 434 Two channel party line system intercoms 1570 Two-integrator loop consoles 885 Two-way cardioid microphone

502

Two-way crossovers loudspeakers 624 Two-wire telephone connection preamplifiers and mixers 758 txUnicastMode digital audio interfacing and networks 1506 Tympanic membrane psychoacoustics 43 Types of automatic microphone mixers preamplifiers and mixers 748 Types of tubes 311 Typical digital circuits 363 Typical sound pressure levels fundamentals of audio and acoustics 26

U

U attenuators 775 U.S. to SI units conversion factors units of measurement 1666 U50 designing for speech intelligibility 1405 U80 designing for speech intelligibility 1405 UDF optical disc formats 1146 UFC message repeaters and evacuation systems 1526

1772 Ultra capacitor characteristics power supplies 691 Ultra capacitor UPS power supplies 690 Ultrasound message repeaters and evacuation systems 1524 Unbalanced microphones 521 Unbalanced cable grounding and interfacing 1202 Unbalanced electrical interface digital audio interfacing and networks 1483 Unbalanced input audio transformers 297–298 Unbalanced interface audio transformers 296 grounding and interfacing 1213 Unbalanced line sound system design 1296 Unbalanced output audio transformers 297–298 Unbalanced pad 767 Under water loudspeakers 605 Underhung coil loudspeakers 607 UniCam Connector System tool fiber optics 474 Unicast bundles digital audio interfacing and networks 1506 Unidirectional microphone 493,

495, 498, 506

Units of Measurement 1647 Units of measurement 1647 %Alcons 1659 abbreviations 1667 absorption coefficient 1660 acceleration. 1652 amplitude 1652 audible frequency range 1679 audio frequency range 1666 audio spectrum 1678 audio standards 1663 average absorption coefficient

1660

capacitance (C) 1650 conductance 1650 critical distance 1658

Index critical distance modifier (M)

needed acoustic gain (NAG)

current (I) 1648 decibel (dB) 1655 derived quantities in physics

number of open microphones (NOM) 1659 Ohm’s law 1654 phase 1652 phase angle 1649, 1652 phase difference 1652 phase shift 1652 phase velocity 1652 potential acoustic gain (PAG)

1659

1648

directivity factor (Q) 1660 displacement 1651 electric capacitance (C) 1650 electric charge (Q) 1650 electric conductance 1650 electric inductance 1651 electric potential difference (V)

1650

electric resistance (R) 1650 electrical power required (EPR)

1660

energy (E) 1649 equivalent acoustic distance (EAD) 1658 equivalent input noise (EIN)

1661

feedback stability margin (FSM)

1659

force (F) 1650 frequency (f) 1651 fundamental quantities in physics 1647 Greek alphabet 1663 inductance 1651 ISO numbers 1662 kinetic energy (T) 1649 Kirchhoff’s current law 1654 Kirchhoff’s laws 1653 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

1653

length (l) 1648 limiting distance 1658 loudspeaker sensitivity 1661 luminous flux 1651 luminous flux density 1651 luminous intensity (IL) 1649 magnetic flux 1651 magnetic flux density 1651 mass (M) 1648 max program level 1661 mean-free path (MFP) 1660 molecular substance (n) 1649 multiple and submultiple prefixes 1647

1659

1659

potential energy (U) 1649 power (W) 1650 pressure 1650 radio frequency spectrum 1654 resistance 1650 SI system 1647 signal delay 1662 signal to noise ratio (SNR)

1660

solid angle (A) 1649 sound intensity 1651 sound pressure level (SPL)

1657, 1660

sound system quantities 1658 speed/velocity 1651 surface area and volume equations 1678 symbol prefixes 1647 temperature (T) 1648, 1652 thermal noise 1661 Thevenin’s theorem 1653 time (t) 1648 total absorption 1661 U.S. to SI units conversion factors 1666 wavelength (M) 1652 weight 1652 Unity gain structure 1225 Unity amplification method gain structure 1228 Unity gain Sallen-Key filter filters and equalizers 795 Unity-gain current-summing amplifiers 781 Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge optical disc formats 1146

Index Universal Disk Format (CD-UDF) Optical disc formats 1143 Universal mix buses consoles 978 Universal serial bus (USB) wire and cable 411 Universal winding audio transformers 282 Unrelated crosstalk consoles 919 Unshielded output transformer audio transformers 283 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) digital audio interfacing and networks 1470 USB consoles 988 USB microphones 556 consoles 989 User Defined Protocol (UDP) consoles 991

loudspeakers 636 Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) fiber optics 466, 483 Vertical resonance analog discs 1033 stylus 1033 Vertical tracking angle analog discs 1025 Vertical woofer arrays loudspeaker clusters 653 VGA Wire and cable 422 VI meter fundamentals of audio and acoustics 36 VI meters +4 dBu 997 -10 dBV 997 AES/EBU digital peak meter

V

analog peak program meter

Vacuum tubes 311 Varactor diode solid state devices 322 Variable acoustics acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 188 Variable Q loudspeaker clusters 662 Variable Q equalizers sound system design 1287 Variable reluctance cartridges analog discs 1027 Variable threshold automatic microphone mixers 748 Vario-acoustics acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls 188 Varistors (voltage-sensitive resistors) 249 VCA integrated circuits 341 VCA channel application consoles 939 VCSEL fiber optics 466 Velocity of propagation wire and cable 421, 424 Vented boxes

1004

1004

attenuators 1000 average power 1006 Bit Stream Corruption 1006 British Broadcast Standard

1004

dB FS 997 dBA 997 dBC 997 dBf 997 dBm 997 dBr 997 dB-SPL 997 dBu 997 dBV 997 dbW 997 digital peak program 1004 DIN 45406 Standard 1003 DIN Scale 997 EBU standard 1005 harmonic distortion 998 loudness 1004–1005 loudness meter 1004 Nordic N9 Standard 1004 peak program 1003 persistence 1006 phase correlation meter 1004 phase error 1006

1773 power-level 1003 power-output 1003 relative loudness 1006 SMPTE 1005 spectrum analyzers 1002 surround sound analyzer

1006–1007

Vibration isolation acoustical noise control 90 Video codecs optical disc formats 1152 Video Graphics Array (VGA) display technologies 1582 Video triaxial cable Wire and cable 421 Vinyl wire and cable 405 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) digital audio interfacing and networks 1496 Virtual pitch psychoacoustics 57 Virtual reality acoustical modeling and auralization 233 Virtual sound processors virtual systems 1446 Virtual sound systems virtual systems 1452 Virtual Studio Technology consoles 984 Virtual systems active acoustics 1455 CDRW 1439 CobraNet 1443, 1447 compressors 1439, 1445 consoles 1440, 1445, 1452 crossover 1449 delay 1451 digital audio processors 1445 digitally controlled analog devices 1440 digitally controlled digital audio devices 1441 distortion 1442–1443 DSP 1440, 1443, 1447,

1451–1453

DVD 1439 dynamic processors

1439

1774 dynamic range 1442 equalization 1439 ethernet 1448 FIR filters 1454 level control 1439 level matching 1442 loudspeakers 1453 MediaMatrix 1447 microphone 1452 multifunction devices 1444 processing system 1454 Sample Rate Converter 1443 synchronization 1443 virtual sound processors 1446 virtual sound systems 1452 Virtual-earth mixers consoles 910 Virtual-earth mixing buses consoles 932 Viscoelastic loudspeakers 599 VLSI DSP technology 1173 Voice coil loudspeakers 598 Voice evacuation message repeaters and evacuation systems 1526 Voice evacuation/mass notification systems message repeaters and evacuation systems 1526 Voice over IP intercoms 1572 Voice warning horns loudspeakers 613 VOIP intercoms 1566 Volt fundamentals of audio and acoustics 32 Voltage amplifier 703 Voltage amplitude gain structure 1227 Voltage coefficient 243 Voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) consoles 936 Voltage controlled amplifiers integrated circuits 342 Voltage controlled crystal oscillator

Index digital audio interfacing and networks 1474 Voltage divider grounding and interfacing 1186 Voltage divider capacitor microphone 508 Voltage gain tubes 312 Voltage matching grounding and interfacing 1186 Voltage ratio audio transformers 276 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) relays 377, 385 Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA)

779

consoles 936 Voltage-controlled-attenuator consoles 900 Volume control 776 Volume indicator (VI) meter 997 VU Audio and Acoustic DNA 10 VU meter 933 consoles 920 gain structure 1228 VU meters 997 bar graph 1002 characteristic impedance 997 crest factor 999 D’Arsonval meter 1000 D’Arsonval movement 998 dynamic characteristics 998 impedance 998, 1000 Impedance Level Correction

1000

instrument scale 998 line impedance 1001 logarithmic amplifier 1002 meter ballistics 999 moving coil VU meter 998 NTSC 1002 reference levels 1000 sensitivity 998 UREI) Model 970 Vidigraf

1002

voltages at various impedances

1001

volume unit

997

Volume-Unit meter (VU) wide-range 1002

998

W W.C. Sabine acoustical treatment for indoor areas 97 Wake-up time consoles 905 Wall caulking acoustical noise control 77 Wall construction acoustical noise control 74 Wall materials computer aided sound system design 1354 Wallace Clement Sabine 14 waterproof wireless microphone systems 563 WAV files optical disc formats 1135 Wave Acoustics routines computer aided sound system design 1354 Wave equation acoustical modeling and auralization 225 Wave equation models acoustical modeling and auralization 225 Wavelength fiber optics 452, 464, 466 fundamentals of audio and acoustics 27 peak fiber optics 482 Wavelength (M) units of measurement 1652 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) fiber optics 484 Wavelet analysis psychoacoustics 51 Wayne Rudmose 13 Weather-caused deterioration sound system design 1327 Weber fraction in dB psychoacoustics 54 Weber’s Law psychoacoustics 54 Weight

Index units of measurement 1652 Weighting curves fundamentals of audio and acoustics 34 Weighting scales fundamentals of audio and acoustics 35 Wein Bridge consoles 885 Western Electric 11 Western Electric Sound Products Division 12 What’s the ear for? analog A and C weighted filters

WHO 1633 Wheeler’s equation assistive listening systems

1549

dBC 1639 earmuffs 1635 earplugs 1635 EPA 1633 hearing damage 1633, 1635 hearing loss 1633 hearing tests 1635 Leq 1640 NIOSH 1633 noise 1636 OSHA 1633 OSHA permitted noise levels

White noise psychoacoustics 57 WHO what’s the ear for? 1633 William Thomson 5 Wind noise reduction figures microphones 576 Winding resistance audio transformers 280 consoles 883 Windings audio transformers 276 Window fiber optics 484 Windowing consoles 964 Windows acoustical noise control 84 Windows Media Audio (WMA) digital audio interfacing and networks 1461 Windscreens microphones 576 Wire consoles 845 grounding and interfacing 1183 Wire and cable 70.7 volt loudspeaker system

permanent threshold shift (PTS)

ac current in various countries

protecting concert-goers 1636 protecting hearing 1635 protecting the audience 1642 protecting the community 1636 SLARM™ 1638 SLARMSolution™ 1637 SLARMSolution™ applications

ac power cords and receptacles

1639

analog Z weighting (linear) filter

1639

annoyance factor 1637 community noise problems

1636

1634 1633

1641

sound transmission class (STC)

1636

temporary hearing damage

1635

temporary threshold shift (TTS)

1633, 1635 1635

tinnitus

1775 Category 1 413 Category 2 413 Category 3 413 Category 4 413 Category 5 413 Category 5e 413 Category 6 413 Category 6 F/UTP 413 Category 6a 413 Category 7 S/STP 413 category cables 412 CATV broadcast cable 419 CCTV (closed circuit television)

419

characteristic impedance

432–433, 437

coaxial 418 coaxial cable construction 418 coaxial cable installation 419 coaxial cable signal loss 433 coaxial cable termination 420 color code for nonpaired cables

407

color code for UTP cable 415 color codes for paired cables

408

color codes for snake cables

409

AES/EBU digital coaxial cable

combination shields 426 conduit fill 431 crosstalk 437 current ratings 403 damping factor 437 definitions 412 delay 431 delay skew 416, 431 diameter and bend radius for 10GbE cabling 415 dielectric constants 403, 425 digital video 422 Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

alien crosstalk (ANEXT) 416 attenuation 432 backbone cabling 412 balanced lines 407 baluns 416 braid shields 426 Canadian Electrical Code cable substitution chart 441

DisplayPort 411 equal level far-end crosstalk (EL-FEXT) 415 Ethernet 412 far-end crosstalk (FEXT) 415 FireWire serial digital 410 foil-braid-foil-braid 427 foils shields 426

435

445

443

adapters 417 AES/EBU digital audio cable

430 430

409

1776 French braid shields 426 ground fault interrupters 442 ground loops 428 grounds of shields 427 HD-SDI 421 High Definition Multimedia Interface 410 high-frequency 431 high-frequency, high-data rate

409

horizontal cabling 412 hub 412 insulation 403 insulation characteristics 405 insulation color codes 407 Intermediate Cross-Connect (IXC) 412 international power 445 jackets 405 LAN 416 loading coil 431 loudspeaker 435 Main Cross-Connect (MXC)

412

maximum continuous current rating 402 maximum distances between areas for UPT cable 415 multiconductor 407 multipair cables 408 National Electric Code 438 near-end crosstalk (NEXT) 414 NEC cable groups 440 NEC substitution chart 440 neoprene 406 physiological effects of shock current on humans 443 plastics 405 plenum cable 441 polyethylene 405 polypropylene 406 POTS 414 Power Over Ethernet (POE)

417

Power Over Ethernet Plus (POE Plus) 417 power-sum near-end crosstalk (PS-NEXT) 415 properties of plastic insulation

404

Index properties of rubber insulation

404

radio guide designations (RG)

424

receiver quality 423 resistance 397 return loss 420 return loss (RL) 415 RGB cable 421 rubber 406 serial digital video (SDI) 423 shielded power cable 444 shielding 425 shields 426 silicone 406 single conductor 406 skin depth 402 skin effect 402 SMPTE serial digital performance specifications 424 snakes 408 spiral shields 425 structured cabling 412 S-video 421 Teflon 406 Telcom Closet (TC) 412 telescopic grounds 428 terminating connectors 416 thermoset compounds 406 TIA and ISO classifications for structured cabling 412 Time Delay Reflectometer 432 transmission line termination

435

triaxial cable 421 triboelectric noise 430 tri-shield cable 427 twisted pair 407 twisted pair impedance 434 universal serial bus (USB) 411 velocity of propagation 421,

424

VGA 422 video triaxial 421 vinyl 405 Z-Fold foil type shielded wire

426

Wire data assistive listening systems

1550

Wireless communication systems microphones 557 Wireless frequency bands of operation microphones 558 Wireless intercom systems intercoms 1574 Wireless intercoms 1569 Wireless IR system receiver assistive listening systems

1557

Wireless microphone receiver sensitivity 560 Wireless microphone receiving antenna systems 561 Wireless microphone transmitter considerations 566 Wireless MIDI MIDI 1111 Wireless monitor systems microphones 571 Wireless receiver microphones 568 Wolfgang Ahnert 19

X XLD connector digital audio interfacing and networks 1481 XLR Type Connector sound system design 1293 XY stereo microphones 543

Y Y coupler fiber optics 484 YPbPr display technologies

1582

Z

Zener diode 321 Zero impedance consoles 834 Zero impedance amplifier audio transformers 288 Zero rejection audio transformers 296 Zero-crossing consoles 941 Z-Fold foil type shielded wire Zone paging intercoms 1564

426

Index Zoom microphone Z-transform

538

DSP technology ȝ

1777

1166

audio transformers

278

1778

Index