Guidelines for Lettering

ARMAS, Alexia Marie L. BSECE 1-A / DRAW 1 / Ms. R. JACOB  JULY  JULY 28, 2015

GUIDELINES FOR LETTERING S!r"e# $%%&#//ar'("'' $%%&#//ar'("''!)i"a%i)s.%&!*."'/ !)i"a%i)s.%&!*."'/ss05+0a/ss05+0a00 ss05+0a/ss05+0a00.$%' .$%'

!ieli)es !ieli)es sere as a) ai % "rea%i) !)ir' le%%eri). !ieli)es are li$% &e)"il li)es %$a% &rie %$e 'ea)s % a"$iee %$e ")sis%e)"( )eee r !)ir'i%(. !)ir'i%(. W$e) (! a&&l( )l( !&&er-"ase le%%eri), le%%eri) , (! !se )l( %$e *ase a) "a& !ieli)es. W$e) le%%eri) ")sis%s  !&&er!&&er- a) ler-"ase le%%ers, (! '!s% !se %$e "a&, ais%, *ase, a) r& !ieli)es.

W$e) la(i) !% !ieli)es r !&&er- a) ler-"ase le%%ers, %$e $ei$%  !&&er-"ase le%%eri) is 1 1/2 %i'es %$e is%a)"e 3A3. W$e) es%a*lis$i) %$e !ieli)e r le%%eri), se% a "'&ass r iier % is%a)"e 3A3 a) 'ar4 %$e is%a)"e (! $ae sele"%e a*e a) *el %$e 'ili)e. $ese % 'ar4s 'ar4s es%a*lis$ %$e "a& li)e a) %$e r& li)e.

6ex% (! '!s% l"a%e %$e *ase a) ais% li)es.  l"a%e %$ese li)es, se% %$e "'&ass r iier % 1/2  3A.3 $e) !si) %$e sa'e sa'e 'ili)e, 'ili)e, 'ar4 %$e is%a)"e is%a)"e 1/2  3A3 3A3 a*e a) *el *el %$e 'ili)e. 'ili)e. $ese % 'ar4s es%a*lis$ %$e &si%i)  %$e *ase a) ais% li)es 7!re 1-59:.  Y!  Y! als "a) !se er%i"al er%i"al !ieli)es i%$ $ri;)%al !ieli)es. W$e) !se, s&a"e er%i"al er%i"al !ieli)es !ieli)es ra)'l( al) a) &arallel % %$e $ri;)%al !ieli)es. !s"!les are *i a) 'i)!s"!les s'all, *!% %$a% %$e 'a>!s"!les e)erall( $ae %$e sa'e $ei$%, $ile %$e $ei$%  %$e 'i)!s"!les aries, as s'e  %$e' $ae &ar%s $i$er r ler %$a) %$e aerae 7as"e)ers a) es"e)ers# 3*$>4l&%(3:.  $e !&&er-"ase r's are reare as %$e *asi" r "i%a%i) r's  %$e le%%ers. @) r%$ra&$(, %$e !&&er "ase is &ri'aril( resere r s&e"ial &!r&ses, a) %(&i"all( !se r %$e rs% le%%er  a se)%e)"e r  a &r&er )!), $i"$ 'a4es %$e ler "ase %$e 're "'') aria)%. La)!aes $ae "a&i%ali;a%i) r!les % e%er'i)e $e%$er )e s$!l !se a) !&&er- r ler-"ase le%%er i) a ie) ")%ex%, *!% %$ere "a) als *e s%(lis%i" aria%i).

BASIC LETTERING STYLES S!r"e# $%%&#//.e$."'/lis%?0209?le%%eri)-s%(les-ra%i).$%'l

Le%%eri), $e) !se i) ra%i), is a iF"!l% ar% % 'as%er. =r %$is reas), "'&!%er r-&r"essi) &rra's, $i"$ e)s!re )ea% a) !)ir' le%%ers, are 're iel( !se %a( %$a) $a)-le%%eri). Ee) s, 'a)( "ar%)is%s, ar"$i%e"%s, e)i)eers a) %$ers &reer % !se %rai%i)al $a)-le%%eri) i) %$eir "ra%s.

Basic Block   $e *asi" *l"4 s%(le is %$e 's% "'') s%(le r ar"$i%e"%!re a) s"e)i" ra%i), a) %$e rs% s%(le %$a% s$!l *e a%%e'&%e *ere %r(i) a)"ier aria%i)s.  le%%er i) %$e *asi" *l"4 s%(le, 'a4e s!re %$a% all le%%ers are "a&i%al, %$e sa'e si;e a) s!are. A) ex"e&%i) % %$is r!le are %$e le%%ers M a) W, $i"$ are a li%%le ier.  4ee& %$e le%%eri) $ri;)%al a) %$e sa'e $ei$%, %$e ra%s'a) s$!l ra !ieli)es *ere ri%i) le%%ers. $ese !ieli)es "a) *e ra) i%$ a r!ler r a s&e"ial le%%eri) !ie.

Oval  $e al le%%eri) s%(le is a aria%i)  *asi" *l"4, i) $i"$ "!re le%%ers s!"$ as C, D, a) O are ra) i) a sli$%l( sla)%e 'a))er, !& a) % %$e ri$%. $e %$er r!les  *asi" *l"4 le%%eri) a&&l( % %$is s%(le.

Slanted Horizontals @) sla)%e $ri;)%als le%%eri), a)%$er aria%i)  *asi" *l"4, %$e $ri;)%al li)es i) le%%ers s!"$ as = a) E, ex"e&%i) G, are sli$%l( sla)%e !&ars. $e sla)%e $ri;)%al s%(le is %e) "'*i)e i%$ %$e al s%(le.

Classifcation o Letter Style S!r"e# $%%&#//ra%i)*(alai)e.*ls&%."'/

Gothic Letters

Si'&les% a) easies% % &ri)% a') le%%er s%(le *e"a!se  i%s ele'e)%ar( s%r4e. All le%%ers are "'&se  !)ir' i%$. Roman Letters

Le%%er $ai) %$i) a) %$i"4 ele'e)%s a) a""e)%e *( seris a) lle%s. C)siere as %$e 's% r'al r'  le%%er s%(les. Text Letters

Als 4)) as %$e Ol E)lis$ le%%ers. C)siere as 's% "lassi"al le%%er s%(le *e"a!se  i%s ar%is%i" r's.  $e a&&r&ria%e %(&e  le%%er r i&l'as a) "er%i"a%es. Itaic Letters

@% si'&l( reers % all sla)%i) le%%ers rearless  s%(le a) r's.

Proportional Lettering S!r"e# $%%&#//ar'("''!)i"a%i)s.%&!*."'/ss05+0a/ss05+0a009.$%'

W$e) le%%eri) is &r&r%i)al, all le%%ers are %$e sa'e $ei$% a) i%$. W$e) le%%eri) a ra&$i" &r>e"%, %$e le%%eri) '!s% $ae %$e sa'e &r&r%i) $e) !se i) &$rases, se)%e)"es, r &rese)%a%i)s. @ %$e le%%eri) ) a &r>e"% is )% &r&r%i)al, i% is%ra"%s r' %$e e(e a&&eal  %$e &r>e"% a) %e) is%ra"%s %$e reaer  %$e i)%e)e 'essae.

=i!re 1-58 s$s is&r&r%i)a%e le%%eri) a) !)ir', &r&r%i)al le%%eri). A%er reiei) %$e le%%eri) i) %$e !re, (! "a) see ))e  %$e is&r&r%i)a%e le%%ers are %$e sa'eH a) %$e( is%ra"% r' %$e "lari%(  %$e le%%eri). $e !)ir', &r&r%i)al le%%ers are %$e sa'e si;e, eas( % rea, a) e(e a&&eali).

HISTORY OF LETTERS S!r"e# $%%&s#//e).i4i&eia.r/i4i/is%r(??%$e?al&$a*e%

 $e $is%r(  al&$a*e%i" ri%i) es *a"4 % %$e ")s)a)%al ri%i) s(s%e' !se r Se'i%i" la)!aes i) %$e Lea)% i) %$e 2) 'ille))i!' BCE. Ms% r )earl( all al&$a*e%i" s"ri&%s !se %$r!$!% %$e rl %a( !l%i'a%el(  *a"4 % %$is Se'i%i" &r%-al&$a*e%. I1 @%s rs% rii)s "a) *e %ra"e *a"4 % a Kr%-Si)ai%i" s"ri&% eel&e i) A)"ie)% E(&% % re&rese)% %$e la)!ae  Se'i%i"-s&ea4i) r4ers i) E(&%. $is s"ri&% as &ar%l( i)!e)"e *( %$e ler E(&%ia) $iera%i", a "!rsie s"ri&% rela%e %E(&%ia) $ierl(&$s.I2I+ Mai)l( %$r!$ K$e)i"ia) a) Ara'ai", % "lsel( rela%e 'e'*ers  %$e Se'i%i" a'il(  s"ri&%s %$a% ere i) !se !ri) %$e earl( rs% 'ille))i!' BCE, %$e Se'i%i" al&$a*e% *e"a'e %$e a)"es%r   '!l%i&le ri%i) s(s%e's a"rss %$e Mile Eas%, E!r&e, )r%$er) Ari"a a) S!%$ Asia. S'e 'er) a!%$rs is%i)!is$ *e%ee) ")s)a)%al s"ri&%s  %$e Se'i%i" %(&e, "alle 3 a*>as3, a) 3%r!e al&$a*e%s3 i) %$e )arr se)se, II5 %$e is%i)!is$i) "ri%eri) *ei) %$a% %r!e al&$a*e%s ")sis%e)%l( assi) le%%ers % *%$ ")s)a)%s a) els ) a) e!al *asis, $ile i) a) a*>a ea"$ s('*l !s!all( s%a)s r a ")s)a)%. @) %$is se)se, %$e rs% %r!e al&$a*e% as %$e ree4 al&$a*e%, $i"$ as aa&%e r' %$e K$e)i"ia). La%i), %$e 's% iel( !se al&$a*e% %a(, I i) %!r) eries r' ree4 7*( a(  C!'aea) %$e E%r!s"a)s:.

Predecessors   s"ri&%s are ell a%%es%e r' *ere %$e e)  %$e !r%$ 'ille))i!' BCE# Mes&%a'ia) "!)eir' a) E(&%ia) $ierl(&$s. ierl(&$s ere e'&l(e i) %$ree a(s i) A)"ie)% E(&%ia) %ex%s# as lra's 7iera's: %$a% re&rese)% a r e)%i) a) *>e"% &i"%riall( e&i"%e *( %$e $ierl(&$H 're "'')l( as &$)ra's ri%i) a s!) r se!e)"e  s!)sH a) as e%er'i)a%ies 7$i"$ &rie "l!es % 'ea)i) i%$!% ire"%l( ri%i) s!)s:. I9 Si)"e els ere 's%l( !)ri%%e), %$e $ierl(&$s $i"$ i)i"a%e a si)le ")s)a)% "!l $ae *ee) !se as a ")s)a)%al al&$a*e% 7r 3a*>a3:. $is as )% )e $e) ri%i) %$e E(&%ia) la)!ae, *!% see's % $ae *ee) si)i"a)% i)!e)"e ) %$e "rea%i)  %$e rs% al&$a*e% 7!se % ri%e a Se'i%i" la)!ae:. All s!*se!e)% al&$a*e%s ar!) %$e rl $ae ei%$er es"e)e r' %$is rs% Se'i%i" al&$a*e%, r $ae *ee) i)s&ire *( )e  i%s es"e)a)%s 7i.e. 3 s%i'!l!s i!si)3:, i%$ %$e &ssi*le ex"e&%i)  %$e Meri%i" al&$a*e%, a +r"e)%!r( BCE aa&%a%i)  $ierl(&$s i) 6!*ia % %$e s!%$  E(&%  %$!$ ee) $ere 'a)( s"$lars s!s&e"% %$e i)!e)"e  %$e rs% al&$a*e%.

Consonantal alphabets

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Semitic alphabet

 $e Kr%-Si)ai%i" s"ri&%  E(&% $as (e% % *e !ll( e"i&$ere. eer, i% 'a( *e al&$a*e%i" a) &r*a*l( re"rs %$e Ca)aa)i%e la)!ae. $e les% exa'&les are !) as raF%i i) %$e Wai el l a) a%e % &er$a&s 1850 BCE. $e %a*le *el s$s $(&%$e%i"al &r%%(&es  %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e% i) E(&%ia) $ierl(&$s. Seeral "rres&)e)"es $ae *ee) &r&se i%$ Kr%-Si)ai%i" le%%ers.  $is Se'i%i" s"ri&% aa&%e E(&%ia) $ierl(&$s % ri%e ")s)a)%al al!es *ase ) %$e rs% s!)  %$e Se'i%i" )a'e r %$e *>e"% e&i"%e *( %$e $ierl(&$ 7%$e 3a"r&$)i" &ri)"i&le3: S, r exa'&le, %$e $ierl(&$ per  73$!se3 i) E(&%ia): as !se % ri%e %$e s!) I* i) Se'i%i", *e"a!se as %$e rs% s!) i) %$e Se'i%i" r r 3$!se3, bayt . $e s"ri&% as !se )l( s&rai"all(, a) re%ai)e i%s &i"%ra&$i" )a%!re, r $al a 'ille))i!', !)%il a&%e r er)'e)%al !se i) Ca)aa) . $e rs% Ca)aa)i%e s%a%es % 'a4e ex%e)sie !se  %$e al&$a*e% ere %$e K$e)i"ia) "i%(-s%a%es a) s la%er s%aes  %$e Ca)aa)i%e s"ri&% are "alle K$e)i"ia). $e K$e)i"ia) "i%ies ere 'ari%i'e s%a%es a% %$e "e)%er  a as% %rae )e%r4 a) s) %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e% s&rea %$r!$!% %$e Mei%erra)ea).  aria)%s  %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e% $a 'a>r i'&a"%s ) %$e $is%r(  ri%i)# %$e Ara'ai" al&$a*e% a) %$e ree4 al&$a*e%.

Descendants of the ramaic ab!ad *e%, $i"$ ele r' %$e K$e)i"ia) i) %$e 9%$ "e)%!r( BCE as %$e F"ial s"ri&%  %$e Kersia) E'&ire, a&&ears % *e %$e a)"es%r  )earl( all %$e 'er) al&$a*e%s  Asia# •

 $e 'er) e*re al&$a*e% s%ar%e !% as a l"al aria)%  @'&erial Ara'ai". 7$e rii)al e*re al&$a*e% $as *ee) re%ai)e *( %$e Sa'ari%a)s.:

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 $e Ara*i" al&$a*e% es"e)e r' Ara'ai" ia %$e 6a*a%aea) al&$a*e%  $a% is ) s!%$er) Jra).

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 $e S(ria" al&$a*e% !se a%er %$e +r "e)%!r( CE ele, %$r!$ Ka$lai a) Sia), i)% %$e al&$a*e%s  )r%$er) Asia, s!"$ as Or4$) 7&r*a*l(:, U($!r, M)lia), a) Ma)"$!.

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 $e eria) al&$a*e% is  !)"er%ai) &re)a)"e, *!% a&&ears % *e &ar%  %$e Kersia)-Ara'ai" 7r &er$a&s %$e ree4: a'il(.

Tr"e alphabets #ree$ lphabet

B( a% leas% %$e 8%$ "e)%!r( BCE %$e ree4s *rre %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e% a) aa&%e i% % %$eir ) la)!ae, "rea%i) i) %$e &r"ess %$e rs% 3%r!e3 al&$a*e%, i) $i"$ els ere a""re e!al s%a%!s i%$ ")s)a)%s. A""ri) % ree4 lee)s %ra)s'i%%e *( er%!s, %$e al&$a*e% as *r!$% r' K$e)i"ia % ree"e *( Ca's. $e le%%ers  %$e ree4 al&$a*e% are %$e sa'e as %$se  %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e%, a) *%$ al&$a*e%s are arra)e i) %$e sa'e rer. eer, $ereas se&ara%e le%%ers r els !l $ae a"%!all( $i)ere %$e lei*ili%(  E(&%ia), K$e)i"ia), r e*re, %$eir a*se)"e as &r*le'a%i" r ree4, $ere els &la(e a '!"$ 're i'&r%a)% rle. $e ree4s !se r els s'e  %$e K$e)i"ia) le%%ers re&rese)%i) ")s)a)%s $i"$ ere)N% !se i) ree4 s&ee"$. All  %$e )a'es  %$e le%%ers  %$e K$e)i"ia) al&$a*e% s%ar%e i%$ ")s)a)%s, a) %$ese ")s)a)%s ere $a% %$e le%%ers re&rese)%e, s'e%$i) "alle %$e a"r&$)i" &ri)"i&le

eer, seeral K$e)i"ia) ")s)a)%s ere a*se)% i) ree4, a) %$!s seeral le%%er )a'es "a'e % *e &r)!)"e i%$ i)i%ial els. Si)"e %$e s%ar%  %$e )a'e  a le%%er as ex&e"%e % *e %$e s!)  %$e le%%er, i) ree4 %$ese le%%ers ) s% r els. Icitation needed =r exa'&le, %$e ree4s $a ) l%%al s%& r $, s %$e K$e)i"ia) le%%ers ’alep a) he *e"a'e ree4 alpha a) e 7la%er re)a'e e psilon:, a) s% r %$e els /a/ a)/e/ ra%$er %$a) %$e ")s)a)%s // a) /$/. As %$is r%!)a%e eel&'e)% )l( &rie r e r six 7e&e)i) ) iale"%:  %$e %ele ree4 els, %$e ree4s ee)%!all( "rea%e ira&$s a) %$er 'i"a%i)s, s!"$ as ei, ou, a) o 7$i"$ *e"a'e 'ea:, r i) s'e "ases si'&l( i)re %$e e"ie)"(, as i) l) a, i, u . Seeral arie%ies  %$e ree4 al&$a*e% eel&e. O)e, 4)) as Wes%er) ree4 r C$al"iia), as !se es%  A%$e)s a) i) s!%$er) @%al(. $e %$er aria%i), 4)) as Eas%er) ree4, as !se i) Asia Mi)r 7als "alle Asia) ree"e i.e. &rese)%-a( aeea)  !r4e(:. $e A%$e)ia)s 7". 00 BCE: a&%e %$a% la%%er aria%i) a) ee)%!all( %$e res%  %$e ree4-s&ea4i) rl lle. A%er rs% ri%i) ri$% % le%, %$e ree4s ee)%!all( "$se % ri%e r' le% % ri$%, !)li4e %$e K$e)i"ia)s $ r%e r' ri$% % le%. Ma)( ree4 le%%ers are si'ilar % K$e)i"ia), ex"e&% %$e le%%er ire"%i) is reerse r "$a)e, $i"$ "a) *e %$e res!l%  $is%ri"al "$a)es r' ri$%-%-le% ri%i) % *!s%r&$e) % le%-%-ri$% ri%i).

Descendance

ree4 is i) %!r) %$e s!r"e r all %$e 'er) s"ri&%s  E!r&e. $e al&$a*e%  %$e earl( es%er) ree4 iale"%s, $ere %$e le%%er e%are'ai)e a) h, ae rise % %$e Ol @%ali" a) r' %$ese Ol R'a) al&$a*e% erie. @) %$e eas%er) ree4 iale"%s, $i"$ i )% $ae a) /$/, e%a s% r a el, a) re'ai)s a el i) 'er) ree4 a) all %$er al&$a*e%s erie r' %$e eas%er) aria)%s# lali%i",C(rilli", Ar'e)ia), %$i" 7$i"$ !se *%$ ree4 a) R'a) le%%ers:, a) &er$a&s eria). Al%$!$ %$is es"ri&%i) &rese)%s %$e el!%i)  s"ri&%s i) a li)ear as$i), %$is is a si'&li"a%i). =r exa'&le, %$eMa)"$! al&$a*e%, es"e)e r' %$e a*>as  Wes% Asia, as als i)!e)"e *( Prea) $a)!l, $i"$ as ei%$er i)e&e)e)% 7%$e %rai%i)al ie: r erie r' %$e a*!ias  S!%$ Asia. eria) a&&are)%l( eries r' %$e Ara'ai" a'il(, *!% as s%r)l( i)!e)"e i) i%s ")"e&%i) *( ree4. A 'ie ersi)  %$e ree4 al&$a*e%, !si) a) ai%i)al $al ;e) e'%i" $ierl(&$s, as !se % ri%e C&%i" E(&%ia). $e) %$ere is Cree s(lla*i"s7a) a*!ia:, $i"$ is a !si)  Dea)aari a) Ki%'a) s$r%$a) eel&e *( %$e 'issi)ar( Ja'es Ea)s.

Latin alphabet

A %ri*e 4)) as %$e La%i)s, $ *e"a'e 4)) as %$e R'a)s, als lie i) %$e @%alia) &e)i)s!la li4e %$e Wes%er) ree4s. =r' %$e E%r!s"a)s, a %ri*e lii) i) %$e rs% 'ille))i!' BCE i) "e)%ral @%al(, a) %$e Wes%er) ree4s, %$e La%i)s a&%e ri%i) i) a*!% %$e see)%$ "e)%!r(. @) a&%e ri%i) r' %$ese % r!&s, %$e La%i)s r&&e !r "$ara"%ers r' %$e Wes%er) ree4 al&$a*e%. $e( als aa&%e

%$e E%r!s"a) le%%er =, &r)!)"e N,N ii) i% %$e NN s!), a) %$e E%r!s"a) S, $i"$ $a %$ree ;i;a li)es, as "!re % 'a4e %$e 'er) S.  re&rese)% %$e s!) i) ree4 a) %$e P  s!) i) E%r!s"a), %$e a''a as !se. $ese "$a)es &r!"e %$e 'er) al&$a*e% i%$!% %$e le%%ers , J, U, W, Y, a) G, as ell as s'e %$er iere)"es. C, P , a) Q i) %$e R'a) al&$a*e% "!l all *e !se % ri%e *%$ %$e /4/ a) // s!)sH %$e R'a)s s) 'ie %$e le%%er C % 'a4e , i)ser%e i% i) see)%$ &la"e, $ere G $a *ee), % 'ai)%ai) %$e e'a%ria 7%$e )!'eri"al se!e)"e  %$e al&$a*e%:. Oer %$e e "e)%!ries a%er Alexa)er %$e rea% ")!ere %$e Eas%er) Mei%erra)ea) a) %$er areas i) %$e %$ir "e)%!r( BCE, %$e R'a)s *ea) % *rr ree4 rs, s %$e( $a % aa&% %$eir al&$a*e% aai) i) rer % ri%e %$ese rs. =r' %$e Eas%er) ree4 al&$a*e%, %$e( *rre Y a) G, $i"$ ere ae % %$e e)  %$e al&$a*e% *e"a!se %$e )l( %i'e %$e( ere !se as % ri%e ree4 rs.  $e A)l-Sax)s *ea) !si) R'a) le%%ers % ri%e Ol E)lis$ as %$e( ")er%e % C$ris%ia)i%(, lli)A!!s%i)e  Ca)%er*!r(Ns 'issi) % Bri%ai) i) %$e six%$ "e)%!r(. Be"a!se %$e R!)i" wen, $i"$ as rs% !se % re&rese)% %$e s!) NN a) l4e li4e a & %$a% is )arr a) %ria)!lar, as eas( % ")!se i%$ a) a"%!al &, %$e NN s!) *ea) % *e ri%%e) !si) a !*le !. Be"a!se %$e ! a% %$e %i'e l4e li4e a , %$e !*le ! l4e li4e % Ns, W as &la"e i) %$e al&$a*e% *(