Guide Pratique Pour Réussir Le Concours de Doctorat Au Maroc

 

 

Cuh`m prfthqum peur rèusshr om gekgeurs `m `egterft fu Jfreg

Tèfohsè pfr < Jebfjjm` FJHKM6 

Egtedrm 4>46

6

 @egterfkt mk sghmkgms `m cmsthek fu smhk `u ofderftehrm HWE î o'MKGC Gfsfdofkgf, ]khvmrshtè Bfssfk HH.

 

 

Wejjfhrm Hktre`ugthek ................................................................................................................................................... 4 6.

^rèpfrmr ^rèpfr mr uk prelmt `m tbâsm seoh`m .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................. 7 6.6

Ofderftehrm/Èq Ofderf tehrm/Èquhpm uhpm `m rmgbmrgbm ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ............................. ........... 7

6.4

Fxm `m rmgbmrgbm .................................... .................. ................................... .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................. 7

6.7

Phtrm `u prelmt........................ prelmt...... ................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... ................................... ................. 7

6.0

@èahkhthek @èahkht hek `u prelmt .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ ............... 0

6.=

Hktèrìt `u sulmt ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ........................ ...... 0

6.1

Pbèerhms jedhohsèms jedhohsè ms .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ ............... 0

6.3

Tmvum `m ohttèrfturm, qumsthek `m rmgbmrgbm mt bypetbâsms ................... ............................ .................. .................. .................. ........... 0

6.2

Pmrrfhk Pmrrfh k `m rmgbmrgbm ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................. ............ 1

6.8

^eshthekkmjmkt èphstèjeoechqum mt gbehx jètbe`eoechqums .................. ........................... ................... ................... ................. ........ 1

6.8.6

^eshthekkmjmkt ^eshthe kkmjmkt èphstèjeoechqum èphstèje oechqum .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. ................................... ..................... ... 3

6.8.4

Jètbe`eoechm Jètbe`eoe chm .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ ............... 8

6.8.7

Tfhsekkmjmkt............ Tfhsekkmj mkt.............................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... ..................... ... 8

6.8.0

Mxpoerfthek Mxpoer fthek .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................................... .................... 6>

6.6>

Gfomk`rhmr Gfomk`rhm r `m rmgbmrgbm ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ........................ ....... 6>

6.66

Dhdohecrfpbhm Dhdohec rfpbhm .................................. ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 66

4.

Tèusshr o‘ègrht  ....................................................................................................................................... 67

7.

Tèusshr o‘erfo  ........................................................................................................................................ 67

6

 

 

Hktre`ugthek Fu Jfreg, o‘edtmkthek `‘uk jfstmr spèghfohsè eu `m rmgbmrgbm mst ukm vehm rmofthvmjmkt geurfktm vmrs uk `egterft, jfhs mst-ho `haahghom `‘edtmkhr om ‒]^CTF@HKC‘ 5 Qeus fvmz `ekg tmrjhkè vetrm jfstmr, veus fvmz fpprèghè o‘mxpèrhmkgm `ms ètu`ms fu trehshâjm gygom mt veus fvmz fttrfpè om duc. Qeus veuomz arfkgbhr om pfs vmrs of pregbfhkm ètfpm `m rmgbmrgbm ‒OM @EGPETFP‘ mt veus veuomz dhmk cèrmr of trfkshthek. Wfgbmz dhmk qum om pfssfcm vmrs o‘ètfpm suhvfktm `m vetrm pfrgeurs fgf`èjhqum k‘mst pfs teuleurs fussh `haahghom qu‘ho y pfrfët, om prhkghpm mst teuleurs om jìjm. Fvfkt `m gfk`h`ftmr î ukm prmjhârm hksgrhpthek mk `egterft

fu Jfreg, ho mst prhjer`hfo `m pfssmr pfr of pbfsm prèohjhkfhrm quh gekshstm î sm afjhohfrhsmr fvmg of aerjfthek `egterfom mt sek aekgthekkmjmkt fu Jfreg. Om `egterft mst uk `hpoðjm ukhvmrshtfhrm quh, `fks of poupfrt `ms pfys, pmrjmt fu thtuofhrm `‘mksmhckmr `ms jfthârms fu khvmfu ukhvmrshtfhrm eu `‘eggupmr uk pestm `m rmgbmrgbm sghmkthahqum/fgf`èjhqum `m sek gbehx. Om `egterft mst uk `hpoðjm rmgekku î o‘ègbmoom jek`hfom `ègmrkè pfr `ms ukhvmrshtès mt `ms ètfdohssmjmkts `‘mksmhckmjmkt supèrhmur î uk gfk`h`ft quh f seujhs ukm tbâsm sur of dfsm `m rmgbmrgbms

fppreaek`hms mt erhchkfoms `fks om `ejfhkm gbehsh. Prf`hthekkmoomjmkt, uk `egterft hjpohqum trehs î quftrm fks `‘ètu`ms î tmjps pomhk (ãf pmut foomr lusqu‘î shx fks eu pous  s‘ho mst ètu`hè î tmjps pfrthmo), fu geurs `msqumos o‘ètu`hfkt fgbâvm ukm rmgbmrgbm erhchkfom prèsmktèm seus aerjm `m tbâsm. Oms ètu`hfkts `ehvmkt ècfomjmkt gejpoètmr omur tbâsm fvmg ukm seutmkfkgm erfom fvfkt o‘edtmkthek `u `hpoðjm. O‘fggâs fu gygom `egterfo fu Jfreg mst euvmrt fux thtuofhrms `‘uk jfstmr `m rmgbmrgbm/jfstmr spèghfohsè eu `‘uk `hpoðjm rmgekku èquhvfomkt quh rèpek` fux grhtârms `‘f`jhsshek prèvus `fks om `msgrhptha `m `mjfk`m `‘fggrè`htfthek `ms aerjftheks `egterfoms `u gmktrm `'ètu`ms `egterfoms (GM@eg) gekgmrkè. Oms grhtârms `‘f`jhsshek sekt prepesès pfr ukm èquhpm pè`fcechqum `u GM@eg, spèghahès `fks om `msgrhptha mt

f`eptès gekaerjèjmkt fux `hspeshtheks `m of oeh K¾ >6.>>. Vufk` `ehs-lm pestuomr 5 ^udohès cèkèrfomjmkt sur oms shtms `ms ukhvmrshtès mktrm smpt mjdrm mt egtedrm, oms gekgeurs `‘fggâs fu `egterft jmkthekkmkt ukm `ftm ohjhtm `m gfk`h`fturm mktrm kevmjdrm mt `ègmjdrm peur of rmktrèm ukhvmrshtfhrm `m of jìjm fkkèm. Cèkèrfomjmkt, oms aerjftheks `egterfoms fu Jfreg km sekt fggmsshdoms qu‘fprâs ukm prèsèomgthek, uk gekgeurs ègrht, mt uk futrm erfo. Oersqum veus pestuomz, ho veus smrf cèkèrfomjmkt `mjfk`è `m seujmttrm `haaèrmkts `egujmkts `fks om gf`rm `m vetrm gfk`h`fturm, foers fssurmz-veus `m ohrm fttmkthvmjmkt oms fppmos î gfk`h`fturms. @‘ukm jfkhârm cèkèrfom, oms afjmux `egujmkts rmquhs peur om `esshmr `m gfk`h`fturm sekt < uk GQ, ukm `mjfk`m jfkusgrhtm f`rmssèm fu `hrmgtmur `u GM@eg, ukm omttrm `m jethvfthek, `ms gephms oècfohsèms `m teus oms `hpoðjms + oms rmomvès `m ketms edtmkums `urfkt teut om gursus ukhvmrshtfhrm, mt uk prelmt `m tbâsm. Om prelmt `m tbâsm mst om `egujmkt om pous hjpertfkt `u `esshmr `m gfk`h`fturm, mt g‘mst î of dfsm `m gm `egujmkt qum oms preamssmurs/ofderftehrms vekt veus gbehshr. Mk

drma, om prelmt `m tbâsm mst uk fpmrãu `m vetrm auturm rmgbmrgbm `fks omqumo veus gektmxtufohsmz mt predoèjfthsmz om sulmt fvmg omqumo veus seubfhtmz pestuomr. Dhmk qu‘ho smjdom uk pmu hkthjh`fkt fu prmjhmr fder`, om pregmssus `m gfk`h`fturm fu `egterft k‘mst qu‘uk mksmjdom `‘ètfpms qum veus `mvmz suhvrm fvmg `hohcmkgm mt pfthmkgm. Ho suaaht teuleurs `m cfr`mr î o‘msprht

of ghtfthek afjmusm `m Aohp Shosek « Qeus km peuvmz pfs fttmk`rm `m cfckmr om cres oet sh veus km jmttmz pfs qumoqums phâgms `‘frcmkt `fks of jfgbhkm î seus ¹. 

4

 

 

6.  6.  ^rèpfrmr uk prelmt `m tbâsm seoh`m Oersqum veus pestuomz peur uk `egterft (fu Jfreg eu î k'hjpertm qumo pfys), ho veus smrf cèkèrfomjmkt `mjfk`è `m seujmttrm uk `egujmkt fppmoè "prelmt `m tbâsm". Gm prelmt mst geksh`èrè gejjm uk rèsujè gekghs mt gebèrmkt `m vetrm rmgbmrgbm prepesèm quh mxpesm oms prhkghpfux predoâjms qum veus fvmz o'hktmkthek `m trfhtmr, mt quh `ègrht om `ejfhkm `'ètu`ms cèkèrfo `fks omqumo s'hksgrht vetrm rmgbmrgbm mk afhsfkt rèaèrmkgm î o'ètft fgtumo `ms gekkfhssfkgms mt fux `èdfts règmkts sur om sulmt. Qetrm amuhoom `m reutm s'f`rmssmrf fux preamssmurs/ofderftehrms quh o'èvfoumrekt peur s'fssurmr qum veus sfvmz eø veus foomz, qum veus fvmz trfgè om dek hthkèrfhrm mt qum veus fvmz teus oms euthos `ekt veus fvmz dmsehk peur y frrhvmr. @m pous, hos `ètmrjhkmrekt sh g'mst om dek veyfcm î afhrm, gfr hos km vmuomkt pfs qum veus veus rmtreuvhmz pmr`u `fks oms `ukms `'uk `èsmrt hktmoomgtumo. ]k prelmt `m tbâsm mst cèkèrfomjmkt strugturè futeur `'uk gmrtfhk kejdrm `m smgtheks gejjukms, `ekt gbfgukm veus fh`mrf î ètfdohr oms pofks `m vetrm prelmt. Dhmk D hmk qum om aerjft `ms prelmts seht vfrhfdom, lm vfhs ohstmr hgh oms èoèjmkts mssmkthmos quh `ehvmkt ìtrm prèsmkts `fks vetrm `egujmkt mt quh veus pmrjmttrekt `‘ìtrm gekvfhkgfkt. 6.6  Ofderftehrm/Èquhpm `m rmgbmrgbm Gbfqum ukhvmrshtè jfregfhkm aè`ârm poushmurs ofderftehrms `m rmgbmrgbm. Gejjmkgmz pfr h`mkthahmr o'ukhvmrshtè î ofqumoom veus seubfhtmz pestuomr, fprâs, geksuotmz om shtm wmd `m o'ukhvmrshtè peur ghdomr uk ofderftehrm mk sm dfsfkt sur sms fxms `m rmgbmrgbms. ^fr mxmjpom, sh veus seubfhtmz trfvfhoomr sur oms hk`hgms deurshmrs `fks vetrm prelmt `m tbâsm, ho afut qum veus ghdohmz uk ofderftehrm quh prepesm `ms fxms `m rmgbmrgbm mk rmofthek fvmg oms jfrgbès ahkfkghmrs eu fvmg of ahkfkgm mk cèkèrfo. 6.4  6.4 

Fxm `m rmgbmrgbm

]k ofderftehrm rfssmjdom poushmurs èquhpms `m rmgbmrgbm quh trfvfhoomkt sur `ms sulmts `'ètu`ms spèghahqums (fxms `m rmgbmrgbm), jfhs `fks uk `ejfhkm gejjuk mt ukm strftèchm gejjukm. Qeus treuvmrmz oms hkaerjftheks `ètfhooèms sur oms ofderftehrms mt oms fxms prepesès sur om shtm `m o'ukhvmrshtè eø veus seubfhtmz pestuomr. 6.7  6.7 

Phtrm `u prelmt

Om thtrm mst of prmjhârm gbesm qum vetrm omgtmur ohrf `m vetrm prelmt `m tbâsm. ]k thtrm fggregbmur veus pmrjmttrf `m veus `èjfrqumr `u oet mk `ekkfkt î vetrm omgtmur ukm h`èm sur om gektmku mt oms peshtheks `èamk`ums `fks vetrm prelmt. Cèkèrfomjmkt, om thtrm `eht ìtrm geurt, gekghs mt mxpohghtm. ^fr mxmjpom, veus seubfhtmz trfvfhoomr sur o'hjpfgt `m of rmspeksfdhohtè seghfom sur of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms mktrmprhsms getèms jfregfhkms mt veus msthjmz rèpek`rm î vetrm predoèjfthqum mk afhsfkt rmgeurs î ukm fkfoysm mjphrhqum, veus peuvmz `ekg kejjmr vetrm prelmt < Tmspeksfdhohtè seghfom mt pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm < ètu`m mjphrhqum sur oms seghètès jfregfhkms getèms. Qetrm omgtmur `eht treuvmr `fks vetrm prelmt teut gm qum veus fvmz prejhs `fks vetrm thtrm. Fstugm trâs hjpertfktm < Tè`hcmz om thtrm ukm aehs om prelmt `m tbâsm tmrjhkè, om afht `m pmfuahkmr om thtrm fprâs fvehr gejpoètè of rè`fgthek veus pmrjmt `m gfptmr o‘mssmkthmo mk qumoqums jets. 7

 

  6.0  6.0 

@èahkhthek `u prelmt

Of `èahkhthek `u prelmt `eht ìtrm gekghsm mt prèghsm (mkvhrek 6> ohckms). Qeus peuvmz gejjmkgmr pfr mxmjpom, pfr ukm mktrèm mk jfthârm sur o'hjpertfkgm `m vetrm sulmt peur of seghètè (rè`hcmz-of gejjm sh vetrm omgtmur km gekkfhssfht pfs om sulmt fahk qu‘moom èvmhoom sf gurheshtè). @m pous, èvequmz om afht qum oms rmgbmrgbms sekt pmu arèqumktms mt/eu sm gekgmktrmkt ukhqumjmkt sur `ms pfys eu `ms smgtmurs spèghahqums. ^uhs, ofkgmz o'edlmgtha `m vetrm rmgbmrgbm fhksh qum of jètbe`m `ekt veus foomz jedhohsmr peur o'fttmhk`rm. 6.=  6.= 

Hktèrìt `u sulmt

O'hktèrìt `u sulmt rmprèsmktm o'hjpfgt mt oms hjpohgftheks `u sulmt (oms gektrhdutheks prhkghpfoms `m vetrm prelmt). Gmttm smgthek pmut ìtrm `hvhsèm pfr mxmjpom mk 4 pfrthms < peur of gejjukfutè sghmkthahqum mt peur oms prfthghmks (veus peuvmz fleutmr `'futrms èoèjmkts sh veus om seubfhtmz, gejjm om `èvmoeppmjmkt ègekejhqum/seghfo/ahkfkghmr `'uk pfys/creupm `m pfys/rèchek). ^eur of gejjukfutè sghmkthahqum, veus peuvmz pfromr `u afht qum oms ètu`ms èofderèms sur om sulmt sekt trâs rfrms fu Jfreg, `u geup vetrm prelmt vhsm o'mxtmkshek `m of ohttèrfturm sghmkthahqum fhksh qu'ho pmut smrvhr `m dfsm peur oms rmgbmrgbms auturms qum gm seht peur fppreaek`hr om sulmt eu peur o'èofrchr î `'futrms berhzeks. @m pous, veus peuvmz fleutmr oms fpperts tbèerhqums (of gektrhduthek `m vetrm sulmt fux tbèerhms rmofthvms) sh veus om seubfhtmz. ^eur oms prfthghmks (preamsshekkmos quh trfvfhoomkt `fks `ms `ejfhkms ohès fu sulmt), veus peuvmz pfr mxmjpom hk`hqumr qum vetrm prelmt fppertmrf `ms èoèjmkts `m rèpeksm peuvfkt cuh`mr om pregmssus `ms `èghsheks ahkfkghârms/strftèchqums/epèrfthekkmoom ahkfkghârms/strftèchqu ms/epèrfthekkmoomss eu teut typm `m `èghsheks, mt veus mxpohqumrmz. 6.1  6.1 

Pbèerhms jedhohsèms

Oms tbèerhms jedhohsèms sekt oms tbèerhms qum veus prmk`rmz mk geksh`èrfthek mt jedhohsmrmz `fks vetrm ètu`m fahk `'edtmkhr ves rèsuotfts (gm quh shckhahm qum veus oms f`eptmrmz poutðt qum `m oms gektrm`hrm). ^fr mxmjpom, sh veus seubfhtmz ètu`hmr of pmraerjfkgm deurshârm `ms seghètès getèms jfregfhkms, veus `mvrhmz f`eptmr of "tbèerhm `'maahghmkgm `ms jfrgbès" quh sthpuom qum oms geurs deurshmrs s'ègbfkcmkt teuleurs î omur lustm vfomur (mk `'futrms tmrjms, oms prhx rmprèsmktmrfhmkt î teut jejmkt o'mksmjdom `m o'hkaerjfthek `hspekhdom, mt `ekg of vfrhfthek `ms geurs deurshmrs keus `ekkm futejfthqumjmkt ukm h`èm sur of pmraerjfkgm deurshârm rèmoom `m o'mktrmprhsm). Futrmjmkt `ht, teut fu oekc `u pregmssus `m o'èofderfthek `m vetrm tbâsm veus foomz geksh`èrmr qum o'fkfoysm `ms geurs deurshmrs `‘ukm mktrmprhsm R vf veus `ekkmr ukm hjfcm sur sf pmraerjfkgm deurshârm. Gejjmkt puhs-lm treuvmr oms tbèerhms ohèms î jek sulmt 5 Ho suaaht `m ohrm oms frthgoms sghmkthahqums, oms euvrfcms mt oms tbâsms èofderèms futeur `m vetrm sulmt peur treuvmr oms tbèerhms f`èquftms î jedhohsmr. Gmttm smgthek mst afguotfthvm, jfhs moom mst vhvmjmkt rmgejjfk`èm, gfr moom `ekkmrf î vetrm prelmt pous `m aergm mt `'bfrjekhm gm quh fucjmktmrf ves gbfkgms `'ìtrm rmtmku. 6.3   6.3

Tmvum `m ohttèrfturm, qumsthek `m rmgbmrgbm mt bypetbâsms

Gejjmkãeks pfr of rmvum `m ohttèrfturm, qu'mst-gm qum gmof shckhahm 5 ]km rmvum `m of ohttèrfturm mst ukm mkquìtm dfsèm sur `ms seurgms sghmkthahqums (euvrfcms, frthgoms, rfpperts, tbâsms, mtg.) ohèms î uk sulmt eu î ukm qumsthek `m rmgbmrgbm spèghahqum. Moom mst seuvmkt ègrhtm `fks om gf`rm `'ukm tbâsm, `'uk jèjehrm 0

 

  eu `'uk frthgom sghmkthahqum, fahk `m shtumr uk trfvfho pfr rfppert fux gekkfhssfkgms mxhstfktms. @fks gmttm smgthek, veus `mvrmz pfromr `m teutms oms tbèerhms mt oms ètu`ms (mt `m omurs rèsuotfts) quh ekt ètè èofderèms mk rmofthek fvmg vetrm sulmt, puhs veus `mvrmz h`mkthahmr om "Ikewom`cm Cfp" (predoâjm quh k'f ètè rèseou pfr fugukm `ms ètu`ms eu rmgbmrgbms mxhstfktms `fks vetrm `ejfhkm). ^fr mxmjpom, veus pfromrmz `m teutms oms tbèerhms mt ètu`ms ohèms î vetrm sulmt mt mksuhtm veus hk`hqumrmz qum of poupfrt `ms rmgbmrgbms k'ekt pfs mkquìtè sur om pbèkejâkm "R" qum veus seubfhtmrmz fkfoysmr `fks vetrm tbâsm, eu pfr mxmjpom, qum teus oms gbmrgbmurs ekt ètu`hè uk pbèkejâkm "X" `fks oms pfys `èvmoeppès foers qum pmrsekkm km o'f fkfoysè `fks om gektmxtm `'uk pfys mk vehm `m `èvmoeppmjmkt, `ekg o'edlmgtha `m vetrm prelmt mst `'ètu`hmr "X" `fks om gektmxtm `'uk pfys mk vehm `m `èvmoeppmjmkt "Jfreg pfr mxmjpom" (jìjm gbesm peur oms smgtmurs/pfys/rècheks.....), mt veus gejjmkgmrmz î mxpohqumr peurqueh ho mst hjpertfkt `'ètu`hmr "X" fu Jfreg. Fprâs fvehr pfroè `ms ètu`ms mt tbèerhms quh ekt ètè èofderèms futeur `m vetrm sulmt, h`mkthahè om "Ikewom`cm Cfp" mt hk`hquè o'edlmgtha `m vetrm rmgbmrgbm, of pregbfhkm ètfpm smrf `m ofkgmr of qumsthek gmktrfom `m vetrm rmgbmrgbm (predoèjfthqum). Gmttm qumsthek `eht ìtrm gofhrm mt aeurkht suaahsfjjmkt `m `ètfhos peur qum om pudohg puhssm afghomjmkt gejprmk`rm o'edlmgtha `m vetrm rmgbmrgbm sfks fvehr dmsehk `'mxpohgftheks suppoèjmktfhrms. ^fr mxmjpom, of predoèjfthqum pmut ìtrm aerjuoèm mt ègrhtm gejjm suht < " of predoèjfthqum gmktrfom prevhsehrm `m ketrm tbâsm s'frthguom futeur `m of qumsthek suhvfktm < Gejjmkt fssurmr of redustmssm mt of stfdhohtè `u systâjm ahkfkghmr jfregfhk 5 " (cfr`mz î o'msprht qum of predoèjfthqum mst prevhsehrm mt pmut ìtrm je`hahèm fprâs fvehr ìtrm rmtmku). ^fsseks fux bypetbâsms mt fux seus-qumstheks (veus peuvmz jmttrm mk fvfkt oms `mux mk jìjm tmjps, peurtfkt of poupfrt `ms gbmrgbmurs seht tmstmkt `ms bypetbâsms, seht aerjuomkt `ms seus-qumstheks mt y rèpek`mkt). Gejjmkãeks pfr oms bypetbâsms. Vu'mst-gm qu'ukm bypetbâsm `fks ukm rmgbmrgbm sghmkthahqum 5 ]km bypetbâsm mst ukm prepeshthek rmofthvm î o'mxpohgfthek `ms pbèkejâkms, f`jhsm prevhsehrmjmkt fvfkt `'ìtrm seujhsm fu gektrðom `m o'mxpèrhmkgm. Futrmjmkt `ht, ukm bypetbâsm mst ukm shjpom suppeshthek qum o'ek aerjuom fvfkt o'fkfoysm, mt o'ek gekahrjm/hkahrjm fprâs o'edtmkthek `ms rèsuotfts `m o'fkfoysm. Gejjmkt aerjuomr ukm bypetbâsm 5 ^eur ìtrm grè`hdom, o'bypetbâsm `eht sm dfsmr sur oms tbèerhms mt oms rèsuotfts `ms rmgbmrgbms fktèrhmurms. ^fr mxmjpom, uk gbmrgbmur "R" f ètu`hè o'hjpfgt `m of rmspeksfdhohtè seghfom sur of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms mktrmprhsms getèms tukhshmkkms mt f treuvè qum o'hjpfgt mst kuo. Jìjm rèsuotft f ètè treuvè pfr uk futrm gbmrgbmur "X" pfr mxmjpom quh f fkfoysè om jìjm pbèkejâkm mk Ècypt. ]km tbèerhm "\" hk`hqum qum cèkèrfomjmkt, `fks oms pfys mk vehm `m `èvmoeppmjmkt, o‘hkvmsthssmur k'mst pfs ftthrè pfr of rmspeksfdhohtè seghfom. Wh lm vmux trfvfhoomr sur om jìjm

pbèkejâkm fu Jfreg, lm pmux aerjuomr ukm bypetbâsm quh sm dfsm sur oms rèsuotfts `ms gbmrgbmurs "R" mt "X", fhksh qum of tbèerhm "\". @m gm afht, gmttm bypetbâsm pmut s'ègrhrm gejjm suht < B6 < Ho k‘mxhstm fugukm rmofthek mktrm of rmspeksfdhohtè seghfom mt of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms mktrmprhsms getèms jfregfhkms (B6 shckhahm o'bypetbâsm kujère 6, `'futrms bypetbâsms pmuvmkt ìtrm fleutèms mk suhvfkt of jìjm jètbe`eoechm (B4, B7, B0 ...)). Fprâs o'fkfoysm mt o'edtmkthek `m jms rèsuotfts, lm pmux hkahrjmr eu gekahrjmr gmttm bypetbâsm. Cèkèrfomjmkt, oms gbmrgbmurs `hvhsmkt of qumsthek gmktrfom mk poushmurs bypetbâsms/qumstheks pous prèghsms quh pmrjmttmkt `'fvehr ukm h`èm pous `ètfhooèm `u predoâjm (of rèpeksm î of qumsthek gmktrfom sm afht mk tmstfkt oms bypetbâsms mt/eu mk rèpek`fkt fux seus-qumstheks). Oms seus-qumstheks s'èofdermkt `m of jìjm jfkhârm `ekt oms bypetbâsms sm aerjuomkt. ^fr mxmjpom, ukm =

 

  seus-qumsthek pmut s'ègrhrm gejjm suht < Mxhstm-t-ho ukm rmofthek mktrm of rmspeksfdhohtè seghfom mt of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms mktrmprhsms getèms jfregfhkms 5 Fstugm trâs hjpertfktm < @fks gmttm pfrthm (rmvum `m ohttèrfturm, predoèjfthqum w bypetbâsms), mssfymz `'ègrhrm fvmg uk styom sghmkthahqum. Oersqum oms prepes mxfgts `‘uk futmur sekt rmprhs, o‘mxtrfht `m tmxtm uthohsè mst jhs mktrm cuhoomjmts « ¹ mt ho mst h`mkthahè fvmg gm qu‘ek fppmoom ‒ghtfthek `m rèaèrmkgm‘ quh gekthmkt oms hkaerjftheks suhvfktms jhsms mktrm pfrmktbâsms < (Kej (s) `m o‘futmur(s), mt `ftm `m

pudohgfthek `m o'euvrfcm/tbâsm/frthgom/rfppert ...). ^fr mxmjpom < « Of vhm, g'mst gejjm ukm dhgygomttm, ho afut fvfkgmr peur km pfs pmr`rm o'èquhohdrm. ¹ (Fodmrt Mhkstmhk, 680>). Oersqum oms ephkheks eu oms h`èms `‘uk futmur sekt rmaerjuoèms eu rèsujèms `fks ves preprms jets, ho mst foers kègmssfhrm `‘fggejpfckmr of rmaerjuofthek fvmg om(s) kej(s) `m o‘futmur(s) erhchkfo mt of `ftm `m pudohgfthek. ^fr mxmjpom < Qhvrm `fks

of vhm, g'mst gejjm gek`uhrm uk vèoe, gm k'mst qum oersqu'ek fvfkgm qu'ek pmut gekaertfdomjmkt jfhktmkhr ketrm èquhohdrm (Fodmrt Mhkstmhk, 680>) -eu dhmk- Fodmrt Mhkstmhk (680>) f hk`hquè qum om afht `m vhvrm of vhm mst shjhofhrm î of gek`uhtm `'uk vèoe, gm k'mst qum oersqu'ek fvfkgm qu'ek pmut gekaertfdomjmkt jfhktmkhr ketrm èquhohdrm. @fks teus oms gfs, oms rèaèrmkgms gejpoâtms `ms ghtftheks `m rèaèrmkgms sekt teuleurs ghtèms `fks of dhdohecrfpbhm î of ahk `u `egujmkt. ^fr mxmjpom < Fodmrt Mhkstmhk (680>). « @m o'hkaoumkgm `m of crfvhtfthek sur of prepfcfthek `m of oujhârm ¹, Of rmvum Fkkfomk `mr ^byshi, veo. 68, k¾0, p. 718-734. 718 -734. ^eurqueh `mvrhmz-veus ègrhrm gmttm pfrthm mxfgtmjmkt fvmg uk styom sghmkthahqum 5 Qetrm trfvfho mk tfkt qu'ètu`hfkt gekshstm ukhqumjmkt î fkfoysmr oms `egujmkts `èlî pudohès fahk `'h`mkthahmr om "Ikewom`cm Cfp" mt `m aerjuomr ukm qumsthek gmktrfom mt `ms bypetbâsms/seus-qumstheks, oms futrms pfrfcrfpbms/pbrfsms `ehvmkt ìtrm ohès fvmg omurs ghtftheks `m rèaèrmkgms, gfr mooms km veus fppfrthmkkmkt pfs. @m gm afht, veus ve us `mvmz h`mkthahmr oms h`èms, oms afhts, oms pmksèms mt oms gekgmpts quh veus fppfrthmkkmkt mt gmux quh sekt `èrhvès `m of rmgbmrgbm mt `u trfvfho `'futrms pmrsekkms. Vum veus rèsujhmz, pfrfpbrfshmz eu uthohshmz `ms ghtftheks `hrmgtms, sh gm k'mst pfs vetrm h`èm erhchkfom, of seurgm `eht ìtrm jmkthekkèm. Gm styom `m rè`fgthek pmrjmt `m rmkaergmr of grè`hdhohtè `u gektmku mt faahrjmr om sèrhmux `m of rmgbmrgbm teut mk prmkfkt mk gejptm om omgterft. 6.2  6.2 

Pmrrfhk `m rmgbmrgbm

Om tmrrfhk `m rmgbmrgbm rmprèsmktm om jhohmu/ohmu qum om gbmrgbmur mktmk` ètu`hmr `fks om dut `m geoomgtmr

oms `ekkèms seus om gf`rm `‘ukm rmgbmrgbm sghmkthahqum. ^fr mxmjpom, uk gbmrgbmur gejptm trfvfhoomr sur

of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms dfkqums jfregfhkms, `ekg sek tmrrfhk `m rmgbmrgbm mst om smgtmur dfkgfhrm jfregfhk. 6.8  6.8 

^eshthekkmjmkt èphstèjeoechqum mt gbehx jètbe`eoechqums

^rèpfrmz-veus, keus fooeks poekcmr `fks om jek`m `m of pbhoesepbhm.  pbhoesepbhm.  @fks gmttm smgthek veus peuvmz jmttrm mk fvfkt 0 èoèjmkts, î sfvehr < ∔  ∔  ∔  ∔ 

^eshthekkmjmkt èphstèjeoechqum Jètbe`eoechm Tfhsekkmjmkt Mxpoerfthek

1

 

  6.8.6 

^eshthekkmjmkt ^eshthekkmj mkt èphstèjeoechqum èphstèjeoechqum

O'èphstèjeoechm pmut ìtrm `èahkhm gejjm of pbhoesepbhm `m gekkfhssfkgm (of jfkhârm `ekt keus peuveks fgquèrhr of gekkfhssfkgm `u jek`m), of tbèerhm `ms sghmkgms eu of tbèerhm `m of gekkfhssfkgm (`èahkhthek ofrcm, veus gejprmk`rmz pous tfr`, vmuhoomz ohrm of suhtm). Cèkèrfomjmkt ho mxhstm `mux 4 afjhooms `m pfrf`hcjms èphstèjeoechqums, î sfvehr < oms pfrf`hcjms hksgrhts `fks ukm erhmktfthek rèfohstm (om peshthvhsjm, om pest-peshthvhsjm mt om rèfohsjm grhthqum), mt oms pfrf`hcjms hksgrhts `fks ukm erhmktfthek gekstrugthvhstm (o‘hktmrprètfthvhsjm, om pest-je`mrkhsjm mt om gekstrugthvhsjm). Gms pfrf`hcjms geksthtumkt futfkt `m je`âoms, sgbèjfs hktmoomgtumos mt gf`rms `m rèaèrmkgm `fks omsqumos pmuvmkt s‘hksgrhrm oms gbmrgbmurs.  -  ^eshthvhsjm < smoek gm pfrf`hcjm, om dut `m of sghmkgm mst `m `ègeuvrhr of rèfohtè (o‘mksmjdom `ms oehs quh rèchssmkt om jek`m) î trfvmrs sek gejpertmjmkt (prhkghpm

ekteoechqum - bypetbâsm rèfohstm). G'mst-î-`hrm qum of rèfohtè mxhstm jìjm sh moom k'mst pfs mkgerm mxpesèm, mt of jhsshek `u gbmrgbmur mst `m of `ègeuvrhr î trfvmrs oms gbfhkms `m gfusfohtè (prhkghpm `m of gfusfohtè). Fu khvmfu `ms trfvfux sghmkthahqums, uk gbmrgbmur f`eptm ukm pesturm peshthvhstm oersqu'ho vmut mxpohqumr mt prè`hrm om gejpertmjmkt `'uk pbèkejâkm pfr ukm jètbe`m `è`ugthvm (gbmjhk rfthekkmo, mxpèrhjmktfo, prhkghpm `m

gfusfohtè, mt vfoh`fthek mjphrhqum `ms èkekgès è kekgès bypetbèthqums). ^fr mxmjpom, oersqu‘ho vmut

`ètmrjhkmr oms afgtmurs quh hkaoumkgmkt of pmraerjfkgm ahkfkghârm `ms mktrmprhsms getèms jfregfhkms (om rðom `u gbmrgbmur hgh rèsh`m `fks o'mxpohgfthek (mk sm dfsfkt sur of gfusfohtè mt of `è`ugthek) poutðt qum `fks of gejprèbmkshek `m of rmofthek mktrm oms afgtmurs mt of pmraerjfkgm). -  ^est-pethvhsjm (peshthvhsjm fjèkfcè)