Hair Combs OLA204_Ashton-Libre

ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA ANALECTA ————— 204 —————

UNDER THE POTTER’S TREE Studies on Ancient Egypt Presented to Janine Bourriau on the Occasion of her 70th Birthday

edited by

DAVID ASTON, BETTINA BADER, CARLA GALLORINI, PAUL NICHOLSON and SARAH BUCKINGHAM

UITGEVERIJ PEETERS en DEPARTEMENT OOSTERSE STUDIES LEUVEN – PARIS – WALPOLE, MA 2011

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL FOREWORD .

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XI

H.S. SMITH — Janine – A Teacher’s Tribute

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XIII

P.G. FRENCH — Janine – A Husband’s View

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XV

Elham Ahmed EL-TAWEIL, Mahmoud Mohamed EL-SHAFEI, Mohamed ALI ABD EL-HAKIEM, Mohamed Naguib REDA, Nermeen Shaaban ABAYAZEED, Shaimaa Rasheed SALEM, and Sherif Mohamed ABD EL-MONAEM — Mother of the Ceramicists ‫أم الفخاريين‬ Umm El Fakharyien – A Students’ Tribute . . . . . .

XIX

TABULA GRATULATORIA .

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XXI

JANINE’S BIBLIOGRAPHY .

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XXV

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Sally-Ann ASHTON Ancient Egyptian Hair-Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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David ASTON t pÌrt wty. The Saqqara Embalmers’ Caches Reconsidered; Typology and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Marie-Pierre AUBRY, Christian DUPUIS, Holeil GHALY, Christopher KING, Robert KNOX, William A. BERGGREN, Christina KARLSHAUSEN and Members of the TIGA Project Geological Setting of the Theban Necropolis: Implications for the Preservation of the West Bank Monuments . . . . .

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ARTICLES IN HONOUR OF JANINE BOURRIAU

Susan J. ALLEN Fish Dishes at Dahshur .

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Bettina BADER Vessels in Ceramics and Stone: The Problem of the Chicken and the Egg? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

VI

CONTENTS

Donald M. BAILEY Wine Containers: Aswan Flasks . . . . . . . . . . 173 Pascale BALLET Les ateliers hellénistiques de Bouto (Tell el-Fara’in) et le «décor surpeint» (Overpainted) . . . . . . . . . . 189 Daphna BEN-TOR Political Implications of New Kingdom Scarabs in Palestine during the Reigns of Tuthmosis III and Ramesses II . . . . 201 Elizabeth BETTLES, with a contribution by Olaf E. KAPER The Divine Potters of Kellis . . . . . . . .

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Charles BONNET La Nubie face à la puissance égyptienne

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Rosalie DAVID Ancient Egyptian Medicine: An Appraisal Based on Scientific Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Catherine DEFERNEZ Four Bes Vases from Tell el-Herr (North-Sinai): Analytical Description and Correlation with the Goldsmith’s Art of Achaemenid Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Jacobus VAN DIJK The Date of the Gebel Barkal Stela of Seti I .

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. 325

Aidan DODSON Two Mummy-Masks from the Dawn of the New Kingdom

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Amanda DUNSMORE A Wedgwood Canopic Vase in the National Gallery of Victoria . 349 Dina A. FALTINGS Did the Ancient Egyptians have Bottle Brushes? Some Considerations about Milk Bottles in the Old Kingdom . . . . 355 Carla GALLORINI A Cypriote Sherd from Kahun in Context .

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Alison L. GASCOIGNE and Gillian PYKE Nebi Samwil-Type Jars in Medieval Egypt: Characterisation of an Imported Ceramic Vessel . . . . . . . . . . 417

VII

CONTENTS

M. Cristina GUIDOTTI Quelques curiosités typologiques de la céramique d’Antinoopolis

433

Yvonne M. HARPUR Earthenware Vessels in Old Kingdom Two-dimensional Art: Their Manufacture and Direct Use by Minor Human Figures . 441 Rita HARTMANN Ritzmarken auf Brotformen aus der frühdynastischen Siedlung von Tell el-Fara’in/Buto . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Ulrich HARTUNG Eine elfenbeinerne Gefäßdarstellung aus dem prädynastischen Friedhof U in Abydos/Umm el-Qaab . . . . . . . . 483 Colin A. HOPE Possible Mid-18th Dynasty Examples of Blue-Painted Pottery from the Egypt Exploration Society’s Excavations at Memphis 495 Salima IKRAM A Ceramic Divinity for a Divine Ceramicist .

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Helen JACQUET-GORDON Miniature Pots . . .

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. 521

W. Raymond JOHNSON A Ptah-Sokar Barque Procession from Memphis .

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Peter LACOVARA A Nubian Model Soldier and the Costume of a Kerma Warrior Anthony LEAHY ‘Necho’ in Late Period Personal Names

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541

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María J. LÓPEZ GRANDE Field Notes from Dra Abu el-Naga on the First Intermediate Period/Early Middle Kingdom Pottery . . . . . . . . 575 Sylvie MARCHAND La transposition céramique dans l’Égypte Ancienne .

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Geoffrey T. MARTIN The Dormition of Princess Meketaten .

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Aurélia MASSON Jarres au décor polychrome du Musée Pouchkine: manifestations originales de la tendance archaïsante des 25e-26e dynasties? . 645

VIII

CONTENTS

Marleen DE MEYER, Stefanie VEREECKEN, Bart VANTHUYNE, Stan HENDRICKX, Lies OP DE BEECK and Harco WILLEMS The Early Old Kingdom at Nuwayrat in the 16th Upper Egyptian Nome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Paul T. NICHOLSON “I’m not the saggar-maker, I’m the saggar-maker’s mate…”: Saggar Making and Bottom Knocking in Stoke-on-Trent as a Guide to Early Saggar Technology . . . . . . . . . 703 Hans-Åke NORDSTRÖM The Significance of Pottery Fabrics .

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Lies OP DE BEECK and Stefanie VEREECKEN Pottery from Sidmant and Haraga in the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 Mary OWNBY Through the Looking Glass: The Integration of Scientific, Ceramic, and Archaeological Information . . . . . . . 751 Stephen QUIRKE Petrie’s 1889 Photographs of Lahun .

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. 769

Maarten J. RAVEN Desheret Bowls and Canopic Jars

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. 795

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. 809

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Pamela ROSE and Gillian PYKE Snakes and Udders: Ceramic Oddities from Qasr Ibrim

Teodozja I. RZEUSKA, with an Appendix by K.O. KURASZKIEWICZ An Offering of a Beer Jar or a Beer Jar as an Offering? The Case of a Late Old Kingdom Beer Jar with an Inscription from West Saqqara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Margaret SERPICO, with an Appendix by Ben STERN The Contents of Jars in Hatshepsut’s Foundation Deposit at Deir el-Bahri and their Significance for Trade . . . . . . . . 843 Karin N. SOWADA An Egyptian Imitation of an Imported Two-Handled Jar from the Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

IX

CONTENTS

Kate SPENCE, with a drawing by Will SCHENCK Air, Comfort and Status: Interpreting the Domestic Features of “Soul Houses” from Rifa . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Sally SWAIN A New Interpretation of Two “C”-Ware Vessels from el Mahasna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 Pierre TALLET Deux nouvelles stèles rupestres sur le plateau de Sérabit el-Khadim (Sud-Sinaï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Ana TAVARES and Sabine LAEMMEL Some Post-Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza .

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René VAN WALSEM Scenes of the Production of Pottery in Old Kingdom Elite Tombs of the Memphite Area. A Quantitative Analysis . . . 977 Helen WHITEHOUSE Egyptian Blue and White: A Ceramic Enigma of the Early 19th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 Anna WODZINSKA Pottery and Chronology. Preliminary Remarks on Ceramic Material from Tell el-Retaba . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR-COMBS IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE Sally-Ann ASHTON

Hair combs have received relatively little attention within the Egyptological literature. As a consequence, Petrie’s dating system for both Predynastic combs and his subsequent sequence for later combs is still widely used in museum publications and catalogues. Discussion relating to hair ornaments is typically restricted to articles within edited volumes, is far from exhaustive, and tends to lack the cultural significance of hair and grooming within a wider African context. Hair and grooming have always played an important role in the culture of Africa and the African Diaspora. The traditional African comb, known also as the Afro comb, Afro rake, and Afro/hair pick or pic, has played a crucial role in the creation, maintenance and decoration of styles.1 In some West African societies the hair comb symbolises status, group affiliation, and religious beliefs and is encoded with ritual properties.2 The handles of the comb are decorated with objects of status, such as the head rest, human figures, and motifs that reference nature and the traditional spiritual world. It is here that the closest parallels for the earliest Ancient Egyptian combs can be found. The concept of decorating the handle of combs and thus imbuing an inanimate object with a non-material power is an important part of the meaning of the African comb. The image of the Adinkra duafe or hair comb associated with the Asante people represents femininity and beauty and has been adopted as a tattoo design in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the 20th century afro combs took on a wider political and cultural message, perhaps most notably in the form of the ‘black fist’ comb that references the Black power salute, as displayed by Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City to represent power and unity amongst Black Americans and human rights.3 In her article on modern Afro combs Carol Tulloch speaks of the impact of a design of a 1 C. TULLOCH, ‘Resounding Power of the Afro Comb’, in: G. BIDDLE-PERRY and S. CHEANG (eds.), Hair Styling Culture and Fashion (New York, 2008), 124-125. 2 J.A. ANTIRI, ‘Akan Combs’, in African Arts 8 No. 1 (Autumn 1974), 32-35. 3 C. TULLOCH, ‘ Resounding Power of the Afro Comb’, 133-135.

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T-shirt that she was presented with by the Studio Museum in Harlem that was embellished with a design featuring such a comb with the word ‘beautiful’ integrated with the teeth, thus reflecting the use of the symbol on cloth by the Asante people and others in West Africa.4 My own interest in Ancient Egyptian hair combs came from working with community groups. The Pre-dynastic combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum are instantly recognisable to people of African descent, and often prompt the viewer to relate a personal story about hair, hair-styling or hair combs. Unlike their more recent counterparts, we can say comparatively little about the cultural or spiritual significance of Ancient Egyptian combs. However, their inclusion in burials suggests that hair combs served either a ritual or practical function for the deceased that may reflect their importance to the living. We know that many Ancient Egyptians made considerable efforts to style their hair or the wigs that they wore, and indeed people of status had their hair styled for them. Perhaps the best known example of this are the 11th Dynasty images of Inu, the royal hairdresser on the reliefs now preserved in The Brooklyn Museum. The making of hair extensions and the styling of hair using a long thin pin is one that is still repeated today in many homes and salons. Braided hair tied with beads, plaited, and curled hair were adopted by men and women and is evidenced in the form of human remains, wigs, and in depictions of the elite in the form of statues, reliefs and paintings. As with some Ghanaian and Nigerian groups, it has been suggested that the way in which hair, or indeed wigs, were worn in Ancient Egypt was an important part of the construction of social identity.5 A brief survey of hair styles and also of the forms of comb that were produced in Ancient Egypt indicates that hair types changed over time, presumably reflecting changes in population and of the migration of different gene pools. This paper is restricted to the hair combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum’s collections and aims to place them within their relative chronological sequence, as is currently understood. This sequence is far from definitive, and it is important to note that we cannot know for certain how long the different styles of comb were in circulation, or whether to what extent hair combs reflect changes in hair type over a period of 5,000 years in which they were produced. It would also appear 4

C. TULLOCH, ‘Resounding Power of the Afro Comb’, 123-125, 136. A.D. BYRD and L.L. THARPS, Hair Story. Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America (New York, 2001), 1-9. G. ROBINS, ‘Hair and Construction of Identity in Ancient Egypt, c. 1480-1350 BC’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 36 (1999), 55-69. 5

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that hair combs were used for styling and also de-lousing, and that the latter form has much finer teeth. From the Late Period the two types of comb were combined in a single instrument. In the Badarian Period and slightly later, however, there are examples of small, extremely fine-tooth combs that only seem to be paralleled in the Late Roman and Coptic periods.6 There is further potential confusion in that many museum displays fail to differentiate between hair combs and textile combs, and even when the differences are apparent, they are still displayed, confusingly, together. Within the Fitzwilliam Museum collection there is an example of a comb that could have functioned as either. It is uncertain in date but appears to fit more comfortably with later examples of less carefully carved and undecorated wooden forms of hair comb (E.GA.2671.1932). The comb is small, measuring 56 mm in height and 32 mm wide and is proportionately deeper than many examples at 11 mm at the handle. The spaces between the teeth are packed with soil and seeds, which we initially believed to be head lice carcasses (pl. 1.a). There are nine teeth in total and all, but one, are preserved in their entirety. The teeth are 2.9 mm wide and have a gap of 2 mm. There is a hole through the handle, presumably for suspending the comb. It is too small to be a beater for weaving; however, it is possible that the comb was used for teasing wool before it was spun.7 Pre-dynastic and Early combs A brief survey of hair combs found during the British excavations in Egypt during the late-19th and early-20th centuries reveals that they occur most frequently in the publications of Pre-dynastic and Early Dynastic periods. The recording of tombs in which hair combs were found and Petrie’s analysis of forms of combs indicate that these objects were more than simply cosmetic tools.8 The forms of decoration found on the handles accord with other Predynastic depictions, perhaps most notably on the figurative pottery deco6 W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 31 (London, 1920), 30, pl. XXX.5-8; UC 15464, 15465, 15455 and UC 5624; see also G. BRUNTON, The Badarian and Predynastic Remains near Badari, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 46 (London, 1928), pl. LXXII.30; UC 10159. 7 I would like to thank Dr Mie Ishii for suggesting this and for sharing her specialist knowledge of the process of manufacturing textiles. 8 D. WENGROW, The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformation in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC (Cambridge, 2006), 70.

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ration. Animals, birds, and humans formed popular handle motifs in what Petrie identified as the first period. These combs had long teeth, with wide gaps and were believed by Petrie to have performed a decorative and practical function of fastening the hair. According to his chronological sequence, the earliest combs had a plain, flat top. Quadrupeds, a single bird and then multiple bird motifs then appear as part of the repertoire.9 A study of theriomorphic representations on 110 combs and 146 hair pins revealed that birds are the most popular handle design.10 The reference to animals and the appearance of male anthropomorphic figures, and lack of female imagery, has led some scholars to suggest that early hair combs reference masculinity.11 Keimer cited the example of the male nomads of the Eastern desert, who wear combs in their hair.12 The intricacy of the handles and the fragility of the teeth of many early combs led Petrie to conclude that this category of objects was intended solely ‘for ornament’. However, wear marks on some of the examples in the Fitzwilliam Museum suggest that the combs were used for either combing or fixing the hair.13 One of the Fitzwilliam Museum’s combs fits into this early sequence, but does not have a known archaeological context. E.GA.3204.1943 was part of the Gayer-Anderson collection and was presumably bought in Egypt from a dealer. There are traces of a sticker on one side of the comb which has a “£” sign written in pencil and “G.A.V.10” in ink. The handle is carved in the form of the popular double bird motif on a triple rhomboid design. Inspection under the microscope revealed strands of fibre and a seed (pl. 1.b). Fine tool marks are also visible around the rhomboid shaped area of the handle. The comb measures 82 mm in height, and is very narrow measuring 17 mm wide and 2 mm thick. The total number of teeth was originally four; all are broken close to the top and one is missing completely. They are spaced at 0.025 mm and are 3 mm wide. There are other examples of other pre-dynastic combs with 9

W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, 29-30 C. MARTÍN DEL RÍO ÁLVAREZ and E. ALMENARA ROSALES, ‘An Analysis of the Theriomorphic Representations on Combs and Hairpins from the Predynatic Period’, in: S. HENDRICKX, R.F. FRIEDMAN, K.M. CIA™OWICZ and CH™ODNICKI (eds.), Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138 (Leuven, 2004), 884. 11 B. MIDANT-REYNES, The Prehistory of Egypt. From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs (Oxford, 2006), 196. 12 L. KEIMER, ‘Notes prises chez les Basarin et les Nubiens d’Assouan, IIe partie’, Bulletin de l’Institut de l’Égypte 33 (1952), 43-84. 13 W.M.F. PETRIE and J.E. QUIBELL, Naqada and Ballas, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 1 (London, 1896), 10. 10

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either four or five teeth.14 Examples of the double bird motif were found at Naqada, the closest parallel being a single rhomboid, long tooth comb.15 Another early comb is carved from bone rather than ivory and belongs to the longer tooth, decorated variety. E.62.1900 (pl. 2.a) was found in grave G78 in the southern cemetery at Abydos, which is multi-period.16 There are several examples of this form of comb with either a double bird motif17 or bovine horns,18 however, the form of this particular comb could fall into either category. The flat inner edge of the handle is perhaps more suggestive of bovine horns. The comb has 8 prongs (7 remaining) and a rhomboid design on the base of the handle. It measures 208 mm in height, is 45 mm at its widest point and is 3 mm thick. The teeth measure 65 mm to 68 mm in length and are 5 mm at the top and 2 mm at the bottom. The gap between the teeth measures between 1 mm and 1.5 mm in width. The cemetery where this comb was found was positioned south of the Wadi, and is multi-period. Although the next comb appears to belong to a different group to the aforementioned, its fragmentary state of preservation may be misleading in terms of its original form. E.4.1898 (pl. 2.c) is from an unidentified context ‘234’ at Hierakonpolis.19 The comb has eight teeth, four are missing, which measure 3 mm wide and are spaced with a gap of 1.3 mm. The comb itself measures 63 mm in height by 26 mm wide and is 3 mm thick. At first glance this example is similar to other pre-dynastic combs with an undecorated squared handle. However, the teeth are longer in proportion to the body, at 36 mm in length, than on other published versions of this early form of comb.20 Furthermore, the angle of the surviving shoulder alongside the proportionally longer teeth suggests that there may have been a decorative element forming the upper section of the handle, which is now missing. Amongst the early combs is an example of the shorter tooth form that was identified by Petrie. E.59.1900 (pl. 2.b), is a short pronged comb 14 W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, pl. XXIX and J. CROWFOOT PAYNE, Catalogue of Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1994), fig. 78 15 W.M.F. PETRIE and J.E. QUIBELL Naqada and Ballas, pl. LXIII.56, and W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, pl. XXIX.12. 16 W.M.F. PETRIE, Abydos I, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoir 22 (London, 1902), 35. 17 J. CROWFOOT PAYNE, Catalogue, fig. 77.1903 and fig.78.1918 or 1917. 18 W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, 29, pl. XXIX.9 and 10; W.M.F. Petrie and J.E. Quibell, Naqada and Ballas, pl. LXIII.57; J. CROWFOOT PAYNE, Catalogue, fig. 78.1908. 19 B. ADAMS, Ancient Hierakonpolis Supplement (Warminster, 1974), 119 and 158. 20 For example J. CROWFOOT PAYNE, Catalogue, fig. 78.1921.

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with a plain, rounded handle and from the same cemetery; it was found in grave G48 and is marked ‘1287’. The majority of this form of comb have a square top.21 The comb originally had eight teeth (one is missing), and measures 46 mm in height, 28 mm wide and is 3 mm thick. The teeth are 2 mm wide at the top and are spaced 1 mm apart. The closest parallel is UC 4444 from Naqada, which measures 8.3 cm by 3.1 cm and originally had eight teeth (four are missing). Like the Fitzwilliam Museum’s comb, the Petrie Museum example is not published in the excavation reports. In his discussion of combs from Predynastic Egypt Petrie stated that this form of short-tooth variety did not appear until S.D.40.22 He also noted that there were examples of this form in materials other than bone or ivory, including stone. The examples that are illustrated in Prehistoric Egypt are proportionately different to E.59.1900 in that the bone combs have much finer teeth and a larger handle. In fact this form of comb appears in the Late Period on the double-sided hair combs, where it has been suggested the very narrow teeth were made specifically for delousing hair or wigs. The existence of stone combs with abbreviated ‘teeth’ might suggest that these objects were used as amulets rather than actual combs; and the holes at the top of many of these would support this suggestion rather than the idea that hair combs degenerated into “mere ornaments”, as suggested by Petrie in his discussion in Prehistoric Egypt. It was also noted in his publication of the material from Ballas that hair combs and pins were often found lying south of the head, sometimes with hair around them, again suggesting that these objects served a specific purpose within the grave other than being decorative or serving the function of a practical cosmetic tool for the afterlife.23 The symbolic importance of the comb can also be seen in Predynastic hair-pins that are decorated with a hair comb.24 Petrie concluded that such combs, which he described as “notched combs” were “apparently for scratching heads”, once again preferring a functional rather than symbolic explanation for this form.25 As mentioned, the importance of the hair comb beyond its practical function is paralleled in West Africa. 21

W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, pl. XXIX.17-19. W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, 30. 23 W.M.F. PETRIE and J.E. QUIBELL, Naqada and Ballas, 10. 24 W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, 30, pl. XXX.2-4. 25 W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 42 (London, 1927), 25. 22

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One possible example of an abbreviated comb is E.W.6 (pl. 3.a) a small ivory comb without a documented provenance. It is, however, probable that it came into the collection from an Egypt Exploration Fund or British School of Archaeology in Egypt excavation26 and is marked in ink with the number “111”, suggesting an archaeological context. The comb measures 51 mm in height, is 27 mm wide and 4 mm thick. It has nine teeth measuring between 2 mm and 4 mm in width and which are spaced at 1.5 mm. The teeth of this comb appear to be completely abbreviated in form. The ends of the teeth are abraded and a thinner extension on a single prong is visible under a microscope, suggesting that the teeth were originally longer. Microscopic inspection also revealed small granules of soil between the teeth. Proportions of a long body and short teeth are similar to UC 17787, which was found at Qau in an undisturbed burial of an adult female dated to the 6th Dynasty.27 Like the Fitzwilliam Museum’s example the teeth of the Petrie Museum comb are worn. The combs are not identical: the Petrie Museum example originally had 11 teeth (nine remaining), compared to nine on the Fitzwilliam Museum’s example. Furthermore, the Petrie example has a plain squared handle and the Fitzwilliam Museum example consists of a shaped handle with a rounded top. However, both combs share an unusual feature of a groove around the upper diameter of inner teeth. There is a further parallel found by Petrie at Naqada.28 This particular comb was found positioned at the feet of one of the bodies in a double grave. However, it is not entirely clear from the drawing whether the teeth were originally longer, or whether they had the wear-marks characteristic of the aforementioned examples. Finally in this section it is worth considering another comb from the Gayer-Anderson collection, which is carved from bone and decorated with an anthropoid hippopotamus forming the handle E.GA.3178.1943 (pl. 3.b). The comb measures 96 mm in height and is 27 mm at its widest point and 4 mm thick. The hippopotamus is carved on both sides. There were originally seven teeth on the surviving section of the comb, and of these only three survive and are worn down in a similar manner to 26 Numbers that are prefaced ‘E.W.’, especially those early in the sequence, were typically excavated objects that came into the Museum before the Second World War but which had lost their original documentation. At this point where possible objects were accessioned by year of entry and material type (Egyptian Wood) were used for such examples. 27 G. BRUNTON, Qau and Badari I, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 44 (London, 1927), 26, pl. LX.14. 28 W.M.F. PETRIE and J.E. QUIBELL, Naqada and Ballas, 28, pl. LXIII.52.

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E.W.6, and include the same grooved finish at the base on one of the prongs. The teeth are 2 mm wide and are also spaced at 2 mm. The comb was dated in the museum’s records as “14th-13th centuries BC”. However, in its form it has more in common with early ivory combs. Some combs dated to the New Kingdom have gazelles or other quadrupeds decorating the top of the handle (see below). However, the New Kingdom combs are of the short-tooth rectangular variety rather than the long thin examples found in earlier periods. The standing pregnant hippopotamus clearly represents Tawaret and so does not compare to the more generic representations of this animal that are found in the pre-dynastic period. Parallels for the more careful attention to detail in the carving of the back, the legs, breasts and eyes of the hippopotamus are only paralleled on the hair combs depicting humans.29 New Kingdom combs Petrie noted in Objects of Daily Use that few hair combs had been found on Old Kingdom sites and suggested that the men had very short or shaven hair and that the women wore wigs but also shaved their own hair. Some combs dating to the Middle Kingdom were identified, but in their style the examples cited share stylistic similarities with combs that are dated to the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom combs can be distinguished from examples of the Middle Kingdom by their shallower handles.30 According to Petrie’s excavated material, hair combs changed substantially between Dynasty 16 and 18.31 As noted, Petrie’s chronological sequence is still the main point of reference for dating examples of New Kingdom combs and is specific in dividing between the 18th and 19th Dynasties. However, such sequences do not take account of variations within a particular date range and a larger study of material from secure archaeological contexts would be helpful in establishing to what extent the different styles of handles on such combs were chronological indicators.32 29

See for example E.M. NOWAK, ‘Egyptian Predynastic Ivories Decorated with Anthroporphormic Motifs’, in: S. HENDRICKX, R.F. FRIEDMAN, K.M. CIA™OWICZ and CH™ODNICKI (eds.), Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138 (Leuven, 2004), 899-890. 30 For the Middle Kingdom examples see W.M.F. PETRIE, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob 1889-90 (London, 1891), 29, pl. VIII.30-31; and for the New Kingdom examples see 35, pl. XVIII. 31 W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, 25. 32 J. v. D’ABBADIE, Musée du Louvre Département des Antiquités Égyptiennes. Catalogue des objets de toilette égyptiens (Paris, 1972) 141-147.

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The new style of comb was rectangular and could be either decorated with a quadruped or notches along the handle. The Fitzwilliam Museum has examples of both types; however, none have an archaeological provenance. Fortunately Petrie excavated examples of the notched variety. E.1.2009 (pl. 4.a), is of a particular type with “deep back ridges” as described by Petrie.33 These examples were excavated at Rifeh and Kahun and were dated to Dynasty 18. E.1.2009 had been on loan to the Fitzwilliam Museum from Westminster College since 1995, and was purchased from the owner by the Friends of the Fitzwilliam Museum in 2009. The comb has the number 5 written in ink on one side and on the other is a provenance of the comb: Ancient Egypt display from Gizeh Museum. Compared to the other notched combs this form is longer and narrower, measuring 90 mm in width by 43 mm in height; the comb is 8 mm thick at the handle. The teeth are also slightly smaller with a larger gap than the other examples within this group.34 There are 27 teeth and 2 wider tangs. The teeth are 19 mm long and between 1.5 and 2 mm wide at the top; the gap between them is 1.5 mm. There are three other examples of combs with a notched handle; all were previously part of the Gayer-Anderson collection (E.GA.4720.1943, E.GA.509.1947, and E.GA.2696.1943). E.GA.2696.1943, not illustrated, is the least well preserved and has 13 out of the 29 teeth missing or damaged. The two outer tangs are 5 mm thick compared to the thinner inner teeth measuring 1.5 to 2 mm; the teeth that are preserved vary in length between 21 mm and 25 mm. The gap between the teeth measures 1.5 mm in width. The handle of the comb has four notches and is decorated on both sides with two parallel horizontal grooves above the teeth and two below the notches on the handle. There is a label with a biro mark reading “IX 141”. The second comb from this group, (E.GA.509.1947, pl. 4.b), has an identical label reading “IX 140” and, overall, is better preserved but is missing one of its ends. Three notches are preserved and it is decorated with the same parallel grooves as the previous comb. The remaining end is wider than the other teeth measuring 6 mm at the top compared to 1 mm for the majority. The gaps in between the teeth are between 1 mm and 1.2 mm at their widest. The teeth are 25 mm long and are more even than the previous example of this type of comb and are better preserved; 33

W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, pl. XX.4 and 10. R.E. FREED, ‘Wigs and Hair Accessories’, in: E. BROVARSKI, S.K. DOLL and R.E. FREED (eds.), Egypt’s Golden Age: The Art of Living in the New Kingdom, Exhibition Catalogue (Boston, 1982), 197, no. 229. 34

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the tips of two are missing. This comb is smaller in scale but is the same in terms of its design. The third example within this category of comb, (E.GA.4720.1943, pl. 5), is even smaller measuring 44 mm in height and 59 mm in width, but is completely preserved. It has three notches at the top of the handle and has incised lines around each notch in addition to the two sets of parallel lines. The teeth are evenly carved; the outer two are 4 mm and 3 mm at their widest point compared to the more usual 1 mm and the space between the teeth is 0.5 mm making this a very narrow comb in comparison to the others of this date. An example of a comb that is similarly finished but with four rather than three notches was found at Sedment in grave 1288. The burial was that of a female and included a reed basket that contained the comb along with six shells, four rough pieces of wood, a wig with plaits, a painted bone awl, beads, a small box and smaller basket, a bronze knife, kohl pot and stick and wooden disk.35 The comb is now housed at the Petrie Museum (UC 38367). All three examples of the Fitzwilliam Museum’s combs have soil between the teeth of the combs and in the deeper decorative grooves. There are four further examples of combs of a type dated by Petrie to the 19th Dynasty by comparison with an excavated example from Illahun from the time of Ramesses II.36 Three of the Fitzwilliam Museum’s examples are decorated with an ibex. The most complete example is E.GA.4577.1943 (pl. 6.a). This is a miniature comb preserving the front half of the animal and nine teeth, two of which are broken and the outer tooth is wider than the central. The comb is 49 mm high and 21 mm wide; the teeth are 0.5 mm wide except for the outer which is 3 mm; they are evenly spaced but now warped and the gaps between them are between 0.5 and 1 mm at their widest point. Like two of the combs with notches on the handles, this example has a white label reading “XI”, but has no find spot associated with it. There are two further fragments of flat wooden ibex figures that may have once been attached to a comb (E.GA.526.1947 and E.GA.527.1947, both of which are not illustrated in this paper). The latter is closer in scale to the aforementioned and better preserved comb. The flat base of the former is suggestive of the top of a comb and there are several exam35 W.M.F. PETRIE and G. BRUNTON, Sedment I, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 34 (London, 1924), 17-18, pl. XLIII.2. 36 W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, pl. XXX.5 and W.M.F. PETRIE, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob, pl. XVIII.

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ples of this form of decoration on the top of rectangular combs dated to the New Kingdom.37 E.GA.4578.1943 (pl. 6.b) is decorated with a seated animal (possibly a bear) forming a handle, underneath which is an incised wavy line. The comb is 52 mm high, 17 mm wide and 5 mm thick. The teeth are roughly the same length with the exception of the wider outer tooth which is shorter; they measure 1.5 mm with a 2 mm space between them. The Museum records suggest that this example is a modern forgery. However, the fact that the comb is only partially preserved and that there are parallels for the form if not the animal work in its favour. Finally, within the New Kingdom material is another unusual comb of the more traditional long variety that finds its closest parallel in decorative fan handles. E.GA. 2704.1943 (pl. 6.c), was also given to the Museum by R.G. Gayer-Anderson. The teeth are poorly preserved and only 5 remain. The comb measures 49 mm by 21 mm and is 3 mm thick. The teeth are 12 mm long with a width of 1.5 mm and the space between then is between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The handle is ornately decorated with deeply cut linear and floral patterns, including lotus flowers; there are traces of blue frit in the spaces between the carved designs. Late Period and Ptolemaic Period- the introduction of double combs As noted, combs are not easily dated and there is something of a lacuna in the Late and Ptolemaic Periods. E.81.1975 (pl. 6.d), is the least decorative hair comb within the Fitzwilliam Museum’s collections, but is nevertheless important because it comes from an excavated context. The comb was given to the Museum by the Egypt Exploration Society and came from its excavations at Saqqara. It was found in a room (J) within an area indentified as block 2 and can be dated from its context to the Late or Ptolemaic Period.38 The design of comb shows a development that would remain for later periods in that it has two sets of teeth: one narrowly spaced at 0.02 mm with a width of 0.03 mm; and the other more broadly spaced at 1mm with a width of teeth in the centre of 3 mm. Both sides of the comb have wider tangs and there is what appears to be a narrow rectangular handle at the side. The other side of the comb is missing. The comb itself is 122 mm in length and 40 mm wide; it is 37

R.E. FREED, ‘Wigs and Hair Accessories’, 197, no. 230. G.T. MARTIN, The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara: the Southern Dependencies of the Main Temple Complex, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoirs 50 (London, 1971), 20-21; 25-26, pl. 5.247. 38

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6.5 mm thick. It has been suggested that the narrower teeth would have been used to remove head lice and the wider spaced end would be used for combing and styling the hair.39 The wood is not well finished and it seems likely given the context of its find-spot that this object was used and then discarded. Roman combs With the advent of the Roman occupation we find an entirely different form of hair comb emerging. Its origins are with the aforementioned E.81.1975, but the teeth become proportionately much narrower at both ends, presumably marking a difference in hair types. For instance, a study of hair type from X-group and Meroitic graves at Semna South in Sudan revealed that X-group males in particular showed more African features than the Meroitic remains.40 What this study shows is that migration can affect physical characteristics and this is important to note with regard to hair combs. It would make sense to some degree if the types of hair comb, and in particular the fineness of the teeth, were adapted according to different hair types. The Fitzwilliam Museum has one traditional Romano-Egyptian hair comb (E.W.20, pl. 7.a). The comb most likely came into the museum from one of Petrie’s excavations in the Fayoum. Comparative combs were found at Hawara.41 E.W.20 has two faded ink marks on one side: the first reads ‘E’ and the second ‘Echmtm’. It is possible that the comb was excavated at Ehnasya. At this site Petrie marked finds from the Roman houses with a letter. However, there is no mention in the publication of a wooden comb from House E. The comb has rounded ends and is divided into wide and narrow teeth on each side. There are 13 teeth and two tangs measuring 30 mm in length and spaced at 1.5 mm with a width at the top of 3 mm. On the opposite side are 44 narrow teeth measuring 26 mm in length, with two tangs and spaced at 0.05 mm apart; the teeth are around 0.30 mm wide. There is compacted dirt and sand grains packed between the narrow teeth. In general there are two types of this form of comb. The first has rounded ends, as in the case of the Fitzwilliam’s example, but there are 39

R.L. PALMA, ‘Ancient Headlice on a Wooden Comb from Antinoë, Egypt’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77 (1991), 194. 40 D.B. HRDY, ‘Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49 (1978), 277-282. 41 W.M.F. PETRIE, Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinoe (London, 1889), pl. XIX.23.

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double combs with a squared end. Petrie did not distinguish between the dates of these, nor did he state whether they were Roman or Coptic.42 More recent excavations at Roman period sites have allowed for a tighter dating of both forms of comb. At Mons Porphyrites both forms of comb were found in deposition levels dating to the post Antonine period.43 Within these deposits were pottery, coins and ostraka dating from the early second to the mid-2nd century AD. At Berenike a similar form of comb with rounded ends was found in an early Roman dump.44 It is of course possible, even likely, that this form of comb was produced over one or more centuries. An example dated by Petrie to the ‘latter half of the 3rd century AD’ was excavated from the tomb of a woman at Hawara and was allocated a 3rd century AD date by the excavator. The group was more recently dated to the late 2nd century AD.45 ‘Coptic’ and later combs As with combs from earlier periods the dating of so-called ‘Coptic’ hair combs is far from certain. Nevertheless this type of comb forms an individual group and also represents a return to combs with longer, albeit narrower, teeth whilst retaining the feature of double ends. There are three combs of this variety from the Edward Towry Whyte collection, bequeathed to the Fitzwilliam Museum in 1932. Whyte’s collection was catalogued in two volumes which included hand-painted watercolours of many of the objects, plus a brief description. The catalogue states that the three combs (catalogue number 1509) were purchased together as part of a single lot (#191) on December 16 1926. However, only two are illustrated in Whyte’s hand-drawn catalogue (E.361.1932 and E.361B.1932). The caption with the sketches reads: “3 ancient Coptic combs… 1 carved in fretwork manner to represent an ibex”. All combs are of a similar date and form. However, E.361.1932 (pl. 7.b), (described as lattice with an ibex in Whyte’s catalogue) has a central panel that is decorated with what appears to be a sheep or gazelle. This example is more ornate than those cited by Petrie in Objects of Daily Use, where he suggested that there were pieces of glass or mirror between the wooden sections in the 42

W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, 26, pl. XX. D. PEACOCK and V. MAXFIELD, The Roman Imperial Quarries: a Survey and Excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994-1998, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoirs 67 (London, 2007) 12, 330-331. 44 S.E. SIDEBOTTOM and W. WENDRICH, Berenike 1999-2000 (Oxford, 2007), 52. 45 S. WALKER and M. BIERBRIER, Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Ancient Egypt (London, 1997), 210-214. 43

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middle.46 However, a detailed inspection of these examples in the Petrie Museum (UC 58631 and 59632) reveals that the carved interior has been filed with a smooth finish that would not have supported glass. In contrast the wood on the Fitzwilliam Museum’s comb is roughly finished where the central design has been filed away. The comb contains pieces of straw, mud and small pebbles between the teeth. It measures 239 mm in height and is 74 mm wide; the wood is 4 mm thick. The wider-spaced teeth are ten in number with 2 wider tangs; they are 52 mm long and measure between 3 and 4 mm in width. The spacing between the teeth is varied between 1.5 mm and 3 mm. 21 of the narrower teeth survive, along with 1 tang; this is roughly half of the original number. The teeth measure 53 mm in length and are 0.5 mm wide with a gap of between 0.1 and 0.3 mm. E.361a.1932 (pl. 8.a) measures 240 mm by 71 mm and is 5 mm thick. The teeth with a wider gap are 12 in number with two tangs and are 55 mm long. The gaps between the teeth are 3 mm wide and the teeth themselves measure 4 mm at their widest point. At the other end of the comb are 39 teeth and two tangs with a gap of between 0.09 and 0.05 mm. The teeth are 0.05 mm wide and 49 mm long. The comb has a white label with a red star written on it; this was used to identify objects from the E. T. Whyte collection that were destined for the Fitzwilliam Museum. There are two other stickers on the comb reading: “1509” and “1 no. 191 S Dec 16 1926”. The wood has warped especially around the narrow teeth and there are seeds, soil and fragments of small pebbles wedged between the teeth. The comb is decorated on one side only with five large concentric circles accompanied by a single circle and dot motif joining the larger circles together. The final comb from the Whyte collection (E.361b.1932, pl. 8.b) has the same white label with “no. 2 191 and S Dec 16 1926” written on it. Presumably the two were part of a single lot — 191 — at the same auction. The decoration is once again on one side only and is a variation on the circle and dot design. There are 13 concentric circles joined once again by a circle and dot chain forming three bands. There is an additional decoration of four incised lines on both sides of the comb at the top of the teeth. Like the aforementioned comb, the teeth are warped at both ends. Petrie concluded that the awkward size of these combs and the fact that they were in such good condition suggested that they were not used, but “show pieces of the bridal trousseau”. He noted that only 46

W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, 26, pl. XXI.54 and 55.

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33

one example he had found showed any signs of wear.47 However, it is worth noting that combs of a similar size are still commonly used in SubSaharan Africa and that oils applied to the wooden teeth prevent the splitting of the material and would have perhaps protected the combs against wear. Finally two combs made from a darker, harder wood have been dated to the ‘Coptic’ period in the Museum’s records. The first (E.1.1935, pl. 9.a) was one of 232 objects given to the Museum by G.F. Rogers between 1923 and 1935. Rogers was Consul in Cairo from 1868-1874 and was a collector of antiquities and Islamic coinage. Both this example and the other (E.71.1966) share some similarities in common with the Whyte collection examples; most notable in respect to the concentric circle pattern and the double ends. However, the teeth on the finer edge of the darker wood combs are not as narrow as the so-called ‘Coptic’ examples, and the wider teeth are spaced more widely than those on the square variety. The Roger’s comb is 177 mm long and 55 mm wide with a thickness of 11 mm. There are seven teeth on the wider section which are 80 mm long and 5 mm wide with a gap of 3 mm. The opposite end of the comb has 18 finer teeth measuring 26 mm in length, 2 mm in wide and with a gap of 1 mm. The depth of the teeth varies and towards the ends the teeth are only partially cut away from the wood. The second comb was given to the museum in 1966 (E.71.1966, pl. 9.b) by Major C.B. Green of Great Shelford, a local village. The comb is dated in the Museum records to around the 6th-8th centuries AD. It is large compared to earlier Dynastic combs measuring 231 mm in length, 70 mm in width and 11 mm at its deepest point. There are eight wider teeth measure 90 mm in length and are 6mm wide with a gap of 4.7 mm. There are seven narrow teeth preserved and some missing from a single edge; they are 20.2 mm long, 2 mm wide with a space of 1.7 mm. The comb appears to have been used because inside the finer teeth there are fibres including strands of thick, black, curly human hair (measuring 3 micro m). There are no parallels in Petrie’s typology for this form of comb. In fact these combs have more in common with combs from West Africa dating to the late 18th to early 19th centuries.48 This paper is intended as a starting point for a much larger project on African hair combs and perhaps raises more questions than answers in regard to the dating of this category of object. The Museum is hoping to 47 48

W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, 26. J.A. ANTIRI, ‘Akan Combs’, 32-35.

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have some of the so-called ‘Coptic’ hair combs radiocarbon dated in order to establish a more accurate date. In the meantime research and the search for parallels from excavated contexts continues. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Julie Dawson and Mie Ishii for their help and support in researching and investigating the hair combs; Henry Disney and David Pinniger for looking at the possible insect remains; and to Stephen Quirke and Susanna Pancaldo for allowing me access to the Petrie Museum’s examples. I am also grateful to Carol Tulloch for bibliographic advice on later African combs. Finally, I am extremely grateful to Anna Karbownik and Michael Jones for the photography. The photographs taken through a microscope were taken by Julie Dawson. Bibliography J. v. D’ABBADIE, Musée du Louvre Département des Antiquités Égyptiennes. Catalogue des objets de toilette égyptiens (Paris, 1972) 141-147. B. ADAMS, Ancient Hierakonpolis Supplement (Warminster, 1974). J.A. ANTIRI, ‘Akan Combs’, African Arts 8 (No. 1 Autumn 1974), 32-35. G. BRUNTON, Qau and Badari I, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 44 (London, 1927). G. BRUNTON, The Badarian and Predynastic Remains near Badari, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 46 (London, 1928). A.D. BYRD and L.L. THARPS, Hair Story. Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America, (New York, 2001). J. CROWFOOT PAYNE, Catalogue of Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1994) R.E. FREED, ‘Wigs and Hair Accessories’, in: E. BROVARSKI, S.K. DOLL and R.E. FREED (eds.), Egypt’s Golden Age: The Art of Living in the New Kingdom, Exhibition Catalogue (Boston, 1982), 196-198. D.B. HRDY, ‘Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)’ in American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49 (1978), 277-282. L. KEIMER, ‘Notes prises chez les Basarin et les Nubiens d’Assouan, IIe partie’, Bulletin de L’Institut de L’Égypte 33 (1952), 43-84. C. MARTÍN DEL RÍO ÁLVAREZ and E. ALMENARA ROSALES, ‘An Analysis of the Theriomorphic Representations on Combs and Hairpins from the Predynastic Period’, in: S. HENDRICKX, R.F. FRIEDMAN, K.M. CIA™OWICZ and CH™ODNICKI (eds.), Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138 (Leuven, 2004), 883-889. G.T. MARTIN, The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara: the Southern Dependencies of the Main Temple Complex, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoirs 50 (London, 1971).

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B. MIDANT-REYNES, The Prehistory of Egypt. From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs (Oxford, 2006). E.M. NOWAK, ‘Egyptian Predynastic Ivories Decorated with Anthroporphormic Motifs’, in: S. HENDRICKX, R.F. FRIEDMAN, K.M. CIA™OWICZ and CH™ODNICKI (eds.), Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138 (Leuven, 2004), 891-904. R.L. PALMA, ‘Ancient Headlice on a Wooden Comb from Antinoë, Egypt’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77 (1991), 194. D. PEACOCK and V. MAXFIELD, The Roman Imperial Quarries: a Survey and Excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994-1998, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoirs 67 (London, 2007). W.M.F. PETRIE, Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinoe (London, 1889). W.M.F. PETRIE, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob 1889-90 (London, 1891). W.M.F. PETRIE, Abydos I, Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoir 22 (London, 1902). W.M.F. PETRIE, Prehistoric Egypt, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 31 (London, 1920). W.M.F. PETRIE, Objects of Daily Use, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 42 (London, 1927). W.M.F. PETRIE and G. BRUNTON, Sedment I, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 34 (London, 1924). W.M.F. PETRIE and J.E. QUIBELL, Naqada and Ballas, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 1 (London, 1896). G. ROBINS, ‘Hair and Construction of Identity in Ancient Egypt, c. 1480-1350 BC’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 36 (1999), 55-69. S.E. SIDEBOTTOM and W. WENDRICH, Berenike 1999-2000 (Oxford, 2007). C. TULLOCH, ‘Resounding Power of the Afro Comb’, in: G. BIDDLE-PERRY and S. CHEANG (eds.) Hair Styling Culture and Fashion (New York, 2008), 128-39. S. WALKER and M. BIERBRIER, Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Ancient Egypt (London, 1997). D. WENGROW, The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformation in NorthEast Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, (Cambridge, 2006).

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a. E.GA.2671-1932

b. E.GA.3204-1943 Plate 1. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR-COMBS IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM

a. E.62.1900 ht. 208 mm

b. E.59.1900 ht. 46 mm

c. E.4.1898 ht. 63 mm Plate 2. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

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a. E.W.6

ht. 51 mm

b. E.GA.3178.1943

ht. 96 mm

Plate 3. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR-COMBS IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM

a. E.1.2009

l. 90 mm

b. E.GA.509.1947

ht. 53 mm

Plate 4. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

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40

S.-A. ASHTON

E.GA.4720-1943

l. 59 mm

Plate 5. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR-COMBS IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM

a. E.GA.4577-1943 ht. 49 mm

c. E.GA.2704-1943 ht. 49 mm

b. E.GA.4578-1943 ht. 52 mm

d. E.81.1975 ht. 122 mm

Plate 6. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

41

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a. E.W.20

b. E.361.1932

ht. 80 mm

ht. 239 mm

Plate 7. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

a. E.361a.1932

b. E.361b.1932

Plate 8. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

ht. 240 mm

ht. 240 mm

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR-COMBS IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM

43

a. E.1.1935

b. E.71.1966

Plate 9. Hair Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

ht. 177 mm

ht. 231 mm

44 S.-A. ASHTON