Gumbrecht - Nosso Amplo Presente

July 8, 2019 | Author: Carlos Pereira | Category: Tempo, Metafísica, Física e matemática, Física, Experiência
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Gumbrecht - Nosso Amplo Presente...

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HANS ULRICH GUMBRECHT

 Nosso  Nosso ampio ampio presente O tempo e a cultura contemporânea

Tradução  Ana Isabel Soares

editora

unesp

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FUNDAÇÃO EDITORA DA UNESP Presidente do Conselho Curador 

Mário Sérgio Vasconcelos Diretor-Presidente

Jézio Jézio Hernani Bomfim Bomfim G utierre utierre Editor-Executivo

Tulio Y. Kawata Superintendente Administrativo e Financeiro

William de Souza Agostinho Conselho Editorial Acadêmico

Àureo Busetto Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza Elisabete Maniglia Hen rique N unes de Olivei Oliveira ra João Francisco Galera Monico José Leonardo do Nascimento Lourenço Chacon Jurado Filho Maria de Lourdes Ortiz Gandini Baldan Paula da Cruz Landim Rogério Rosenfeld Editores-Assistentes

Anderson Nobara Jorge Pereira Filho Leandro Rodrigues

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© Suhrkamp Verlag Berlin 2010 Todos os direitos reservados e controlados  pe la S u h rk a m p V e rla rl a g Berli Be rlinn © 2015 Editora Unesp Título original: Our broadpresent: time and contemporary culture Direitos de publicação reservados à: Fundação Editora da Unesp (FEU) Praça da Sé, 108 0 1 0 0 1 - 9 0 0   - São São Paul Pau lo - SP Tel: (Oxxll) 3242-7171 Fax: (Oxxll) 3242-7172 www.editoraunesp.com.br  www.livrariaunesp.com.br  [email protected]  CIP —Brasil. Catalogação na fonte Sindicato Nacional dos Editores de Livros, RJ

G984n Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrlch, 1948-

 N o s s o a m p lo p re s e n te : o te m p o e a c u lt u r a c o n te m p o râ n e a / H a n s Ulrich G um brecht; tradução Ana Ana Isab Isabel el Soares. Soares. — I.ed. I.ed. — São Paulo Paulo:: Editora Unesp, 2015 · Trad ução de: de: Our broad present: time and contemporary culture IS B N 9 7 8 - 8 5 - 3 9 3 - 0 6 0 0 - 8 I. Estética. 2. Experiência. 3· Filosofia. 4· Espaço e tempo na literatura. I. T ítulo .

15-24 468

CDD: 121.68 CDU: 124.2

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Sumário

Conside rações iniciais iniciais

7

N a senda senda de uma hipótese 1

9

Presença na linguagem ou ou presença presença adquirida contra a linguagem?

 1 9

2 Um a antropolog ia negativa negativa da globalização

33

intelectual,, celestial celestial 59 3 Estagnação: Te m pora l, intelectual intensidade focalizada” focalizada” : Esportes 4 “ Perdidos na intensidade de espetáculo espetácu lo e estratégias de reencantamen to 77 5 Adm iração constante constan te num presente em expansão: D a nossa nova relação relação com os clássicos 93 6 D ispo nib ilidad e infin ita: Da hipe hiperco rcomun munic icaç ação ão (e da terceira idade)  113 N o amplo present presentee

 131

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Considerações iniciais

O capítulo capítulo 2 foi inicial inicialmente mente publicado com o título “A N eg a tive tive An thropology o f Glob alization” [Um a antropologia antropologia negati negativa va da globalização], na coleção organizada por Francisco González, The Multiple Faces o f Globalisation Globalisation  (Madri: BBVA, 2 0 0 9 , p -23 0 -4 1 ) ;

o capítulo 3  foi primeiro publicado com o título “Stagnation”  Me rkur: r: Deutsche Deutsche Zeitschrift Zeitsch rift fü f ü r europä europäisc isches hes D e n  [Estagnação], em  Merku ken, n .7 I 2 -3 (Berl (Berlim: im: Klett-Cotta, Klett-Cotta, 20 0 8, p.8 76 -8 5) ; o capí capítu tulo lo

4 foi publicado inicialmente como “Lost in Focused Intensity: Spectator Spo rts and Strategies Strategies o f Re-En chantm ent” [Perdido [Perdido

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

 Av  A v a ila il a b ilit il ityy : A b o u t H y p e r - C o m m u n i c a t i o n (an (a n d O ld A g e ) ” [Disponibilidade infinita: da hipercomunicação (e da velhice)], no volume organizado por Ulrik Ekman, Throughout: Art and Cul ture Emerging with Ubiquitous Computing (Cambridge: (Cambridge: M IT Press, Press, Comm unication ation:: Political, Politic al, Cultu Cu ltura ral,l, 2 0 1 2) e repub republi licad cadoo em em Matters o f Communic and Technological Challenges to Communication Theorizing   (Nova York:

Hampton, Hampton, 2 0 1 1, p .1 3- 22 ). “ N a se senda nda de uma hipót hipótes ese”; e”; “ Estag nação: nação: temporal, intelectu intelectual, al, celestial” e “ N o amplo presente ” foram traduzidos do alemão para o inglês por Henry Erik Butler.

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 Na  N a senda senda de uma hip hipótes ótesee

Um colega bem famoso, já aposentado, de quem sempre admi rei as obras, os argumentos e a elegância intelectual, diz muitas  veze  ve zess de si m esm es m o, com co m aparen apa rente te m odés od ésti tia, a, que qu e em tod to d a a sua su a vida teve “só uma ideia boa”. Logo depois de uma pausa estudada para pesar o efeito das palavras, muda o sentido do que acabou de dizer e acrescenta que não é um caso assim tão grave, dado que “a maio ria das das pessoas nem seque r chega chega a isso”. Go staria sta ria de seguir segu ir aqui o exemplo da pessoa que menciono e que se chama Hayden White.

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

D iscu ti este este assunto assunto no livro Produção Produção kpresença, kpresenç a, que em alemão foi publicado com o título Diesseits der Hermeneutik. De i-lhe esse título, título, que pode ser traduzido como Hermení^ica deste mundo, porqu e me parece que a dimensão da presença merece prioridade em relação à prática da interpretação, que atribuí sentido a um objeto. Não porqu por quee a presença presenç a seja “ mais importante’ impo rtante’ do que operações operaçõe s de de consciência cons ciência e intenção, mas talvez talvez pofque seja seja mais elemen tar” .  Ao  A o m esm es m o tem te m po po,, o títu tí tu lo alem al emão ão denun den uncia cia a lgo lg o que qu e se parec pa recee com a suave revolta edipiana de um homem que já passou a bar reira dos 50 anos. Relegar a interpretação e a hermenêutica a um terreno (por assim dizer) estritamente acadêmico era a minha pequena —e —e mesm o mesquinha mesq uinha —vin —vinga gança nça contra uma opressora tradição de “profundidade” intelectual que via corporizada em alguns dos heróis das profundezas que se encontravam entre os meus “ pais” pa is” acadêmicos. A minha forinação forinação bem como as minhas minhas (des) inclinações inclinaçõ es nunca deixaram que me me sentisse sen tisse completam com pletamente ente ajustado a uma tal profundidade. Foi de maneira quase natural —se, de fato, isso fosse possível no m undo intelectual —e quase sem sem nenhum nenhum objetivo p rogram á

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 Nosso amplo presente

segunda ideia. (Inspirado por Jorge Luis Borges, imaginei que o que seja intelectualmente decisivo não consiste em “descobrir” nem em “produzir” ideias, mas antes em “tropeçar” nelas e em “tentar alcançá-las” —captar as ideias e dar-lhes forma.) Infeliz mente, ainda não “apanhei” uma segunda ideia, e todos os pro  jeto  je to s que qu e ten te n ho p ro c u rad ra d o seg se g u ir n o s an o s m ais rece re cent ntes es são extensões óbvias da minha intuição sobre a presença. presença. Ten tei des crever o Stimmung, a relação relação que mantem os com o no sso ambiente ambiente,, como fenômeno de presença —o “mais tênue toque que ocorre quando o mundo material à nossa volta afeta a superfície superfície do n osso co rpo ” . Pub liquei a obra obra sobre os anos que se seguiram seguiram à Segunda Gue rra M un dial1 porque acredi acredita tava va que nesse nesse período predom i nou uma form a de “ latência” —ou seja seja,, um a presenç presença, a, entendida como uma espéci espéciee de “passageiro clandestino” , que pode pro du zir efeitos e irradiar energia, ao mesmo tempo que escapa à pos sibilidade de ser identificada e apreendida. Depois de terem sido publicados os livros sobre a presença, recebi de amigos, cuja opinião prezo muito, um sério incentivo para continuar pensando sistematicamen te e escrevendo escrevendo sobre as consequências existenciais e mesmo éticas daquelas obras. Sus peito que isso teria exigido demasiado de mim m esmo —ou teria teria

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

falar de outras obras), de bom grado fui induzido, vez ou outra, a analisar analisar os fenôm enos sociais sociais e culturais da nossa contemp oraneidade a partir da perspectiva da presença —ou, pelo m enos, a esb o çar as linhas que tal análise poderia assumir. Atrás de cada parte deste livro houve oportunidade e exortações para o fazer, apesar de eu sempre ter procurado escapar a elas, alegando urna absoluta falta de competencia, ou dando qualquer outra razão. Os huma nistas têm a obrigação e o privilégio de praticar praticar o “ pensam ento de risco ” . Po r outras palavras palavras:: em vez de nos su bordinarm bord inarm os a esque mas racionais de prova e aos constrangimentos do sistema, nós, os “cientistas do espírito” (Geisteswissenschaftler ) , deveríamos ten tar con frontar e imaginar o que poderia prov ir de uma perturba ção do cotidiano e dos pressupostos subjacentes às suas funções. Darei um exemplo básico: não é possível “fugir” dos ritmos e das estruturas que con stituem o nosso no sso presente globalizado, nem das

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 Nosso amplo presente

que cada parte do livro se desenvolve através de duas cadeias de pensamento muito diferentes na sua origem e na sua tonalidade.  A prim pr im eira ei ra é a tese tes e (in (i n sp ira ir a d a em M ic h e l F o u c a u lt e N ik la s L u h mann) de que a emergência da observação de segunda ordem deu forma à estrutura epistemológica da cultura ocidental desde o começo do século século X IX . Rein hart Koselleck chamou ess essee período, e n tre I 7 8 0 e 1 8 3 0 , d tSattãzeit (“tem po-sela” po-sela” ou “p eríodo-sela”) eríodo-sela”) ; daí em diante, o pensamento autorreflexivo tornou-se o hábito dos intelectuais e passou a ser sinônimo do próprio pensamento. Mas se, por um lado, procurei contextualizar o meu relato e a minha análise análise do do presente em termos das das consequên cias da inst i tucionalizada observação de segunda ordem em 1800, também é fato que, de vez em quando, cedi à tentação de conceder à histó ria da da epistem ología um a ressonância que vem da tradição tradição da crí tica cultural. Talvez este tom de melancolia tenha se ouvido de

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Hans Ulrich Gumbncht

no qual convergem trajetórias m últiplas. As observações dos meus contemporâneos quase sempre envolvem uma crítica da situação atual e sugestões para mudá-la. mudá-la. Porém, Po rém, devido a um ceticismo fun  damental relativo à po possibilid ssibilidade ade de liderar os acontec imentos imen tos —ou —ou de, de, em parte, alterá-lo s —, prefi pr efiro ro manter man ter uma distância distân cia de precau ção. Acredito que as situações que hoje enfrentamos representam uma continuação da evolução evolução humana “ atravé atravéss de meios culturais” . Por esse motivo —e apesar de parecer o contrário —elas se encon tram totalmente fora daquilo que podemos esperar controlar. Uma estrutura intelectual para analisar o presente resulta no ponto em que a história da epistemología decorrente da emer gência da observação de segunda ordem se cruza com a crítica de teor melancólico. melancólico. E m parte, parte, os capítulos do livro pressupõem esta esta convergência; em parte, parte, desenvolvem-na. Para esta esta estru tura é ful fu l cral a ideia de que à configuração do tempo desenvolvida no iní

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 Nosso amplo presente

que todos os fenômenos são influenciados pela mudança no tempo —ou seja, o tempo surge como agente absoluto de trans formação. Te rceiro , à medida que a humanidade se movimenta mov imenta ao longo do tempo, acredita que vai deixando para trás o passado; a distância permitida pelo momento presente deprecia o valor das experiências passadas enquanto pontos de orientação. Quarto, o futuro se apresenta como horizonte aberto de possibilidades em direção ao qual a humanidade vai construindo o seu caminho. En tre o fu turo tu ro e o passado passad o —este —este é o quin q uin to pon p onto to —, o presente se estreita até ser um “breve momento de transição, já não percetível” (nas palavras de Baudelaire). Acredito —sexto ponto —que o presente presente assim estreitado dessa “h istória” veio a constituir cons tituir o hábi tat epistemológico do sujeito cartesiano. Ali estava o lugar onde o sujeito, adaptando experiências do passado ao presente e ao futuro, fazia escolhas entre as possibilidades que este último lhe oferecia.

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

desta situação. Apesar de todo o discurso sobre como suposta mente perdemos o passado, outro problema que o novo cronótopo expõe é que deixamos de ser capazes de legar seja o que que for para a posteridade. E m vez de deixarem deixarem de oferecer oferecer pon tos de orientação, os passados passado s inundam o n osso presente; os sistemas ele trônicos automatizados de memoria têm um papel fundamental nesse processo. Entre os passados que nos engolem e o futuro ameaçador ameaçador,, o presente presente tran sform ou-se ou-s e numa dimensão de simul taneidades que se expandem. Todos os passados da memoria recente fazem parte deste presente em ampliação; am pliação; é cada cada dia mais mais difícil excluirmos do tempo de agora qualquer tipo de moda, ou música, das últimas última s décadas. décadas. O am pio presente, presente, com seus mun dos simultâneos, simu ltâneos, ofereceu, sempre e já, já, demasiadas possibilidades; possibilid ades; p or isso, a identidade que possui —se possui alguma —não tem con tornos definidos. Ao mesmo tempo, o fechamento da futuridade

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 Nosso amplo amp lo presente presente

N o nosso presente, presente, a disposição disposição ep istemológica par paraa modelar uma figura de autorreferência que esteja mais mais solidamente enrai zada no corpo e no espaço se depara com um desejo que emer giu como reação a um mundo determinado por uma excessiva ênfase na consciência; trata-se de um desejo de sejo que, confo rme rm e vimos, vimo s, encontrou tom e expressão no traço melancólico da crítica cul tural. Então, dentro do novo presente em expansão existem sem pre duas dinâmicas, atraindo para sentidos opostos e formando, simultaneamente, um cam po de tensão. tensão. D e um u m lado, está está a insis ins is tência na concretude, na corporalidade e na presença da vida

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

marcha num m omento om ento em que eu —com uns 4 0 anos de idade idade —já —já encontrara determinados ajustes na vida e no trabalho do dia a dia, que me faziam sentir confortável e produtivo. Muitos deles —por exemplo, escrever longas notas em cartões de leitura de superfície suave, ou ditar a correspondência num pequeno dictafone —pare cem hoje ilhas de atividade ameaçadas por uma inundação eletrô nica que jamais recuará. O futuro de nosso planeta cada vez mais quente transforma-se numa visão que tenho de um presente tecnológico, já de um passado distante, que se expande em direção ao nosso amplo pre

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1

Presença na linguagem ou presença adquirida contra a linguagem?

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

possível daquilo que me desagrada e que critico no âmbito da tra dição hermenêutica (a), crítica essa que tornará transparentes as minhas concepções de “metafísica” e de uma “crítica de metafí  presen ença ça sica” (b). Estas noções justificarão o meu uso da palavra  pres

(c) e a distinção tipológica que proponho fazer entre “cultura da presença” e “cultura do sentido” (d). A segunda parte da minha breve breve reflexão reflex ão defin d efinirá irá um cam inho de retorno (ou (ou uma variedade variedade de caminh os de retorno) da presença à linguagem lingua gem , através através da des crição de seis mod os pelos quais a presença pode pod e ou não ex istir na linguagem; ou, em outras palavras, seis modos pelos quais a pre

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 Nosso amplo presen presente te

 Je a n -Lu -L u c N a n c y será se rá o caso ca so m ais ai s evident evid ente) e) ,2 ,2 canseican sei-me me des d essa sa inte in te lectualidade de sentido único que tem se fundamentado e sus tentado num certo entendimento da hermenêutica, estreito mas, apesar disso, totalizante. Também vivi durante muito tempo o absolutismo de todas as variedades pós-linguísticas da filosofia como intelectualmente limitativo, e não achei consolo naquilo que gosto de caracterizar como o “existencialismo linguístico” da desconstrução, isto é, o lamento recorrente e a melancolia (nas suas intermináveis variações) a propósito da alegada incapacidade de a linguagem lingu agem se referir às coisas do mundo. mu ndo. Deveria Deveria a função função nuclear da da

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

“ ir mais além” do que se se considera ser ser uma “superfície “su perfície meramente física”, encontrando assim, “para além ou por debaixo da superfí cie cie meramente física ”, aquilo que supostam ente interessa, ou seja, seja, um sentido (que, de modo a ressaltar a sua distância da superfí

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

sempre ao delinear básico daquilo que as culturas ocidentais cha mam de assunto e subjetividade, isto é, referir-se-á a um observa dor não corpóreo que, a partir de uma posição de excentricidade em relação ao mundo das coisas, atribuirá sentidos a essas mes mas coisas. Uma cultura da presença, pelo contrário, integrará

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Hans Ulrich Gumhrecht

da cultura da presença) são bem menos óbvias. Os seis tipos de “amálgama" entre linguagem e presença que pretendo referir na segunda parte do meu texto têm po r objetivo apresentar apresentar uma res posta multifacetada precisamente a esta questão.

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

seja, enquanto linguagem rítmica, a linguagem preencherá uma série de funções específicas. Pode coordenar os movimentos de corpos individuai individuais; s; pode sustentar o desempenho desempenho da nossa mem ó ria (pense nas rimas com que aprendíamos algumas regras bási s da gramática latina); latina);

ente red

el

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-los, como um ator) pode se esconder sob a paixão de produzir edições históricas (em todos os seus vários estilos filológicos) — pensem num ato tão básico básico como “ declamar” declamar” um poem a de de Go ethe e descobrir que apenas rimará se o pronunciarmos com um

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

politicamente programática veio turvar tudo de novo: ainda que talvez fossem uma trapalhada humanística de tudo o que existia sobre a Terra, os estudos culturais prometiam precisão empírica e entrega na luta pelo reconhecimento de todos os tipos de iden tidade. tidade. Academicamente, fosse com o fosse, não havia havia espaço para para brincadeiras. brincadeiras. N a Alemanha, os estudos culturais combinavam com uma convicção de estirpe fundam entalista de que o futu ro se con centraria na na “ m ídia” a partir da perspectiva de engenheiros como utilizadores críticos.  A verd ve rdad adei eira ra p r o fu s ã o d os p ara ar a d igm ig m as o c o rre rr e u n os anos an os 1980 . Desde então, o movimento de vaivém entre teorias “duras” e “ leves” estagno u e secou a produç ão em série série de paradigmas. H oje em dia, nas Humanidades, publicam-se muitos livros notáveis — talvez talvez em maior núm ero do que antes. antes. O s jovens colegas universi tários parecem cada vez mais educados, os alunos, mais enérgicos que nunca, e os projetos de pesquisa lhes são devidamente “atri bu ídos” . Pequenas cidades cidades como Marbach am Neck ar preserv preservam am da mesma m aneira os arquivos de autores do passad o e do futuro (o futuro pa ssad o). T u d o segue segue seu curso curso anormalmente normal normal,, mesmo se hoje ninguém sabe onde cai a marca do fio da navalha. O dilúvio de paradigmas que chovia em rítmicas cadeias de rea ção e incitava a geração mais velha repousa agora, em casa e nas bibliotecas, nas prateleiras da “teoria”, onde se agrupam livros que se distinguem tanto uns dos outros quanto da própria vida.

2

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 Nosso amplo presente

comum de energia que durante décadas os alimentou e agora está seca. Esta fonte pode ter sido a “consciência histórica”. Esta “construção social do tempo” —este cronótopo —emergiu nos primórdios do século XIX e, como pré-condição institucional para o comportamento e as ações humanas, teve consequências de tal tal monta que que foi simplesmente confundida com o “ tem po” e a “história”, até que alguns historiadores filosoficamente ambi ciosos —sobretudo —sobretudo M ichel F ouc ault e Re inhar t Koselleck —come —come çaram também a historicizá-la. Se assumirmos, como mencionei na introdução, que por volta de 18 0 0 ( ou, par paraa adotar adotar uma periodização periodização um pouco mais fle xível, nos anos entre 1780   e I83O, que Koselleck chamou de “ períod per íodo-se o-sela” la”)) a vida intelectual intelectual e escolar ado tou o hábito de pra ticar auto-observação ao observar o mundo ,1 podemos entender como surgiu a impressão de que, para cada objeto do mundo —e m antendo as perspectivas perspectivas de observadores m últiplos —deve —deve exis tir um potencial infinito de “representações” ou “interpretações”. Tal perspectivismo se transformou num horror horror vacui vacu i  epistemoló gico, ou seja, seja, num m edo, perante a irreprimível irreprimível m ultiplicidade ultiplicidade de representaçõe s e interpretaçõ es, de que talvez nada no mund m und o seja completamente estável e idêntico a si mesmo. Uma solução para este problema —ou, mais exatamente, uma resposta com com e feito suficientemen suficientemen te pode roso para fazer fazer esque cer o problema — implica trocar o princípio de apreensão do mundo como num espelho (um esquema em que existe uma, e apenas uma, representação/interpretação por objeto) por modos

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecbt

(inclusive —até especialmente —nas suas variantes populares) e nos esquemas evolucionistas à la Darwin. Tal realinhamento ofe rece uma solução para o problema do perspectivismo, uma vez que os discursos narrativos permitem sintetizar representações múltiplas como objetos idênticos, dispondo-os em sequência e fazendo com que pareçam pareçam ser, ser, enquanto mom entos de tran sfor mação, mação, os inevitáveis inevitáveis efeitos do tempo. tem po. Assim, p or exem plo, para responder à pergunta “O que é a Prússia?”, tornou-se necessá rio contar a história da Prússia. Na mesma lógica, rapidamente se pen sou que q ue a especulação especulação evoluc ionista daria as as m elhores res posta s às questões relacionadas relacionadas com a essência essência da da humanidade. humanidade. Essa experiência experiência do m undo e das das coisas coisas que o con stituem como movimento, como uma história dentro das histórias —assim como o desejo de de experienciar o mun do dessa maneira man eira — forneceu a fonte de de energia energia que, no começo começo do século X IX , alime ntou com um dinamismo político, econômico e cultural sem precedentes a “curiosidade teórica” já despertada no Renascimento, e gerou um impulso inebriante para a inovação. Foucault chamou-lhe a historisation des êtres.  Dessa confluência não tardou muito a erguer-se

uma nova imagem do passado —o retrato da história que chama mos de historicismo. historicismo. N o seu núcleo instalou-se um a concepç concepção ão de autorreferencialidade autorreferencialidade que se tornara mais com plexa —do “ homem” home m” enquanto ser intelectual e princípio princíp io de movimento. movim ento. O ra, conform e Koselleck Kose lleck fez no tar com argúcia, argúcia, a humanidade hum anidade era vista vista no tempo, constantemente deixando para trás o passado como “esferas de

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 Nosso amplo presente

nas funções da consciência, o seu habitat histórico. O papel deste sujeito era alinh ar experiências passadas com as condições do pre sente e do fut uro e escolher, escolher, de entre entre as possibilidad es permitida pe rmitida s pelo futuro, projetos para um mundo transformado que fossem sempre novos. Assim foi a operação de Handdn descrita descrita pelos pri meiros sociólogos sociólogos do século X I X —que alguns filóso fos conside ram o núcleo da existência humana até os dias de hoje. N o seu auge auge histórico, tanto o socialismo qu anto o capitalismo capitalismo partilhara partilharam m a consciência consciência histórica como cronó topo do progresso e, por esta razão, como uma fundação comum e reserva de ener gia para motivação. Hoje, com certeza, há motivos para crer que o cronótopo do progresso já implodiu há décadas, ainda que os nossos discursos, por motivos de comunicação e autopercepção, o perpetuem. perpetuem. N o início da década década de 1980  —ou  —ou seja, seja, quando uma sensação de estagnação começou a espalhar-se entre os cidadãos soviéticos e enquanto, em outros lugares, lugares, as Hum anidades nave gavam a penúltima onda da inovação eufórica —Jean-François Lyotard publicou La Condition postmoderne  e virou a atenção crí  gr andd réci récits ts como tica de inúmeros intelectuais ocidentais para os  gran

discursos “totalizadores”. Por esse meio implodiu uma premissa fundacional da consciência histórica depois de l800 —na qual encontrava a resposta respos ta para o problem a do perspetiv pe rspetivismo ismo e atrás da da qual marchara triunfalmente através da epistemología e do coti diano. A suposição de que para cada cada objeto no m undo existe ape ape nas uma representação narrativa colapsou. De uma só vez, ficou claro que poderia ser ativado um potencial infinito de histórias possíveis sobre a Prússia, tal como ex istia um manancial infinito de histórias sobre o desenvolvimento do Homo sapiens.

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

creio, para o (às vezes, desconfortável) terreno do êxtase tem poral e da simultaneidade. De modo algum, nos primórdios do século XXI, o futuro se apresenta como horizonte de possibili dades abertas à ação (Handeln ). Ao contrário, o futuro se apro xima —quem estiver familiarizado com a Idade Média conhece estruturas temporais desse gênero —com cenários ameaçadores que não podem ser calculados calculados em porm enor: pense, pense, por po r exemplo, exemplo, no “ aquecimento glob al” , nas catástrofes nucleares nucleares ou nas pote n ciais consequências da superpopulação. Encarando o prospecto de tais tais cenários se tornarem realidade, procuram proc uram os, na melhor melh or das hipóteses, ganhar ganhar tempo; mas dificilmente co ntinuarem os acredi tando que o desastre pode ser evitado de uma vez por todas. Ao mesmo tempo, a fronteira entre passado e presente parece tor nar-se porosa. Os intelectuais alemães, em particular, estão feli zes por celebrar este deslocamento como uma viragem para um  M em oria or ia-K -Kul ultu tur. r. N o nebuloso “algo melhor”, que chamam de  Mem

entanto, não se pode antever as consequências problemáticas de passados inundando o presente. Talvez, como uma vez afirmou Niklas Luhmann, não seja necessário declarar cada chaminé de fábrica da região ocidental da Vestefália um monumento nacio nal a ser ser preservado preservado a qualquer custo. Seja com o for, entre aque les futuros ameaçadores e um presente que deixa cada vez menos traços, surgiu —a partir do “curto momento apenas perceptível”, que Baudelaire descreveu em O pintor da vida moderna  —uma pre sença, sempre em expansão, de simultaneidades .2 Neste presente é impossível esquecer seja o que for e, ao mesmo tempo —porque

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

que, emb e mbora ora razoáv eis, não são necessariam nece ssariam ente boas —, —, já não sabemos em que direção devemos progredir. Este presente em expansão, no qual as experiências se acumu lam até se tornarem um fardo pesado, já não oferece abrigo ao suje ito cartesiano, ou seja, à autorreferê ncia da tradição moderna. Ta lvez isso explique explique por que desde desde o final final do século X X tenham tenham sido discutidas com intensidade crescente novas concepções de autorreferência (tais como a “reapropriação do corpo” ou o “reencantamento racional do mundo”)/ O novo presente é, acima de tudo, um presente cuja relação com o futuro trans forma a crença no progresso e os ambiciosos projetos que ela acarreta numa disposição estagnante de algo mais profundo do que a depressão. È possível opor, à impressão de que este novo cronótopo tomou agora lugar, estatísticas “objetivas” de conti nuidade e até de renovação, mas os números e os valores empí ricos não são a verdadeira questão. Na verdade, trata-se de uma questão de tempo como “forma de experiência”, como Edmund Husserl definiu: uma construção social do tempo, que deter mina como transformamos as mudanças que captamos no nosso ambiente numa relação que estabelecemos conosco e com as nos sas ações. Não perguntarei as “razões” por detrás desta —presu

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

são alongada sobre seus pormenores —respostas que não sejam tautológicas.

3 Um processo que só recentemente se viu desenvolvido pode confirmar a impressão de que o cronótopo de consciência his tórica colapsou após uma época de contínuas mudanças para digmáticas. Por um lado, enquanto estruturas acadêmicas e institucionais, as Hum anidad es têm d uzentos uzen tos anos; a maioria das das disciplinas disciplinas que hoje as compõe rem onta à era era do Ro m antism o. Ao mesmo tempo, preserva um impulso e uma forma de autoconhecimento que e xistia já entre entre os filólo go s do museu m useu de Alexandria. Alexandria. Este legado inclui a salvação (sobretudo textual) dos documen tos da erosão material e do esquecimento —o desejo de colecio nar obras con tra a dispersão no espaço, seja nos recessos de uma uma biblioteca, seja nos arquivos de uma disciplina.  A o b sole so lesc scêê n c ia de amba am bass as fun fu n çõe çõ e s pare pa rece ce im inen in ente te à luz lu z da tecnologia eletrônica de comunicações, que introduziu uma  visã  vi sãoo do f u t u r o em que qu e tod to d o s os d o c u m e n tos to s de que qu e a h u m a 

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 Nosso amplo presente

intensificará um problema que já tinha sido anunciado quando da implosão do paradigma historicizador. Esse problema inclui a dificuldade de selecionar objetos para uma atenção continuada na base de prognósticos acerca do futuro e sob condições cres centes de complexidade. Desde os tempos da antiga oratória até recentemente, a copia —a posse de um vocabulário extenso —era uma virtude notável notável.. H oje em dia dia o com putad or tornou acessíve acessívell o conhecimento, em níveis de alcance e densidade antes inimagi náveis náveis —contudo , ao m esmo tempo, o seu u so levanta levanta uma qu es tão: Para que serve esse conhecimento?

4 Surgiu um novo tipo de intelectual. Graças à maestria hábil das tecnologias eletrônicas —mas também por meio de uma lei tura paciente dos clássicos cláss icos —, esse esse inte lectual acredita saber onde encontrar a resposta para cada pergunta. É um parente do aca dêmico que o general Stumm von Bordwehr em vão procurava na “mundialmente famosa biblioteca do tribunal” de Viena em O homem sem qualidades,  de Musil. Respondendo ao pedido do

general, de um “sumário de todos os grandes pensamentos da hum anidade” o bibliotecário do tribunal ofereceu palavras palavras desadesa-

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

predecessores predecessores com a profun dida de do seu conhecimento de fatos detalhados e frequentemente produzirem verdadeiras descober tas textuais. Po r tudo isso, no entanto, retrocederam claramente a  vont  vo ntad adee de sin si n teti te tizz a r m ater at eria iais is,, a cor c oraa gem ge m de c o n stru st ru ir u m a rg u  mento men to que mud e as perspectivas perspe ctivas críticas, e até mesm o o prazer de ser encontrado na especulação. Entre os acadêmicos, caíram em descrédito as sínteses, teses e conjecturas aprendidas, aprendidas, mesm o qu ando é claro claro que não são ob ri gatórias nem empiricamente demonstráveis. Talvez os excessos das autoridades intelectuais mais relevantes relevantes do presente presen te sejam não mais do que tolerados pelos seus sucessores —nada além disso. Na época em que os que em breve estarão aposentados começa  vam  va m as suas su as carr ca rrei eira rass — na époc ép ocaa dou do u rada ra da do e stru st ru tura tu rali lism sm o, da linguística e de Noam Chomsky —era comum ouvir (como em tom de ameaça) ameaça) que em breve se escreveria escreveria uma “ gram ática” para cada cada dado fenôm fenôm eno cultural. T ais ai s gramáticas teriam como obje tivo ocupar um pon to onde uma percepção intuitiva de essênci essências as se fundiria com a inovação. Hoje em dia, nada poderia estar mais distante do pensamento dos jovens estudantes do que esse tipo de ambição intelectual —um. fato que não é necessariamente sin toma de decadência acadêmica. acadêmica.

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 Nosso amplo presente

espaço, a presença e os sentidos. A d imensão imen são d eHandeln  —ou  —ou seja, a possibilidad e de transform tran sform ar permanentemente (e, (e, desta forma, de renovar) o mun do —seri —seriaa muito mu ito menos im portante para um sujeito cuja autorreferência incluísse o corp o, co mo antes da era era moderna, pois tal subjetividade subjetividade estava estava inibida (ou, pelo m enos, severamente severamente restringida) na sua capacidade de pensar o futuro em termos de cenários a serem mudados através de uma ação consciente —um conjun to de pressu postos ao qual qual hoje em em dia estamos estamos acostuma dos e ao ao qual ainda recorrem os sem pensar duas vezes vezes.. Em vez disso, especulando ainda ainda mais, seria seria necessário necessário colocar em primeiro plano um a tendência que nos parece arca arcaic ica: a: encon  trar no mun do —com —com o espacialmente espacialmente e temporalmen te ocorre em ciclos ciclos recorrentes de hábito e costum e —os —os lugares “ certos” para o corpo e a mente humanos, ou seja, inscrever o ser de uma pessoa física e espiritualmente no mundo material . 5 Fazê-lo seria uma forma de ser-no-m ser-no-m undo que H eidegger analisa analisa em Ser e Tempo. As  A s instituições que permitem uma autoinscrição deste gênero são chamadas de rituais. A definição suscita uma questão: terá uma mudança funcional na cultura, que a transformou na esfera do ritual, ritual, levado levado ao novo estado de conhecimen to e aos mo dos como com o éa

produzido? U a mudança fun cional desse tipo tipo colocaria a

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

Recentem Rece ntemente ente —e logo na cidade cidade de General Gen eral St um m von B ord weh  w ehrr —o am eric er ican anoo teve te ve uma um a conv co nver ersa sa com co m o filó fi ló s o fo , que qu e o fez fe z lembrar que a cultura é uma esfera do ritual. Haviam se encon trado para jantar no terraço de um restaurante no “bairro dos museus”, em Viena. A zona dos museus não fica longe do Hofburg, quando deixamos o centro da cidade. Notavelmente, con segue competir com o Hofburg em tamanho e está rodeada por museus (claro), teatros, salas de concertos, instituições de pro moção de empreendimentos emp reendimentos artísticos, além além de edifícios que abri gam cópias de tudo aquilo em forma acadêmica.  Ali  A li,, n um m o rno rn o e pro p rove verb rbia iall enta en tard rdec ecer er de verão ver ão,, p o r entr en tree os ambiciosos (e, em alguns casos, verdadeiramente lindos) edifí cios, passeavam centenas —talvez milhares —de jovens e casais de aposentados aposenta dos procu rando rand o a juventude, e, e, naturalmente, naturalmente, pessoas em plena idade laborai em busca de diversão. Sentavam-se nos ban

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 Nosso amplo presente

um modo comercial e a performance da orquestra desleixada. Regressara com um sentimento de certeza, no fundo, edificante do seu orgulho nacional, de que Viena era a capital cultural do  go u mundo. N o meio do bairro bairro dos museus, sentand sentandoo com o seu gou lash, não apetecia apetecia ao americano propo r nem um a recusa recusa patriótica

nem a concórdia em autocrítica sentimental. “ Capital Ca pital cultural do mundo” era um exagero, comentou amigavelmente, mas “capital mundial de eventos culturais” poderia ser um título honorífico mais adequado à Viena contemporânea.  Apen  Ap enas as quan qu ando do se escu es cuto tou u a si m esmo es mo lhe ocorre oco rreu u o quan qu anto to o bairro dos museus era um lugar de eventos culturais extasiantes — nisto a expressão eventos culturais extasiantes  soa um pouco a oxí moro , na na medida em que os “ even tos” do prese nte tendem a evitar o súbito arrebatamento que define o êxtase. Seja como for, pen sou, numa associação mais vasta, a forma nuclear da cultura dos eventos é, claro, o curador. Finalmente compreendeu por que o

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

—, mas sim s im em reviver as as qualid ades ade s experienc exp erienciais iais guard adas ada s nos objetos adquiridos ao longo dos séculos. Os programas dos teatros e das óperas de Viena e de outras capitais culturais do Ocidente assumiram há muito esta função. O número de novas peças de teatro, óperas e composições ence nadas m antém-se mínim m ínimoo —apen —apenas as o suficiente para refu tar a crítica crítica potencial de que está a ser negado aos criativos artistas contemp conte mporâ orâ neos o apoio que merecem de acordo acord o com a noção social-democrata soc ial-democrata de justiça. justiça. N o centro de todas as exaltadas culturas de eventos estão estão mais e mais produções perfeitas dos clássicos. Aqui —além da faça nha formal que merece verdadeira admiração —não são de todo importantes as ideias provocadoras e seguramente iconoclastas (como no caso do Regietbeater   do passado recente); em vez disso, trata-se de apresentar nuances refinadas em permanente variação.  A ú ltim lt im a “ p ro d u ç ã o ” de Rosenkavalier  apenas   apenas pode ser verdadeira

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 Nosso amplo presente

ou mesmo por convicção genuinamente política, desse voz à sua crítica deste tipo de combinação pareceria perdidamente desatua lizado, ou —o —o que é pior pio r ainda ainda,, no m undo da Un ião Europeia —ver —ver gonhosamente elitista. É este o caso, já que a arte nunca teve tantos admiradores como no século XXI —admiradores que não podem se integrar nem na classe dos Bildungsbürgertum nem na “aristocra cia cia cultural” . Hoje em dia, o Bildung ocorre como um processo de autoformação que dura toda a vida. Nunca é tarde demais para “entrar a bordo ’, já que o seu programa valoriza muito mais os discursos propedêuticos e os exercícios do que o modelo antigo, quando a educação era absorvida por osmose, por assim dizer, com “boas maneiras” tradicionais. tradicionais. O assunto traz à mem ória a forma de tem poralidade com que Helmut Schmidt, antigo chanceler alemão, fez piada ao sugerir que o fim da educação logo coincidiria com a aposentadoria; ao mesmo tempo, relembra o tipo de existência

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

lamentada como limitação, tenha desaparecido dentro da dialética porque, agora, os “patrocinadores” locais e multinacionais estão deveras preocupados —se não compelidos pelas exigências da ima gem —em se tornarem famosos por promoverem a cultura. Sentir-se ofen dido com este este fenôm eno —d —de fato, só apontar nele algo algo de especial —soaria a crítica cultural da mais antiquada.  A m inha in ha ob obse serv rvaç ação ão de q ue nAufhebung   [revogação] da auto nomia estética talvez tenha ocorrido refere-se ao fato de que possivelmente desapareceu a descontinuidade entre os variados modelos de experiência estética e o dia a dia da economia e da política. Nos primórdios, arte e experiência estética estavam uni das das num mun do fora do cotidiano, onde ofereciam ofereciam uma altern alterna a tiva —às vezes, celestial —à prosa da vida. Nos centros sem carros das novas cidades, os museus e as salas de concertos são cons truídos por arquitetos cada vez mais proeminentes; dentre eles,

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4

“Perdidos na intensidade focalizada” Esportes de espetáculo e estratégias de reencantamento

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

O complicado conceito de M orales referiareferia-se se mu ito explicita explicita mente men te à experiência quer do espe ctador, quer q uer do atleta, po is o que tinha lhe lhe devolvido a impressão de se “perder na intensidade foca lizada”, como algo sem o qual ele ainda não conseguia viver, tinha sido a transmissão televisiva de uma prova de corrida de reveza mento nas Olimpíadas de 1988:  Jamais esquecerei quando quan do vi a atleta Evelyn Ashfo As hford rd correr, vinda da posição de âncora, chegando lá de trás e ganhando a medalha de ouro para os Estados Unidos. A corrida foi transmitida do princí

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

desinteresse da experiência experiência estéti estética. ca. Em segund o lugar, aquilo em que os atletas atletas e os espectadores “ focalizam” —como alguma coisa coisa que já está presente, presente, ou algo por vir —pertence —pertence ao reino das e pifa nias, ou seja, seja, aos eventos da aparênc aparência, ia, mais precisam ente aos even tos da aparê aparênci nciaa que mostram mo stram corpos em movim ento com o formas temporalizadas. Por fim, tanto a experiência quanto a expectativa de epifania vêm acompanhadas de —e ainda realçam —halos de intensidade, intensidade, isto é, de estados de um grau quantitativamente m ais elevado na consciência de nossas emoções e de nosso corpo. Descreve r a experiência experiência esportiva esportiva com o “ perder-se na intensi intensi

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

o lugar de alguma coisa —e deveriam mesmo estar no lugar de alguma coisa —que perdemos. Te ntar ei, em q uatro breves breves exercícios de reflexão, reflexão, restabelecer restabelecer alguns alguns desses aspectos de um mun do anteriormente anteriormente “ encantado” que, na maioria das vezes só meio conscientemente, recupera mos quando assistimos e praticamos esportes. Num primeiro momento concentrar-me-ei na performance do atleta enquanto evento que perm ite (o equivalente equivalente a) a) milagres, e depois pro cura  rei identificar identificar comp onentes de reencantamento, reencantamento, sobretud o efeitos efeitos de “epifania”, na experiência do espectador. A terceira parte será

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

desses deuses foram construídas a partir de diferentes tipos de  vale  va lent ntia ia físi fí sica ca.. T a n t o a Ilíada   quanto a Odisseia  deixam claro que, com base na sua força física, estes deuses estavam em competição constante uns com os outros; que o agon, ou seja, a luta e a com petição, era sua forma central de vida —muitas vezes era a única razão pela qual se interessavam pelos humanos.  A pro pr o xim xi m idad id ad e com co m os deus de uses es,, cuja cu ja pres pr esen ença ça real rea l su s u p osta os tam m en te o agon  dos atletas ajudava a conjurar e a incorporar, tornou-se a razão de todos os Jogos Pan-Helênicos, mais evidentemente os  Jo g o s de O lím lí m p ia e de D e lfo lf o s , sere se rem m org or g an izad iz ad os ao red re d or de san sa n tuários religiosos. È que o aparecimento dos deuses era um tipo

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

çado, ou quanto u m corredor corre dor tinha se distanciado distanciad o dos adversá ad versários, rios, pois os poderes divinos põem a ridículo qu alquer tipo de mediçã medição. o. Obviamente, e por muito boas razões, na cultura dos nossos dias é considerado sintoma de mau gosto intelectual considerar “divino” o desempenho de um atleta ou dar o valor de milagre à

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 Nosso amplo presente

do que para o resto dos jogadores. Os meus sentidos estão muito mais conscientes do que está se passando ao meu redor e isso faz com que todas as ligações dentro dentr o de mim reajam um pouco mais depressa do que nos outros jogadores, me fazendo parecer mais fluente.

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

a jogada bela bela é epifania porq ue é uma uma form fo rm a temp oralizada, oralizada, uma form a que começa começa a sum ir no próp rio processo pro cesso de sua emergênci emergência. a. Para cada espectador individual, uma bela jogada do seu time produz um instante de felicidade. Respiramos fundo e, por um momento, percebemos como a façanha e a confiança dos jogado

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 Nosso amplo presente presente

Parece existir um nível de participação em que a fruição e a apreciação de belas jogadas excedem o dese jo de vitória, em que a convergência comunitária ultrapassa a dinâmica de rivalidade. A ambiguidade inerente a esses momentos aparece certamente em outros tipos de corpos comunitários, principalmente naqueles

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

que preenchem funções pré-definidas em nosso cotidiano. De um ponto de vista econômico, não há gesto mais contraintuitivo na cultura contemporânea do q ue a constru ção de novos e stádios em áreas comerciais, onde os preços do imobiliário são extre mamente elevados. Não apenas porque as instalações esportivas

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

a irreprimível vontade de fazer no primeiro momento —logo depois da aterrissagem —em que é permitido. Essa reação não é diferente da dos fumantes que agarram o seu maço de cigarros assim que chegam a um dos pou cos espaços espaços que restam no mund o onde o fumo do cigarro não é proibid o: os dois casos são sintomas sintomas de adição. adição. Nin gu ém à nossa espera no ae roporto prec isa saber saber que que o nosso avião aterrizou, dado que na zona de espera existe uma multiplicidade de telas que fornecem precisamente essa infor mação. Tampouco precisam saber, dez minutos mais tarde, que ainda estamos à espera da mala na esteira de bagagens e que, qua tro minutos depois, estão no nosso campo de visão. Quando o passageiro recém-chega do abraça a esposa esposa,, é possível sen tir que já tinha chegado “demasiado”, que o seu corpo, agora acrescentado à já presente m ente e voz, não tem luga r existencial. existencial. Ser um meio incorpóreo e ilimitado, e, portanto, nunca se tor nar um fardo ecológico, confere uma aura de correção política à comunicação comu nicação eletrônica, eletrônica, pelo m enos na percepção daqueles que a usam de modo agressivo —e isto é certamente um extra, mesmo sobre a sempre louvada “ conveniência” dos aparelhos eletrônicos. Quando pedimos cópias em papel enviadas por correio aéreo ou porr correio expresso, porque po porqu e os nosso s olhos sofrem ao ler ler longos textos numa tela, ou porque queremos renunciar à provação de imprim ir manuscritos sem fim, é frequente frequente nos depararmos com a ameaça de uma recusa que atribui a si mesma a aura triunfante da responsabilidade responsabilidade ecológica. ecológica. Q uem seria seria tão corajoso e egoísta a

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 Nosso amplo pres  presen ente te

citadas, citadas, o conhecimen to de que o Blackberry do presiden te Barack Obam a é a parte corporal q ue lhe dá credibilidade credibilidade enquanto c on temporâneo e até futurista, estes e outros fatores podem juntar-se na produção de um efeito de hierarquia na comunicação com utilizadores do Blackberry. Serão porventura eles os eleitos que nos informam estar graciosamente disponíveis —mas que não deve mos nos aproveitar dessa disponibilidade? Sempre que recebo uma mensagem dizendo: “Enviado do Blackberry de —alguém”, sinto que estou na parte inferior de uma mensagem régia e que, em vez de responder, devo aguardar mensagens subsequentes — ou até ordens. 3

Tenho muito mais oportunidades de me comunicar do que antes, e, se eu conseguisse me controlar, essas oportunidades poderiam ser uma bênção, pois me disponibilizam num instante uma imensa quantidade de seres humanos cujos segmentos de  vida se sob so b repõ re põ em à m inha in ha,, d entr en tree os q u ais ai s há m u ito it o s p o r q uem ue m ativamente me interesso, como dois dos meus quatro filhos, que  vivem  viv em na E u ro p a, e a m inha in ha ún ica ic a neta. net a. D e q ue m e q u eix ei x o, exce ex ceto to do estatuto de vítima que me faz estar tão terrivelmente dispo nível? A minha resposta é que a hipercomunicação corrói aqueles contornos que costumavam dar forma, drama e sabor aos meus dias. Eis um exemplo. Nos tempos atuais, sempre que aceito dar uma palestra razoavelmente bem paga (em que “razoavelmente bem paga” significa que os organizadores, seja em que base for,

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

tempo, alguém me exigirá a disponibilização de um manuscrito da palestra para aqueles que, por qualquer motivo, não possam estar presentes. N o mais tardar no dia da palestra, alguém alguém que rerá que eu assine um formulário, dando o meu consentimento à produção de uma uma grava gravação. ção. T u d o isso é em parte lisonjeiro lisonjeiro (sen timo-no s “ procu rado s”) e em em parte parte dá origem a uma pilha pilha de ner  vos  vo s (so (s o b r e t u d o para pa ra aque aq uele less que, qu e, nas na s pale pa lest stra ras, s, rec re c orre or re a esc e scas assa sass notas manuscritas, isto é, notas que são normalmente o resul tado muito condensado de um longo processo reflexivo). Mas essas intervenções tendem, como um todo, a limar os contornos e as complicadas tran sições que na era pré-eletrônica c ostumavam conferir con ferir às palestras palestras um caráter de de evento evento específico. Qu em assiste assiste a uma palestra, segundo o novo ideal, deveria fazê-lo relendo ou ouvindo de novo um texto já conhecido; e quem quem escolhe não assis tir deveria definitivamente não perder a oportunidade de ler ou de ouvir ouv ir a palestra numa da ta posterior pos terior . Ao estarm e starm os tão ansioso s por disponibilizar universalmente a nossa consciência, acabamos espalhando pouco da nossa presença física: já nada é absoluta mente novo e nada está irreversivelmente terminado. Se a hipercom hipercom unicação nivela nivela a excitação excitação originá ria da descontinuidade implícita em qualquer começo, também alivia a dor ou a tragédia do rompimento e da separação. A sua namorada pode estar a mil (ou a 10 mil) quilôm qu ilôm etros de distância, mas, em op o sição aos meus tempos de jovem, quando o telefone era não só muito caro como pouco confiável, existe a privacidade consola dora do Facebook (se (se é

prod

“ privacidade” privacidade” tenho de

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 Nosso amplo  pres  presen ente te

 jan  ja n tar ta r em luga lu gare ress fa b u lo s o s às se x ta s-fe s- feir iraa s à no ite, it e, para pa ra sere se rem m distraídos, assim que se sentam, por um toque ou por uma men sagem de texto no celular. E quando chegarem ao encontro que estão agendando neste momento, a sua mente estará mais uma  vez  ve z adia ad iant ntad adaa em rela re laçã çãoo ao seu se u corp co rpo. o.  Ju n tam ta m e n te com co m o s co n to rn o s da even ev entu tual alid idad adee e o s c o n tra tr a s tes existenciais entre presença e ausência, privado e público, com tantos websites  justapostos na rede também podemos perder a noção do que interessa e do que não interessa. É claro que alguns  recebem muito m ais “v isitas” que outros —mas —mas há m uito que sites recebem desapareceu a esperança de que os sites  eletrônicos de todos os tipos algum dia possam fornecer a intensidade intensidade física e intelect intelectual ual de uma discussão em copresença física. Alguém já assistiu a um debate verdadeiramente bom em formato eletrônico, um debate em que a resistência resistência argumen tativa mútua se transform a em ins  piração mútua e em novas ideias? Se por um lado é difícil expli car por que as discussões electrónicas, na melhor das hipóteses, prod uzem mediocridade espiritual, todos nós sabemos que é isso que acontece —de alguma maneira, inevitavelmente. Mesmo no  w ebsite  do meu melhor amigo só posso estar sozinho, e o que eu possa sentir ali como sugestão de proximidade nunca transcen derá a proximidad e de um turista, ou m esmo de um voyeur. Haverá algo mais patético do que essas dezenas de milhares (temo que sejam centenas centenas de milhares) de blogue s que estão sendo escritos com tanta importância umbilical —e que permanecerão sem lei tura para para sempre (e por boas razões, devo acrescentar)? acrescentar)? N a rede, rede, eliminar o risco de apanhar uma gripe é balanceado, pelo menos

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Hans Ulrich Gumhrccht

4

M as o que quero, afinal; afinal; qual é o meu ideal —prático? U m forte desejo que tenho é o da continuidade daquele “grupo de leitura filosófica” no qual —cerca de trinta docentes e estudantes —nos encontramos em S tan ford todas as as quintas-feiras quintas-feiras à noite por umas umas boas duas ou três horas, com o objetivo de discutir, em pequenos segmentos, um único livro filosófico (sobretudo clássicos), ao longo de dez semanas. Independentemente de o texto escolhido para um determinado semestre estar mais ou menos próximo da minha agenda de trabalho, a energia daquele grupo de leitura tor nou-se nou -se a minha linha de de vida vida intelectual. intelectual. M as não restam dúvidas dúvidas de que, apesar de toda a sua intensidade, o nosso grupo de lei tura filosófica perdeu nos últimos anos participantes importan tes para um sem pre crescente núm ero de workshops cuja emergência do gesto eletrônico de justaposição parece incentivar. Tenho também uma memória muito mais irrealista, român tica e arcaica de um momento que adorei, uma memória que me torna obcecado, uma recordação de um mun do que nunca nunca me per tenceu e que agora tem de desaparecer para sempre. Há cerca de quinze anos u m antigo a ntigo aluno me levou a uma pequena cidade no Louisiana chamada New Iberia, com o propósito de visitar uma antiga plantação que se vangloriava por ser “a casa do primeiro par de calça jeans”. Quando voltávamos para o carro, creio, passa mos por um riacho onde dois homens negros muito velhos esta  vam  va m o lha lh a nd o para pa ra a água. águ a. A p ó s algu al guns ns m inu in u to s, u m dele de less se v iro ir o u

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 Nosso amplo presente  presente

rija e impo ssível de comer. comer. C inc o ou seis anos mais tarde, tarde, regres sei à linda New Iberia com a minha família. Pela segunda vez na minha vida, vi o primeiro par de calça jeans e mais uma vez cami nhei ao longo do riacho onde, juro, voltei a ver aqueles aqueles dois homens ho mens negros muito velhos, e que, não tendo envelhecido, nos disseram exatamente exatam ente com co m as mesmas palavras o que achavam que eu e a minha min ha família deveríamos deveríamos saber sobre as qualidades qualidades gastronôm icas dos jaca rés de três três e quatro quatro pés de comprimento. N enhu en hu m evento evento em toda a minha vida teve teve contorn con torn os mais claros, claros, nenhuma nen huma experiência está está mais presente na minha memória do que aquela comunicação dupla com d ois negros m uito velhos, velhos, em New Iberi Iberia, a, Louisiana. 5

Não temos como não “ter” um corpo que usamos ocasional mente e cujos efeitos com frequência apagamos —mas estamos rapidamente perdendo a capacidade de “ser” um corpo, ou seja, a capacidade de deixar o corpo ser uma condição ampliadora da nossa existência. Em contrapartida, nada é mais cartesiano, no sentido da liberdade corporal, do que todos os tipos diferentes de comunicação eletrônica, nada é mais disfarçadamente conectá-

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

ficar perfeito e acima de tudo irreversível, o princípio democra ticamente escravagista de disponibilidade universal necessitou da redução da existência humana através da tela do computador. U m a vez que nesta dimensão os contorn os, as descontinuidades e as fronteiras tendem a desaparecer, passamos agora a maior parte de nossa vida na mesma posição invariável, isto é, em frente da eterna tela de computador. Estamos na frente dela quando cum primos nossos deveres profissionais, quando nos comunicamos com aqueles que amamos e, acima de tudo, sempre que paira a ameaça da solidão. E isto porque trocamos a dor da solidão cau sada pela ausência física pela eterna meia-solidão daqueles que estão infinitamente disponíveis. Tudo se funde; tudo é “fusão”. Mas, apesar de toda a conversa sobre o tema, não consigo identificar nenhuma “realidade mistu rada” que mereça este nome. Pode ser tudo culpa minha, isto é, consequência da minha deliberada antiguidade na insistência de que uma percepção sensorial sempre estará separada de um con ceito ou de um pensamento. O que parece novidade é que, na maioria das vezes, não nos focalizamos em nenhum lado deste espectro, o que deve ser o motivo de nosso novo orgulho se fun

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 Nosso amplo presente  presente

 veio  ve io a torn to rnar ar-s -see tão tã o dom do m inan in an te que qu e ten te n dem de m os a co n fu n d i-la i- la com co m o próprio tempo em si, que o imperceptivelmente breve presente característico característico do cronótopo h istoricista foi agora sub stituído por um presente, sempre em expansão, de simultaneidades. No atual presente eletrônico, não há nada “do passado” que tenhamos de deixar para trás, nem nada “do futuro” que não possa ser tornado presente por antecipação simulada.  Alg  A lgu u n s d os m ais ai s velh ve lhos os dent de ntre re nós nó s sent se ntem em que qu e isso is so é sim s im p les le s mente dem asiado —e —e que, que, ao mesm o tempo, tempo , não há presença su fi ciente. ciente. Se S e o processo pro cesso de modernidade mode rnidade tem sido, em larga medida, um processo de desencantamento, escrevemos agora, em nos sos revolucionários estandartes, Reencantamento Racional. Mas estou perfeitame pe rfeitame nte ciente de que esta não é senão mais um a revo lução dos Panteras Cinzentas.

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 No  N o amplo presente presente

Os modos como os horizontes do futuro e do passado são  viv  v iven enci ciad ados os e se rel r elac acio ion n am com co m um p rese re sen n te cada cad a vez ve z mai m aiss am pio pi o dão form a ao cronó topo ainda não nomeado nomea do em que decorre a vida globalizada globalizada no começo do século século XX I. “ D o lado lado de fora” , a forma desse novo cronótopo torna-o diferente de outros cronótopos, especialmente especialmente do da da “ consciencia consciencia histórica” . “D o lado lado de dentro” , essa forma dita as condições nas quais o comportamento humano encontra suas estruturas e experiências constitutivas. Para ser his toricamente rigoroso, rigoroso, a visão visão segue a intuição intuição de Edm und Husserl, de que “o tempo é a forma da experiência”. Os contornos da vida

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Hans Ulrich Gumhrccbt

 A d e scri sc riçç ão fra fr a g m e n tári tá riaa do n o s so am p lo pre pr e sen se n te c o n sist si stee em quatro oscilações, que certamente —vale a pena repeti-lo —não sem nem. exaustivas nem sinônimas com a sua totalidade. Consi dero que a oscilação oscilação é um movimen to constitutivo c onstitutivo do presente; presente; por isso, acredito que ajude à nossa compreensão reter essa figura do pensamento, para o caso de um dia podermos completar o projeto de descrever o conjunto do amplo presente. A polaridade dramá tica entre, por um lado, o cotidiano e, por outro, a insistência cres cente —mesm me smoo se largam ente reativa —nas —nas exigências exigên cias da presença dá form a ao nosso presente. presente. Esta polaridade cria cria o campo de força em que hoje se desenrola a nossa vida. Os opostos que a compõem não podem ser “ mediados” nem “ resolvidos” resolvidos” —o —o que significaria significaria a “ sín tese” da reflexividade-à-distância com a intensidade participatória?  Ac  A c r e d ito it o que qu e a “ o s c ila il a ç ã o ” é fulc fu lcra ral,l, p o is em cada ca da m o m e n to só é possível nos ocuparmos de um dos dois lados num campo. De

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 Nosso amplo pres  presen ente te

que nunca na história da humanidade) para o planeta Terra, o lugar da condição da nossa sobrevivência individual e coletiva. Uma referência necessária ao planeta não é mais apenas a con sequência do tom sério que rapidamente se espalhou na segunda metade do século XX, quando os projetos de “conquista do espaço’ espaç o’ deixaram deixaram de levantar levantar voo. Desde D esde então, aceitou-se que as condições favoráveis favoráveis à vida no planeta planeta não são duradouras. C on se se  quentemente, desenvolveu-se um novo —por assim dizer, micros cópico cóp ico —desvio —desvio em direção às coisas-do coisas -do -mun -m undo do e ao ao cuidado delas, como tarefa quer científica e política, mas igualmente como um conju nto de hábitos cada vez mais intensos na existência existência cotidiana. cotidiana. Contrária a essa necessidade e entusiasmo pela proximidade em relação às coisas existe um ceticismo filosófico não revisto que, após uma pré-história que durou séculos, encontrou sua expressão intelectual canônica na chamada viragem linguística.  As  A s ob obse serv rvaç açõe õe s qu e faz fa z e m o s só p o s s u e m cert ce rtez ezaa nas ling li ng u ag en s

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

crises econômicas de longo alcance alcance impõem impõe m o atraso de medidas e de de intervenções ecológicas e políticas —o que tem consequências para a sustentabilidade do planeta e que podem se mostrar irreversíveis. Não está ao dispor nenhuma alternativa óbvia, uma vez que nem os especialistas sabem como urna nova economia poderia ser iniciada sem que rapidamente se regressasse a esse tipo de especulação.  A segu se gun n d a osc os c ilaç ila ç ão envo en volv lvee a d im ensã en sãoo c o rpó rp ó rea re a de n ossa os sa existência. Num ambiente laboral cotidiano em que cada vez mais p rofissõ es se estabel estabelecem ecem em frente a urn urnaa tela de de com puta  dor, o nosso corpo se tornou obsoleto em muitos aspectos fun cionáis. Porém, ao mesmo tempo os discursos da crítica cultural reclamaram reclamaram direitos corpóre os definitivos, e o novo e ampio pre sente também lhes concede uma posição de relevancia epistemo lógica. Um dos aspectos do segundo ponto de oscilação tem a  ver  ve r com co m um a tend te ndên ênci cia, a, p rin ri n c ipa ip a lm en te dete de tect ctad adaa ñas ña s soci so cied edad ades es

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 Nosso amplo pres  presen ente te

No outro extremo do segundo campo da oscilação —e aqui as exigências são mais radicais do que nunca —assume-se que o corpo individual, enquanto objeto de jogo e de experimentação, está livremente livremente ao dispo r do indivíduo —e —e que está muito bem do  je ito it o que qu e está. est á. A cre cr e d ita it a m o s que qu e o s lim li m ites it es à sex se x uali ua lida dad d e leg le g ítim ít im a deveriam ser determinados apenas pela tolerância e pelo consenti m ento dos adultos envolvidos. Explicitam ente em contramão aos cód igos ju rídicos relativos ao suicídio, hoje em dia não se perm ite ao Esta do restring ir os elevados elevados níveis níveis de risco colocado s por cer tos tipos de esportes (montanhismo, por exemplo). È um dado adq uirid o que, na vida de cada cada um, deve ser preservada a liberdade liberdade de pôr fim a relações sexuais, associação com comunidades reli giosas e atividades atividades pro fission ais —e que que as posiçõ es abandonadas poss am ser substituídas, em qualquer mo men to, e de acordo com a vontade de cada cada indivíduo, indivíduo, po r acordos de transição. transição. N o amplo presente, nossa vida se dissolve, como Peter Sloterdijk foi o pri

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

 ver  ve r c o m os c o rp o s hum hu m anos an os que, qu e, ao b loq lo q uea ue a r o u ocu oc u p ar espa es paço ço,, resistem a outros corpos. Parte do processo de modernização — haverá quem aíirme que é parte de todos os processos históricos que mereçam ser chamados de processos civilizacionais —con siste em seguir o mandamento generalizado de que a imediatez da violência seja transformada em poder, que existe em reserva. Desde meados do século XX, tornou-se prática comum no m undo ocidental a não exibição de armas em público. púb lico. D esde que o comunismo de Estados ruiu na Europa Oriental, em 1989 , os desfiles m ilitares ilitares raramente ocorre m no p lano internacional. Para Para os intelectuais e para muitas organizações internacionais, a pena de morte passou a ser sintoma de barbárie, e a cada dia se torna mais urgente ur gente a questão de saber —talvez exceto em casos extremos extrem os de autodefesa —se é possível identificar situações em que o uso da força militar se justifica. O ponto máximo da eliminação pro

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 Nosso  Nosso ampl amplo o pre prese sent ntee

tal intensidade a pressão para adaptar o corpo às imagens ideais, que, especialmente entre as jovens, chega a se transformar em dis túrbio s alimentares alimentares variados —ou seja seja,, em violência a long longoo prazo sobre o próprio corpo. Além disso existem os  piercings  piercings,, tatuagens, mutilações autoin fligidas e, po porr fim, ondas de suicídio; aqueles que são “vítimas de si mesmo” muitas vezes associam (na medida em que ainda sejam capazes de falar) essas atividades ao desejo de afir af ir mar a presença do próprio corpo através da dor. Tais formas de comportamento, acredito, não pertencem aos micropouvoirs —isto é, às operações de poder conduzidas pelo eu —

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

 Atr  A trav avés és da sua su a ten t end d ênci ên ciaa par p araa elim el imin inaa r o esp e spaç açoo da com co m unic un icaç ação ão,, a mídia eletrônica aumentou consideravelmente o andamento com que se concretiza concre tiza a circulação do pensamento. U m a vez que que num amplo presente com um fut uro obstru ído não há lugar para para o pen samento que funda a ação humana através da fixação de objetivos, pensar pode ter se tornado, hoje mais do que nunca, sinônim o de circular —isto é, um proce sso de mera passagem de pensamentos. (Precisamente por essa razão, alguns de nós vivenciamos a “cria tividade” como capacidade capacidade de de interceptá-los.) interceptá-los.) Em vez de concebe conceberr projetos ou “edifícios” de pensamento, nosso papel no sistema

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 Nosso amplo presente

dada matéria, matéria, sem objetivos o bjetivos práticos, representava para ele ele a po ssi bilidade última de açã açãoo “ revolucionária” ainda ao dispor dos inte lectuais (seja o que for q ue para ele ele estivesse em causa causa sob o título de revolutionary, que costumava ser emblema de honra). Para mim, ainda ainda mais mais im portantes são as especulaçõ especulações es de L yo  tard sobre os modos de pensamento específicos a cada sexo, que estão impregnadas p or experiências particulares particulares de incorporação e função física —por exemplo, a sua intuição de que a intensidade específica do pensame nto fem inino pod e estar relacionada relacionada com a intensidade específica do sofrimento físico. Claro que a questão

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

que um pensamento complicado, tão simples quanto aterrador, assombrava este este cenário, e ainda ainda não me ab andonou. Ocorreu-m Oco rreu-m e pela primeira vez enquanto lia a Carta Ca rta sobre sobre o Humanis Hum anismo, mo,  que M ar tin Heidegger escre escreveu veu logo após o fim fim da Segun da Gu erra M un  dial. dial. Fica mais mais claro se se form form ulado como pergu nta retórica: retórica: Co m o poderão algum dia os seres humanos hum anos assum ir com algum grau de certeza que as suas capacidades cognitivas e intelectuais sejam o bastante para assegurar a continu idade de sua existência enquanto espécie? A maioria das culturas da história viveu sob a premissa existencial de que há uma simetria cognitiva co gnitiva —ou —ou mesm m esmoo uma um a har

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 presen ente te  Nosso amplo pres

 vida  vi da e o p o ten te n c ial ia l s o frim fr im e n to da m inha in ha n eta et a me a tin ti n gira gi ram m com co m uma intensidade tão tão singular. D e qualquer maneira, maneira, consigo asso ciar a intensidade da minha min ha preocupação preocupaç ão co m a intensidade da ale gria que senti quando Clara reconheceu meu rosto pela primeira  vez  ve z —co —c o m a ale a legr gria ia de n ó s d o is q uand ua ndo, o, ela sent se ntad adaa n o m eu colo co lo,,  vim  v im o s um livr li vroo de d esen es enho hos. s. E seguro afirmar que todos nós sentimos um anseio especial por momentos de presença no nosso amplo presente. Não cha maria de “ otim ism o” preten der encon trá-los —alcançá—alcançá-los los e estar aberto à sua plenitude. Ao contrário, é uma questão de desejo-

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Referências bibliográficas

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht derHermeneutik. tik. D ie Pro du ktion von Pra G U M B R E C H T , H . U.Die sseits derHermeneu P raeeofPresence. Standford: Stansenz. Fra nk furt: 20 04 - [Ed. ing. ing.:: Production ofPresence.

dfo rd Un iversity iversity Press, Press, 20 03 ·] [Ed. bras. bras.:: Produção de presença:  o que o sentido sentido não consegue consegue transmitir. Rio de Janei Janeiro: ro: C on trapo nto E dito r a /P / P U C - R i o , 2 0 1 0 .] .] Diesseits des Sinns. Sinns. Ueb

neue Seh

ht nach Sub stantia-

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 Noss  Nosso o amplo amplo pre prese sent ntee

LA ND Y, J, J,; SALER, M . Ration Berkele ley: y: U niversity o f Ber Ber Ra tional al Reenchantment. Reenchantment. Berke keley Press, 2 0 0 8 . LECHNER, F. J.; BOLI, J. The Globalization Reader.  Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000. especi cial al,, 20 05.  M E R K U R .  S ttutga rt. Edição espe M I C H I E , J. ( O r g . ). ). The Handbook o f Globalization. Globalization.  Cheltenham: Edward El

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 Hans  Ha ns Ulric lrich h Gumb Gumbrec recht  ht 

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 N o ss o a m p lo  presente  presente

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 H a n s U lr ich ic h G u m b re c ht 

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